Low Starting Electron Beam Current in Degenerate Band Edge Oscillators
  We propose a new principle of operation in vacuum electron-beam-based oscillators that leads to a low beam current for starting oscillations. The principle is based on super synchronous operation of an electron beam interacting with four degenerate electromagnetic modes in a slow-wave structure (SWS). The four mode super synchronous regime is associated with a very special degeneracy condition in the dispersion diagram of a cold periodic SWS called degenerate band edge (DBE). This regime features a giant group delay in the finitelength SWS and low starting-oscillation beam current. The starting beam current is at least an order of magnitude smaller compared to a conventional backward wave oscillator (BWO) of the same length. As a representative example we consider a SWS conceived by a periodically-loaded metallic waveguide supporting a DBE, and investigate starting-oscillation conditions using Pierce theory generalized to coupled transmission lines (CTL). The proposed super synchronism regime can be straightforwardly adapted to waveguide geometries others than the periodically-loaded waveguide considered here since DBE is a general property that can be realized in a variety of structures. 
Mohamed A. K Othman, Mehdi Veysi, Alexander Figotin, and Filippo   Capolino
physics.plasm-ph