Ultracompact Nano-Mechanical Plasmonic Phase Modulators
  Dielectrics' refractive index limits photonics miniaturization. By coupling light to metal's free electrons, plasmonic devices achieve deeper localization, which scales with the device geometric size. However, when localization approaches the skin depth, energy shifts from the dielectric into the metal, hindering active modulation. Here we propose a nano-electromechanical phase modulation principle exploiting the extraordinarily strong dependence of the phase velocity of metal-insulator-metal(MIM) gap plasmons on dynamically variable gap size. We demonstrate a 23 {\mu}m long non-resonant modulator having 1.5 {\pi} rad range with 1.7 dB excess loss at 780 nm. Analysis shows an ultracompact 1 {\mu}m$^{2}$ footprint {\pi} rad phase modulator can be realized, more than an order of magnitude smaller than any previously shown. Remarkably, this size reduction is achieved without incurring extra loss, since the nanobeam-plasmon coupling strength increases at a similar rate as the loss. Such small, high density electrically controllable components may find applications in optical switch fabrics and reconfigurable flat plasmonic optics. 
Brian S. Dennis, Michael I. Haftel, David A. Czaplewski, Daniel Lopez,   Girsh Blumberg and Vladimir Aksyuk
physics.optics cond-mat.mes-hall physics.ins-det