The effect of genome length on ejection forces in bacteriophage lambda
  A variety of viruses tightly pack their genetic material into protein capsids that are barely large enough to enclose the genome. In particular, in bacteriophages, forces as high as 60 pN are encountered during packaging and ejection, produced by DNA bending elasticity and self-interactions. The high forces are believed to be important for the ejection process, though the extent of their involvement is not yet clear. As a result, there is a need for quantitative models and experiments that reveal the nature of the forces relevant to DNA ejection. Here we report measurements of the ejection forces for two different mutants of bacteriophage lambda, lambda b221cI26 and lambda cI60, which differ in genome length by ~30%. As expected for a force-driven ejection mechanism, the osmotic pressure at which DNA release is completely inhibited varies with the genome length: we find inhibition pressures of 15 atm and 25 atm, respectively, values that are in agreement with our theoretical calculations. 
Paul Grayson, Alex Evilevitch, Mandar M. Inamdar, Prashant K. Purohit,   William M. Gelbart, Charles M. Knobler, Rob Phillips