Coarse-grained periodic orbits and bifurcations in a Markov chain model   for evolution of labor division
  We construct a Markov process model to describe the evolution of labor division and its dynamical behavior is investigated by numerical simulations in detail. We have shown that under the mechanism of increasing returns, the division of labor will emerge from the initial homogenous distribution and with the change of parameters there are period-adding coarse-grained bifurcations in the model. The model gives an example of emergent property in the evolution of complex systems and reveals an interesting dynamical behavior of the Markov chain process. Key words: Evolution, Bifurcation, Pattern formation PACS number(s): 87.23.-n, 89.75.Fb, 05.45.-a 
Lei Chai, Dahui Wang, Jiawei Chen, Zengru Di