Triangles bridge the scales: Quantifying cellular contributions to   tissue deformation
  In this article, we propose a general framework to study the dynamics and topology of cellular networks that capture the geometry of cell packings in two-dimensional tissues. Such epithelia undergo large-scale deformation during morphogenesis of a multicellular organism. Large-scale deformations emerge from many individual cellular events such as cell shape changes, cell rearrangements, cell divisions, and cell extrusions. Using a triangle-based representation of cellular network geometry, we obtain an exact decomposition of large-scale material deformation. Interestingly, our approach reveals contributions of correlations between cellular rotations and elongation as well as cellular growth and elongation to tissue deformation. Using this Triangle Method, we discuss tissue remodeling in the developing pupal wing of the fly Drosophila melanogaster. 
Matthias Merkel, Rapha\"el Etournay, Marko Popovi\'c, Guillaume   Salbreux, Suzanne Eaton, Frank J\"ulicher
q-bio.TO cond-mat.soft