A Systematic Study of Radio-Induced X-ray Cavities in Clusters, Groups,   and Galaxies
  We present an analysis of sixteen galaxy clusters, one group and one galaxy drawn from the Chandra X-ray Observatory's data archive. These systems possess prominent X-ray surface brightness depressions associated with cavities or bubbles that were created by interactions between powerful radio sources and the surrounding hot gas. The minimum energy associated with the cavities ranges between pV~10^55 erg in galaxies, groups, and poor clusters to pV~10^60 erg in rich clusters. We evaluate the hypothesis that cooling in the hot gas can be quenched by energy injected into the surrounding gas by the rising bubbles. Nearly half of the systems in this study may have instantaneous mechanical luminosities large enough to balance cooling, at least for a short period of time, if the cavities are filled with a relativistic gas. We find a trend or upper envelope in the distribution of central X-ray luminosity versus instantaneous mechanical luminosity with the sense that the most powerful cavities are found in the most X-ray luminous systems. Such a trend would be expected if many of these systems produce bubbles at a rate that scales in proportion to the cooling rate of the surrounding gas. Finally, we use the X-ray cavities to measure the mechanical power of radio sources over six decades of radio luminosity, independently of the radio properties themselves. We find that the ratio of the instantaneous mechanical (kinetic) luminosity to the 1.4 GHz synchrotron luminosity ranges from a few to roughly a thousand. This wide range implies that the 1.4 GHz synchrotron luminosity is an unreliable gauge of the mechanical power of radio sources. 
L. Birzan, D. A. Rafferty, B. R. McNamara, M. W. Wise, P. E. J. Nulsen