Changing universe model of redshift
  The changing universe model (CUM) describes galaxy parameter relationships (SESAPS '03, session EB 2). The CUM must be successfully applied to cosmological scale observations to be considered a cosmological model. A major component of current cosmological models is the Hubble constant $H_\mathrm{o}$. An equation is derived using the CUM model relating redshift $z$ and the distance $D$ to galaxies and is applied to a sample of 32 spiral galaxies with $D$ calculated using Cepheid variable stars. The equation predicts a galaxy may have $z<0$ in special circumstances. Three elliptical galaxies with peculiar characteristics are discovered to be CUM Sinks. The Sinks give a physical explanation of the ``Virgocentric infall'' and ``Great Attractor'' observations without a large, unobserved mass. At low cosmological distances, the equation reduces to $z \approx \exp(KD) -1 \approx KD$, where $K$ is a constant, positive value. The equation predicts $z$ from galaxies over 23 Gpc distant approaches a constant value on the order of 1000. The CUM gives a physical basis for the Doppler shift of particle photons. 
John C. Hodge