Observational studies of stellar black hole binaries and ULXs
  We outline a framework for understanding the X-ray spectra of high mass accretion rate stellar black holes based on X-ray data from RXTE and ASCA. Three spectral regimes can be separated out by the behaviour of the observed disk luminosity and temperature. The well established "standard regime" is seen when the disk dominates the spectrum, where only a small fraction of the luminosity is emitted in the power law tail. These spectra generally satisfy the standard relation expected for thermal emission from a constant area, namely that the disk bolometric luminosity, Ldisk, is proportional to its maximum temperature, Tin^4. However, at higher luminosities this starts to change to Tin^2. This "apparently standard regime" is still dominated by the disk emission, but this difference luminosity-temperature relation and subtle changes in spectral shape may show that another cooling process is required in addition to radiative cooling. At intermediate luminosities there is an anomalous regime (or weak very high state) where the disk temperature and luminosity are less clearly related. These spectra are characterized by the presence of a much stronger comptonized tail indicating high energy electrons. When observed disk emission is corrected for the the effects of comptonisation then these points lie back on the standard relation. The growth of this comptonising corona is also clearly linked to the quasi-periodic oscillations, as these are observed preferentially in the anomalous regime. This presented picture was found to explain the spectral behavior of both black hole binaries in our Galaxy and LMC. Spectral evolution of several bright ULXs observed with ASCA were also successfully explained in the same picture. 
Aya Kubota (RIKEN), Kazuo Makishima (University of Tokyo, RIKEN)