When did Kim Hong-il die?
Kim Jong-il
In the wake of the devastation of the 1990s, the government began formally approving some activity of small-scale bartering and trade. As observed by Daniel Sneider, associate director for research at the Stanford University Asia–Pacific Research Center, this flirtation with capitalism was "fairly limited, but–especially compared to the past–there are now remarkable markets that create the semblance of a free market system".[46]