Laser probing of single-particle energy gap of a Bose gas in an optical   lattice in the Mott insulator phase
  We study single-particle excitations in the Mott insulator phase of a Bose gas in an optical lattice. The characteristic feature of the single-particle spectrum in the Mott insulator phase is the existence of an energy gap between the particle and hole excitations. We show that this energy gap can be directly probed by an output coupling experiment. We apply the general expression for the output current derived by Luxat and Griffin, which is given in terms of the single-particle Green's functions of a trapped Bose gas, to the Mott insulator phase using the Bose-Hubbard model. We find that the energy spectrum of the momentum-resolved output current exhibits two characteristic peaks corresponding to the particle and hole excitations, and thus it can be used to detect the transition point from the Mott insulator to superfluid phase where the energy gap disappears. 
S. Konabe, T. Nikuni, and M. Nakamura