The Figure of the Sun from Ground-based Experiments
  The figure of the Sun reflects its inner structure and dynamics, influencing also the perihelion precession of close orbiting bodies, like Mercury. To study the solar figure from ground, the deformation on the solar image induced by the atmosphere has to be known up to one part over a million, and this is done through differential refraction models: a historical review of them is drafted. The solar oblateness has been investigated in order to validate alternative theories to General Relativity and to understand the internal dynamics of our star. The solar figure should possess only micro departures from sphericity according to the standard stellar structure theory and helioseismology data, though variations along the cycle has been observed. Ground-based and satellite data show contrasting observational results. The oblateness measured onboard RHESSI satellite, the one of SDS onboard a stratospheric ballon and that one of the Astrolabe of Rio de Janeiro are presented with their implications in classical and relativistic gravitation. The perspectives offered by the reflecting heliometer in the future measurement of the oblateness are depicted. 
Costantino Sigismondi and Sergio Calderari Boscardin
astro-ph.SR astro-ph.IM physics.hist-ph