Quantum-classical hybrids in a simplified model of QED and geometric   phase induced by charged particle trajectory
  We derive a model of quantum-classical hybrids for a simplified model of quantum electrodynamics in the framework of the stochastic variational method. In this model, charged particle trajectories are affected by the interaction with quantized electromagnetic fields, and this quantum-classical interaction induces a displacement current. We further investigate a geometric phase in the wave functional of the gauge field configuration, which is induced by adiabatic motions of the charged particles. This phase contains the quantum-classical backreaction effect and usual Berry's phase is reproduced in the vanishing limit of the fluctuation of the charged particle trajectories. 
T. Koide
quant-ph gr-qc hep-th nucl-th