Realistic Observable in Background-Free Quantum Gravity: the Planck-Star   Tunnelling-Time
  A gravitationally collapsed object can bounce-out from its horizon via a tunnelling process that violates the classical equations in a finite region. Since tunnelling is a non-perturbative phenomenon, it cannot be described in terms of quantum fluctuations around a classical solution and a background-free formulation of quantum gravity is needed to analyze it. Here we use Loop Quantum Gravity to compute the amplitude for this process, in a first approximation. The amplitude determines the tunnelling time as a function of the mass. This is the key information to evaluate the astrophysical relevance of this process. The calculation offers a template and a concrete example of how a background-free quantum theory of gravity can be used to compute a realistical observable quantity. 
Marios Christodoulou, Carlo Rovelli, Simone Speziale, Ilya Vilensky
gr-qc astro-ph.CO astro-ph.HE hep-th