Active Viscoelastic Matter: from Bacterial Drag Reduction to Turbulent   Solids
  A paradigm for internally driven matter is the active nematic liquid crystal, whereby the equations of a conventional nematic are supplemented by a minimal active stress that violates time reversal symmetry. In practice, active fluids may have not only liquid crystalline but also viscoelastic polymer degrees of freedom. Here we explore the resulting interplay by coupling an active nematic to a minimal model of polymer rheology. We find that adding polymer can greatly increase the complexity of spontaneous flow, but can also have calming effects, thereby increasing the net throughput of spontaneous flow along a pipe (a 'drag-reduction' effect). Remarkably, active turbulence can also arise after switching on activity in a sufficiently soft elastomeric solid. 
E. J. Hemingway, A. Maitra, S. Banerjee, M. C. Marchetti, S.   Ramaswamy, S. M. Fielding, M. E. Cates
cond-mat.soft