Secular Evolution of Galaxies
  In current $\Lambda$CDM galaxy formation scenarios, at least three physical phenomena could contribute to the mass assembly: monolithic collapse, hierarchical mergers and more quiescent external gas accretion, with secular evolution. The three processes are described, and their successes and problems are reviewed. It is shown that monolithic collapse is likely to be quite restricted to sub-components of galaxies, while the two main scenarii, hierarchical merging and secular evolution, might have comparable roles, depending on environment. Evidences are reviewed for the important role of gas accretion, followed by secular evolution. In particular the existence of thin and cold disks, the occurence of bars and spiral structure, the frequency of lopsided instabilities, and the history of star formation, all point towards large amounts of cold gas accretion. Some examples of N-body simulations are reviewed in support of secular evolution. 
Francoise Combes (LERMA, Observatoire de Paris)