Increasing the sensitivity of a Shack-Hartmann sensor
  The Max-Planck institutes for astronomy (MPIA) and for extraterrestrial physics (MPE) run an adaptive optics (AO) system with a laser guide star at the 3.5 m telescope on Calar Alto, Spain. This system, called ALFA, produces now scientific results and works ex- cellent with natural guide stars (NGS) as faint as 13th magnitude in R-band. The ultimate goal however is to achieve similar performances with the laser guide star (LGS) which is faint and extended. We introduce the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor implemented in ALFA and present our efforts in increasing its sensitivity by using advanced centroiding and wavefront reconstruction algorithms. 
Markus Kasper, Douglas Looze, Stefan Hippler, Ric Davies, Andreas   Glindemann
astro-ph.IM