Relativistic Poynting Jets from Accretion Disks
  A model is developed for relativistic Poynting jets from the inner region of a disk around a rotating black hole. The disk is initially threaded by a dipole-like magnetic field. The model is derived from the special relativistic equation for a force-free electromagnetic field. The ``head'' of the Poynting jet is found to propagate outward with a velocity which may be relativistic. The Lorentz factor of the head (Gamma) is found to be dependent on the magnetic field strength close to the black hole, B_0, the density of the external medium n_ext, and on the ratio R=r_0/r_g >1, where r_g is the gravitational radius of the black hole, and r_0 is the radius of the O-point of the initial dipole field threading the disk. For conditions pertinent to an active galactic nuclei, Gamma is approximately equal to 8 (10/R)^(1/3) (B_0/10^3 Gauss)^(1/3) (1/cm^3/n_ext)^(1/6). This model offers an explanation for the observed Lorentz factors which are of the order of 10 for the parsec-scale radio jets measured with very long baseline interferometry. 
Richard V.E. Lovelace, and Marina M. Romanova (Department of   Astronomy, Cornell University)