Inconsistency in theories of violent-relaxation
  We examine an inconsistency in theories of violent-relaxation by Lynden-Bell and Nakamura. The inconsistency arises from the non-transitive nature of these theories: a system that under goes a violent-relaxation, relaxes and then upon an addition of energy, undergoes violent-relaxation once again would settle in an equilibrium state that is different from the one that is predicted had the system would go directly from the initial to the final states. We conclude that a proper description of the violent-relaxation process cannot be achieved by equilibrium statistical mechanics approach, but instead a dynamical theory for the coarse-grained phase-space density is needed. 
I. Arad, D. Lynden-Bell