Secular Evolution of Pulsar Triple System J0337+1715
  The pulsar triple system, J0337+1715, is remarkably regular and highly hierarchical. Secular dynamics controls its long term evolution with orbital commensurability having negligible effect. Secular interactions transfer angular momentum between inner and outer orbits unless their apsidal lines are parallel or anti-parallel. These choices correspond, respectively, to orthogonal eigenmodes p and a. Each is characterized by an eccentricity ratio set by the masses and semi-major axes, i.e., $e_{p, 1}/e_{p, 2}\sim a_1/a_2$ while $e_{a, 1}/e_{a, 2}\sim (a_1/a_2)^{-3/2}(m_2/m_1)$. Mode p dominates the system's current state so $e_1/e_2$ always remains close to $e_{p, 1}/e_{p, 2}$. A small contribution by Mode a causes $e_1$ and $e_2$ to oscillate with period $\sim 10^3\,\yr$. Orbital changes should be apparent in a few years. These will reveal the forcing of the apsidal precession of the inner orbit by general relativity (GR), and possibly also the smaller contribution due to the tidal and rotational distortion of the inner white dwarf (WD). Phinney (1992) proposes that the epicyclic energy of a WD-pulsar binary reaches equipartition with the kinetic energy of a single convective eddy when the WD's progenitor fills its Roche lobe. We extend Phinney's theory to apply to modes rather than individual orbits. Thus we predict that Mode p and Mode a achieved equipartition with eddies in the giant envelopes of the progenitors of the outer and inner WD, respectively. The most effective eddies are those with lifetimes closest to the orbit period. These were more energetic in the progenitor of the outer WD. This explains why Mode p overwhelms Mode a, and also why the inner binary's orbit is far more eccentric than other WD-pulsar binaries with similar orbit periods. Mode a's small but finite amplitude places a lower bound of $Q\sim 10^6$ on the tidal quality parameter of the inner WD. 
Jing Luan, Peter Goldreich
astro-ph.SR astro-ph.HE