Numerical simulations of necklaces in SU(2) gauge-Higgs field theory
  We perform the first numerical simulations of necklaces in a non-Abelian gauge theory. Necklaces are composite classical solutions which can be interpreted as monopoles trapped on strings, rather generic structures in a Grand Unified Theory. We generate necklaces from random initial conditions, modelling a phase transition in the early Universe, and study the evolution. For all cases, we find that the necklace system shows scaling behaviour similar to that of a network of ordinary cosmic strings. Furthermore, our simulations indicate that comoving distance between the monopoles or semipoles along the string asymptotes to a constant value at late times. This means that while the monopole-to-string energy density ratio decreases as the inverse of the scale factor, a horizon-size length of string has a large number of monopoles, significantly affecting the dynamics of string loops. We argue that gravitational wave bounds from millisecond pulsar timing on the string tension in the Nambu-Goto scenario are greatly relaxed. 
Mark Hindmarsh, Kari Rummukainen, David J. Weir
astro-ph.CO hep-ph hep-th