The Thermodynamical Instability Induced by Pressure Ionization in Fluid   Helium
  A systematic study of pressure ionization is carried out in the chemical picture by the example of fluid helium. By comparing the variants of the chemical model, it is demonstrated that the behavior of pressure ionization depends on the construction of the free energy function. In the chemical model with the Coulomb free energy described by the Pad\'e interpolation formula, thermodynamical instability induced by pressure ionization is found to be manifested by a discontinuous drop or a continuous fall and rise along the pressure-density curve as well as the pressure-temperature curve, which is very much like the first order liquid-liquid phase transition of fluid hydrogen from the first principles simulations. In contrast, in the variant chemical model with the Coulomb free energy term empirically weakened, no thermodynamical instability is induced when pressure ionization occurs, and the resulting equation of state achieves good agreement with the first principles simulations of fluid helium. 
Qiong Li, Hai-Feng Liu, Gong-Mu Zhang, Yan-Hong Zhao, Guo Lu,   Ming-Feng Tian, Hai-Feng Song
physics.plasm-ph