Physical processes shaping GRB X-ray afterglow lightcurves: theoretical   implications from the Swift XRT observations
  (Abridged) The Swift X-Ray Telescope (XRT) reveals some interesting features of early X-ray afterglows, including a distinct rapidly decaying component preceding the conventional afterglow component in many sources, a shallow decay component before the more ``normal'' decay component observed in a good fraction of GRBs (e.g. GRB 050128, GRB 050315, GRB 050319, and GRB 050401), and X-ray flares in nearly half of the afterglows (e.g. GRB 050406, GRB 050502B, GRB 050607, and GRB 050724). In this paper, we systematically analyze the possible physical processes that shape the properties of the early X-ray afterglow lightcurves, and use the data to constrain various models. We suggest that the steep decay component is consistent with the tail emission of the prompt gamma-ray bursts and/or of the X-ray flares. This provides clear evidence that the prompt emission and afterglow emission are two distinct components, supporting the internal origin of the GRB prompt emission. The shallow decay segment observed in a group of GRBs suggests that the forward shock keeps being refreshed for some time. This might be caused either by a long-lived central engine, or by a power law distribution of the shell Lorentz factors, or else by the deceleration of a Poynting flux dominated flow. X-ray flares suggest that the GRB central engine is still active after the prompt gamma-ray emission is over, but with a reduced activity at later times. In some cases, the central engine activity even extends days after the burst trigger. Analyses of early X-ray afterglow data reveal that GRBs are indeed highly relativistic events. Early afterglow data of many bursts, starting from the beginning of the XRT observations, are consistent with the afterglow emission from an interstellar medium (ISM) environment. 
Bing Zhang, Y. Z. Fan, Jaroslaw Dyks, Shiho Kobayashi, Peter Meszaros,   David N. Burrows, John A. Nousek & Neil Gehrels