Deconfinement of Spinons on Critical Points: Multi-Flavor CP$^1$ + U(1)   Lattice Gauge Theory in Three Dimensions
  In this paper, we study the 3D $N_{\rm f}$-flavor CP$^1$ model (a set of $N_{\rm f}$ CP$^1$ variables) coupled with a dynamical compact U(1) gauge field by means of Monte-Carlo simulations. This model is relevant to 2D $s=1/2$ quantum spin models, and has a phase transition line which separates an ordered phase of global spin symmetry from a disordered one. From gauge theoretical point of view, the ordered phase is a Higgs phase whereas the disordered phase is a confinement phase. We are interested in the gauge dynamics just on the critical line, in particular, whether a Coulomb-like deconfinement phase is realized there. This problem is quite important to clarify low-energy excitations in certain class of quantum spin models. If the gauge dynamics is in the deconfinement phase there, spinons, which transform in the fundamental representation of the SU($N_{\rm f}$) symmetry, appear as low-energy excitations. By Monte-Carlo simulations, we found that the "phase structure" on the {\em criticality} strongly depends on the value of $N_{\rm f}$. For small $N_{\rm f}$, the confinement phase is realized, whereas the deconfinement phase appears for sufficient large $N_{\rm f}\ge 14$. This result strongly suggests that compact QED$_3$ is in a deconfinement phase for sufficiently large number of flavors of massless fermions. 
Shunsuke Takashima, Ikuo Ichinose and Tetsuo Matsui