Characterization of base roughness for granular chute flows
  Base roughness plays an important role to the dynamics of granular flows but is yet poorly understood due to the difficulty of its quantification. For a bumpy base made by spheres, at least two factors should be considered to characterize its geometric roughness, namely the size ratio of base- to flow-particles and the packing of base particles. In this paper, we propose a definition of base roughness, Ra, which is a function of both the size ratio and the packing arrangement of base particles. The function is generalized for random and regular packing of multi-layered spheres, where the range of possible values of Ra is studied, along with the optimal values to create maximum base roughness. The new definition is applied to granular flows down chute in both two- and three-dimensional configurations. It is proven to be a good indicator of slip condi- tion, and a transition occurs from slip to non-slip condition as Ra increases. Critical values of Ra are identified for the construction of a non-slip base. The effects of contact parameters on base velocity are studied, and it is shown that while the coefficient of friction is less influential, normal damping has more profound effect on base velocity at lower values of Ra. The application of present definition to other base geometries is also discussed. 
Lu Jing, C.Y. Kwok, Y.F. Leung, Y.D. Sobral
physics.flu-dyn cond-mat.soft nlin.AO