Probabilistic two-stage model of cell inactivation by ionizing particles
  Model of biological effects of ionizing particles, especially of protons and other ions, is proposed. The model is based on distinguishing the single-particle and collective effects of the underlying radiobiological mechanism. The probabilities of individual particles to form severe damages to DNA, their synergetic or saturation combinations, and the effect of cellular repair system are taken into account. The model enables to describe linear, parabolic and more complex curves, including those exhibiting low-dose hypersensitivity phenomena, in a systematic way. Global shape as well as detailed structure of survival curves might be represented, which is crucial if different fractionation schemes in radiotherapy should be assessed precisely. Experimental cell-survival data for inactivation of V79 cells by low-energy protons have been analyzed and corresponding detailed characteristics of the inactivation mechanism have been derived for this case. 
Pavel Kundr\'at, Milo\v{s} Lokaj\'i\v{c}ek, Hana Hrom\v{c}\'ikov\'a