Measures of Variation

1 / 23

# Measures of Variation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The standard deviation is just the square root of the variance. Measures of Variation. As well as the Central Tendency of the data in a population or sample a second important characteristic of the data is it variability about some center. . Measures of Variation include: The range

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Presentation Transcript

Measures of Variation

As well as the Central Tendency of the data in a population or sample a second important characteristic of the data is it variability about some center.

• Measures of Variation include:
• The range
• The Variance
• The Standard Deviation
• The Mean Absolute Deviation

Measures of Variation

Standard Deviation of a Population

We will label the population variance to be σ2

And define σ2 = Σi(xi – μ)2/N

Where

μ is the population mean

N is the size of the population

Σi(xi – μ)2 is the sum of the squares of the difference between each item in the population and the mean.

Measures of Variation

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55}

For this student, these grades are the total population of her scores that are used to calculate her mean or average grade. We obtain:

μ = (82 + 68 + 74 + 86 + 90 + 88 + 62 + 75 + 80 + 55)/10

= 760/10 = 76

The mean of this population is 76

Measures of Variation

Having obtained the mean, we can now calculate the variance

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55} and μ =76

σ2 = Σi(xi – μ)2/N

= {(82-76)2 + (68-76)2 + (74-76)2 + (86-76)2 + (90-76)2 +

(88-76)2 + (62-76)2 + (75-76)2 + (80-76)2 + (55-76)2 }/10

= (36 + 64 + 4 +100 + 196 + 144 + 196 + 1 + 16 + 441)/10

= 119.8

μ = 76

σ

σ

Measures of Variation

We find the standard deviation in this population data by taking the square root of the variance.

σ2 = Σi(xi – μ)2/N = 119.8

σ= (119.8)½ = 10.94

If we display the data on a dot plot, we can visualize the use of the standard deviation as a measure of variation in the data

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55}

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Mean = 76

Measures of Variation

Chebyshev’s Theorem

The proportion of any set of data lying within K standard deviations of the mean is always at least 1 – 1/K2, for all K greater than or equal to 2.

Chebyshev’s Inequality tells us that in any statistical distribution at least ¾ of the values will lie within 2 standard deviations of the mean, and at least 8/9 of all values will lie within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

In the previous example we found μ = 76 and σ= 10.94

μ - 2σ= 76 – 2(10.94) = 54.12

μ + 2σ= 76 + 2(10.94) =97.88

We find that 100% of the values lie within 2σ of the mean

Measures of Variation

The Sample Standard Deviation

The standard deviation of a sample is denoted by the letter s. The sample standard deviation is an estimate of the population standard deviation σ

_

s2 = Σi(xi – x)2/(n – 1)

Where x bar in the previous formula denotes the sample mean. The sample standard deviation is obtained by taking the square root of the variance.

Note! To calculate the sample variance we divide by the number of degrees of freedom (n – 1) instead of the sample size n. We have already calculated the sample mean when we use the same sample data to obtain a second statistic. Only n-1 of those values are considered free – the nth value is fixed since the sum must equal n times the mean.

Measures of Variation

The formula for the standard deviation can be transformed into a form that slightly simplifies the computation.

s = (nΣi(xi)2 – (Σixi)2)/n(n – 1))½

On first sight it is not clear that we have simplified the calculation, but if we assume that the previous 10 grades were a sample taken from a larger number of students enrolled in a course, then we will illustrate how the two formula are used to calculate the standard deviation.

Measures of Variation

Using the original formula and treating the previous data a sample data with a mean of 76 we get:

_

s = (Σi(xi – x)2/(n – 1))½

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55}

s = (((82-76)2 + (68-76)2 + (74-76)2 + (86-76)2 + (90-76)2 +

(88-76)2 + (62-76)2 + (75-76)2 + (80-76)2 + (55-76)2)/(n-1))½

= (1198/9)½ = 133.11½ = 11.54

Measures of Variation

To use the modified formula, we first construct the following table

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55} n = 10

x x2

82 6724

68 4724

74 5476

86 7396

90 8100

88 7744

62 3844

75 5625

80 6400

55 3025

760 58958

s2 = ((10)(58958)-7602)/(10)(9)

= (589580-577600)/(10)(9)

= 133.11

s = 133.11½ = 11.54

In this second method we find the total of the sample items and the total of the square of each of these items.

Measures of Variation

Finding the standard deviation for tabulated or weighted data

Recall the table we constructed for finding the mean of a sample of September temperature readings in the Central Tendency lecture notes.

Class Midpoint (x)Total (f)f*xx2f*x2

64.5 - 69 .5 67 6 402 4489 26934

69.5 – 74.5 72 11 792 5184 57024

74.5 – 79.5 77 20 1540 5929 118580

79.5 – 84.5 82 13 1066 6724 87412

84.5 – 89.5 87 9 783 7569 68121

89.5 – 94.5 92 1928464 846460 4675 366535

We have augmented the previous table by adding two additional columns that will be used for calculating the sample standard deviation of these grouped data.

Measures of Variation

The formula for obtaining the standard deviation of weighted or tabulated data is:

s = (nΣi(fi * xi2) – (Σi fi * xi)2)/n(n – 1))½

From the previous table we have

nΣi(fi * xi2) = (60)(366535) = 21992100

(Σi fi * xi)2 =(4675)2 = 21855625

s = ((21992100 – 21855625)/(60)(59))½ = 38.55½ = 6.21

6.21

6.21

2s

2s

Measures of Variation

We construct an ogive from the previous table

frequency

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mean = 79.183

s = 6.21

x

x

2s = 12.42

x

x

x

x

x

64.5 69.5 74.5 79.5 84.5 89.5 94.5

Temperature

2σ  95% of values

3 σ  99.8 % of values

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Measures of Variation

The Normal Distribution

• Continuous
• Symmetric
• Mean = Median = Mode (all the same value)

mean

σ  68% of values

Measures of Variation

Other measures of variation

Using the range to estimate the standard deviation

s ~ range/4

On an earlier slide we found for a population of student grades:

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55}

μ = 76 and σ= 10.94

The range of this population = 90 – 55 = 35

This gives us an estimate of σ= 35/4 = 8.75

In the tabulated data for the temp readings we have range = 92 – 65 = 27  s = 27/4 = 6.15 which agrees fairly well with the calculated value of s = 6.21

Measures of Variation

The Coefficient of Variation (CV)

Define: For either a population or a sample the Coefficient of Variation is defined to be the ratio of the standard deviation over the mean

CV = s/ x’ for a sample

Where x’ denotes x bar the sample mean

CV = σ/ μ for a population

The CV for the population of grades from the previous page:

CV = 10.94/76 = 0.144

Part 2

Measures of Relative Standing

Relative Standing

A z score is the number of standard deviations that a raw score, x, is above or below the mean.

A raw score x taken from a population is converted to a standardized z score by the formula

z = (x – μ)/σ

In a sample the z score of a value x is given by

z = (x – x’)/s where x’ denotes the sample mean

Relative Standing

Percentiles

percentile of value x = ((number of values < x)/ total number of values)*100

(round the result to the nearest whole number

Suppose that in a class of 25 people we have the following averages (ordered in ascending order)

42, 59, 63, 67, 69, 69, 70, 73, 73, 74, 74, 74, 77, 78, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 94, 98

If you received a 77, what percentile are you?

percentile of 77 = (12/25)*100 = 48

Relative Standing

Quartiles

Instead offinding the percentile of a single data value as we did on the previous page, it is often useful to group the data into 4, or more, (nearly) equal groups. When grouping the data into four equal groupings, we call these groupings quartiles.

Let n = number of items in the data set

k = percent desired (ex. k= 25)

L = locator  the value separating the first k percent of the data from the rest

L = (k/100) * n

L25

Q2

Q1

Q3

7

13

19

Relative Standing

Let’s separate the 25 class grades into four quartiles.

• Step 1 – order the data in ascending order

42, 59, 63, 67, 69, 69, 70, 73, 73, 74, 74, 74, 77, 78, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 94, 98

Now find the 3 locators L25, L50, L75,

Round fraction part up to the next integer

L25 = (25/100) * 25 = 6.25

L50 = (50/100) * 25 = 12.5

L75 = (75/100) * 25 = 18.75

Measures of variation

Measure of central tendency

Relative Standing

• Other measures of relative standing include
• Interquartile range (IQR) = Q3 - Q1
• Semi-interquartile range = (Q3 - Q1)/ 2
• Midquartile = (Q3 +Q1)/2
• 10 – 90 percentile range = P90 - P10

For the data on the previous page we have:

IQR = 84 – 70 = 16

Semi IQR = (84 – 70)/2 = 8

Midquartile = (84 + 70)/2 = 77

L25

median

L75

69 73 77 81 85 89

92

Box Diagram

Recall the ordered high temperature readings from an previous lecture

65, 67, 68, 68, 69, 69, 71, 71, 71, 72, 72, 72, 73, 73, 73,

74, 74, 75, 75, 75, 75, 76, 76, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 78,

78, 78, 78, 79, 79, 79, 79, 80, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81,

81, 82, 82, 83, 84, 85, 85, 85, 86, 86, 87, 87, 88, 89, 92

To construct a box diagram to illustrate the extent to which the extreme data values lie beyond the interquartile range, draw a line with the low and high value highlighted at the two ends. Mark the gradations between these two extremes, then locate the quartile boundaries Q1, Med., and Q3 on this line. Construct a box about these values.

Q1 = (73 + 74)/2 = 73.5

Q1 M Q3

65
The text passage is a detailed explanation of statistical concepts, specifically focusing on measures of variation, including the range, variance, standard deviation, and related topics. It also touches on measures of relative standing, such as percentiles and quartiles, and provides examples and calculations.
no_question

the passage does not contain any explicit mathematical questions or problems that require solving. instead, it provides explanations and examples of various statistical concepts and calculations.
Given a text passage, determine:
    1. If it contains a mathematical question (including word problems or calculations)
    2. If an answer to that mathematical question is provided in the text

First, describe the content structure you found in 1-2 sentences.

Then provide your analysis in the following format:
TYPE: <one of the following values>
- NO_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION_WITH_ANSWER
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS_WITH_ANSWERS
system
Measures of Variation

1 / 23

# Measures of Variation - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The standard deviation is just the square root of the variance. Measures of Variation. As well as the Central Tendency of the data in a population or sample a second important characteristic of the data is it variability about some center. . Measures of Variation include: The range

I am the owner, or an agent authorized to act on behalf of the owner, of the copyrighted work described.

## PowerPoint Slideshow about 'Measures of Variation' - shelby

Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E N D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Presentation Transcript

Measures of Variation

As well as the Central Tendency of the data in a population or sample a second important characteristic of the data is it variability about some center.

• Measures of Variation include:
• The range
• The Variance
• The Standard Deviation
• The Mean Absolute Deviation

Measures of Variation

Standard Deviation of a Population

We will label the population variance to be σ2

And define σ2 = Σi(xi – μ)2/N

Where

μ is the population mean

N is the size of the population

Σi(xi – μ)2 is the sum of the squares of the difference between each item in the population and the mean.

Measures of Variation

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55}

For this student, these grades are the total population of her scores that are used to calculate her mean or average grade. We obtain:

μ = (82 + 68 + 74 + 86 + 90 + 88 + 62 + 75 + 80 + 55)/10

= 760/10 = 76

The mean of this population is 76

Measures of Variation

Having obtained the mean, we can now calculate the variance

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55} and μ =76

σ2 = Σi(xi – μ)2/N

= {(82-76)2 + (68-76)2 + (74-76)2 + (86-76)2 + (90-76)2 +

(88-76)2 + (62-76)2 + (75-76)2 + (80-76)2 + (55-76)2 }/10

= (36 + 64 + 4 +100 + 196 + 144 + 196 + 1 + 16 + 441)/10

= 119.8

μ = 76

σ

σ

Measures of Variation

We find the standard deviation in this population data by taking the square root of the variance.

σ2 = Σi(xi – μ)2/N = 119.8

σ= (119.8)½ = 10.94

If we display the data on a dot plot, we can visualize the use of the standard deviation as a measure of variation in the data

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55}

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Mean = 76

Measures of Variation

Chebyshev’s Theorem

The proportion of any set of data lying within K standard deviations of the mean is always at least 1 – 1/K2, for all K greater than or equal to 2.

Chebyshev’s Inequality tells us that in any statistical distribution at least ¾ of the values will lie within 2 standard deviations of the mean, and at least 8/9 of all values will lie within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

In the previous example we found μ = 76 and σ= 10.94

μ - 2σ= 76 – 2(10.94) = 54.12

μ + 2σ= 76 + 2(10.94) =97.88

We find that 100% of the values lie within 2σ of the mean

Measures of Variation

The Sample Standard Deviation

The standard deviation of a sample is denoted by the letter s. The sample standard deviation is an estimate of the population standard deviation σ

_

s2 = Σi(xi – x)2/(n – 1)

Where x bar in the previous formula denotes the sample mean. The sample standard deviation is obtained by taking the square root of the variance.

Note! To calculate the sample variance we divide by the number of degrees of freedom (n – 1) instead of the sample size n. We have already calculated the sample mean when we use the same sample data to obtain a second statistic. Only n-1 of those values are considered free – the nth value is fixed since the sum must equal n times the mean.

Measures of Variation

The formula for the standard deviation can be transformed into a form that slightly simplifies the computation.

s = (nΣi(xi)2 – (Σixi)2)/n(n – 1))½

On first sight it is not clear that we have simplified the calculation, but if we assume that the previous 10 grades were a sample taken from a larger number of students enrolled in a course, then we will illustrate how the two formula are used to calculate the standard deviation.

Measures of Variation

Using the original formula and treating the previous data a sample data with a mean of 76 we get:

_

s = (Σi(xi – x)2/(n – 1))½

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55}

s = (((82-76)2 + (68-76)2 + (74-76)2 + (86-76)2 + (90-76)2 +

(88-76)2 + (62-76)2 + (75-76)2 + (80-76)2 + (55-76)2)/(n-1))½

= (1198/9)½ = 133.11½ = 11.54

Measures of Variation

To use the modified formula, we first construct the following table

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55} n = 10

x x2

82 6724

68 4724

74 5476

86 7396

90 8100

88 7744

62 3844

75 5625

80 6400

55 3025

760 58958

s2 = ((10)(58958)-7602)/(10)(9)

= (589580-577600)/(10)(9)

= 133.11

s = 133.11½ = 11.54

In this second method we find the total of the sample items and the total of the square of each of these items.

Measures of Variation

Finding the standard deviation for tabulated or weighted data

Recall the table we constructed for finding the mean of a sample of September temperature readings in the Central Tendency lecture notes.

Class Midpoint (x)Total (f)f*xx2f*x2

64.5 - 69 .5 67 6 402 4489 26934

69.5 – 74.5 72 11 792 5184 57024

74.5 – 79.5 77 20 1540 5929 118580

79.5 – 84.5 82 13 1066 6724 87412

84.5 – 89.5 87 9 783 7569 68121

89.5 – 94.5 92 1928464 846460 4675 366535

We have augmented the previous table by adding two additional columns that will be used for calculating the sample standard deviation of these grouped data.

Measures of Variation

The formula for obtaining the standard deviation of weighted or tabulated data is:

s = (nΣi(fi * xi2) – (Σi fi * xi)2)/n(n – 1))½

From the previous table we have

nΣi(fi * xi2) = (60)(366535) = 21992100

(Σi fi * xi)2 =(4675)2 = 21855625

s = ((21992100 – 21855625)/(60)(59))½ = 38.55½ = 6.21

6.21

6.21

2s

2s

Measures of Variation

We construct an ogive from the previous table

frequency

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mean = 79.183

s = 6.21

x

x

2s = 12.42

x

x

x

x

x

64.5 69.5 74.5 79.5 84.5 89.5 94.5

Temperature

2σ  95% of values

3 σ  99.8 % of values

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

Measures of Variation

The Normal Distribution

• Continuous
• Symmetric
• Mean = Median = Mode (all the same value)

mean

σ  68% of values

Measures of Variation

Other measures of variation

Using the range to estimate the standard deviation

s ~ range/4

On an earlier slide we found for a population of student grades:

{82, 68, 74, 86, 90, 88, 62, 75, 80, 55}

μ = 76 and σ= 10.94

The range of this population = 90 – 55 = 35

This gives us an estimate of σ= 35/4 = 8.75

In the tabulated data for the temp readings we have range = 92 – 65 = 27  s = 27/4 = 6.15 which agrees fairly well with the calculated value of s = 6.21

Measures of Variation

The Coefficient of Variation (CV)

Define: For either a population or a sample the Coefficient of Variation is defined to be the ratio of the standard deviation over the mean

CV = s/ x’ for a sample

Where x’ denotes x bar the sample mean

CV = σ/ μ for a population

The CV for the population of grades from the previous page:

CV = 10.94/76 = 0.144

Part 2

Measures of Relative Standing

Relative Standing

A z score is the number of standard deviations that a raw score, x, is above or below the mean.

A raw score x taken from a population is converted to a standardized z score by the formula

z = (x – μ)/σ

In a sample the z score of a value x is given by

z = (x – x’)/s where x’ denotes the sample mean

Relative Standing

Percentiles

percentile of value x = ((number of values < x)/ total number of values)*100

(round the result to the nearest whole number

Suppose that in a class of 25 people we have the following averages (ordered in ascending order)

42, 59, 63, 67, 69, 69, 70, 73, 73, 74, 74, 74, 77, 78, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 94, 98

If you received a 77, what percentile are you?

percentile of 77 = (12/25)*100 = 48

Relative Standing

Quartiles

Instead offinding the percentile of a single data value as we did on the previous page, it is often useful to group the data into 4, or more, (nearly) equal groups. When grouping the data into four equal groupings, we call these groupings quartiles.

Let n = number of items in the data set

k = percent desired (ex. k= 25)

L = locator  the value separating the first k percent of the data from the rest

L = (k/100) * n

L25

Q2

Q1

Q3

7

13

19

Relative Standing

Let’s separate the 25 class grades into four quartiles.

• Step 1 – order the data in ascending order

42, 59, 63, 67, 69, 69, 70, 73, 73, 74, 74, 74, 77, 78, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 94, 98

Now find the 3 locators L25, L50, L75,

Round fraction part up to the next integer

L25 = (25/100) * 25 = 6.25

L50 = (50/100) * 25 = 12.5

L75 = (75/100) * 25 = 18.75

Measures of variation

Measure of central tendency

Relative Standing

• Other measures of relative standing include
• Interquartile range (IQR) = Q3 - Q1
• Semi-interquartile range = (Q3 - Q1)/ 2
• Midquartile = (Q3 +Q1)/2
• 10 – 90 percentile range = P90 - P10

For the data on the previous page we have:

IQR = 84 – 70 = 16

Semi IQR = (84 – 70)/2 = 8

Midquartile = (84 + 70)/2 = 77

L25

median

L75

69 73 77 81 85 89

92

Box Diagram

Recall the ordered high temperature readings from an previous lecture

65, 67, 68, 68, 69, 69, 71, 71, 71, 72, 72, 72, 73, 73, 73,

74, 74, 75, 75, 75, 75, 76, 76, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 77, 78,

78, 78, 78, 79, 79, 79, 79, 80, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81, 81,

81, 82, 82, 83, 84, 85, 85, 85, 86, 86, 87, 87, 88, 89, 92

To construct a box diagram to illustrate the extent to which the extreme data values lie beyond the interquartile range, draw a line with the low and high value highlighted at the two ends. Mark the gradations between these two extremes, then locate the quartile boundaries Q1, Med., and Q3 on this line. Construct a box about these values.

Q1 = (73 + 74)/2 = 73.5

Q1 M Q3

65
user
The text passage is a detailed explanation of statistical concepts, specifically focusing on measures of variation, including the range, variance, standard deviation, and related topics. It also touches on measures of relative standing, such as percentiles and quartiles, and provides examples and calculations.

TYPE: NO_QUESTION

The passage does not contain any explicit mathematical questions or problems that require solving. Instead, it provides explanations and examples of various statistical concepts and calculations.