Effective CP violation in the Standard Model
  We study the strength of effective CP violation originating from the CKM matrix in the effective action obtained by integrating out the fermions in the Standard Model. Using results obtained by Salcedo for the effective action in a general chiral gauge model, we find that there are no CKM CP-violating terms to fourth order in a gauge-covariant derivative expansion that is non-perturbative in the Higgs field. The details of the calculation suggest that, at zero temperature, the strength of CP violation is approximately independent of the overall scale of the Yukawa couplings. Thus, order of magnitude estimates based on Jarlskog's invariant could be too small by a factor of about 10^{17}. 
Jan Smit