Performance Evaluation of Packet-to-Cell Segmentation Schemes in Input   Buffered Packet Switches
  Most input buffered packet switches internally segment variable-length packets into fixed-length cells. The last cell in a segmented packet will contain overhead bytes if the packet length is not evenly divisible by the cell length. Switch speed-up is used to compensate for this overhead. In this paper, we develop an analytical model of a single-server queue where an input stream of packets is segmented into cells for service. Analytical models are developed for M/M/1, M/H2/1, and M/E2/1 queues with a discretized (or quantized) service time. These models and simulation using real packet traces are used to evaluate the effect of speed-up on mean queue length. We propose and evaluate a new method of segmenting a packet trailer and subsequent packet header into a single cell. This cell merging method reduces the required speed-up. No changes to switch-matrix scheduling algorithms are needed. Simulation with a packet trace shows a reduction in the needed speed-up for an iSLIP scheduled input buffered switch. 
K. J. Christensen, K. Yoshigoe, A. Roginsky and N. J. Gunther