The effect of universe inhomogeneities on cosmological distance   measurements
  Using the focusing equation, the equation for the cosmological angular diameter distance is derived, based on the ideas of Academician Ya.B. Zel'dovich, namely, that the distribution of matter at small angles is not homogeneous, and the light cone is close to being empty. We propose some ways of testing a method for measuring the angular diameter distances and show that the proposed method leads to results that agree better with the experimental data than those obtained by the usual methods. 
Aleksei Nikolaev and Sergey Chervon
gr-qc astro-ph.CO