Spatially Resolved Analyses of Microwave and Intermodulation Current   Flow Across HTS Resonator Using Low Temperature Laser Scanning Microscopy
  Microwave resonators made from high-temperature superconducting (HTS) films are becoming increasingly commercially competitive in the market of modern communication technologies. However, unlike normal metals, the HTS device performance suffers from intrinsically nonlinear electrodynamics, resulting in harmonic generation and intermodulation (IM) distortion at all levels of circulating power. The dominant sources of IM response are believed to be inductive and localized in only small regions of the HTS film having the highest current densities J_RF(x,y). In our previous papers, examining microwave resonators of simple microstrip geometry, we have demonstrated that local nonlinearity imaging is possible with the technique of low temperature laser scanning microscopy (LTLSM) adapted to microwave experiments. Unique contrast due to IM current density J_IM(x,y) was generated by the IM imaging method. It was applied to display the regions showing large nonlinear LTLSM photoresponse (PR) in HTS devices with a few-micrometer spatial resolution. Direct local correlation between J_IM(x,y) and high J_RF(x,y) at the edges of the strips, typical defects like twindomain blocks, in-plane rotated grains and micro-cracks was shown. Here we want to indicate that the geometrical features in HTS circuit layout for microwave devices of more complex geometry also radically affect the linear device performance. 
Alexander P. Zhuravel, Stephen Remillard, Steven M. Anlage, Alexey V.   Ustinov