Haptic Feedback in Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery   (NOTES)
  Flexible tendon sheath mechanism is commonly used in NOTES systems because it offers high flexibility, light weight, and easy transmission. Due to the size constraints and sterilization problems, traditional sensors like force/torque sensor are extremely difficult to place at the tool tips of surgical arms. In addition, nonlinear dynamic friction and backlash cause challenges to provide haptic feedback to the surgeons when the robotic arms are inside the patient's body. Hence, it is extremely difficult to provide the force information to haptic devices and subsequently to the surgeons. To deal with these problems, in this paper we propose a new approach of friction model in the tendon-sheath mechanism to provide the force at distal end of endoscopic system. In comparison with current approaches in the literature, the proposed model is able to provide force information at zero velocity and it is smooth. In addition, the model is independent configuration and able to capture friction force with any complex sheath shapes. A suitable experimental setup is established to validate the proposed approach using the two degrees of freedom Master-Slave system. The validity of the proposed approach is confirmed with a good agreement between the estimated model and real experimental data. Finally, a force feedback structure is also given for use in flexible endoscopic systems. 
Thanh Nho Do and Soo Jay Phee
physics.med-ph