A Lazy Language Needs a Lazy Type System: Introducing Polymorphic   Contexts
  Most type systems that support polymorphic functions are based on a version of System-F. We argue that this limits useful programming paradigms for languages with lazy evaluation. We motivate an extension of System-F alleviating this limitation.   First, using a sequence of examples, we show that for lazily evaluated languages current type systems may force one to write a program in an unnatural way; we in particular argue that in such languages the relationship between polymorphic and existential types can be made more systematic by allowing to pass back (part of) an existential result of a function call as an argument to the the function call that produced that value.   After presenting our extension to System-F we show how we can implement the strict-state thread monad $\mathrm{ST}$ by using a returned existential type in specialising the polymorphic function which returns that type. Currently this monad is built-in into the runtime system of GHC and as such has become part of the language.   Our proposed language extension, i.e. the introduction of polymorphic contexts, reverses the relationship between the context of a function call and the called function with respect to where it is decided with which type to instantiate a type variable. 
S. Doaitse Swierstra and Marcos Viera and Atze Dijkstra
cs.PL