Experimental testbed for seawater channel characterization
  Shallow seawaters are problematic for acoustic and optical communications. Sensor networks based on electromagnetic (EM) communications are evaluated in this environment. In order to characterize the subaquatic channel, several measurement systems have been designed, built and tested in the sea obtaining very reliable results. Experiments carried out with dipoles and loop antennas showed serious disagreement with the state of the art, especially when dipole antennas are used. Dipoles performance was poor while magnetic loops showed relevant results. Measurement system is described in detail and real attenuation of the subaquatic channel is obtained for several distances and antennas. Finally, measured and simulated results are compared with good agreement. 
Pablo Mena, Pablo Dorta-Naranjo, Gara Quintana, Iv\'an   P\'erez-\'Alvarez, Eugenio Jim\'enez, Santiago Zazo, Marina P\'erez...
physics.ao-ph physics.ins-det