Sodium atoms and clusters on graphite: a density functional study
  Sodium atoms and clusters (N<5) on graphite (0001) are studied using density functional theory, pseudopotentials and periodic boundary conditions. A single Na atom is observed to bind at a hollow site 2.45 A above the surface with an adsorption energy of 0.51 eV. The small diffusion barrier of 0.06 eV indicates a flat potential energy surface. Increased Na coverage results in a weak adsorbate-substrate interaction, which is evident in the larger separation from the surface in the cases of Na_3, Na_4, Na_5, and the (2x2) Na overlayer. The binding is weak for Na_2, which has a full valence electron shell. The presence of substrate modifies the structures of Na_3, Na_4, and Na_5 significantly, and both Na_4 and Na_5 are distorted from planarity. The calculated formation energies suggest that clustering of atoms is energetically favorable, and that the open shell clusters (e.g. Na_3 and Na_5) can be more abundant on graphite than in the gas phase. Analysis of the lateral charge density distributions of Na and Na_3 shows a charge transfer of about 0.5 electrons in both cases. 
K. Rytkonen, J. Akola, and M. Manninen