Influence of the ESR saturation on the power sensitivity of cryogenic   sapphire resonators
  Here, we study the paramagnetic ions behavior in presence of a strong microwave electromagnetic field sustained inside a cryogenic sapphire whispering gallery mode resonator. The high frequency measurement resolution that can be now achieved by comparing two CSOs permit for the first time to observe clearly the non-linearity of the resonator power sensitivity. These observations that in turn allow us to optimize the CSO operation, are well explained by the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) saturation of the paramagnetic impurities contained in the sapphire crystal. 
Vincent Giordano and Serge Grop and Pierre-Yves Bourgeois and Yann   Kersal\'e and Enrico Rubiola
physics.ins-det physics.optics