Improved Calibration of Instruments for Small Direct Currents
  We report on new calibration methods for picoammeters and low-current sources. The "Ultrastable Low-noise Current Amplifier" (ULCA) was used for the exemplary calibration of commercial state-of-the-art ammeter and current source instruments in the current range between 1 femtoampere and 1 microampere. The uncertainties achieved are compared with results obtained from two other calibration methods for small direct currents. It is shown that using the ULCA as calibrator allows achieving lower uncertainties together with the benefit of easier handling compared to alternative techniques. Also, the ULCA allows performing current meter and source calibrations between 1 femtoampere and 1 microampere with a single method. 
Hansj\"org Scherer, Dietmar Drung, and Christian Krause
physics.ins-det