Tracing the Nuclear Accretion History of the Red Galaxy Population
  We investigate the evolution of the hard X-ray luminosity of the red galaxy population using a large sample of 3316 red galaxies selected over a wide range in redshift (0.3<z<0.9) from a 1.4 deg^2 region in the Bootes field of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS). The red galaxies are early-type, bulge-dominated galaxies and are selected to have the same evolution corrected, absolute R-band magnitude distribution as a function of redshift to ensure we are tracing the evolution in the X-ray properties of a comparable optical population. Using a stacking analysis of 5-ks Chandra/ACIS observations within this field to study the X-ray emission from these red galaxies in three redshift bins, we find that the mean X-ray luminosity increases as a function of redshift. The large mean X-ray luminosity and the hardness of the mean X-ray spectrum suggests that the X-ray emission is largely dominated by AGN rather than stellar sources. The hardness ratio can be reproduced by either an absorbed (N_H ~2 x 10^22 cm^-2) Gamma=1.7 power-law source, consistent with that of a population of moderately obscured Seyfert-like AGN, or an unabsorbed Gamma=0.7 source suggesting a radiatively inefficient accretion flow (e.g., an advection-dominated accretion flow). We also find that the emission from this sample of red galaxies constitutes at least 5% of the hard X-ray background. These results suggest a global decline in the mean AGN activity of normal early-type galaxies from z~1 to the present, which indicates that we are witnessing the tailing off of the accretion activity onto SMBHs in early-type galaxies since the quasar epoch. 
Kate Brand, Arjun Dey, Michael J. I. Brown, Casey R. Watson, Buell T.   Jannuzi, Joan R. Najita, Christopher S. Kochanek, Jo...