Pseudo-invariants causing inverse energy cascades in three-dimensional   turbulence
  Three-dimensional (3D) turbulence is characterized by a dual forward cascade of both kinetic energy and helicity, a second inviscid flow invariant, from the integral scale of motion to the viscous dissipative scale. In helical flows, however, such as strongly rotating flows with broken mirror symmetry, an inverse energy cascade can be observed analogous to that of two-dimensional turbulence (2D) where a second positive-definite flow invariant, enstrophy, unlike helicity in 3D, effectively blocks the forward cascade of energy. In the spectral-helical decomposition of the Navier-Stokes equation it has previously been show that a subset of three-wave (triad) interactions conserve helicity in 3D in a fashion similar to enstrophy in 2D, thus leading to a 2D-like inverse energy cascade in 3D. In this work, we show both theoretically and numerically that an additional subset of interactions exist conserving a new pseudo-invariant in addition to energy and helicity, which contributes either to a forward or inverse energy cascade depending on the specific triad interaction geometry. 
Nicholas M. Rathmann and Peter D. Ditlevsen
physics.flu-dyn nlin.CD