On Data Dependence in Distributed Stochastic Optimization
  We study a distributed consensus-based stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm and show that the rate of convergence involves the spectral properties of two matrices: the standard spectral gap of a weight matrix from the network topology and a new term depending on the spectral norm of the sample covariance matrix of the data. This data-dependent convergence rate shows that distributed SGD algorithms perform better on datasets with small spectral norm. Our analysis method also allows us to find data-dependent convergence rates as we limit the amount of communication. Spreading a fixed amount of data across more nodes slows convergence; for asymptotically growing data sets we show that adding more machines can help when minimizing twice-differentiable losses. 
Avleen S. Bijral, Anand D. Sarwate and Nathan Srebro
math.OC