Modeling the effect of transient violations of the second law of   thermodynamics on heat transfer in silicon nanowire
  Violations of the second law of thermodynamics for small systems well below the thermodynamic limit has already been experimentally observed. However, the effects of such violations on experimentally measurable quantities have not been studied in detail. Here we report the effect of transient violations, i.e., spontaneous transfer of heat from cold to hot objects, on heat transfer in silicon nanowire by modeling the violations as a Poisson process. Our modeling and simulations show that it is increasingly difficult to cool down the nanoscale objects to the bath temperature, there is a transition from power law to exponential behavior, and the fluctuations have inverse square law dependence on number of sites. 
Andrew P. Proudian and Susanta K. Sarkar
cond-mat.mes-hall