Shear and Compression Viscoelasticity in Polymer Monolayers
  Poly-vinlyacetate (PVAc) forms very stable and reproducible monolayers on the surface of water, a model system to understand polymer physics on two dimensions. A recently introduced technique is applied here to to study viscoelasticity of PVAc monolayers. The method is based on measurement of surface tension in two orthogonal directions during anisotropic deformation. Compression and shear moduli are explored over a very large concentration range, highlighting a series of four different regimes. At low concentration the polymers are in a dilute gas. Above the overlap concentration $\Gamma^\ast$ there is a fluid semi-dilute region, where the monolayer properties are described by scaling laws. At a threshold concentration $\Gamma^{\ast\ast}$, a decrease in the gradient of pressure with concentration is observed, and we argue that there is still a large fraction of free area on the surface. Compressing further, we then identify close packing as the point where the pressure gradient rises sharply and a shear modulus emerges. This is interpreted as a transition to a soft-solid due to the kinetic arrest of close-packed monomers. The reological properties of PVAc above $\Gamma^{\ast\ast}$ have not been studied previously. Discussion includes possible explanations for the observed behaviour in terms of both equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions, and the relation to microscopic chain properties. Temperature dependent effects around $\Gamma^{\ast\ast}$ are also observed and described. 
Toby A. M. Ferenczi and Pietro Cicuta