Emergence of scale-free networks from local connectivity and   communication trade-offs
  We introduce a new mechanism of connectivity evolution in networks to account for the emergence of scale-free behavior. The mechanism works on a fixed set of nodes and promotes growth from a minimally connected initial topology by the addition of edges. A new edge is added between two nodes depending on the trade-off between a gain and a cost function of local connectivity and communication properties. We report on simulation results that indicate the appearance of power-law distributions of node degrees for selected parameter combinations. 
Valmir C. Barbosa, Raul Donangelo, Sergio R. Souza