Seeding optimization for instantaneous volumetric velocimetry.   Application to a jet in crossflow
  Every volumetric velocimetry measurements based on tracer (particles, bubbles, etc.) detection can be strongly influenced by the optical screening phenomenon. It has to be taken into account when the the statistical properties associated to the performances of the particle detection and tracking algorithms are significantly affected. It leads to a maximum concentration of particles in the images thus limiting the final spatial resolution of the instantaneous three-dimensional three-components (3D3C) velocity fields. A volumetric velocimetry system based on Defocused Digital Particle Image Velocimetry is used to show that above a critical visual concentration of particles in the images, the concentration and accuracy of the final instantaneous raw velocity vector field drop. The critical concentration depends on physical parameters as well as on the processing algorithms. Three distinct regimes are identified. In the first regime, the concentration is well adapted to volumetric velocimetry, the largest concentration being optimal to maximize the number of valid velocity vectors. In the second regime, the performances of the detection and tracking algorithms are no longer optimal. Finally, the third regime is strongly influenced by optical screening. A rigorous methodology is proposed to optimize volumetric measurements taking into account the system specifications (pixel size, focal length, system magnification, etc.). An optimal particle concentration of 0.045 particles/pixel (ppp) is found. A relationship between the imaged concentration and the optimal final spatial resolution for fully interpolated instantaneous velocity field is obtained. The present study can be used as a guideline to achieve the measurement of instantaneous three-dimensional velocity fields with a good spatial resolution. It is finally successfully applied to a complex 3D flow test case: a jet in crossflow. 
Tristan Cambonie and Jean-Luc Aider
physics.flu-dyn physics.ins-det physics.optics