Source, Evolutin, and Decay of F-Region Irregularities at   Polar and Equatorial Latitudes
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When the ionosphere is uniform it reflects radio waves                     efficiently and makes possible long distance radio communication.               It also transmits microwaves between ground and spacecraft with                 little perturbation.  However, the ionospheric plasma is often                  turbulent with irregularities of many scale sizes, and as such it               reflects radio waves poorly and causes scintillation of the                     ground to spacecraft microwave links.  Near the equator the                     irregularities begin as 100km scale size bubbles of low density                 plasma rising through the high density plasma, in an instability                mechanism equivalent to that of thunderstorm cell formation.  The               triggering mechanism for this and other more sinusoidal wave type               irregularities have not been determined.  This grant is for                     research on the nature of the irregularities and the triggering                 mechanisms.  These are important plasma physics problems and have               relevance to the prediction of the quality of communication                     links.
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