Varieties of Entrainment Effects in Task and Interpersonal  Behavior
{'Code': '04040500', 'Directorate': {'Abbreviation': 'SBE', 'LongName': 'Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie'}, 'Division': {'Abbreviation': 'BCS', 'LongName': 'Division Of Behavioral and Cognitive Sci'}}
{'SignBlockName': 'Jean B. Intermaggio', 'PO_EMAI': None, 'PO_PHON': None}
When groups or individuals do tasks under time limits that are                  either very short or very long with respect to the task load,                   they modify their work rate in later work periods even when those               time limits no longer hold.  These "carry over" effects on work                 rate are called entrainment effects.                                                                                                                            Experiments in earlier phases of this research suggest that these               entrainment effects differ for tasks of different types (e.g.,                  for problem.solving vs planning tasks vs creativity tasks vs                    decision making tasks).  Those differences seem to arise because                groups experience different forms of task difficulty.  Under some               task type and time pressure conditions, groups experience                       "quantitative difficulty", a problem of capacity, and speed up                  their rate of work in later trials. Under other task and time                   conditions, groups experience "qualitative difficulty", a problem               of capability, and slow their rate of work on later trials.                     These differences seem to be reflected in task product quality as               well as in rate, but quality differences are not always in a                    direction opposite to rate.  Furthermore, evidence for                          differences in these task difficulty experiences are reflected in               the group's pattern ofinteraction during task performance.                                                                                                      The next phase of this research program will carry out two sets                 of studies to confirm, clarify, and elaborate those entrainment                 findings.  The first set will be a series of experiments: (a)to                 confirm these task type and time limit differences; (b) to                      clarify the role of capability and capacity experiences in these                entrainment patterns; (c) to assess the entrainment effects on                  task product quality for parallel sets of conditions; and (d) to                explore how these entrainment effects get manifested in the                     group's interaction during task performance.  The second set of                 studies will try to explore those same hypotheses with natural                  groups doing their "normal" tasks and/or with experimentally                    created but relatively long term groups doing whole work projects               of larger scope.  Both sets of studies, together with past                      research, will provide a detailed picture of the task, group, and               work conditions that will predictably produce various patterns of               work rate and quality and the task experiences and interaction                  patterns underlying them.                                                                                                                                       The Principal Investigator is a senior researcher, well-known for               the high quality of his prior research.
{'FirstName': 'Joseph', 'LastName': 'McGrath', 'PI_MID_INIT': 'E', 'PI_SUFX_NAME': None, 'PI_FULL_NAME': 'Joseph E McGrath', 'EmailAddress': 'jmcgrath@s.psych.uiuc.edu', 'PI_PHON': '2173334921', 'NSF_ID': '000224293', 'StartDate': '08/15/1987', 'EndDate': None, 'RoleCode': 'Principal Investigator'}
{'Name': 'University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign', 'CityName': 'URBANA', 'ZipCode': '618013620', 'PhoneNumber': '2173332187', 'StreetAddress': '506 S WRIGHT ST', 'StreetAddress2': None, 'CountryName': 'United States', 'StateName': 'Illinois', 'StateCode': 'IL', 'CONGRESSDISTRICT': '13', 'CONGRESS_DISTRICT_ORG': 'IL13', 'ORG_UEI_NUM': 'Y8CWNJRCNN91', 'ORG_LGL_BUS_NAME': 'UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS', 'ORG_PRNT_UEI_NUM': None}
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{'Code': '1332', 'Text': 'Social Psychology'}
{'url': 'https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/download?DownloadFileName=1987&All=true', 'xml': '8705151.xml'}