Operating a quantum pump in a closed circuit
  During an adiabatic pumping cycle a conventional two barrier quantum device takes an electron from the left lead and ejects it to the right lead. Hence the pumped charge per cycle is naively expected to be $Q \le e$. This zero order adiabatic point of view is in fact misleading. For a closed device we can get ${Q > e}$ and even ${Q \gg e}$. In this paper a detailed analysis of the quantum pump operation is presented. Using the Kubo formula for the geometric conductance, and applying the Dirac chains picture, we derive practical estimates for~$Q$. 
Itamar Sela and Doron Cohen