A Detailed Spectroscopic and Photometric Analysis of DQ White Dwarfs
  We present an analysis of spectroscopic and photometric observations of cool DQ white dwarfs based on improved model atmosphere calculations. In particular, we revise the atmospheric parameters of the trigonometric parallax sample of Bergeron, Leggett, & Ruiz, and discuss the astrophysical implications on the temperature scale and mean mass, as well as the chemical evolution of these stars. We also analyze 40 new DQ stars discovered in the first data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Our analysis confirms that effective temperatures derived from model atmospheres including carbon are significantly lower than the temperatures obtained from pure helium models. Similarly the mean mass of the trigonometric parallax sample, <M> = 0.62 Mo, is significantly lower than that obtained from pure helium models, <M> = 0.73 Mo, and more consistent with the spectroscopic mean mass of DB stars, <M> = 0.59 Mo, the most likely progenitors of DQ white dwarfs. We find that DQ stars form a remarkably well defined sequence in a carbon abundance versus effective temperature diagram; below Teff~10,000 K, carbon pollution decreases monotonically with decreasing effective temperature. Improved evolutionary models including diffusion and connecting to the PG 1159 phase are used to infer a typical value for the thickness of the helium layer M_He/M_* between 10^{-3} and 10^{-2}, compatible with the predictions of post-AGB models. 
P. Dufour, P. Bergeron, and G. Fontaine