Online estimation of driving events and fatigue damage on vehicles
  Driving events, such as maneuvers at slow speed and turns, are important for durability assessments of vehicle components. By counting the number of driving events, one can estimate the fatigue damage caused by the same kind of events. Through knowledge of the distribution of driving events for a group of customers, the vehicles producers can tailor the design, of vehicles, for the group. In this article, we propose an algorithm that can be applied on-board a vehicle to online estimate the expected number of driving events occurring, and thus be used to estimate the distribution of driving events for a certain group of customers. Since the driving events are not observed directly, the algorithm uses a hidden Markov model to extract the events. The parameters of the HMM are estimated using an online EM algorithm. The introduction of the online EM is crucial for practical usage, on-board vehicles, due to that its complexity of an iteration is fixed. Typically, the EM algorithm is used to find the, fixed, parameters that maximizes the likelihood. By introducing a fixed forgetting factor in the online EM, an adaptive algorithm is acquired. This is important in practice since the driving conditions changes over time and a single trip can contain different road types such as city and highway, making the assumption of fixed parameters unrealistic. Finally, we also derive a method to online compute the expected damage. 
Roza Maghsood and Jonas Wallin
stat.AP