Thermal relic abundance of the lightest Kaluza-Klein particle in   phenomenological universal extra dimension models
  Universal extra dimension models with Kaluza-Klein parity provide us excellent candidates for dark matter. We consider phenomenological universal extra dimension models where the Kaluza-Klein (KK) mass spectrum is different from that of the minimal universal extra dimension model, and compute the thermal relic abundance of the first KK mode of the photon taking into account the production of second KK particles. It is pointed out that its thermal relic abundance depends significantly on the mass degeneracy between the KK-photon and other KK particles because of considerable coannihilation effects. The cosmologically favored compactification scale is shown to range from around 1 TeV to a few TeV even in the cases where one of the first KK particles is tightly degenerate with the first KK photon in mass. 
Yoshiaki Ishigure, Mitsuru Kakizaki, Akiteru Santa
hep-ph