Astronomy below the Survey Threshold
  Astronomy at or below the 'survey threshold' has expanded significantly since the publication of the original 'Science with the Square Kilometer Array' in 1999 and its update in 2004. The techniques in this regime may be broadly (but far from exclusively) defined as 'confusion' or 'P(D)' analyses (analyses of one-point statistics), and 'stacking', accounting for the flux-density distribution of noise-limited images co-added at the positions of objects detected/isolated in a different waveband. Here we discuss the relevant issues, present some examples of recent analyses, and consider some of the consequences for the design and use of surveys with the SKA and its pathfinders. 
Jonathan T. L. Zwart, Jasper Wall, Alexander Karim, Carole Jackson,   Ray Norris, Jim Condon, Jose Afonso, Ian Heywood, Matt...
astro-ph.GA astro-ph.CO astro-ph.IM