Asking gender questions: Results from a survey of gender and question   asking among UK Astronomers at NAM2014
  We report on a survey of astronomers asking questions at the most recent National Astronomy Meeting (NAM2014). The gender balance of both speakers and session chairs at NAM (31% and 29% women respectively) closely matched that of attendees (28% female). However, we find that women were under-represented among question askers (just 18% female). Women were especially under-represented in asking the first question (only 14% of first questions asked by women), but when the Q&A session reached four or more questions, women and men were observed to ask roughly equal numbers of questions. We found a small, but statistically insignificant, increase in the fraction of questions from women in sessions where the chair was also female. On average $2.2\pm0.1$ questions were asked per talk, with no detectable difference in the number of questions asked of female and male speakers, but on average female chairs solicited slightly fewer questions than male chairs. We compare these results to a similar study by Davenport et al. (2014) for the AAS, who also found under-representation of women amongst question askers, but saw more pronounced gender effects when a session chair or speaker were female. We conclude with suggestions for improving the balance of questions at future astronomy meetings. 
Jonathan Pritchard, Karen Masters, James Allen, Filippo Contenta, Leo   Huckvale, Stephen Wilkins and Alice Zocchi
astro-ph.IM