Modeling photo-detectors in quantum optics
  Photo-detection plays a fundamental role in experimental quantum optics and is of particular importance in the emerging field of linear optics quantum computing. Present theoretical treatment of photo-detectors is highly idealized and fails to consider many important physical effects. We present a physically motivated model for photo-detectors which accommodates for the effects of finite resolution, bandwidth and efficiency, as well as dark-counts and dead-time. We apply our model to two simple well known applications, which illustrates the significance of these characteristics. 
Peter P. Rohde, Timothy C. Ralph