In 2003, researchers at the University of Lethbridge and Okanagan University College published a controlled clinical study that concludes that "components shared with more traditional therapies" are responsible for the effects of EFT in reducing fear and anxiety.
In 2003, Waite & Holder at the University of Lethbridge and Okanagan University College published a controlled clinical study that "indicate that EFT was effective in decreasing fear in a nonclinical population". However, it also concludes that "components shared with more traditional therapies" appear responsible for the effects of EFT in reducing fear and anxiety.