The Gamification Design Problem
  Under the assumptions that (i) gamification consists of various types of users that experience game design elements differently; and (ii) gamification is deployed in order to achieve some goal in the broadest sense, we pose the gamification problem as that of assigning each user a game design element that maximizes their expected contribution in order to achieve that goal. We show that this problem reduces to a statistical learning problem and suggest matrix factorization as one solution when user interaction data is given. The hypothesis is that predictive models as intelligent tools for supporting users in decision-making may also have potential to support the design process in gamification. 
Michael Meder, Brijnesh-Johannes Jain
cs.HC