X-ray tomographic intervention guidance: Towards real-time 4D imaging
  Implementation of real-time, continuous, and three-dimensional imaging (4D intervention guidance) would be a quantum leap for minimally-invasive medicine. It allows guidance during interventions by assessing the spatial position of instruments continuously in respect to their surroundings. Recent research showed that it is feasible using X-ray and novel tomographic reconstruction approaches. Radiation dose stays within reasonable limits. This article provides abstractions and background information together with an outlook on these prospects. There are explanations of how situational awareness during interventions is generated today and how they will be in future. The differences between fluoroscopically and CT-guided interventions are eluted to within the context of these developments. The exploration of uncharted terrain between these current methods is worth pursuing. Necessary image quality of 4D intervention guidance varies relevantly from that of standard computed tomography. Means to analyze the risk-benefit ratio of 4D intervention guidance are provided and arguments for gantry-based setups vs C-arm based setups are given. Due to the lack of moving organs, neuro-interventions might be the first field in which 4D intervention guidance might become available, however, registration and fusion algorithms might make it applicable in complex whole-body interventions such as aortic valve replacement soon thereafter. 
S\"onke Bartling, Marc Kachelrie{\ss}
physics.med-ph