Effect of rare events on out of equilibrium relaxation
  This letter reports experimental and numerical results on particle dynamics in an out-of-equilibrium granular medium. We observed two distinct types of grain motion: the well known cage motion, during which a grain is always surrounded by the same neighbors, and low probability "jumps", during which a grain moves significantly more relative to the others. These observations are similar to the results obtained for other out-of-equilibrium systems (glasses, colloidal systems, etc.). Although such jumps are extremely rare, by inhibiting them in numerical simulations we demonstrate that they play a significant role in the relaxation of out-of-equilibrium systems 
Philippe Ribi\`ere (GMCM), Patrick Richard (GMCM), Renaud Delannay   (GMCM), Daniel Bideau (GMCM), Masahiro Toiya (IREAP), W...