Multi-fluid shocks in clusters of galaxies: entropy, sigma_ v-T, M-T and   L_x-T scalings
  The nonthermal phenomena in clusters of galaxies are considered in the context of the hierarchical model of cosmic structure formation by accretion and merging of the dark matter (DM) substructures.Accretion and merging processes produce large-scale gas shocks. The plasma shocks are expected to be collisionless. In the course of cluster's aggregation, the shocks, being the main gas-heating agent, generate turbulent magnetic fields and accelerate energetic particles via collisionless multi-fluid plasma relaxation processes. The intracluster gas heating and entropy production rate by a collisionless shock may differ significantly from that in a single-fluid collisional shock. Simple scaling relations for postshock ion temperature and entropy as functions of shock velocity in strong collisionless multi-fluid shocks are presented. We show that the multi-fluid nature of the collisionless shocks results in high gas compression, reduced entropy production and modified sigma_v-T, M-T and L_x-T scalings. The scaling indexes estimated for a simple model of a strong accretion multi-fluid shock are generally consistent with observations. Soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet photons dominate the emission of strong accretion shock precursors that appear as large-scale filaments. Magnetic fields, turbulence and energetic particles constitute the nonthermal components contributing into the pressure balance, energy transport and emission of clusters. Nonthermal emission of energetic particles could be a test to constrain the cluster properties. 
A.M.Bykov, (A.F.Ioffe Institute for Physics and Technology,   St.Petersburg, Russia)