To resist Home Rule, thousands of unionists, led by the Dublin-born barrister Sir Edward Carson and James Craig, signed the "Ulster Covenant" of 1912, pledging to resist Home Rule.
To resist Home Rule, 100,000 unionists, led by the Dublin-born barrister Sir Edward Carson founded the Ulster Volunteers early in 1912. September saw Carson and James Craig organize the "Ulster Covenant", with 471,414 signatories pledging to resist Home Rule.