U(1)$_{B-L}$ Symmetry Restoration and Effective Neutrino Species
  The U(1)$_{B-L}$ symmetry could be restored during inflation, since the BICEP2 results suggest a GUT-scale inflation with the Hubble parameter, $H_{\rm inf} \simeq 10^{14}$ GeV, close to the U(1)$_{B-L}$ breaking scale. We consider a scenario in which the ${B-L}$ Higgs field dominates the Universe after inflation, and mainly decays into the U(1)$_{B-L}$ gauge bosons, whose subsequent decays reheat the Universe. Interestingly, if one of the right-handed neutrinos is extremely light and behaves as dark radiation or hot dark matter, its abundance is determined by the $B-L$ charge assignment and the relativistic degree of freedom in plasma. We find that $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ takes discrete values between $0.188$ and $0.220$ in the standard model plus three right-handed neutrinos, depending on whether the decay into heavier right-handed neutrinos are kinematically accessible or not. In the fiveness U(1)$_{\bf 5}$ case, we find that $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$ takes discrete values between $0.313$ and $0.423$. The tension between BICEP2 and {\it Planck} can be partially relaxed by dark radiation. 
Hiroyuki Ishida and Fuminobu Takahashi
hep-ph