Much of the research on symptoms of victimization is cross-sectional (researchers only collected data at one point in time), meaning the symptoms are associated with victimization; the causal relationship is not always being established in research, and alternative explanations have not been ruled out.
Much of the research on symptoms of victimization is cross-sectional. The symptoms are associated with victimization. This is what much of the research on symptoms of victimization is meaning. The causal relationship is not always being established in research. Alternative explanations have not been ruled out.