Automaticity in Computation and Student Success in Introductory Physical   Science Courses
  Between 1984 and 2011, the percentage of US bachelor degrees awarded in physics declined by 25%, in chemistry declined by 33%, and overall in physical sciences and engineering fell 40%. Data suggest that these declines are correlated to a deemphasis in most states of practicing computation skills in mathematics. Analysis of state standards put into place between 1990 and 2010 find that most states directed teachers to deemphasize both memorization and student practice in computational problem solving. Available state test score data show a significant decline in student computation skills. In recent international testing, scores for US 16 to 24 year olds in numeracy finished last among 22 tested nations in the OECD. Recent studies in cognitive science have found that to solve well-structured problems in the sciences, students must first memorize fundamental facts and procedures in mathematics and science until they can be recalled with automaticity, then practice applying those skills in a variety of distinctive contexts. Actions are suggested to improve US STEM graduation rates by aligning US math and science curricula with the recommendations of cognitive science. 
JudithAnn R. Hartman, Eric A. Nelson
physics.ed-ph