A reduced-order NLTE kinetic model for radiating plasmas of outer   envelopes of stellar atmospheres
  The present work proposes a self-consistent reduced-order NLTE kinetic model for radiating plasmas such as are found in the outer layers of stellar atmospheres. Starting from the most up-to-date set of ab-initio and experimental data, the highly complex collisional-radiative kinetic mechanism is simplified by lumping the bound energy states in groups. Different grouping strategies are investigated, such as uniform and Maxwell-Boltzmann. The reduced set of governing equations for the material gas and the radiation field is obtained based on a moment method. Applications consider the steady flow across a shock wave in partially ionized hydrogen. The results show that adopting a Maxwell-Boltzmann grouping allows, on the one hand, for a substantial reduction of the number of unknowns and, on the other, to maintain accuracy for both gas and radiation quantities. It is observed that, when neglecting line radiation, the use of two groups already leads to a very accurate resolution of the photo-ionization precursor, internal relaxation and radiative cooling regions. The inclusion of line radiation requires adopting just one additional group to account for optically thin losses in the alpha, beta and gamma lines of the Balmer and Paschen series. This trend has been observed for a wide range of shock wave velocities. 
A. Munafo, N. Mansour and M. Panesi
astro-ph.SR physics.plasm-ph