A Supergiants
  A-type supergiants are primary targets for quantitative spectroscopy of individual stars in nearby galaxies because of their intrinsic brightness. An overview is given on the non-LTE techniques required for their analysis. Applications concentrate on placing observational constraints on evolutionary models for massive stars and their host galaxies by detailed abundance analyses. Results from high-resolution studies of A-type supergiants in Local Group galaxies and from intermediate-resolution multi-object spectroscopy of supergiants far beyond the Local Group are summarised. 
N. Przybilla, F. Bresolin, K. Butler, A. Kaufer, R.P. Kudritzki, K.A.   Venn