Originally thought to be associated only with rheumatic fever it has since been shown to occur also in SLE, Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, psoriatic arthritis, vasculitis, ankylosing spondylitis, mixed conjunctive tissue disease, and pyrophosphate deposition disease.
Originally thought to be associated only with rheumatic fever it has since been shown to occur significantly in cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) occuring in ~ 5% of cases. It is occasionally also seen in Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, psoriatic arthritis, vasculitis, ankylosing spondylitis, mixed conjunctive tissue disease, and pyrophosphate deposition disease.