Modified Friedmann Cosmologies - theory & observations
  We investigate a class of Cardassian scenarios of the universe evolution in notions of the qualitative theory of dynamical systems. This theory allows us to analyze all solutions for all possible initial conditions on the phase plane. In the Cardassian models we find that big-rip singularities are present as a typical behavior in the future if $n<0$. Some exact solutions for the flat Cardassian models as well as a duality relation were found. In turn from the statistical analysis of Knop's SNIa data, without any priors on matter content in the model, we obtain that at the 99% confidence level this big-rip scenario will reach. The potential function for the Hamiltonian description of dynamics is reconstructed from the SNIa data (inverse dynamical problem). We also pointed out the statistical analysis results depend oversensitively on the choice of the model parameter $\mathcal{M}$. 
Marek Szydlowski, Wojciech Czaja