Fluctuations of power injection in randomly driven granular gases
  We investigate the large deviation function pi(w) for the fluctuations of the power W(t)=w t, integrated over a time t, injected by a homogeneous random driving into a granular gas, in the infinite time limit. Starting from a generalized Liouville equation we obtain an equation for the generating function of the cumulants mu(lambda) which appears as a generalization of the inelastic Boltzmann equation and has a clear physical interpretation. Reasonable assumptions are used to obtain mu(lambda) in a closed analytical form. A Legendre transform is sufficient to get the large deviation function pi(w). Our main result, apart from an estimate of all the cumulants of W(t) at large times t, is that pi(w) has no negative branch. This immediately results in the failure of the Gallavotti-Cohen Fluctuation Relation (GCFR), that in previous studies had been suggested to be valid for injected power in driven granular gases. We also present numerical results, in order to discuss the finite time behavior of the fluctuations of W(t). We discover that their probability density function converges extremely slowly to its asymptotic scaling form: the third cumulant saturates after a characteristic time larger than 50 mean free times and the higher order cumulants evolve even slower. The asymptotic value is in good agreement with our theory. Remarkably, a numerical check of the GCFR is feasible only at small times, since negative events disappear at larger times. At such small times this check leads to the misleading conclusion that GCFR is satisfied for pi(w). We offer an explanation for this remarkable apparent verification. In the inelastic Maxwell model, where a better statistics can be achieved, we are able to numerically observe the failure of GCFR. 
P. Visco, A. Puglisi, A. Barrat, E. Trizac, F. van Wijland