Disk heating and bending instability in galaxies with counterrotation
  With the help of high-resolution long-slit and integral-field spectroscopy observations, the number of confirmed cases of galaxies with counterrotation is increasing rapidly. The evolution of such counterrotating galaxies remains far from being well understood. In this paper we study the dynamics of counterrotating collisionless stellar disks by means of $N$-body simulations. We show that, in the presence of counterrotation, an otherwise gravitationally stable disk can naturally generate bending waves accompanied by strong disk heating across the disk plane, that is in the vertical direction. Such conclusion is found to hold even for dynamically warm systems with typical values of the initial vertical-to-radial velocity dispersion ratio $\sigma_{\rm z}/\sigma_{\rm R} \approx 0.5$, for which the role of pressure anisotropy should be unimportant. We note that, during evolution, the $\sigma_{\rm z}/\sigma_{\rm R}$ ratio tends to rise up to values close to unity in the case of locally Jeans-stable disks, whereas in disks that are initially Jeans-unstable it may reach even higher values, especially in the innermost regions. This unusual behavior of the $\sigma_{\rm z}/\sigma_{\rm R}$ ratio in galaxies with counterrotation appears not to have been noticed earlier. Our investigations of systems made of two counterrotating components with different mass-ratios suggest that even apparently normal disk galaxies (i.e., with a minor counterrotating component so as to escape detection in current observations) might be subject to significant disk heating especially in the vertical direction. 
Sergey Khoperskov, Giuseppe Bertin
astro-ph.GA astro-ph.CO