Noxious stimuli, for example electric shocks, have been used as "negative reinforcers" for training cephalopods in discrimination studies; repeated exposure to noxious stimuli can have long-term effects on behaviour.
Noxious stimuli have been used as "negative reinforcers" for training cephalopods in discrimination studies. This was for example electric shocks. Repeated exposure to noxious stimuli can have long-term effects on behaviour.