Nonlinear Modeling Approach to Human Promoter Sequences
  By means of the nonlinear modeling technique (NM technique), we find the nonlinear deterministic structures in the promoter regions (PPRs) of DNA sequences, called deterministic valleys (DVs) in this paper. These DVs prefer to occur much more outside of a special region around TSS. The number, positions and shapes of the DVs are basically different for different PPRs. Generally, these DVs do not occur in the CpG islands, which tells us that they should be special structures with new biological functions rather than the CpG islands. PACS numbers: 87.14.Gg, 87.10.1e, 05.45.2a 
Huijie Yang, Fangcui Zhao, Jianzhong Gu, Binghong Wang