The Role of Molecular Quantum Electrodynamics in Linear Aggregations of   Red Blood Cells
  Despite the fact that red blood cells carry negative charges, under certain conditions they form cylindrical stacks, or ``rouleaux''. It is shown here that a form of the Casimir effect, generalizing the more well-known van der Waals forces, can provide the necessary attractive force to balance the electrostatic repulsion. Erythrocytes in plasma are modelled as negatively charged dielectric disks in an ionic solution, allowing predictions to be made about the conditions under which rouleaux will form. The results show qualitative and quantitative agreement with observations, and suggest new experiments and further applications to other biological systems, colloid chemistry and nanotechnology. 
K. Bradonjic, J. D. Swain, A. Widom, Y.N. Srivastava