A continuum mechanics-based musculo-mechanical model for esophageal   transport
  In this work, we extend our previous esophageal transport model using an immersed boundary (IB) method with discrete fiber-based structures, to one using a continuum mechanics-based model that is approximated based on finite elements (IB-FE). To deal with the leakage of flow when the Lagrangian mesh becomes coarser than the fluid mesh, we employ adaptive interaction quadrature points for Lagrangian-Eulerian interaction equations based on a previous work. In particular, we introduce a new anisotropic adaptive interaction quadrature rule. The new rule permits us to vary the interaction quadrature points not only at each time-step and element but also at different orientations per element. For the material model, we extend our previous fiber-based model to a continuum-based model. We first study a case in which a three-dimensional short tube is dilated. Results match very well with those from the implicit FE method. We remark that in our IB-FE case, the three-dimensional tube undergoes a very large deformation and the Lagrangian mesh-size becomes about 6 times of Eulerian mesh-size. To validate the method in handling fiber-matrix material models, we perform a second study on dilating a long fiber-reinforced tube. Errors are small when we compare numerical solutions with analytical solutions. The technique is then applied to the problem of esophageal transport. We present three cases that differ in the material model and muscle fiber architecture. The overall transport features are consistent with those from the previous model. We remark that the continuum-based model can handle more realistic and complicated material behavior. This is demonstrated in our third case with spatially varying fiber architecture. We find this unique muscle fiber architecture could generate a so-called pressure transition zone. This suggests an important role of muscle fiber architecture in esophageal transport. 
Wenjun Kou, Boyce E. Griffith, John E. Pandolfino, Peter J. Kahrilas,   Neelesh A. Patankar
physics.comp-ph physics.bio-ph