Nonlinear Parker Instability with the Effect of Cosmic-Ray Diffusion
  We present the results of linear analysis and two-dimensional local magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the Parker instability, including the effects of cosmic rays (CRs), in magnetized gas disks (galactic disks). As an unperturbed state for both the linear analysis and the MHD simulations, we adopted an equilibrium model of a magnetized two-temperature layered disk with constant gravitational acceleration parallel to the normal of the disk. The disk comprises a thermal gas, cosmic rays and a magnetic field perpendicular to the gravitational accelerartion. Cosmic ray diffusion along the magnetic field is considered; cross field-line diffusion is supposed to be small and is ignored. We investigated two cases in our simulations. In the mechanical perturbation case we add a velocity perturbation parallel to the magnetic field lines, while in the explosional perturbation case we add cosmic ray energy into a sphere where the cosmic rays are injected. Linear analysis shows that the growth rate of the Parker instability becomes smaller if the coupling between the CR and the gas is stronger (i.e., the CR diffusion coefficient is smaller). Our MHD simulations of the mechanical perturbation confirm this result. We show that the falling matter is impeded by the CR pressure gradient, this causes a decrease in the growth rate. In the explosional perturbation case, the growth of the magnetic loop is faster when the coupling is stronger in the early stage. However, in the later stage the behavior of the growth rate becomes similar to the mechanical perturbation case. 
Takuhito Kuwabara, Kenji Nakamura, C.M. Ko