Localization of Multi-State Quantum Walk in One Dimension
  We show analytically that particle trapping appears in a quantum process called "quantum walk", in which the particle moves macroscopically correlating to the inner states. It has been well known that a particle in the ``Hadamard walk" with two inner states spreads away quickly on a line. In contrast, we find one-dimensional quantum walk with multi-state in which a particle stays at the starting point entirely with high positive probability. This striking difference is explained from difference between degeneration of eigenvalues of the time-evolution matrices. 
Norio Inui and Norio Konno