Stochastic Fermi Acceleration of sub-Relativistic Electrons and Its Role   in Impulsive Solar Flares
  We reexamine stochastic Fermi acceleration (STFA) in the low energy (Newtonian) regime in the context of solar flares. The particle energization rate depends a dispersive term and a coherent gain term. The energy dependence of pitch angle scattering is important for determining the electron energy spectrum. For scattering by whistler wave turbulence, STFA produces a quasi-thermal spectrum. A second well-constrained scattering mechanism is needed for STFA to match the observed 10-100keV non-thermal spectrum. We suggest that STFA most plausibly acts as phase one of a two phase particle acceleration engine in impulsive flares: STFA can match the thermal spectrum below 10kev, and possibly the power law spectrum between 10 and 100keV, given the proper pitch angle scattering. However, a second phase, such as shock acceleration at loop tops, is likely required to match the spectrum above the observed knee at 100keV. Understanding this knee, if it survives further observations, is tricky. 
Robert Selkowitz, Eric G. Blackman