A Dual EnKF for Estimating Water Level, Bottom Roughness, and Bathymetry   in a 1-D Hydrodynamic Model
  Data assimilation has been applied to coastal hydrodynamic models to better estimate system states or parameters by incorporating observed data into the model. Kalman Filter (KF) is one of the most studied data assimilation methods whose application is limited to linear systems. For nonlinear systems such as hydrodynamic models a variation of the KF called Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is applied to update the system state in the context of Monte Carlo simulation. In this research, a dual EnKF approach is used to simultaneously estimate state (water surface elevation) and parameters (bottom roughness and bathymetry) of the shallow water models. The sensitivity of the filter to 1) the quantity and precision of the observations, and 2) the initial estimation of parameters is investigated in a 1-D shallow water problem located in the Gulf of Mexico. Results show that starting from an initial estimate of bottom roughness and bathymetry within a logical range and utilizing observations available at a limited number of gages the dual EnKF is able to improve the bottom roughness and bathymetry fields. The performance of the filter is sensitive to the precision of measured data, especially in the case of estimating Mannings n and bathymetry simultaneously. 
Milad Hooshyar, Stephen C. Medeiros, Dingbao Wang and Scott C. Hagen
physics.ao-ph physics.data-an physics.flu-dyn