Femtosecond-laser-pulse characterization and optimization for CARS   microscopy
  We present a simple method and its experimental implementation to completely determine the characteristics of the pump-and-probe pulse and the Stokes pulse in a coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscope at sample level without additional autocorrelators. Our approach exploits the delay line, ubiquitous in such microscopes, to perform a convolution of the pump-and-probe and Stokes pulses as a function of their relative delay and it is based on the detection of the photons emitted from an appropriate non-linear sample. The analysis of the non-resonant four-wave-mixing and sum-frequency-generation signals allows retrieving the pulse duration on the sample and the chirp of each pulse. This knowledge is crucial in maximizing the spectral-resolution and contrast in CARS imaging. 
Vincenzo Piazza, Giuseppe de Vito, Elmira Farrokhtakin, Gianni   Ciofani, Virgilio Mattoli
physics.optics