As authors, university faculty are not always aware that when they produce a piece of research, they hold the moral and economic rights. The subsequent exclusive transfer of their economic rights (the moral rights are inalienable) to publishers through a publishing contract creates a number of constraints. For example, it prejudices the free use of the work for teaching purposes: the placement in a digital archive of lecture notes comprising texts by other authors assumes that permission has been sought from the copyright holder, which is usually the publisher, etc.
These are considered exceptions provided for by law and/or by agreement with assignees under domestic law, since one of the principles of copyright is that reproduction of a protected work is an act requiring the authorisation of the copyright holder.