Ultrahigh-sensitivity high-linearity photodetection system using a   low-gain avalanche photodiode with an ultralow-noise readout circuit
  A highly sensitive photodetection system with a detection limit of 1 photon/s was developed. This system uses a commercially available 200-mm-diameter silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) and an in-house-developed ultralow-noise readout circuit, which are both cooled to 77 K. When the APD operates at a low gain of about 10, it has a high-linearity response to the number of incident photons and a low excess noise factor. The APD also has high quantum efficiency and a dark current of less than 1 e/s at 77 K. This photodetection system will shorten the measurement time and enable higher spatial and wavelength resolution for near-field scanning optical microscopes. 
Makoto Akiba, Mikio Fujiwara, and Masahide Sasaki