Measurement of fluence, LET, and dose in a carbon ion spread-out   Bragg-peak using fluorescent nuclear track detectors and an automated reader
  For the assessment of radiation effects of clinical ion-beams, dosimetry has to be complemented by information on particle-energy distribution or related quantities. Fluorescence nuclear track detectors made from C,Mg-doped alumina single crystals allow for the quantification of ion track density and energy loss on a single-track basis. In this study, their feasibility and accuracy to quantify fluence, linear-energy-transfer (LET) distributions, and eventually dose for a spread-out carbon ion Bragg peak was investigated. We found that the primary ions track densities agreed well with the reference data, but the determination of the individual detector sensitivity represented a major source of uncertainty in LET (and dose) assessment. While low-LET fragments in the beam are not contributing to this dose significantly, their number of was largely underestimated by approximately a factor three. The effect was most pronounced for protons where the measured fluence deviates at least an order of magnitude. We conclude that this is mainly caused by the wide angular distribution of protons in a carbon beam. The use of a dedicated FNTD reader device and semi-automated workflow improved outcome due to the considerably larger amount of data available as compared to a state-of-the-art multi-purpose confocal laser scanning microscope. 
Steffen Greilich, Leonie Ulrich, Jasper J.M. Kouwenberg, Shirin   Rahmanian
physics.med-ph