On the Effect of Fading on Ad hoc Networking
  Most MANET (Mobile Ad hoc NETwork) research assumes idealized propagation models. Experimental results have shown significant divergence from simulation results due to the effect of signal fading in realistic wireless communication channels. In this paper, we characterize the impact of fading on protocol performance. We first study the effect of fading on MAC performance and show that its effect can be dominating. One of our important conclusions is that eliminating RTS/CTS packets results in more effective operation under fading. We also identify an unfairness problem that arises due to backoffs in the presence of fading. Moreover, fading results in several subtle interactions between the MAC and routing layers. We identify several of these problems and make observations about effective approaches for addressing them. For example, the criteria for determining the best path should not only consider the link status but also the link order. In addition, because routing protocols rely on MAC level transmission failure (when the retry limit is exceeded), route failure errors are often generated unnecessarily. Finally, because MAC level broadcasts are unreliable, they are especially vulnerable to fading. We analyze these effects and outline preliminary solutions to them. 
Seon-Yeong Han and Nael Abu-Ghazaleh