Shear Instabilities in Granular Flows down on Inclined Plane
  Instabilities at interface of two stream granular flows have been reported in recent experiment [1] that breaking waves can form at the interface between two streams of identical grains flowing on an inclined plane downstream of a splitter plate. In this report, the theory of hydrodynamic instability is used to analyze the shear flow of granular materials. It is shown that the shear instability in two-stream granular flows actually comes from the competition between the energy gradients in transverse and streamwise directions as well as the interaction of two streams. We argue that the flow energy loss in the streamwise direction has a stabilizing effect, while the transverse component of the friction force formed by grain surface friction acts as the source of instabilities. An equation has been derived to characterize the transition between steady and wavy flows. Good qualitative agreement with the experimental data is obtained. 
Hua-Shu Dou, Boo Cheong Khoo, Nhan Phan-Thien