# Ordinary Differential Equations Exercise 1

## Imports



In [1]:

%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from scipy.integrate import odeint
from IPython.html.widgets import interact, fixed




:0: FutureWarning: IPython widgets are experimental and may change in the future.



## Euler's method

Euler's method is the simplest numerical approach for solving a first order ODE numerically. Given the differential equation

$$\frac{dy}{dx} = f(y(x), x)$$

with the initial condition:

$$y(x_0)=y_0$$

Euler's method performs updates using the equations:

$$y_{n+1} = y_n + h f(y_n,x_n)$$$$h = x_{n+1} - x_n$$

Write a function solve_euler that implements the Euler method for a 1d ODE and follows the specification described in the docstring:



In [2]:

def solve_euler(derivs, y0, x):
"""Solve a 1d ODE using Euler's method.

Parameters
----------
derivs : function
The derivative of the diff-eq with the signature deriv(y,x) where
y and x are floats.
y0 : float
The initial condition y[0] = y(x[0]).
x : np.ndarray, list, tuple
The array of times at which of solve the diff-eq.

Returns
-------
y : np.ndarray
Array of solutions y[i] = y(x[i])
"""
h=x[-1]-x[-2]
data = [y0]
for t in x[1:]:
data.append(data[-1]+h*derivs(data[-1],t))
return data




In [3]:

assert np.allclose(solve_euler(lambda y, x: 1, 0, [0,1,2]), [0,1,2])



The midpoint method is another numerical method for solving the above differential equation. In general it is more accurate than the Euler method. It uses the update equation:

$$y_{n+1} = y_n + h f\left(y_n+\frac{h}{2}f(y_n,x_n),x_n+\frac{h}{2}\right)$$

Write a function solve_midpoint that implements the midpoint method for a 1d ODE and follows the specification described in the docstring:



In [4]:

def solve_midpoint(derivs, y0, x):
"""Solve a 1d ODE using the Midpoint method.

Parameters
----------
derivs : function
The derivative of the diff-eq with the signature deriv(y,x) where y
and x are floats.
y0 : float
The initial condition y[0] = y(x[0]).
x : np.ndarray, list, tuple
The array of times at which of solve the diff-eq.

Returns
-------
y : np.ndarray
Array of solutions y[i] = y(x[i])
"""
h=x[-1]-x[-2]
data = [y0]
for t in x[1:]:
data.append(data[-1]+h*derivs(data[-1]+h/2*derivs(data[-1],t),t+h/2))
return data




In [5]:

assert np.allclose(solve_euler(lambda y, x: 1, 0, [0,1,2]), [0,1,2])



You are now going to solve the following differential equation:

$$\frac{dy}{dx} = x + 2y$$

which has the analytical solution:

$$y(x) = 0.25 e^{2x} - 0.5 x - 0.25$$

First, write a solve_exact function that compute the exact solution and follows the specification described in the docstring:



In [6]:

def solve_exact(x):
"""compute the exact solution to dy/dx = x + 2y.

Parameters
----------
x : np.ndarray
Array of x values to compute the solution at.

Returns
-------
y : np.ndarray
Array of solutions at y[i] = y(x[i]).
"""
data = np.array(.25*np.exp(2*x)-.5*x-.25)
return data




In [7]:

assert np.allclose(solve_exact(np.array([0,1,2])),np.array([0., 1.09726402, 12.39953751]))



In the following cell you are going to solve the above ODE using four different algorithms:

1. Euler's method
2. Midpoint method
3. odeint
4. Exact

Here are the details:

• Generate an array of x values with $N=11$ points over the interval $[0,1]$ ($h=0.1$).
• Define the derivs function for the above differential equation.
• Using the solve_euler, solve_midpoint, odeint and solve_exact functions to compute the solutions using the 4 approaches.

Visualize the solutions on a sigle figure with two subplots:

1. Plot the $y(x)$ versus $x$ for each of the 4 approaches.
2. Plot $\left|y(x)-y_{exact}(x)\right|$ versus $x$ for each of the 3 numerical approaches.

Your visualization should have legends, labeled axes, titles and be customized for beauty and effectiveness.

While your final plot will use $N=10$ points, first try making $N$ larger and smaller to see how that affects the errors of the different approaches.



In [46]:

x = np.linspace(0,1,11)
def derivs(y, x):
dy = x+2*y
return dy
euler_error = np.array(solve_euler(derivs, 0, x))-solve_exact(x)
midpoint_error = np.array(solve_midpoint(derivs, 0, x))-solve_exact(x)
odeint_error = np.array(odeint(derivs, 0, x)).flatten()-solve_exact(x)

f = plt.figure(figsize = (9,6))
ax = plt.subplot(211)
ax.spines['top'].set_visible(False)
ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False)
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
plt.plot(x,solve_euler(derivs, 0, x), label="Euler")

plt.plot(x,solve_midpoint(derivs, 0, x), label="Midpoint")

plt.plot(x,solve_exact(x), label="Exact")

plt.plot(x,odeint(derivs, 0, x), label="ODEInt")
plt.ylabel("y(x)")
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.title(r"Numerical Solutions to $\frac{dy}{dx}=x+2y$")
plt.legend(loc = "best")

ax = plt.subplot(212)
ax.spines['top'].set_visible(False)
ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False)
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
plt.plot(x,abs(euler_error), label = "Euler Error")

plt.plot(x,abs(midpoint_error), label = "Midpoint Error")

plt.plot(x,abs(odeint_error), label = "ODEInt Error")
plt.ylabel("Errors")
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.title(r"Errors of numerical solutions to $\frac{dy}{dx}=x+2y$")
plt.legend(loc = "best")
plt.tight_layout()







In [9]:

assert True # leave this for grading the plots




In [ ]:
The text passage contains a series of code snippets and explanations for solving a differential equation using different numerical methods (Euler's method, Midpoint method, and `odeint` from SciPy) and comparing them to the exact solution. The passage also includes a visualization of the solutions and their errors.
no_question

the passage does not contain a specific mathematical question or a request for an answer. instead, it provides a detailed explanation and implementation of numerical methods for solving a differential equation.
Given a text passage, determine:
    1. If it contains a mathematical question (including word problems or calculations)
    2. If an answer to that mathematical question is provided in the text

First, describe the content structure you found in 1-2 sentences.

Then provide your analysis in the following format:
TYPE: <one of the following values>
- NO_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION_WITH_ANSWER
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS_WITH_ANSWERS
system
# Ordinary Differential Equations Exercise 1

## Imports



In [1]:

%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from scipy.integrate import odeint
from IPython.html.widgets import interact, fixed




:0: FutureWarning: IPython widgets are experimental and may change in the future.



## Euler's method

Euler's method is the simplest numerical approach for solving a first order ODE numerically. Given the differential equation

$$\frac{dy}{dx} = f(y(x), x)$$

with the initial condition:

$$y(x_0)=y_0$$

Euler's method performs updates using the equations:

$$y_{n+1} = y_n + h f(y_n,x_n)$$$$h = x_{n+1} - x_n$$

Write a function solve_euler that implements the Euler method for a 1d ODE and follows the specification described in the docstring:



In [2]:

def solve_euler(derivs, y0, x):
"""Solve a 1d ODE using Euler's method.

Parameters
----------
derivs : function
The derivative of the diff-eq with the signature deriv(y,x) where
y and x are floats.
y0 : float
The initial condition y[0] = y(x[0]).
x : np.ndarray, list, tuple
The array of times at which of solve the diff-eq.

Returns
-------
y : np.ndarray
Array of solutions y[i] = y(x[i])
"""
h=x[-1]-x[-2]
data = [y0]
for t in x[1:]:
data.append(data[-1]+h*derivs(data[-1],t))
return data




In [3]:

assert np.allclose(solve_euler(lambda y, x: 1, 0, [0,1,2]), [0,1,2])



The midpoint method is another numerical method for solving the above differential equation. In general it is more accurate than the Euler method. It uses the update equation:

$$y_{n+1} = y_n + h f\left(y_n+\frac{h}{2}f(y_n,x_n),x_n+\frac{h}{2}\right)$$

Write a function solve_midpoint that implements the midpoint method for a 1d ODE and follows the specification described in the docstring:



In [4]:

def solve_midpoint(derivs, y0, x):
"""Solve a 1d ODE using the Midpoint method.

Parameters
----------
derivs : function
The derivative of the diff-eq with the signature deriv(y,x) where y
and x are floats.
y0 : float
The initial condition y[0] = y(x[0]).
x : np.ndarray, list, tuple
The array of times at which of solve the diff-eq.

Returns
-------
y : np.ndarray
Array of solutions y[i] = y(x[i])
"""
h=x[-1]-x[-2]
data = [y0]
for t in x[1:]:
data.append(data[-1]+h*derivs(data[-1]+h/2*derivs(data[-1],t),t+h/2))
return data




In [5]:

assert np.allclose(solve_euler(lambda y, x: 1, 0, [0,1,2]), [0,1,2])



You are now going to solve the following differential equation:

$$\frac{dy}{dx} = x + 2y$$

which has the analytical solution:

$$y(x) = 0.25 e^{2x} - 0.5 x - 0.25$$

First, write a solve_exact function that compute the exact solution and follows the specification described in the docstring:



In [6]:

def solve_exact(x):
"""compute the exact solution to dy/dx = x + 2y.

Parameters
----------
x : np.ndarray
Array of x values to compute the solution at.

Returns
-------
y : np.ndarray
Array of solutions at y[i] = y(x[i]).
"""
data = np.array(.25*np.exp(2*x)-.5*x-.25)
return data




In [7]:

assert np.allclose(solve_exact(np.array([0,1,2])),np.array([0., 1.09726402, 12.39953751]))



In the following cell you are going to solve the above ODE using four different algorithms:

1. Euler's method
2. Midpoint method
3. odeint
4. Exact

Here are the details:

• Generate an array of x values with $N=11$ points over the interval $[0,1]$ ($h=0.1$).
• Define the derivs function for the above differential equation.
• Using the solve_euler, solve_midpoint, odeint and solve_exact functions to compute the solutions using the 4 approaches.

Visualize the solutions on a sigle figure with two subplots:

1. Plot the $y(x)$ versus $x$ for each of the 4 approaches.
2. Plot $\left|y(x)-y_{exact}(x)\right|$ versus $x$ for each of the 3 numerical approaches.

Your visualization should have legends, labeled axes, titles and be customized for beauty and effectiveness.

While your final plot will use $N=10$ points, first try making $N$ larger and smaller to see how that affects the errors of the different approaches.



In [46]:

x = np.linspace(0,1,11)
def derivs(y, x):
dy = x+2*y
return dy
euler_error = np.array(solve_euler(derivs, 0, x))-solve_exact(x)
midpoint_error = np.array(solve_midpoint(derivs, 0, x))-solve_exact(x)
odeint_error = np.array(odeint(derivs, 0, x)).flatten()-solve_exact(x)

f = plt.figure(figsize = (9,6))
ax = plt.subplot(211)
ax.spines['top'].set_visible(False)
ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False)
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
plt.plot(x,solve_euler(derivs, 0, x), label="Euler")

plt.plot(x,solve_midpoint(derivs, 0, x), label="Midpoint")

plt.plot(x,solve_exact(x), label="Exact")

plt.plot(x,odeint(derivs, 0, x), label="ODEInt")
plt.ylabel("y(x)")
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.title(r"Numerical Solutions to $\frac{dy}{dx}=x+2y$")
plt.legend(loc = "best")

ax = plt.subplot(212)
ax.spines['top'].set_visible(False)
ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False)
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
plt.plot(x,abs(euler_error), label = "Euler Error")

plt.plot(x,abs(midpoint_error), label = "Midpoint Error")

plt.plot(x,abs(odeint_error), label = "ODEInt Error")
plt.ylabel("Errors")
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.title(r"Errors of numerical solutions to $\frac{dy}{dx}=x+2y$")
plt.legend(loc = "best")
plt.tight_layout()







In [9]:

assert True # leave this for grading the plots




In [ ]:
user
The text passage contains a series of code snippets and explanations for solving a differential equation using different numerical methods (Euler's method, Midpoint method, and `odeint` from SciPy) and comparing them to the exact solution. The passage also includes a visualization of the solutions and their errors.

TYPE: NO_QUESTION

The passage does not contain a specific mathematical question or a request for an answer. Instead, it provides a detailed explanation and implementation of numerical methods for solving a differential equation.