Effects of Side Groups on Kinetics of Charge Carrier Recombination in   Dye Molecule-Doped Multilayer Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
  The kinetics of the charge carrier recombination in dye molecule-doped multilayer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) was quantified by transient electroluminescence (EL). Three sets of dye molecules, such as derivatives of naphthalimide and stilbene, were used as dopants in light-emission layer. Although the devices show almost the same EL spectra for each set of molecules, they show very different EL efficiency. The difference in EL efficiency was attributed to the difference in charge carrier recombination, as revealed by transient EL. The recombination coefficient ({\gamma}) was determined from the long-time component of the temporal decay of the EL intensity after a rectangular voltage pulse was turned off. It was found that {\gamma} and EL efficiency were both strongly dependent on the molecular structures of the dopants, and the donor groups and {\pi}-conjugated structure guaranteed high {\gamma} and EL efficiency in OLEDs. 
Shengwei Shi, Feng Gao, Zhengyi Sun, Yiqiang Zhan, Mats Fahlman,   Dongge Ma
cond-mat.mtrl-sci