Complex Networks as Hypergraphs
  The representation of complex systems as networks is inappropriate for the study of certain problems. We show several examples of social, biological, ecological and technological systems where the use of complex networks gives very limited information about the structure of the system. We propose to use hypergraphs to represent these systems by introducing the concept of the complex hyper-network. We define several structural measures for complex hyper-networks. These measures characterize hyper-network structures on the basis of node participation in different hyper-edges (groups) and sub-hypergraphs. We also define two clustering coefficients, one characterizing the transitivity in the hyper-network through the proportion of hyper-triangles to paths of length two and the other characterizing the formation of triples of mutually adjacent groups in the hyper-network. All of these characteristics are studied in two different hyper-networks; a scientific collaboration hyper-network and an ecological competence hyper-network. 
Ernesto Estrada, Juan A. Rodriguez-Velazquez