Improving Reliability of Subject-Level Resting-State fMRI Parcellation   with Shrinkage Estimators
  A recent interest in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) lies in subdividing the human brain into anatomically and functionally distinct regions of interest. For example, brain parcellation is often used for defining the network nodes in connectivity studies. While inference has traditionally been performed on group-level data, there is a growing interest in parcellating single subject data. However, this is difficult due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of rsfMRI data, combined with typically short scan lengths. A large number of brain parcellation approaches employ clustering, which begins with a measure of similarity or distance between voxels. The goal of this work is to improve the reproducibility of single-subject parcellation using shrinkage estimators of such measures, allowing the noisy subject-specific estimator to "borrow strength" in a principled manner from a larger population of subjects. We present several empirical Bayes shrinkage estimators and outline methods for shrinkage when multiple scans are not available for each subject. We perform shrinkage on raw intervoxel correlation estimates and use both raw and shrinkage estimates to produce parcellations by performing clustering on the voxels. Our proposed method is agnostic to the choice of clustering method and can be used as a pre-processing step for any clustering algorithm. Using two datasets---a simulated dataset where the true parcellation is known and is subject-specific and a test-retest dataset consisting of two 7-minute rsfMRI scans from 20 subjects---we show that parcellations produced from shrinkage correlation estimates have higher reliability and validity than those produced from raw estimates. Application to test-retest data shows that using shrinkage estimators increases the reproducibility of subject-specific parcellations of the motor cortex by up to 30%. 
Amanda F. Mejia, Mary Beth Nebel, Haochang Shou, Ciprian M.   Crainiceanu, James J. Pekar, Stewart Mostofsky, Brian Caffo an...
stat.ME