Collisionless electrostatic shock formation and ion acceleration in   intense laser interactions with near critical density plasmas
  Laser-driven collisonless electrostatic shock formation and the subsequent ion acceleration have been studied in near critical density plasmas. Particle-in-cell simulations show that both the speed of laser-driven collisionless electrostatic shock and the energies of shock-accelerated ions can be greatly enhanced due to fast laser propagation in near critical density plasmas. However, a response time longer than tens of laser wave cycles is required before the shock formation in a near critical density plasma, in contrast to the quick shock formation in a highly overdense target. More important, we find that some ions can be reflected by the collisionless shock even if the electrostatic potential jump across the shock is smaller than the ion kinetic energy in the shock frame, which seems against the conventional ion-reflection condition. These anomalous ion reflections are attributed to the strongly time-oscillating electric field accompanying laser-driven collisionless shock in a near critical density plasma. 
M. Liu, S. M. Weng, Y. T. Li, D. W. Yuan, M. Chen, P. Mulser, Z. M.   Sheng, M. Murakami, L. L. Yu, X. L. Zheng, and J. Zhang
physics.plasm-ph astro-ph.HE physics.acc-ph