Bridging Fermionic and Bosonic Short Range Entangled States
  In this paper we construct bosonic short range entangled (SRE) states in all spatial dimensions by coupling a $Z_2$ gauge field to fermionic SRE states with the same symmetries, and driving the $Z_2$ gauge field to its confined phase. We demonstrate that this approach allows us to construct many examples of bosonic SRE states, and we demonstrate that the previous descriptions of bosonic SRE states such as the semiclassical nonlinear sigma model field theory and the Chern-Simons field theory can all be derived using the fermionic SRE states. 
Yi-Zhuang You, Zhen Bi, Alex Rasmussen, Meng Cheng, Cenke Xu
cond-mat.str-el