Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and collective vibrational modes of   liquid water in an inhomogeneous electric field
  In this experiment liquid water is subject to an inhomogeneous electric field (${\nabla}^2 E_a {\approx} 10^{10} \frac{V}{m^2}$ ) using a high voltage (20 kV) point-plane electrode system. With interferometry it was found that the application of a strong electric field gradient to water generates local changes in the refractive index of the liquid, polarizes the surface and creates a downward moving electro-convective jet. A maximum temperature difference of 1 {\deg}C is measured in the immediate vicinity of the point electrode. Raman spectroscopy on water reveals an enhancement of the vibrational collective modes (3250 $cm^{-1}$) as well as an increase in the local mode (3490 $cm^{-1}$) energy. This bimodal enhancement indicates the spectral changes are not due to temperature. The intense field gradient thus establishes an excited subpopulation of vibrational oscillators far from thermal equilibrium. Delocalization of the collective vibrational mode spatially expands this excited population beyond the microscale. Hindered rotational freedom due to electric field pinning of molecular dipoles retards heat flow and generates a chemical potential gradient. These changes are responsible for the observed changes in refractive index and temperature. It is demonstrated that polar liquids can thus support local non-equilibrium thermodynamic transient states critical to biochemical and environmental processes. 
Adam D. Wexler, Sandra Drusov\'a, Jakob Woisetschl\"ager, Elmar C.   Fuchs
cond-mat.mes-hall