Analysis of right-handed Majorana neutrino mass in an $SU(4) \times   SU(2)_{L} \times SU(2)_{R}$ Pati--Salam model with democratic texture
  In this paper, we attempt to build an unified model with democratic texture, that have some unification between $Y_{\nu}$ and $Y_{u}$. Since the $S_{3L} \times S_{3R}$ flavor symmetry is chiral, the unified gauge group is assumed to be Pati-Salam type $SU(4)_{c} \times SU(2)_{L} \times SU(2)_{R}$. The flavor symmetry breaking scheme is considered to be $S_{3L} \times S_{3R} \to S_{2L} \times S_{2R} \to 0$. In this picture, the four-zero texture is desirable for realistic mass and mixings. This texture is realized by a specific representation for the second breaking of the $S_{3L} \times S_{3R}$ flavor symmetry.   Assuming only renormalizable Yukawa interactions, type-I seesaw mechanism, and neglecting $CP$ phases for simplicity, the right-handed neutrino mass matrix $M_{R}$ can be reconstructed from low energy input values. Numerical analysis shows that the texture of $M_{R}$ basically behaves like the "waterfall texture". Since $M_{R}$ tends to be the "cascade texture" in the democratic texture approach, a model with type-I seesaw and up-type Yukawa unification $Y_{\nu} \simeq Y_{u}$ basically requires fine-tunings between parameters. Therefore, it seems to be more realistic to consider universal waterfall textures for both $Y_{f}$ and $M_{R}$, e.g., by the radiative mass generation or the Froggatt--Nielsen mechanism.   Moreover, analysis of eigenvalues shows that the lightest mass eigenvalue $M_{R1}$ is too light to achieve successful thermal leptogenesis. Although the resonant leptogenesis might be possible, it also requires fine-tunings of parameters. 
Masaki J. S. Yang
hep-ph