A Low-Frequency and Refinement Stable Impedance Boundary Condition EFIE
  In this contribution, a discretisation of the IBC EFIE is introduced that (i) yields the correct solution at arbitrarily small frequencies, (ii) requires for its solution a number of matrix vector products bounded as the frequency tends to zero and as the mesh density increases. The low frequency stabilisation is based on a projector-based discrete Helmholtz splitting, rescaling, and recombination that depends on the low frequency behaviour of both the EFIE operator and the surface impedance condition. The dense mesh stabilisation is a modifcation of the Perfect Electric Conductor operator preconditioning approach taking into account the effect on the singular value spectrum of the IBC term. 
Alexandre Dely, Francesco P. Andriulli, Kristof Cools
physics.comp-ph