The Role of Patronage in The Development of the Scientific  Community
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{'SignBlockName': 'Alicia Armstrong', 'PO_EMAI': 'aarmstro@nsf.gov', 'PO_PHON': '7032924743'}
The modern scientific community has descended from a community of               scientists which came into being as part of the scientific revolution           in the late sixteenth and seventeenth century.  Before this time,               there were individuals whom we properly called scientists but there             was no scientific community.  Copernicus apparently worked in relative          isolation.  Three-quarters of a century later, Kepler also worked               alone, but through correspondence he was in touch with other                    astronomers.  By the end of the seventeenth century, Newton, as                 determined a recluse as the world has known, found himself surrounded           by a scientific community despite himself and spent his final                   twenty-three years as President of the Royal Society.  We know a                great deal about the intellectual phenomenon called the scientific              revolution, but we know much less about the sociological phenomenon             which accompanied it.  Scientific societies including both organized            societies and informal communities constituted the framework of the             emerging scientific community.  The position of the community in the            life of the seventeenth century needs to be understood by a detailed            examination of the way knowledge was applied to technology in those             areas in which it had found applications, such as military architecture         and drainage projects.  The knowledge that was employed in such areas           and its precise relation to science can speak to the issue of whether           the members of the scientific community were supported as purveyors of          a necessity or whether they were fostered, like artists and musicians,          as ornaments to the society.  The means of support that enable a                person to devote himself to science is a matter of significance to a            social history of the scientific community.  One means of the support           available to scientists was patronage.  The question of patronage is            important because of the ways in which the search for it, and                   acceptance of it, affected the scientific work itself and hence the             development of science.                                                                                                                                         In his study of the social history of the scientific community during           the period of the scientific revolution, Dr. Westfall, the premier              historian of that period, examines the role of patronage as a way of            support for scientific activity by means of a survey of scientists of           the age and detailed individual studies of Galileo and Descartes.  A            major objective of the research is to arrive at an understanding of the         mores of patronage and its influence on the careers of scientists and           at an assessment of the role of patronage in the scientific revolution.
{'FirstName': 'Richard', 'LastName': 'Westfall', 'PI_MID_INIT': 'S', 'PI_SUFX_NAME': None, 'PI_FULL_NAME': 'Richard S Westfall', 'EmailAddress': None, 'NSF_ID': '000416239', 'StartDate': '09/01/1987', 'EndDate': None, 'RoleCode': 'Principal Investigator'}
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{'Code': '1353', 'Text': 'Hist & Philosophy of SET'}
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