What best constrains galaxy evolution in the local Universe?
  After a polemical introduction about the proper activity of an astrophysicist facing a dominant theoretical model and many Tb of highly informative data, I review a few recent results on the properties of galaxies in the nearby (redshift one-tenth) Universe that directly bear on physical cosmology. In one example, I show that there are a number of ways of measuring, or strongly constraining, massive galaxy-galaxy major merger rates, which are predicted with limited uncertainties in the current generation of models. In another, I show that we can go beyond "correlations" between individual galaxy properties and "environment". Our results show that it is galaxy star-formation histories--not their morphologies--that are sensitive to environmental density. I look forward to a future, perhaps not that far away, in which these results guide a fundamental modification to our theoretical assumptions, though I fear that the dominant paradigm may not require subversion. 
David W. Hogg (NYU)