An external field prior for the hidden Potts model, with application to   cone-beam computed tomography
  In images with low contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), the information gain from the observed pixel values can be insufficient to distinguish foreground objects. A Bayesian approach to this problem is to incorporate prior information about the objects into a statistical model. This paper introduces a method for representing spatial prior information as an external field in a hidden Potts model of the image lattice. The prior distribution of the latent pixel labels is a mixture of Gaussian fields, centred on the positions of the objects at a previous point in time. This model is particularly applicable in longitudinal imaging studies, where the manual segmentation of one image can be used as a prior for automatic segmentation of subsequent images. The model is demonstrated by application to cone-beam computed tomography (CT), an imaging modality that exhibits distortions in pixel values due to X-ray scatter. The external field prior results in a substantial improvement in segmentation accuracy, reducing the mean pixel misclassification rate on our test images from 87% to 6%. 
Matthew T. Moores, Catriona E. Hargrave, Fiona Harden and Kerrie   Mengersen
stat.ME