On cosmic-ray production efficiency at supernova remnant shocks   propagating into realistic diffuse interstellar medium
  Using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics simulations, we show that the efficiency of cosmic-ray (CR) production at supernova remnants (SNRs) is over-predicted if it could be estimated based on proper motion measurements of H$\alpha$ filaments in combination with shock-jump conditions. Density fluctuations of upstream medium make shock waves rippled and oblique almost everywhere. The kinetic energy of the shock wave is transferred into that of downstream turbulence as well as thermal energy which is related to the shock velocity component normal to the shock surface. Our synthetic observation shows that the CR acceleration efficiency as estimated from a lower downstream plasma temperature, is overestimated by 10-40%, because rippled shock does not immediately dissipate all upstream kinetic energy. 
Jiro Shimoda, Tsuyoshi Inoue, Yutaka Ohira, Ryo Yamazaki, Aya Bamba,   Jacco Vink
astro-ph.HE