On the Formation of Warped Gas Disks in Galaxies
  We consider the most commonly occurring circumstances which apply to galaxies, namely membership in galaxy groups of about $10^{13}h^{-1} M_\odot$ total mass, and estimate the accompanying physical conditions of intergalactic medium (IGM) density and the relative galaxy-IGM space velocity. We then investigate the dynamical consequences of such a typical galaxy-IGM interaction on a rotating gaseous disk within the galaxy potential. We find that the rotating outer disk is systematically distorted into a characteristic "warp" morphology, of the type that has been well-documented in the majority of well-studied nearby systems. The distortion is established rapidly, within two rotation periods, and is long-lived, surviving for at least ten. A second consequence of the interaction is the formation of a one arm retrograde spiral wave pattern that propagates in the disk. We suggest that the ubiquity of the warp phenomenon might be used to reconstruct both the IGM density profile and individual member orbits within galaxy groups. 
Sebastian Haan and Robert Braun
astro-ph.GA astro-ph.CO