Nonlinear bending waves in Keplerian accretion discs
  The nonlinear dynamics of a warped accretion disc is investigated in the important case of a thin Keplerian disc with negligible viscosity and self-gravity. A one-dimensional evolutionary equation is formally derived that describes the primary nonlinear and dispersive effects on propagating bending waves other than parametric instabilities. It has the form of a derivative nonlinear Schroedinger equation with coefficients that are obtained explicitly for a particular model of a disc. The properties of this equation are analysed in some detail and illustrative numerical solutions are presented. The nonlinear and dispersive effects both depend on the compressibility of the gas through its adiabatic index Gamma. In the physically realistic case Gamma<3, nonlinearity does not lead to the steepening of bending waves but instead enhances their linear dispersion. In the opposite case Gamma>3, nonlinearity leads to wave steepening and solitary waves are supported. The effects of a small effective viscosity, which may suppress parametric instabilities, are also considered. This analysis may provide a useful point of comparison between theory and numerical simulations of warped accretion discs. 
G. I. Ogilvie