At the top is the application layer, the space for the application-specific networking methods used in software applications, e.g., a web browser program uses the client-server application model and many file-sharing systems use a peer-to-peer paradigm.
At the top is the application layer, the space for the application-specific networking methods used in software applications. For example, a web browser program uses the client-server application model and a specific protocol of interaction between servers and clients, while many file-sharing systems use a peer-to-peer paradigm.