Characterization of Image Spaces of Riemann-Liouville Fractional   Integral Operators on Sobolev Spaces $W^{m,p}(\Omega)$
  Fractional operators are widely used in mathematical models describing abnormal and nonlocal phenomena. Although there are extensive numerical methods for solving the corresponding model problems, theoretical analysis such as the regularity result, or the relationship between the left-side and right-side fractional operators are seldom mentioned. In stead of considering the fractional derivative spaces, this paper starts from discussing the image spaces of Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals of $L_p(\Omega)$ functions, since the fractional derivative operators that often used are all pseudo-differential. Then high regularity situation---the image spaces of Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operators on $W^{m,p}(\Omega)$ space are considered. Equivalent characterizations of the defined spaces, as well as of the intersection of the left-side and right-side spaces are given. The behavior of the functions in the defined spaces at both the nearby boundary point/ponits and the points in the domain are demonstrated in a clear way. Besides, tempered fractional operators show to be reciprocal to the corresponding Riemann-Liouville fractional operators, which is expected to make some efforts on theoretical support for relevant numerical methods. Last, we also provide some instructions on how to take advantage of the introduced spaces when numerically solving fractional equations. 
Lijing Zhao, Weihua Deng, and Jan S Hesthaven
math.NA cs.NA