Approximating the entire spectrum of nonequilibrium steady state   distributions using relative entropy: An application to thermal conduction
  We show that distribution functions of nonequilibrium steady states (NESS) evolving under a slowly varying protocol can be accurately obtained from limited data and the closest known detailed state of the system. In this manner, one needs to perform only a few detailed experiments to obtain the nonequilibrium distribution function for the entire gamut of nonlinearity. We achieve this by maximizing the relative entropy functional (MaxRent), which is proportional to the Kullback-Leibler distance from a known density function, subject to constraints supplied by the problem definition and new measurements. MaxRent is thus superior to the principle of maximum entropy (MaxEnt), which maximizes Shannon's informational entropy for estimating distributions but lacks the ability of incorporating additional prior information. The MaxRent principle is illustrated using a toy model of $\phi^4$ thermal conduction consisting of a single lattice point. An external protocol controlled position-dependent temperature field drives the system out of equilibrium. Two different thermostatting schemes are employed: the Hoover-Holian deterministic thermostat (which produces multifractal dynamics under strong nonlinearity) and the Langevin stochastic thermostat (which produces phase space-filling dynamics). Out of the 80 possible states produced by the protocol, we assume that 4 states are known to us in detail, one of which is used as input into MaxRent at a time. We find that MaxRent accurately approximates the phase space density functions at all values of the protocol even when the known distribution is far away. MaxEnt, however, is unable to capture the fine details of the phase space distribution functions. We expect this method to be useful in other external protocol driven nonequilibrium cases as well. 
Puneet Kumar Patra, Marc Mel\'endez and Baidurya Bhattacharya
cond-mat.stat-mech