Orbital-Exchange and Fractional Quantum Number Excitations in an   f-electron Metal Yb$_2$Pt$_2$Pb
  Exotic quantum states and fractionalized magnetic excitations, such as spinons in one-dimensional chains, are generally viewed as belonging to the domain of 3d transition metal systems with spins 1/2. Our neutron scattering experiments on the 4f-electron metal Yb$_2$Pt$_2$Pb overturn this common wisdom. We observe broad magnetic continuum dispersing in only one direction, which indicates that the underlying elementary excitations are spinons carrying fractional spin-1/2. These spinons are the quantum dynamics of the anisotropic, orbital-dominated Yb moments, and thus these effective quantum spins are emergent variables that encode the electronic orbitals. The unique birthmark of their unusual origin is that only longitudinal spin fluctuations are measurable, while the transverse excitations such as spin waves are virtually invisible to magnetic neutron scattering. The proliferation of these orbital-spinons strips the electrons of their orbital identity, and we thus report here a new electron fractionalization phenomenon, charge-orbital separation. 
L. S. Wu, W. J. Gannon, I. A. Zaliznyak, A. M. Tsvelik, M. Brockmann,   J.-S. Caux, M. S. Kim, Y. Qiu, J. R. D. Copley, G. E...
cond-mat.str-el