An emergent universe from a loop
  Closed, singularity-free, inflationary cosmological models have recently been studied in the context of general relativity. Despite their appeal, these so called emergent models suffer from a number of limitations. These include the fact that they rely on an initial Einstein static state to describe the past eternal phase of the universe. Given the instability of such a state within the context of general relativity, this amounts to a very severe fine tuning. Also in order to be able to study the dynamics of the universe within the context of general relativity, they set the initial conditions for the universe in the classical phase. Here we study the existence and stability of such models in the context of Loop Quantum Cosmology and show that both these limitations can be partially remedied, once semi-classical effects are taken into account. An important consequence of these effects is to give rise to a static solution (not present in GR), which dynamically is a centre equilibrium point and located in the more natural semi-classical regime. This allows the construction of emergent models in which the universe oscillates indefinitely about such an initial static state. We construct an explicit emergent model of this type, in which a non-singular past eternal oscillating universe enters a phase where the symmetry of the oscillations is broken, leading to an emergent inflationary epoch, while satisfying all observational and semi-classical constraints. We also discuss emergent models in which the universe possesses both early- and late-time accelerating phases. 
David J. Mulryne, Reza Tavakol, James E. Lidsey and George F. R. Ellis