Identifying Student Difficulties with Understanding Induced EMF
  This paper reports on a study of student understanding of induced EMF. Students enrolled in a physics lab course completed a pretest and posttest that included questions about induced EMF. Following the posttest, some of those students participated in interviews in which they elaborated on their ideas. Pretest and posttest data are presented in the article, as well as sample interview text. After instruction in the lab course, most students were able to identify that moving a magnet near a coil would induce a current. However, nearly half were unable to correctly determine the direction of the induced current. Many students also demonstrated difficulty with the idea that an EMF is induced by a changing magnetic flux, not just a changing magnetic field. 
Scott Secrest, Ingrid Novodvorsky