Field Theoretic Study of Bilayer Membrane Fusion: II. Mechanism of a   Stalk-Hole Complex
  We use self-consistent field theory to determine structural and energetic properties of intermediates and transition states involved in bilayer membrane fusion. In particular, we extend our original calculations from those of the standard hemifusion mechanism, which was studied in detail in the first paper of this series, to consider a possible alternative to it. This mechanism involves non-axial stalk expansion, in contrast to the axially symmetric evolution postulated in the classical mechanism. Elongation of the initial stalk facilitates the nucleation of holes and leads to destabilization of the fusing membranes via the formation of a stalk-hole complex. We study properties of this complex in detail, and show how transient leakage during fusion, previously predicted and recently observed in experiment, should vary with system architecture and tension. We also show that the barrier to fusion in the alternative mechanism is lower than that of the standard mechanism by a few $k_BT$ over most of the relevant region of system parameters, so that this alternative mechanism is a viable alternative to the standard pathway. 
Kirill Katsov, Marcus Mueller, Michael Schick