Stars beyond Galaxies: The Origin of Extended Luminous Halos around   Galaxies
  (Abridged) We use numerical simulations to investigate the origin and structure of the luminous halos that surround isolated galaxies. These stellar structures extend out to several hundred kpc away from a galaxy, and consist of stars shed by merging subunits during the many accretion events that characterize the hierarchical assembly of galaxies. Such origin suggests that outer luminous halos are ubiquitous and that they should appear as an excess of light over extrapolations of the galaxy's inner profile beyond its traditional luminous radius. The mass profile of the accreted stellar component is well approximated by a model where the logarithmic slope steepens monotonically with radius; from -3 at the luminous edge of the galaxy to -4 or steeper near the virial radius of the system. Such spatial distribution is consistent with that of Galactic and M31 globular clusters, suggesting that many of the globulars were brought in by accretion events, in a manner akin to the classic Searle-Zinn scenario. The outer stellar spheroid is supported by a velocity dispersion tensor with a substantial and radially increasing radial anisotropy. These properties distinguish the stellar halo from the dark matter component, which is more isotropic in velocity space, as well as from some tracers of the outer spheroid such as satellite galaxies. Most stars in the outer halo formed in progenitors that have since merged with the central galaxy; very few stars in the halo are contributed by satellites that survive as self-bound entities at the present. These features are in reasonable agreement with recent observations of the outer halo of the MW, of M31, and of other isolated spirals, and suggest that all of these systems underwent an early period of active merging, as envisioned in hierarchical models of galaxy formation. 
Mario G. Abadi, Julio F. Navarro, Matthias Steinmetz