Estimation of the lifetime of small helium bubbles near tungsten   surfaces -- a methodological study
  Under low energy and high flux/fluence irradiation of helium (He) atoms, the formation and bursting of He bubbles on tungsten (W) surfaces play important roles in the morphological evolution of component surfaces and impurity production in fusion reactors. Microscopically, the bursting of He bubbles is a stochastic process, and He bubbles have statistically average lifetimes. In the present paper, a molecular dynamics-based method was developed to extract, for the first time, the lifetime of He bubbles near tungsten surfaces. It was found that He bubble bursting can be treated as an activated event. Its occurrence frequency or, equivalently, the average lifetime of bubbles follows the Arrhenius equation. For a given bubble size, the activation energy exhibits a good linear dependence with the depth, and the pre-exponential factor obeys the Meyer-Nedle rule. These results are useful for establishing a model in multi-scale simulations of impurity production in the fusion plasma and of the morphological evolution of component surfaces. 
Jiechao Cui, Zhangwen Wu and Qing Hou
physics.comp-ph cond-mat.mtrl-sci