Particle dynamics in self-generated dunes over a range of hydraulic and   sediment transport conditions using LES--DEM
  Direct measurement of vertical and longitudinal sediment fluxes on migrating sandy bedforms are extremely difficult to perform in both the field and laboratory. In this study we use the LES--DEM (large eddy simulation--discrete element method) solver SediFoam to examine the individual particle motions and resulting fluxes in a domain of self-generated dunes. In SediFoam, the motions of, and collisions among, the sediment grains as well as their interactions with surrounding turbulent flows are resolved. The numerical simulations are performed over a range of transport settings, spanning bedform inception through washout conditions, to examine the individual particle dynamics. The space-time evolution of dune surfaces is demonstrated. The self-generated dunes are stable at relatively low Reynolds numbers, but then become increasingly unstable at higher Reynolds numbers; eventually washing out as the number of bypass grains and particles in suspension increase. Data from the simulation are used to examine the vertical entrainment rate of particles and the fractionation of total sediment load into bed and suspended fractions as a function of transport conditions. The study also compares the sediment transport rate obtained using the bedform geometry and celerity to the true transport rate at different transport stages. 
Rui Sun, Heng Xiao, Kyle Strom
physics.geo-ph physics.comp-ph