Formation and transformation of low density, onion-like carbon cages
  A novel growth technique for low density, non-icosahedral carbon onion-like structures on Cu surface is described. The technique differs with the formation of carbon onions inside the C1+ implanted metal surfaces at high temperatures with densities ~ 2 g cm-3 in the form of multishelled icosahedral fullerenes wrapped around C60. We report spheroidal cage formation of shell with variable shell thickness, radii and curvature on C1+-irradiated Cu surfaces by the accumulating C atoms which emerge out of the edges of the implanted sheets and grids. Atom-by-atom C accreting structures grow along the edges, corners and crevices. These, in turn, form the open and closed multiple-shelled cages. Variable curvature is the most common feature of the growing structures. The growth at room temperature does not ensure sphericity of the cages due to the absence of high temperature annealing. These cages have very low density, hollow interiors and often exhibit the conspicuous cage-inside-cage structures. Another feature of the as-grown, non-spherical onions is the existence of spherical protrusions with different local radii within the same cage. Formation of cages with sizes ~ few nanometer to hundreds of nanometer depends upon the irradiation rate of C1+. In situ formation and transformations of the cages observed under 120 keV electron beam irradiation is described by using a nanoelastic model. 
Shoaib Ahmad, Uzair Ahmed, Farrukh E. Mubarik, Tousif Hussain
cond-mat.mes-hall