Testing Pulsar Thermal Evolution Theories with Observation
  With the successful launch of Chandra and XMM/Newton X-ray space missions combined with the lower-energy band observations, time has arrived when careful comparison of thermal evolution theories of isolated neutron stars with observations will offer a better hope for distinguishing among various competing neutron star cooling theories. For instance, the latest theoretical and observational developments may already exclude both nucleon and kaon direct Urca cooling. In this way we can now have a realistic hope for determining various important properties, such as the composition, superfluidity, the equation of state and stellar radius. These developments should help us obtain deeper insight into the properties of dense matter. 
Sachiko Tsuruta