Radiation Backgrounds at Cosmic Dawn: X-Rays from Compact Binaries
  We compute the expected X-ray diffuse background and radiative feedback on the intergalactic medium (IGM) from X-ray binaries prior and during the epoch of reionization. The cosmic evolution of compact binaries is followed using a population synthesis technique that treats separately neutron stars and black hole binaries in different spectral states and is calibrated to reproduce the observed X-ray properties of galaxies at z<4. Together with an updated empirical determination of the cosmic history of star formation, recent modeling of the stellar mass-metallicity relation, and a scheme for absorption by the IGM that accounts for the presence of ionized HII bubbles during the epoch of reionization, our detailed calculations provide refined predictions of the X-ray volume emissivity and filtered radiation background from "normal" galaxies at z>6. Radiative transfer effects modulate the background spectrum, which shows a characteristic peak between 1 and 2 keV. While the filtering of X-ray radiation through the IGM slightly increases the mean excess energy per photoionization, it also weakens the radiation intensity below 1 keV, lowering the mean photoionization and heating rates. Numerical integration of the rate and energy equations shows that the contribution of X-ray binaries to the ionization of the bulk IGM is negligible, with the electron fraction never exceeding 1%. Direct HeI photoionizations are the main source of IGM heating, and the temperature of the largely neutral medium in between HII cavities increases above the temperature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) only at z<10, when the volume filling factor of HII bubbles is already >0.1. Therefore, in this scenario, it is only at relatively late epochs that the bulk of neutral intergalactic hydrogen may be observable in 21-cm emission against the CMB. 
Piero Madau and Tassos Fragos
astro-ph.GA astro-ph.CO