Interplay of the inverse proximity effect and magnetic field in   out-of-equilibrium single-electron devices
  The magnetic field is shown to affect significantly non-equilibrium quasiparticle (QP) distributions under conditions of inverse proximity effect on the remarkable example of a single-electron hybrid turnstile. This effect suppresses the gap in the superconducting leads in the vicinity of turnstile junctions with a Coulomb blockaded island, thus, trapping hot QPs in this region. Applied magnetic field creates additional QP traps in the form of vortices or regions with reduced superconducting gap in the leads resulting in release of QPs away from junctions. We present clear experimental evidence of such interplay of the inverse proximity effect and a magnetic field revealing itself in the superconducting gap enhancement in a magnetic field as well as in significant improvement of the turnstile characteristics. The observed interplay of the inverse proximity effect and external magnetic field, and its theoretical explanation in the context of QP overheating are important for various superconducting and hybrid nanoelectronic devices, which find applications in quantum computation, photon detection and quantum metrology. 
Shuji Nakamura, Yuri A. Pashkin, Mathieu Taupin, Ville F. Maisi, Ivan   M. Khaymovich, Alexander S. Mel'nikov, Joonas T. Pel...
cond-mat.mes-hall cond-mat.supr-con