Binding Energy of Molecules on Water Ice: Laboratory Measurements and   Modeling
  We measured the binding energy of N$_2$, CO, O$_2$, CH$_4$, and CO$_2$ on non-porous (compact) amorphous solid water (np-ASW), of N$_2$ and CO on porous amorphous solid water (p-ASW), and of NH$_3$ on crystalline water ice. We were able to measure binding energies down to a fraction of 1\% of a layer, thus making these measurements more appropriate for astrochemistry than the existing values. We found that CO$_2$ forms clusters on np-ASW surface even at very low coverages. The binding energies of N$_2$, CO, O$_2$, and CH$_4$ decrease with coverage in the submonolayer regime. Their values at the low coverage limit are much higher than what is commonly used in gas-grain models. An empirical formula was used to describe the coverage dependence of the binding energies. We used the newly determined binding energy distributions in a simulation of gas-grain chemistry for cold cloud and hot core models. We found that owing to the higher value of desorption energy in the sub-monlayer regime a fraction of all these ices stays much longer and up to higher temperature on the grain surface compared to the single value energies currently used in the astrochemical models. 
Jiao He and Kinsuk Acharyya and Gianfranco Vidali
astro-ph.IM