A hadronic minute-scale GeV flare from quasar 3C 279?
  The flat spectrum radio quasar 3C 279 is a known $\gamma$-ray variable source that has recently exhibited minute-scale variability at energies $>100$ MeV. One-zone leptonic models for blazar emission are severely constrained by the short timescale variability that implies a very compact emission region at a distance of hundreds of Schwarzschild radii from the central black hole. Here, we investigate a hadronic scenario where GeV $\gamma$-rays are produced via proton synchrotron radiation. We also take into account the effects of the hadronically initiated electromagnetic cascades (EMC). For a $\gamma$-ray emitting region in rough equipartition between particles and kG magnetic fields, located within the broad-line region (BLR), the development of EMC redistributes the $\gamma$-ray luminosity to softer energy bands and eventually leads to broad-band spectra that differ from the observed ones. Suppression of EMC and energy equipartition are still possible, if the $\gamma$-ray emitting region is located beyond the BLR, is fast moving with Doppler factor ($>70$), and contains strong magnetic fields ($>100$ G). Yet, these conditions cannot be easily met in parsec-scale jets, thus disfavouring a proton synchrotron origin of the Fermi-LAT flare. 
M. Petropoulou, K. Nalewajko, M. Hayashida, A. Mastichiadis
astro-ph.HE