Energy shift and Casimir-Polder force for an atom out of thermal   equilibrium near a dielectric substrate
  We study the energy shift and the Casimir-Polder force of an atom out of thermal equilibrium near the surface of a dielectric substrate. We first generalize, adopting the local source hypothesis, the formalism proposed by Dalibard, Dupont-Roc and Cohen-Tannoudji, which separates the contributions of thermal fluctuations and radiation reaction to the energy shift and allows a distinct treatment to atoms in the ground and excited states, to the case out of thermal equilibrium, and then use the generalized formalism to calculate the energy shift and the Casimir-Polder force of an isotropically polarizable neutral atom. We identify the effects of the thermal fluctuations that originate from the substrate and the environment and discuss in detail how the Casimir-Polder force out of thermal equilibrium behaves in three different distance regions in both the low-temperature limit and the high-temperature limit for both the ground-state and excited-state atoms, with special attention devoted to the new features as opposed to thermal equilibrium. In particular, we recover the new behavior of the atom-wall force out of thermal equilibrium at large distances in the low temperature limit recently found in a different theoretical framework and furthermore we give a concrete region where this behavior holds. 
Wenting Zhou, Hongwei Yu
quant-ph