Black hole physics and astrophysics: The GRB-Supernova connection and   URCA-1 - URCA-2
  We outline the confluence of three novel theoretical fields in our modeling of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs): 1) the ultrarelativistic regime of a shock front expanding with a Lorentz gamma factor $\sim 300$; 2) the quantum vacuum polarization process leading to an electron-positron plasma originating the shock front; and 3) the general relativistic process of energy extraction from a black hole originating the vacuum polarization process. There are two different classes of GRBs: the long GRBs and the short GRBs. We here address the issue of the long GRBs. [...] We are specially interested, in this report, to a subclass of long GRBs which appear to be accompanied by a supernova explosion. We are considering two specific examples: GRB980425/SN1998bw and GRB030329/SN2003dh [...]. 
Remo Ruffini, Maria Grazia Bernardini, Carlo Luciano Bianco, Pascal   Chardonnet, Federico Fraschetti, Vahe Gurzadyan, Luca ...