Trends in Dwarf Early-Type Kinematics with Cluster-centric Radius Driven   By Tidal Stirring
  We model the dynamics of dwarf early-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster when subject to a variety of environmental processes. We focus on how these processes imprint trends in dynamical state (rotational vs. pressure support as measured by the $\lambda^*_{\rm Re/2}$ statistic) with projected distance from the cluster center, and compare these results to observational estimates. We find a large scatter in the gradient of $\lambda^*_{\rm Re/2}$ with projected radius. A statistical analysis shows that models with no environmental effects produce gradients as steep as those observed in none of the 100 cluster realizations we consider, while in a model incorporating tidal stirring by the cluster potential 34% of realizations produce gradients as steep as that observed. Our results suggest that tidal stirring may be the cause of the observed radial dependence of dwarf early-type dynamics in galaxy clusters. 
A. J. Benson (1), E. Toloba (1 and 2), L. Mayer (3 and 4), J. D. Simon   (1), P. Guhathakurta (2) ((1) Observatories of the ...
astro-ph.GA