After graduating in Medicine in Pisa in 1861, he studied at Claude Bernard's laboratory in Paris; in 1864 he moved to Berlin in the school of Rudolf Virchow under the leadership of Wilhelm Kühne.
After graduating in Medicine in Pisa in 1861, Libro Dottorati dall'anno 1835 all'anno 1860 (ASP) Sez. D. II.10, N.3483 he studied at Claude Bernard's laboratory in Paris; in 1864 he moved to Berlin in the school of Rudolf Virchow under the leadership of Wilhelm Kühne.