Instruct: Given a question, retrieve passages that answer the question.
Query: What is the origin of the word muscle?
The term muscle is derived from the Latin "musculus" meaning "little mouse" perhaps because of the shape of certain muscles or because contracting muscles look like mice moving under the skin.
The anatomy of muscles includes gross anatomy, which comprises all the muscles of an organism, and microanatomy, which comprises the structures of a single muscle.
As well as the several indigenous names referring to smell (see above), the scientific name "Mustela putorius" is also derived from this species' foul smell. The Latin "putorius" translates to "stench" or "stink" and is the origin of the English word "putrid".
Group C
Group D
According to Oxford University Press, Manchester derived its name from Mamucium, the Roman name for the 1st century-settlement and fort. Mamucium itself is a Latinised form of the Celtic meaning "breast-shaped hill".
The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes.
Motor tics are movement-based tics affecting discrete muscle groups.
The name of Mexico has several hypotheses that entail the origin, history, and use of the name "Mexico", which dates back to 14th century Mesoamerica. The Nahuatl word "Mexico" means "place of the Mexica" but the ethnonym "Mexicatl" itself is of unknown etymology. An alternate possibility is that the name may come from the word "mexixin", a cress that grew in the swamplands of Lake Texcoco. It was an edible grass that the Aztecs or Mexica survived on as they settled where today lies México City.
It is derived from the names of places including Mellor, Greater Manchester and Mellor, Lancashire, which in turn come from ancient words "moel" ‘bare’ + "bre" ‘hill’.
The fruit's English name "citron" derives ultimately from Latin, "citrus", which is also the origin of the genus name.
The origins of the word "scarlet" have been debated quite extensively and are crucial to understanding what scarlet actually was in the Middle Ages. The word certainly came to English from Old French "escarlate", which is one of a wide range of similar words in the Romance languages such as Provençal "escarlat", Spanish and Portuguese "escarlate", Italian "scarlatto", and medieval Latin "scarlat(t)um". The origin of this romance word, however, has been more widely debated. For a long time the origin was thought to be a Persian word which takes forms like "saqalāt", "siqalāt", or "suqlāt". However, the romance word is now thought to come from Arabic "siklāt" (later "siklātūn"), denoting very expensive, luxury silks dyed scarlet-red using the exceptionally expensive dye kermes. Arabic "siklāt" is first attested around the ninth century, and now thought also to be the origin of the Persian word, which is first attested around the 1290s. The origin of the word "siklāt" is itself uncertain and may come from the Late Roman term "sigillatus" (Latin)/"σιγιλλατον" (Greek), denoting a kind of cloth decorated with seal-like patterns (from Latin "sigillum" 'seal'). The word then came to be used of woollen cloth dyed with the same dye. The most obvious route for the Arabic word "siklāt" to have entered the Romance languages would be via the Arabic-speaking Iberian region of Al-Andalus, particularly Almería, where kermes was produced extensively.
The word "ischemia" () is from Greek ἴσχαιμος "iskhaimos", "staunching blood" from ἴσχω "iskhο", "keep back, restrain" and αἷμα "haima", "blood".
The majority of the vocabulary is of Indo-Aryan origin but there are a number of loanwords from other languages. Welsh loanwords include "melanō" ("yellow", from "melyn"), "grīga" ("heather", from "grug") and "kraŋka" ("crab", from "cranc"). There are also English loanwords such as "vlija" ("village"), "spīdra" ("spider") and "bråmla" ("bramble"). Historically the variants of Welsh and English Romani of the Romanichal, constituted the same variant of Romani, share characteristics and are historically closely related to dialects spoken in France, Germany (Sinti), Scandinavia, Spain, Poland, North Russia and the Baltic states. Such dialects are descended from the first wave of Romani immigrants into western, northern and southern Europe in the late Middle Ages.
A recent suggestion, based upon observations that men and women have the same number of ribs, speculates that the bone was the baculum, a small structure found in the penis of many mammals, but not in humans.
One of the earliest occurrences of the word “atom” to mean the smallest possible unit of measuring time is found in the Greek text of the New Testament in Paul's . The text compares the length of time of the “atom” to the time needed for “the twinkling of an eye.” The text reads: “en atomo, en repe ophthamou” – the word "atom" is usually translated "a moment" - “In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye”. With that meaning it was later referred to in Medieval philosophical writings as the smallest possible division of time. The earliest known occurrence in English is in Byrhtferth's "Enchiridion" (a science text) of 1010–1012, where it was defined as 1/564 of a "momentum" (1½ minutes), and thus equal to 15/94 of a second. It was used in the "computus", the calculation used to determine the calendar date of Easter.
Anselme Payen discovered in 1833 the first enzyme who called diastase and in 1878 German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne (1837–1900) coined the term "enzyme", which comes from Greek "ενζυμον" "in leaven", to describe this process. The word "enzyme" was used later to refer to nonliving substances such as pepsin, and the word "ferment" used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms.
The origin of the word "sicaricon" (or "saqrīqūn") is now obscure. The word is believed by some to be a corruption of the Greek word χαισαρίχιον, or what is called in Latin "caesaricium". Others, namely, Heinrich Graetz and M.S. Zuckermandel, think the word to be derived from "Sicarii", a group associated with murders, brigandage and robbery during the Second Temple period. Largely mentioned in regard to assassinations, there is no historical evidence, however, to connect the "Sicarii" with the expropriation of land. The author of "Sefer Arukh" brings down a different interpretation, saying that the word is merely an acronym for: שא קרקעי והניחני (= "Take my land, but leave me alone"), a view supported by Talmudic exegetes, Rashi and Solomon Sirilio. In any case, the word unanimously refers to a Roman or foreign molester who expropriates land from its Jewish owner, usually by a decree made by a tyrant king (Caesar).
Latin is a member of the broad family of Italic languages. Its alphabet, the Latin alphabet, emerged from the Old Italic alphabets, which in turn were derived from the Greek and Phoenician scripts. Historical Latin came from the prehistoric language of the Latium region, specifically around the River Tiber, where Roman civilization first developed. How and when Latin came to be spoken by the Romans are questions that have long been debated. Various influences on Latin of Celtic dialects in northern Italy, the non-Indo-European Etruscan language in Central Italy, and the Greek of southern Italy have been detected, but when these influences entered the native Latin is not known for certain.
The longest word that is not created artificially as a longest-word record seems to be at 63 letters. The word means "law delegating beef label monitoring" but as of 2013, it was removed from the books because European Union regulations have changed and that particular law became obsolete, leading to news reports that Germany "had lost its longest word".
The word "silver" appears in Anglo-Saxon in various spellings, such as "seolfor" and "siolfor". A similar form is seen throughout the Germanic languages (compare Old High German "silabar" and "silbir"). The chemical symbol Ag is from the Latin word for "silver", "argentum" (compare Ancient Greek ἄργυρος, "árgyros"), from the Proto-Indo-European root *"h₂erǵ-" (formerly reconstructed as "*arǵ-"), meaning "white" or "shining": this was the usual Proto-Indo-European word for the metal, whose reflexes are missing in Germanic and Balto-Slavic. The Balto-Slavic words for silver are quite similar to the Germanic ones (e.g. Russian серебро ["serebro"], Polish "srebro", Lithuanian "sidabras") and they may have a common origin, although this is uncertain: some scholars have suggested the Akkadian "sarpu" "refined silver" as this origin, related to the word "sarapu" "to refine or smelt".
In 1989, the City of Santa Monica officially rededicated the original Muscle Beach and today it serves gymnasts, acrobats and youth with an extensive gymnastics training area. Meanwhile, the City of Los Angeles Recreation and Parks Department has continued the primary barbell, weightlifting and bodybuilding aspects, and events of the original Muscle Beach fame at the Venice weight pen. In 1987, the City of Los Angeles officially dedicated "Muscle Beach Venice" with the added word of "Venice" in the title to distinguish it from the original "Muscle Beach" in Santa Monica.
The "origin" of a muscle is the bone, typically proximal, which has greater mass and is more stable during a contraction than a muscle's insertion. For example, with the latissimus dorsi muscle, the origin site is the torso, and the insertion is the arm. When this muscle contracts, normally the arm moves due to having less mass than the torso. This is the case when grabbing objects lighter than the body, as in the typical use of a lat pull down machine. This can be reversed however, such as in a chin up where the torso moves up to meet the arm.
The letter Ʊ (minuscule: ʊ), called Latin upsilon, is a letter of the Latin alphabet. While its form superficially resembles an upside-down capital Greek letter omega (), it is derived from the Greek lowercase upsilon (υ).
The word "ciliary" had its origins around 1685–1695. The term "cilia" originated a few years later in 1705–1715, and is the Neo-Latin plural of "cilium" meaning eyelash. In Latin, "cilia" means upper eyelid and is perhaps a back formation from "supercilium", meaning eyebrow. The suffix "-ary" originally occurred in loanwords from Middle English ("-arie"), Old French ("-er", "-eer", "-ier", -"aire", -er), and Latin ("-ārius"); it can generally mean "pertaining to, connected with", "contributing to", and "for the purpose of". Taken together, "cili(a)-ary" pertains to various anatomical structures in and around the eye, namely the ciliary body and annular suspension of the lens of the eye.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.