Color Gradients in Early-type Galaxies: Dependence on Environment and   Redshift
  Color gradients in early-type galaxies contain valuable clues about their formation and evolutionary histories and mechanisms. We examine color gradients in 1,700 early-type galaxies in 159 galaxy clusters spanning a redshift range of 0.05 to 0.2. We find that color gradients strongly depend on the environment where galaxies reside, with steeper color gradients in poor rather than rich clusters. No dependence of color gradients on galaxy luminosity is found in either rich or poor clusters. The difference in color gradients can be explained by a change in the internal metallicity and/or an age gradient in these galaxies. Our results support a reasonable picture whereby young early-type galaxies form in a dissipative collapse process, and then undergo increased (either major or minor) merging activity in richer rather than in poor clusters. 
F. La Barbera, R.R. de Carvalho, R. Gal, G. Busarello, P. Merluzzi, M.   Capaccioli, S.G. Djorgovski