High-performance electronic cooling with superconducting tunnel   junctions
  When biased at a voltage just below a superconductor's energy gap, a tunnel junction between this superconductor and a normal metal cools the latter. While the study of such devices has long been focussed to structures of submicron size and consequently cooling power in the picoWatt range, we have led a thorough study of devices with a large cooling power up to the nanoWatt range. Here we describe how their performance can be optimized by using a quasi-particle drain and tuning the cooling junctions' tunnel barrier. 
H Courtois (UGA), Hung Q. Nguyen (Aalto), Clemens Winkelmann, J. P.   Pekola (Aalto)
cond-mat.mes-hall cond-mat.supr-con