Do fragmentation functions in factorization theorems correctly treat   non-perturbative effects?
  Current all-orders proofs of factorization of hard processes are made by extracting the leading power behavior of Feynman graphs, i.e., by extracting asymptotics strictly order-by-order in perturbation theory. The resulting parton densities and fragmentation functions include non-perturbative effects. I show how there are missing elements in the proofs; these are related to and exemplified by string and cluster models of hadronization. The proofs rely on large rapidity differences between different parts of graphs for the process; but in reality large rapidity gaps are filled in 
John Collins
hep-ph