# Prove that $\int_0^1\frac{\ln(1-x)\ln^2x}{x-1}dx=\frac{\pi^4}{180}$

Prove that (please)

$$\int_0^1\frac{\ln(1-x)\ln^2x}{x-1}dx=\frac{\pi^4}{180}$$

I've tried using Taylor series and I ended up with $$-\sum_{m=0}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{2}{n(m+n+1)^3}$$ I am stuck there and I couldn't continue it using partial fraction to get any familiar sum of series. Could anyone here please help me to prove the integral preferably (if possible) with elementary ways (high school methods)? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thank you.

## 4 Answers

$\newcommand{\angles}[1]{\left\langle\, #1 \,\right\rangle} \newcommand{\braces}[1]{\left\lbrace\, #1 \,\right\rbrace} \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack\, #1 \,\right\rbrack} \newcommand{\ceil}[1]{\,\left\lceil\, #1 \,\right\rceil\,} \newcommand{\dd}{{\rm d}} \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}} \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,{\rm e}^{#1}\,} \newcommand{\fermi}{\,{\rm f}} \newcommand{\floor}[1]{\,\left\lfloor #1 \right\rfloor\,} \newcommand{\half}{{1 \over 2}} \newcommand{\ic}{{\rm i}} \newcommand{\iff}{\Longleftrightarrow} \newcommand{\imp}{\Longrightarrow} \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left(\, #1 \,\right)} \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\partial #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\pp}{{\cal P}} \newcommand{\root}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\vphantom{\large A}\,#2\,}\,} \newcommand{\sech}{\,{\rm sech}} \newcommand{\sgn}{\,{\rm sgn}} \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{{\rm d}^{#1} #2}{{\rm d} #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert\, #1 \,\right\vert}$ $\ds{\int_{0}^{1}{\ln\pars{1 - x}\ln^{2}\pars{x} \over x - 1}\,\dd x ={\pi^{4} \over 180}:\ {\large ?}}$

\begin{align}&\int_{0}^{1}{\ln\pars{1 - x}\ln^{2}\pars{x} \over x - 1}\,\dd x =-\lim_{\mu \to -1\,\,\,\,\atop \nu \to 0}\partiald{}{\mu}\partiald[2]{}{\nu} \int_{0}^{1}\pars{1 - x}^{\mu}x^{\nu}\,\dd x \\[5mm]&=-\lim_{\mu \to - 1\,\,\,\,\atop \nu \to 0} \partiald{}{\mu}\partiald[2]{}{\nu}{\rm B}\pars{\mu + 1,\nu + 1} \end{align} where $\ds{{\rm B}\pars{x,y}}$ is the Beta Function. Use expressions $\pars{23}$, $\pars{24}$, $\pars{25}$ and $\pars{26}$ from the above cited link.

The idea is to use the fact that $\dfrac{\ln(1-x)}{x-1} = \sum\limits_{n \geq 1} H_n x^n$ where $|x| < 1$ and $H_n$ is the $n$'th harmonic number. This reduces the integral to a linear combination of $\sum\limits_{n \geq 1} H_n/n^3$ and $\sum\limits_{n \geq 1} 1/n^4$. The latter term is $\zeta(4) = \pi^4/90$; the former term is more difficult to calculate, but can be calculated with residues as well; a proof can be found here here. It seems very difficult to do this using only elementary methods.

More explicitly:

$$I = \int_0^1\frac {\log(1 - u)}{u - 1}\, (\log u)^2 \, du = \int_0^1 \sum_{n = 0}^\infty H_n u^n \, (\log u)^2 \, du = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty H_n \int_0^1 u^n\, (\log u)^2\, du = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty H_n\, \frac {2}{(n + 1)^3} = 2\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac {H_{n - 1}}{n^3} = 2\left(\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac {H_n}{n^3} - \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac {1}{n^4}\right) = 2\left(\frac54\zeta(4) - \zeta(4)\right) = \frac{\pi^4}{180}.$$ Here we used the fact that $\int_0^{1}dx\, x^n \ln^2 x = \int_0^{\infty} dx\, e^{-(n+1)x} x^2 = \frac{2!}{(n+1)^3}$. The penultimate equality is not so trivial to show (but see the comment by Tunk-Fey), but a proof is given in the link.

• Thanks for the answer and the link but I'd be grateful if you elaborate your answer regardless the method you use (elementary or sophisticated way.) +1 anyway ٩(^ᴗ^)۶ – Anastasiya-Romanova 秀 Aug 6 '14 at 14:33
• @V-Moy Here is the proof without using residue method: $$H_n=\sum_{m=1}^\infty\left(\frac{1}{m}-\frac{1}{m+n}\right)= \sum_{m=1}^\infty \frac{n}{m(m+n)}.$$ Therefore $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{H_n}{n^3}=\sum_{m,n\geq1}\frac{1}{n^2m(n+m)} =\sum_{m,n\geq1}\frac{1}{m^2n(n+m)}.$$ Taking the half of sum we obtain $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{H_n}{n^3}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{m,n\geq1}\frac{1}{mn(m+n)}\left(\frac{1}{m}+\frac{1}{n}\right)$$ $$=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{m,n\geq1}\frac{1}{m^2n^2}=\frac{1}{2}\zeta^2(2) =\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\pi^2}{6}\right)^2 =\frac{\pi^4}{72}.$$ – Tunk-Fey Aug 6 '14 at 18:02
• @Tunk-Fey Very nice, thank you. – user111187 Aug 6 '14 at 18:15

\begin{align} -\int^1_0\frac{\ln^2{x}\ln(1-x)}{1-x}dx &=-\int^1_0\frac{\ln{x}\ln(1-x)\ln(1-x)}{x}dx\tag1\\ &=\int^1_0\frac{\ln{x} \ \mathrm{Li}_2(x)}{1-x}dx-\int^1_0\underbrace{\frac{\ln(1-x) \ \mathrm{Li}_2(x)}{x}}_{-\mathrm{Li}_2(x)\mathrm{Li}_2'(x)}dx\tag2\\ &=-\frac{\pi^4}{120}+\frac{\pi^4}{72}\tag3\\ &=\frac{\pi^4}{180} \end{align} Explanation:
$(1)$ Substitute $x \mapsto 1-x$
$(2)$ Integrate by parts, with $u=\ln{x}\ln(1-x)$ and $v=\mathrm{Li}_2(x)$
$(3)$ The first integral is cleverly solved here (I take absolutely no credit for it). For the second, observe that \begin{align} \int^1_0\mathrm{Li}_2(x)\mathrm{Li}_2'(x)dx &=\left[\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{Li}_2(x)^2\right]^1_0\\ &=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\pi^2}{6}\right)^2\\ &=\frac{\pi^4}{72} \end{align}

The answer by user111187 is the cleanest way to approach such problem. I will elaborate on the sums (which he doesnt show).

$$I = (-)\cdot\int_{0}^{1} \frac{\log(1-x)\log^2(x) dx}{1-x}$$

Let $u = 1-x \implies du = -dx$

$$I = -\int_{0}^{1} \frac{\log(u)\log^2(1-u) du}{u}$$

$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} H_n u^n = -\frac{\log(1-u)}{1-u}$$

$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{H_nu^{n+1}}{n+1} = \frac{\log^2(1-u)}{2}$$

$$(2)\cdot\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{H_n\log(u)\cdot u^{n}}{n+1} = \frac{\log^2(1-u)\log(u)}{u}$$

$$(-2)\cdot \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{H_n}{n+1}\cdot \int_{0}^{1} \log(u) \cdot u^{n} du = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\log^2(1-u)\log(u)}{u} du = I$$

For the integral in the LHS, we simply use Leibniz's rule considering $\displaystyle J(n) = \int_{0}^{1} u^n du$ then differentiate.

$$(2)\cdot \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{H_n}{(n+1)^3} = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\log^2(1-u)\log(u)}{u} du = I$$

$$H_n = H_{n-1} + \frac{1}{n} \implies H_{n+1} = H_{n} + \frac{1}{n+1} \implies H_n = H_{n+1} - \frac{1}{n+1}$$

$$= (2)\cdot \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{H_{n+1}}{(n+1)^3} - (2)\cdot\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{(n+1)^4}$$

$$= (2)\cdot \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{H_{n}}{n^3} - (2)\cdot\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^4}$$

$$= (2)\cdot \left( \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{H_{n}}{n^3} - 1 \right) - (2) \cdot \left( \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^4} - 1 \right)$$

$$= (2)\cdot \left( \left(1 + \frac{3}{2} \right)\zeta(4) - \frac{1}{2}\zeta^2(2) - 1 \right) - 2\zeta(4) + 2$$

$$= 5\zeta(4) - \zeta^2(2) - 2 - 2\zeta(4) + 2 = 3\zeta(4) - \zeta^2(2) = \frac{\pi^4}{180}$$

Finally,

$$I = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\log(1-x)\log^2(x) \space dx}{x-1} = \frac{\pi^4}{180}$$
The text passage contains a mathematical question in the form of a definite integral that needs to be proven, and the answer to this question is provided in the text. The question is to prove that the integral \(\int_0^1 \frac{\ln(1-x) \ln^2 x}{x-1} \, dx\) equals \(\frac{\pi^4}{180}\). The passage also includes multiple answers that provide different methods to solve the integral, confirming the result.
single_question_with_answer
Given a text passage, determine:
    1. If it contains a mathematical question (including word problems or calculations)
    2. If an answer to that mathematical question is provided in the text

First, describe the content structure you found in 1-2 sentences.

Then provide your analysis in the following format:
TYPE: <one of the following values>
- NO_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION_WITH_ANSWER
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS_WITH_ANSWERS
system
# Prove that $\int_0^1\frac{\ln(1-x)\ln^2x}{x-1}dx=\frac{\pi^4}{180}$

Prove that (please)

$$\int_0^1\frac{\ln(1-x)\ln^2x}{x-1}dx=\frac{\pi^4}{180}$$

I've tried using Taylor series and I ended up with $$-\sum_{m=0}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{2}{n(m+n+1)^3}$$ I am stuck there and I couldn't continue it using partial fraction to get any familiar sum of series. Could anyone here please help me to prove the integral preferably (if possible) with elementary ways (high school methods)? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thank you.

## 4 Answers

$\newcommand{\angles}[1]{\left\langle\, #1 \,\right\rangle} \newcommand{\braces}[1]{\left\lbrace\, #1 \,\right\rbrace} \newcommand{\bracks}[1]{\left\lbrack\, #1 \,\right\rbrack} \newcommand{\ceil}[1]{\,\left\lceil\, #1 \,\right\rceil\,} \newcommand{\dd}{{\rm d}} \newcommand{\ds}[1]{\displaystyle{#1}} \newcommand{\expo}[1]{\,{\rm e}^{#1}\,} \newcommand{\fermi}{\,{\rm f}} \newcommand{\floor}[1]{\,\left\lfloor #1 \right\rfloor\,} \newcommand{\half}{{1 \over 2}} \newcommand{\ic}{{\rm i}} \newcommand{\iff}{\Longleftrightarrow} \newcommand{\imp}{\Longrightarrow} \newcommand{\pars}[1]{\left(\, #1 \,\right)} \newcommand{\partiald}[3][]{\frac{\partial^{#1} #2}{\partial #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\pp}{{\cal P}} \newcommand{\root}[2][]{\,\sqrt[#1]{\vphantom{\large A}\,#2\,}\,} \newcommand{\sech}{\,{\rm sech}} \newcommand{\sgn}{\,{\rm sgn}} \newcommand{\totald}[3][]{\frac{{\rm d}^{#1} #2}{{\rm d} #3^{#1}}} \newcommand{\verts}[1]{\left\vert\, #1 \,\right\vert}$ $\ds{\int_{0}^{1}{\ln\pars{1 - x}\ln^{2}\pars{x} \over x - 1}\,\dd x ={\pi^{4} \over 180}:\ {\large ?}}$

\begin{align}&\int_{0}^{1}{\ln\pars{1 - x}\ln^{2}\pars{x} \over x - 1}\,\dd x =-\lim_{\mu \to -1\,\,\,\,\atop \nu \to 0}\partiald{}{\mu}\partiald[2]{}{\nu} \int_{0}^{1}\pars{1 - x}^{\mu}x^{\nu}\,\dd x \\[5mm]&=-\lim_{\mu \to - 1\,\,\,\,\atop \nu \to 0} \partiald{}{\mu}\partiald[2]{}{\nu}{\rm B}\pars{\mu + 1,\nu + 1} \end{align} where $\ds{{\rm B}\pars{x,y}}$ is the Beta Function. Use expressions $\pars{23}$, $\pars{24}$, $\pars{25}$ and $\pars{26}$ from the above cited link.

The idea is to use the fact that $\dfrac{\ln(1-x)}{x-1} = \sum\limits_{n \geq 1} H_n x^n$ where $|x| < 1$ and $H_n$ is the $n$'th harmonic number. This reduces the integral to a linear combination of $\sum\limits_{n \geq 1} H_n/n^3$ and $\sum\limits_{n \geq 1} 1/n^4$. The latter term is $\zeta(4) = \pi^4/90$; the former term is more difficult to calculate, but can be calculated with residues as well; a proof can be found here here. It seems very difficult to do this using only elementary methods.

More explicitly:

$$I = \int_0^1\frac {\log(1 - u)}{u - 1}\, (\log u)^2 \, du = \int_0^1 \sum_{n = 0}^\infty H_n u^n \, (\log u)^2 \, du = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty H_n \int_0^1 u^n\, (\log u)^2\, du = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty H_n\, \frac {2}{(n + 1)^3} = 2\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac {H_{n - 1}}{n^3} = 2\left(\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac {H_n}{n^3} - \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac {1}{n^4}\right) = 2\left(\frac54\zeta(4) - \zeta(4)\right) = \frac{\pi^4}{180}.$$ Here we used the fact that $\int_0^{1}dx\, x^n \ln^2 x = \int_0^{\infty} dx\, e^{-(n+1)x} x^2 = \frac{2!}{(n+1)^3}$. The penultimate equality is not so trivial to show (but see the comment by Tunk-Fey), but a proof is given in the link.

• Thanks for the answer and the link but I'd be grateful if you elaborate your answer regardless the method you use (elementary or sophisticated way.) +1 anyway ٩(^ᴗ^)۶ – Anastasiya-Romanova 秀 Aug 6 '14 at 14:33
• @V-Moy Here is the proof without using residue method: $$H_n=\sum_{m=1}^\infty\left(\frac{1}{m}-\frac{1}{m+n}\right)= \sum_{m=1}^\infty \frac{n}{m(m+n)}.$$ Therefore $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{H_n}{n^3}=\sum_{m,n\geq1}\frac{1}{n^2m(n+m)} =\sum_{m,n\geq1}\frac{1}{m^2n(n+m)}.$$ Taking the half of sum we obtain $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{H_n}{n^3}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{m,n\geq1}\frac{1}{mn(m+n)}\left(\frac{1}{m}+\frac{1}{n}\right)$$ $$=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{m,n\geq1}\frac{1}{m^2n^2}=\frac{1}{2}\zeta^2(2) =\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\pi^2}{6}\right)^2 =\frac{\pi^4}{72}.$$ – Tunk-Fey Aug 6 '14 at 18:02
• @Tunk-Fey Very nice, thank you. – user111187 Aug 6 '14 at 18:15

\begin{align} -\int^1_0\frac{\ln^2{x}\ln(1-x)}{1-x}dx &=-\int^1_0\frac{\ln{x}\ln(1-x)\ln(1-x)}{x}dx\tag1\\ &=\int^1_0\frac{\ln{x} \ \mathrm{Li}_2(x)}{1-x}dx-\int^1_0\underbrace{\frac{\ln(1-x) \ \mathrm{Li}_2(x)}{x}}_{-\mathrm{Li}_2(x)\mathrm{Li}_2'(x)}dx\tag2\\ &=-\frac{\pi^4}{120}+\frac{\pi^4}{72}\tag3\\ &=\frac{\pi^4}{180} \end{align} Explanation:
$(1)$ Substitute $x \mapsto 1-x$
$(2)$ Integrate by parts, with $u=\ln{x}\ln(1-x)$ and $v=\mathrm{Li}_2(x)$
$(3)$ The first integral is cleverly solved here (I take absolutely no credit for it). For the second, observe that \begin{align} \int^1_0\mathrm{Li}_2(x)\mathrm{Li}_2'(x)dx &=\left[\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{Li}_2(x)^2\right]^1_0\\ &=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\pi^2}{6}\right)^2\\ &=\frac{\pi^4}{72} \end{align}

The answer by user111187 is the cleanest way to approach such problem. I will elaborate on the sums (which he doesnt show).

$$I = (-)\cdot\int_{0}^{1} \frac{\log(1-x)\log^2(x) dx}{1-x}$$

Let $u = 1-x \implies du = -dx$

$$I = -\int_{0}^{1} \frac{\log(u)\log^2(1-u) du}{u}$$

$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} H_n u^n = -\frac{\log(1-u)}{1-u}$$

$$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{H_nu^{n+1}}{n+1} = \frac{\log^2(1-u)}{2}$$

$$(2)\cdot\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{H_n\log(u)\cdot u^{n}}{n+1} = \frac{\log^2(1-u)\log(u)}{u}$$

$$(-2)\cdot \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{H_n}{n+1}\cdot \int_{0}^{1} \log(u) \cdot u^{n} du = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\log^2(1-u)\log(u)}{u} du = I$$

For the integral in the LHS, we simply use Leibniz's rule considering $\displaystyle J(n) = \int_{0}^{1} u^n du$ then differentiate.

$$(2)\cdot \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{H_n}{(n+1)^3} = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\log^2(1-u)\log(u)}{u} du = I$$

$$H_n = H_{n-1} + \frac{1}{n} \implies H_{n+1} = H_{n} + \frac{1}{n+1} \implies H_n = H_{n+1} - \frac{1}{n+1}$$

$$= (2)\cdot \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{H_{n+1}}{(n+1)^3} - (2)\cdot\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{(n+1)^4}$$

$$= (2)\cdot \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{H_{n}}{n^3} - (2)\cdot\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^4}$$

$$= (2)\cdot \left( \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{H_{n}}{n^3} - 1 \right) - (2) \cdot \left( \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^4} - 1 \right)$$

$$= (2)\cdot \left( \left(1 + \frac{3}{2} \right)\zeta(4) - \frac{1}{2}\zeta^2(2) - 1 \right) - 2\zeta(4) + 2$$

$$= 5\zeta(4) - \zeta^2(2) - 2 - 2\zeta(4) + 2 = 3\zeta(4) - \zeta^2(2) = \frac{\pi^4}{180}$$

Finally,

$$I = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\log(1-x)\log^2(x) \space dx}{x-1} = \frac{\pi^4}{180}$$
user
The text passage contains a mathematical question in the form of a definite integral that needs to be proven, and the answer to this question is provided in the text. The question is to prove that the integral \(\int_0^1 \frac{\ln(1-x) \ln^2 x}{x-1} \, dx\) equals \(\frac{\pi^4}{180}\). The passage also includes multiple answers that provide different methods to solve the integral, confirming the result.

TYPE: SINGLE_QUESTION_WITH_ANSWER