A bi-objective optimization framework for three-dimensional road   alignment design
  Optimization of three-dimensional road alignments is a nonlinear non-convex optimization problem. The development of models that fully optimize a three-dimensional road alignment problem is challenging due to numerous factors involved and complexities in the geometric specification of the alignment. In this study, we developed a novel bi-objective optimization approach to solve a three dimensional road alignment problem where the horizontal and vertical alignments are optimized simultaneously. Two conflicting cost objective functions, \emph{earthwork} cost and the \emph{utility} cost, are cast in a bi-objective optimization problem. We numerically compare several multi-objective optimization solvers, and find that it is possible to determine the Pareto front in a reasonable time. 
D. Hirpa and W. Hare and Y. Lucet and Y. Pushak and S. Tesfamariam
math.OC