Construction of Elementary Gates in Quantum Computation by Joint   Measurement
  In this paper, elementary quantum gate operations, such as the phase gate, the controlled-NOT gate, the swap and the Fredkin gate are constructed using joint measurement and pairs of entangled qubit pairs. The relation between the state of the entangled pair and the joint measurement basis is discussed. Some other generalization is also discussed. 
Jia-Qi Jin and Gui-Lu Long