Constraints from Gravitational Recoil on the Growth of Supermassive   Black Holes at High Redshift
  Recent studies have shown that during their coalescence, binary supermassive black holes (SMBHs) experience a gravitational recoil with velocities of 100 km/s < v(kick) < 600 km/s. These velocities exceed the escape velocity v(esc) from typical dark matter (DM) halos at high-redshift (z>6), and therefore put constraints on scenarios in which early SMBHs grow at the centers of DM halos. Here we quantify these constraints for the most distant known SMBHs, with inferred masses in excess of 10^9 M(sun), powering the bright quasars discovered in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at z>6. We assume that these SMBHs grew via a combination of accretion and mergers between pre-existing seed BHs in individual progenitor halos, and that mergers between progenitors with v(esc) < v(kick) disrupt the BH growth process. Our results suggest that under these assumptions, the z=6 SMBHs had a phase during which gained mass significantly more rapidly than under an Eddington-limited exponential growth rate. 
Zoltan Haiman (Columbia University)