Noxious stimuli, for example electric shocks, have been used as "negative reinforcers" for training cephalopods in discrimination studies; repeated exposure to noxious stimuli can have long-term effects on behaviour.
Noxious stimuli, for example electric shocks, have been used as "negative reinforcers" for training octpuses, squid and cuttlefish in discrimination studies. Repeated exposure to noxious stimuli can have long-term effects on behaviour.