Vortex Proliferation and the Dual Superconductor Scenario for   Confinement: The 3D Compact U(1) Lattice Higgs Model
  It is argued that the phase diagram of the 3D Compact U(1) Lattice Higgs Model is more refined than generally thought. The confined and Higgs phases are separated by a well-defined phase boundary, marked by proliferating vortices. It is shown that the confinement mechanism at work is precisely the dual superconductor scenario. 
Sandro Wenzel, Elmar Bittner, Wolfhard Janke, Adriaan M.J. Schakel,   Arwed Schiller