Empirical residual neutron-proton interaction in odd-odd nuclei
  Two types of average neutron-proton interaction formulas are compared: In the first type, neutron-proton interactions for even-even and odd-$A$ nuclei extracted from experimental binding energies show a smooth behavior as a function of mass number $A$ and are dominated by the contribution from the symmetry energy. Whereas in the second type large systematic staggering is seen between even-$A$ and odd-$A$ nuclei. This deviation is understood in term of the additional neutron-proton interaction in odd-odd nuclei relative to the neighboring even-even and odd-$A$ systems. We explore three possible ways to extract this additional interaction from the binding energy difference of neighboring nuclei. The extracted interactions are positive in nearly all cases and show weak dependence on the mass number. The empirical interactions are also compared with theoretical values extracted from recent nuclear mass models where large unexpected fluctuations are seen in certain nuclei. The reproduction of the residual neutron-proton interaction and the correction of those irregular fluctuations can be a good criterion for the refinement of those mass models. 
Zheying Wu, S.A. Changizi, Chong Qi
nucl-th