Starbursting Nuclear CO Disks of Early-type Spiral Galaxies
  We have initiated the first CO interferometer survey of early-type spiral galaxies (S0-Sab). We observed five early-type spiral galaxies with HII nuclei (indicating circumnuclear starburst activities). These observations indicate gas masses for the central kiloparsec of \sim 1-5% of the dynamical masses. Such low gas mass fractions suggest that large-scale gravitational instability in the gas is unlikely to be the driving cause for the starburst activities. The Toomre Q values were >1 (mostly >3) within the central kiloparsec, indicating that the gas disks are globally gravitationally stable. The area filling factor of the gas disks is estimated to be about 0.05. This small value indicates the existence of lumpy structure, i.e. molecular clouds, in the globally-gravitationally stable disks. The typical surface density of the molecular clouds is as high as \sim 3000 Msun pc^{-2}. We reconsider the nature of the Toomre Q criterion, and conclude that the Q derived from CO observations indicates neither star formation nor molecular cloud formation. This argument should be valid not only for the circumnuclear disks but also for any region in galactic disks. We tentatively explore an alternative model, i.e. cloud-cloud collisions, as an initiating mechanism of star formation. 
J. Koda (1,2,3), T. Okuda (1,4), K. Nakanishi (1), K. Kohno (4), S.   Ishizuki (2), N. Kuno, S. K. Okumura (1) ((1) Nobeyama...