Evidence for a Universe expanding at the speed of light
  Although big bang cosmology effectively models even the most puzzling observational data, it offers no insight into why the cosmological expansion should occur at all. In this paper it is suggested that a finite Universe poses particular problems at the boundary point when time begins. An alternative model is proposed where the expansion arises from a need to incorporate the boundary effects into observation in a consistent way that avoids discontinuities and singularities. The theory predicts that the Universe is expanding at a constant rate, the speed of light, and is a reasonable match for apparent magnitude - redshift data for both supernovae and 3CR radio sources using only one adjustable parameter, the absolute visual magnitude. Values of -21.8 for the 3CR galaxies and -25.2 for the 3CR quasars give the best fit. The new model is mapped to standard cosmology and predicts a deceleration parameter with a time dependence of the form q(t)=1-2t/T, where T is the current age of the Universe. The model of expanding space-time with expansion retarded by gravity is usually associated with Friedmann's equation(s) but here is considered erroneous, giving rise to spurious concepts such as dark energy - in this new model mass and gravity have no effect on expansion. 
Alasdair Macleod