Laser-cluster interaction: x-ray production by short laser pulses
  We investigate the heating of the quasi-free electrons in large rare gas clusters (N exceeding 10^5 atoms) by short laser pulses at moderate intensities (I~10^{15} Wcm^{-2}). We identify elastic large-angle backscattering of electrons at ionic cores in the presence of a laser field as an efficient heating mechanism resembling the Fermi shuttle. Its efficiency as well as the effect of collective electron motion, electron-impact ionization and cluster charging, are studied employing a mean-field classical transport simulation. Results for the absolute x-ray yields are in surprisingly good quantitative agreement with recent experimental results. 
C. Deiss, N. Rohringer, E. Lamour, C. Prigent, J.-P. Rozet, D.   Vernhet, J. Burgdorfer