Functional Inference on Rotational Curves and Identification of Human   Gait at the Knee Joint
  We extend Gaussian perturbation models in classical functional data analysis to the three-dimensional rotational group where a zero-mean Gaussian process in the Lie algebra under the Lie exponential spreads multiplicatively around a central curve. As an estimator, we introduce point-wise extrinsic mean curves which feature strong perturbation consistency, and which are asymptotically a.s. unique and differentiable, if the model is so. Further, we consider the group action of time warping and that of spatial isometries that are connected to the identity. The latter can be asymptotically consistently estimated if lifted to the unit quaternions. Introducing a generic loss for Lie groups, the former can be estimated, and based on curve length, due to asymptotic differentiability, we propose two-sample permutation tests involving various combinations of the group actions. This methodology allows inference on gait patterns due to the rotational motion of the lower leg with respect to the upper leg. This was previously not possible because, among others, the usual analysis of separate Euler angles is not independent of marker placement, even if performed by trained specialists. 
Fabian J.E. Telschow and Stephan F. Huckemann and Michael R.   Pierrynowski
stat.ME