Energy fluctuations of finite free-electron Fermi gas
  We discuss the energy distribution of free-electron Fermi-gas, a problem with a textbook solution of Gaussian energy fluctuations in the limit of a large system. We find that for a small system, characterized solely by its heat capacity $C$, the distribution can be solved analytically, and it is both skewed and it vanishes at low energies, exhibiting a sharp drop to zero at the energy corresponding to the filled Fermi sea. The results are relevant from the experimental point of view, since the predicted non-Gaussian effects become pronounced when $C/k_B \lesssim 10^3$ ($k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant), a regime that can be easily achieved for instance in mesoscopic metallic conductors at sub-kelvin temperatures. 
Jukka P. Pekola, Paolo Muratore-Ginanneschi, Antti Kupiainen, Yuri M.   Galperin
cond-mat.mes-hall