Ratchets in homogeneous extended systems: internal modes and the role of   noise
  We revisit the issue of directed motion induced by zero average forces in extended systems driven by ac forces. It has been shown recently that a directed energy current appears if the ac external force, $f(t)$, breaks the symmetry $f(t) = - f(t+T/2)$, $T$ being the period, if topological solitons (kinks) existed in the system. In this work, a collective coordinate approach allows us to identify the mechanism through which the width oscillation drives the kink and its relation with the mathematical symmetry conditions. Furthermore, our theory predicts, and numerical simulations confirm, that the direction of motion depends on the initial phase of the driving, while the system behaves in a ratchet-like fashion if averaging over initial conditions. Finally, the presence of noise overimposed to the ac driving does not destroy the directed motion; on the contrary, it gives rise to an activation process that increases the velocity of the motion. We conjecture that this could be a signature of resonant phenomena at larger noises. 
Angel Sanchez, Luis Morales-Molina, Franz G. Mertens, Niurka R.   Quintero, Javier Buceta and Katja Lindenberg