Spectral implementation of some quantum algorithms by one- and   two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance
  Quantum information processing has been effectively demonstrated on a small number of qubits by nuclear magnetic resonance. An important subroutine in any computing is the readout of the output. ``Spectral implementation'' originally suggested by Z.L. Madi, R. Bruschweiler and R.R. Ernst,   [J. Chem. Phys. 109, 10603 (1999)], provides an elegant method of readout with the use of an extra `observer' qubit. At the end of computation, detection of the observer qubit provides the output via the multiplet structure of its spectrum. In "spectral implementation" by two-dimensional experiment the observer qubit retains the memory of input state during computation, thereby providing correlated information on input and output, in the same spectrum. "Spectral implementation" of Grover's search algorithm, approximate quantum counting, a modified version of Berstein-Vazirani problem, and Hogg's algorithm is demonstrated here in three and four-qubit systems. 
Ranabir Das and Anil Kumar