File size: 18,141 Bytes
37b37aa 212b150 37b37aa 6c36fd5 37b37aa bd39be5 37b37aa d6fe6c9 37b37aa bd39be5 37b37aa |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 |
---
license: cc-by-sa-4.0
language:
- ar
- en
- de
- ru
- tr
- ab
- af
- sq
- am
- az
- bm
- eu
- be
- bn
- br
- bg
- ca
- zh
- hr
- cs
- da
- nl
- et
- fi
- fr
- ceb
- bur
- myv
- gl
- ka
- el
- gu
- ht
- he
- hi
- hu
- is
- id
- ga
- it
- ja
- kk
- kpv
- ko
- ky
- lv
- lt
- mk
- ml
- gv
- mr
- mdf
- 'no'
- oc
- ps
- fa
- pl
- pt
- ro
- sa
- gd
- se
- sd
- si
- sk
- sl
- es
- sr
- tl
- ta
- tt
- uk
- ur
- ug
- uz
- vep
- vi
- cy
- wo
- sah
- ltg
- lij
- hsb
size_categories:
- 1M<n<10M
---
# MorphScore
MorphScore is a tokenizer evaluation framework, which evaluates the extent to which a tokenizer segments words along morpheme boundaries. This repository contains the datasets used to calculate MorphScore.
In total, we have datasetes for 86 languages, but only 70 languages have at least 100 items after filtering.
All datasets are derived from existing [Universal Dependencies treebanks](https://universaldependencies.org/). In the table below, we link the source dataset for each language.
See the [new preprint](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06378) for details and see the [GitHub repository](https://github.com/catherinearnett/morphscore) for details on using MorphScore.
## Languages
| **Language** | **ISO 639-3** | **ISO 15924** | **Num. Words** | **Num. Unique Words** | **Data Source(s)** |
|--------------|---------------|---------------|-----------------|-----------------------|---------------------|
| Abkhaz | abk | cyrl | 4518 | 3222 | [UD_Abkhaz-AbNC](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Abkhaz-AbNC/tree/master) v2.16 |
| Afrikaans | afr | latn | 7011 | 2093 | [UD_Afrikaans-AfriBooms](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Afrikaans-AfriBooms/tree/master) v2.16 |
| Albanian | sqi (tos) | latn | 897 | 702 | [UD_Albanian-STAF](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Albanian-STAF) v2.15 |
| Amharic | amh | ethi | 39 | 9 | [UD_Amharic-ATT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Amharic-ATT) v2.11 |
| Armenian | hye | armn | 18906 | 8994 | [UD_Armenian-ArmTDP](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Armenian-ArmTDP/tree/master) v2.13 (except test = v2.10) |
| Azerbaijani | aze | latn | 368 | 251 | [UD_Azerbaijani-TueCL](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Azerbaijani-TueCL) v2.16 |
| Bambara | bam | latn | 6849 | 665 | [UD_Bambara-CRB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Bambara-CRB) v2.13 |
| Basque | eus | latn | 50901 | 15932 | [UD_Basque-BDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Basque-BDT) v2.14 |
| Belarusian | bel | cyrl | 104096 | 31129 | [UD_Belarusian-HSE](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Belarusian-HSE/tree/master) v2.16 |
| Bengali | ben | beng | 102 | 67 | [UD_Bengali-BRU](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Bengali-BRU) v2.11 |
| Bhojpuri | bho | deva | 1371 | 360 | [UD_Bhojpuri-BHTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Bhojpuri-BHTB) v2.16 |
| Breton | bre | latn | 3054 | 1021 | [UD_Breton-KEB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Breton-KEB) v2.12 |
| Bulgarian | bul | cyrl | 44412 | 15468 | [UD_Bulgarian-BTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Bulgarian-BTB) 2.16 |
| Buriat/Buryat| bur | cyrl | 3646 | 2322 | [UD_Buryat-BDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Buryat-BDT) v2.11 |
| Cantonese/Yue Chinese| yue | hant | 42 | 13 | [UD_Cantonese-HK](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Cantonese-HK) v2.12 |
| Catalan | cat | latn | 15495 | 3385 | [UD_Catalan-AnCora](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Catalan-AnCora) v2.15 |
| Cebuano | ceb | latn | 264 | 136 | [UD_Cebuano-GJA](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Cebuano-GJA) v2.15 |
| Mandarin Chinese | zho/cmn | hans | 915 | 140 | [UD_Chinese-GSDSimp](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Chinese-GSDSimp) v2.13 |
| Croatian | hrv | latn | 75681 | 23363 | [UD_Croatian-SET](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Croatian-SET) v2.11 (except train = v2.13) |
| Czech | ces | latn | 200387 | 44025 | [UD_Czech-CAC](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Czech-CAC/tree/master) v2.16 |
| Danish | dan | latn | 25662 | 8256 | [UD_Danish-DDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Danish-DDT) v2.14 |
| Dutch | nld | latn | 42900 | 12512 | [UD_Dutch-Alpino](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Dutch-Alpino/tree/master) v2.14 |
| English | eng | latn | 31039 | 5844 | [UD_English-EWT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_English-EWT/tree/master) v2.16 |
| Erzya | myv | cyrl | 8147 | 4826 | [UD_Erzya-JR](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Erzya-JR) v2.16|
| Estonian | est | latn | 199597 | 62170 | [UD_Estonian-EDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Estonian-EDT) v2.16 |
| Finnish | fin | latn | 99308 | 41095 | [UD_Finnish-TDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Finnish-TDT/tree/master) v2.16|
| French | fra | latn | 103887 | 13508 | [UD_French-GSD](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_French-GSD) v2.16 |
| Galician | glg | latn | 29484 | 7113 | [UD_Galician-CTG](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Galician-CTG) v2.12 |
| Georgian | kat | geor | 20148 | 8622 | [UD_Georgian-GLC](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Georgian-GLC) v2.16 |
| German | deu | latn | 949279 | 49239 | [UD_German-HDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_German-HDT/tree/master) v2.16 |
| Greek | ell | grek | 21428 | 6986 | [UD_Greek-GDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Greek-GDT/tree/master) v2.16 |
| Gujarati | guj | gujr | 120 | 81 | [UD_Gujarati-GujTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Gujarati-GujTB/tree/master) v2.14 |
| Haitian Creole| hat | latn | 950 | 37 | [UD_Haitian_Creole-Adolphe](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Haitian_Creole-Adolphe) v2.16 |
| Hebrew | heb | hebr | 43102 | 9768 | [UD_Hebrew-HTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Hebrew-HTB) v2.15 |
| Hindi | hin | deva | 83865 | 4749 | [UD_Hindi-HDTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Hindi-HDTB) v2.15 |
| Hungarian | hun | latn | 12349 | 8103 | [UD_Hungarian-Szeged](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Hungarian-Szeged) v2.11 |
| Icelandic | isl | latn | 329620 | 40686 | [UD_Icelandic-IcePaHC](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Icelandic-IcePaHC) v2.16|
| Indonesian | ind | latn | 16844 | 3400 | [UD_Indonesian-GSD](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Indonesian-GSD) v2.16 |
| Irish | gle | latn | 31911 | 7474 | [UD_Irish-IDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Irish-IDT/tree/master) v2.15 |
| Italian | ita | latn | 73790 | 10981 | [UD_Italian-ISDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Italian-ISDT/tree/master) v2.16 |
| Japanese | jpn | jpan | 16898 | 5427 | [UD_Japanese-GSDLUW](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Japanese-GSDLUW) v2.15|
| Kazakh | kaz | cyrl | 4200 | 2738 | [UD_Kazakh-KTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Kazakh-KTB) v2.11 |
| Komi-Zyrian | kpv | cyrl | 2670 | 2017 | [UD_Komi_Zyrian-Lattice](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Komi_Zyrian-Lattice) v2.16 |
| Korean | kor | hang | 239862 | 86349 | [UD_Korean-Kaist](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Korean-Kaist) v2.11 |
| Kirghiz/Kyrgyz| kir | cyrl | 11752 | 4659 | [UD_Kyrgyz-KTMU](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Kyrgyz-KTMU) v2.15 (train), v2.16 (test) |
| Latvian | lav | latn | 141550 | 40081 | [UD_Latvian-LVTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Latvian-LVTB/tree/master) v2.16 |
| Lithuanian | lit | latn | 32378 | 13140 | [UD_Lithuanian-ALKSNIS](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Lithuanian-ALKSNIS) v2.16, except test (v2.15) |
| Macedonian | mkd | cyrl | 285 | 241 | [UD_Macedonian-MTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Macedonian-MTB) v2.13 |
| Malayalam | mal | mlym | 867 | 710 | [UD_Malayalam-UFAL](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Malayalam-UFAL) v2.12 |
| Manx | glv | latn | 2299 | 873 | [UD_Manx-Cadhan](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Manx-Cadhan) v2.15 |
| Marathi | mar | deva | 1610 | 663 | [UD_Marathi-UFAL](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Marathi-UFAL) v2.11 |
| Moksha | mdf | cyrl | 1733 | 1401 | [UD_Moksha-JR](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Moksha-JR) v2.16 |
| Northern Sami| sme | latn | 10360 | 5024 | [UD_North_Sami-Giella](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_North_Sami-Giella) v2.15 (train), v2.12 (test)|
| Norwegian | nob | latn | 87394 | 15716 | [UD_Norwegian-Bokmaal](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Norwegian-Bokmaal) v2.16|
| Occitan | oci | latn | 6751 | 2561 | [UD_Occitan-TTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Occitan-TTB) v2.16 |
| Pashto | pus | arab | 779 | 351 | [UD_Pashto-Sikaram](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Pashto-Sikaram) v2.16|
| Persian | fas | arab | 102374 | 14847 | [UD_Persian-PerDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Persian-PerDT) v2.16, except dev (v2.12) |
| Polish | pol | latn | 131836 | 42545 | [UD_Polish-PDB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Polish-PDB/tree/master) v2.13 |
| Portuguese | por | latn | 69430 | 13074 | [UD_Portuguese-CINTIL](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Portuguese-CINTIL) v2.13 |
| Romanian | ron | latn | 72968 | 19108 | [UD_Romanian-RRT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Romanian-RRT) v2.13|
| Russian | rus | cyrl | 590060 | 105749 | [UD_Russian-SynTagRus](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Russian-SynTagRus/tree/master) v2.16|
| Sanskrit | san | deva | 144583 | 32671 | [UD_Sanskrit-Vedic](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Sanskrit-Vedic) v2.14 |
| Scottish Gaelic | gla | latn | 27181 | 3495 | [UD_Scottish_Gaelic-ARCOSG](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Scottish_Gaelic-ARCOSG) v2.16 |
| Serbian | srp | latn | 37324 | 12278 | [UD_Serbian-SET](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Serbian-SET/tree/master) v2.11, except train (v2.13)|
| Sindhi | snd | arab | 3584 | 1132 | [UD_Sindhi-Isra](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Sindhi-Isra/tree/master) v2.16 |
| Sinhala | sin | sinh | 354 | 284 | [UD_Sinhala-STB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Sinhala-STB) v2.12|
| Slovak | slk | latn | 35545 | 16169 | [UD_Slovak-SNK](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Slovak-SNK) v2.16 |
| Slovenian | slv | latn | 93048 | 32134 | [UD_Slovenian-SSJ](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Slovenian-SSJ) v2.16|
| Spanish | spa | latn | 134449 | 17341 | [UD_Spanish-AnCora](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Spanish-AnCora) v2.15|
| Swedish | swe | latn | 29514 | 8135 | [UD_Swedish-LinES](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Swedish-LinES) v2.16|
| Tagalog | tgl | latn | 212 | 78 | [UD_Tagalog-Ugnayan](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Tagalog-Ugnayan) v2.6|
| Tamil | tam | taml | 4499 | 2178 | [UD_Tamil-TTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Tamil-TTB) v2.16 (except dev = v2.13) |
| Tatar | tat | cyrl | 899 | 708 | [UD_Tatar-NMCTT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Tatar-NMCTT/tree/master) v2.11|
| Turkish | tur | latn | 71984 | 32587 | [UD_Turkish-Kenet](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Turkish-Kenet/tree/master) train (v2.13), dev (v2.10), test (v2.9)|
| Ukrainian | ukr | cyrl | 44288 | 21584 | [UD_Ukrainian-IU](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Ukrainian-IU) v2.11|
| Urdu | urd | arab | 30825 | 2450 | [UD_Urdu-UDTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Urdu-UDTB/tree/master) v2.14|
| Uighur/Uyghur| uig | arab | 10427 | 3969 | [UD_Uyghur-UDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Uyghur-UDT) v2.13|
| Uzbek | uzb | latn | 2466 | 1934 | [UD_Uzbek-UT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Uzbek-UT) v2.16 |
| Veps | vep | latn | 598 | 399 | [UD_Veps-VWT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Veps-VWT) v2.16 |
| Vietnamese | vie | latn | 32 | 29 | [UD_Vietnamese-VTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Vietnamese-VTB/tree/master) v2.11 (except dev = v2.12)|
| Welsh | cym | latn | 11781 | 2860 | [UD_Welsh-CCG](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Welsh-CCG) v2.16 |
| Wolof | wol | latn | 9211 | 1734 | [UD_Wolof-WTB](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Wolof-WTB/tree/master) v2.13|
| Yakut | sah | cyrl | 479 | 330 | [UD_Yakut-YKTDT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Yakut-YKTDT) v2.12|
| Latgalian | ltg | latn | 69 | 63 | [UD_Latgalian-Cairo](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Latgalian-Cairo) v2.16|
| Ligurian | lij | latn | 1318 | 637 | [UD_Ligurian-GLT](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Ligurian-GLT/tree/master) train (v2.9), test (v2.16) |
| Upper Sorbian| hsb | latn | 3797 | 2498 | [UD_Upper_Sorbian-UFAL](https://github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD_Upper_Sorbian-UFAL) train (v2.3), test (v2.8)|
## How to Cite
```
@inproceedings{arnett2025alignment,
author = {Arnett, Catherine and Hudspeth, Marisa and O'Connor, Brendan},
title = {{Evaluating Morphological Alignment of Tokenizers in 70 Languages}},
year = {2025},
booktitle={Proceedings of the ICML 2025 Tokenization Workshop (TokShop)},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06378}
}
@inproceedings{arnett-bergen-2025-language,
title = "Why do language models perform worse for morphologically complex languages?",
author = "Arnett, Catherine and
Bergen, Benjamin",
editor = "Rambow, Owen and
Wanner, Leo and
Apidianaki, Marianna and
Al-Khalifa, Hend and
Eugenio, Barbara Di and
Schockaert, Steven",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
month = jan,
year = "2025",
address = "Abu Dhabi, UAE",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.441/",
pages = "6607--6623"
}
``` |