An algebra of open continuous time dynamical systems and networks
  Many systems of interest in science and engineering are made up of interacting subsystems. These subsystems, in turn, could be made up of collections of smaller interacting subsystems and so on. In a series of papers David Spivak with collaborators formalized these kinds of structures (systems of systems) as algebras over presentable colored operads.   It is also very useful to consider maps between dynamical systems. This amounts to viewing dynamical systems as objects in an appropriate category. This is the point taken by DeVille and Lerman in the study of dynamics on networks.   The goal of this paper is to describe an algebraic structure that encompasses both approaches to systems of systems. To this end we replace the monoidal category of wiring diagrams by a monoidal double category whose objects are surjective submersions. This allows us, on one hand, build new large open systems out of collections of smaller open subsystems and on the other keep track of maps between open systems. As a special case we recover the results of DeVille and Lerman on fibrations of networks of manifolds. 
Eugene Lerman and David I. Spivak
math.DS math.CT math.DG