The thermodynamic meaning of local temperature of nonequilibrium open   quantum systems
  Measuring the local temperature of nanoscale systems out of equilibrium has emerged as a new tool to study local heating effects and other local thermal properties of systems driven by external fields. Although various experimental protocols and theoretical definitions have been proposed to determine the local temperature, the thermodynamic meaning of the measured or defined quantities remains unclear. By performing analytical and numerical analysis of bias-driven quantum dot systems both in the noninteracting and strongly-correlated regimes, we elucidate the underlying physical meaning of local temperature as determined by two definitions: the zero-current condition that is widely used but not measurable, and the minimal-perturbation condition that is experimentally realizable. We show that, unlike the zero-current one, the local temperature determined by the minimalperturbation protocol establishes a quantitative correspondence between the nonequilibrium system of interest and a reference equilibrium system, provided the probed system observable and the related electronic excitations are fully local. The quantitative correspondence thus allows the well-established thermodynamic concept to be extended to nonequilibrium situations. 
LvZhou Ye, Xiao Zheng, YiJing Yan and Massimiliano Di Ventra
cond-mat.mes-hall