# How to rigorously prove that these two sets have different order types?

Let $A$ and $B$ be two given ordered sets with the linear (or total) order relations $<_A$ and $<_B$, respectively. Then $(A,<_A)$ and $(B,<_B)$ are said to be of the same type if there exists a bijection $f \colon A \to B$ such that $a_1 <_A a_2$ implies that $f(a_1) <_B f(a_2)$ for any pair of elements $a_1$, $a_2$ of $A$.

Furthermore, the dictionary, or lexicographical, order $<_L$ on the Cartesian product $A\times B$ is defined as follows: $a_1 \times b_1 <_L a_2 \times b_2$ if and only if the following holds:

Either $a_1 <_A a_2$, or $a_1 =a_2$ and $b_1 <_B b_2$.

Now let's consider the two sets $Z^+ \times [0,1)$ and $[0,1) \times Z^+$, where $Z^+$ denotes the set of positive integers and $[0,1)$ denotes the set of all non-negative reals less than $1$, both under the usual order. Let us give both these Cartesian products the dictionary, or lexicographical, order.

Then how to rigorously prove, using the above definition, that these two sets have different order types?

I know that the set $Z^+ \times [0,1)$ has the same order type as the set of non-negative real numbers under the usual order, for we can define the map $f \colon Z^+ \times [0,1) \to [0,+\infty)$ as $$f(n\times t) \colon = n + t - 1$$ for all $n \in Z^+$ and all $t \in [0,1)$. This map is an order-preserving bijection.

I also know that every element $t \times n$ of the set $[0,1) \times Z^+$ has an immediate successor, namely the element $t \times (n+1)$.

However, this is not the case for the set $Z^+ \times [0,1)$, for if we take any two elements of this set, say, $n_1 \times t_1$ and $n_2 \times t_2$ such that $n_1 \times t_1 <_L n_2 \times t_2$, then either $n_1 < n_2$, or $n_1 = n_2$ and $t_1 < t_2$, where $n_1$ and $n_2$ are positive integers and $t_1$ and $t_2$ are real numbers in the interval $[0,1)$. If $n_1 < n_2$, then the element $n_1 \times (t_1 +1)/2$, for example, satisfies $n_1 \times t_1 <_L n_1 \times (t_1+1)/2$ and $n_1 \times (t_1 +1)/2 <_L n_2 \times t_2$. In fact, an element of the form $n_1 \times (\alpha t_1 + 1 -\alpha)$ or $n_2 \times (\alpha t_2)$ would do, where $0 < \alpha <1$. Similarly, if $n_1 = n = n_2$ and $t_1 < t_2$, then the element $n \times (\alpha t_1 + (1 - \alpha) t_2 )$, where $0 < \alpha < 1$ as before, satisfies $n_1 \times t_1 <_L n \times (\alpha t_1 + (1 - \alpha) t_2 )$ and $n \times (\alpha t_1 + (1 - \alpha) t_2 ) <_L n_2 \times t_2$. Thus we have shown that between any two distinct elements of the set $Z^+ \times [0,1)$, there is another element of $Z^+ \times [0,1)$, in fact there are infinitley many elements.

• You give the wrong definition for "same order type". The same order type implies that there is an order isomorphism which is stronger than what you have said. An order isomorphism would be $f\colon A\to B$ such that $$a_1<_Aa_2\iff f(a_1)<_Bf(a_2)$$ (You only wrote the $\implies$ direction.) – Asaf Karagila Dec 9 '13 at 20:18
• Asaf Karagila, here it can be shown that the one-sided implication is sufficient, for the double implication easily follows from this. – Saaqib Mahmood Oct 5 '14 at 13:07

You’ve really answered your own question without quite realizing it. Suppose that there were an order-isomorphism $f:[0,1)\times\Bbb Z^+\to\Bbb Z^+\times[0,1)$. Then there are $m\in\Bbb Z^+$ and $x\in[0,1)$ such that $$f(\langle 0,1\rangle)=\langle m,x\rangle\;,$$ and there are $n\in\Bbb Z^+$ and $y\in[0,1)$ such that $$f(\langle 0,2\rangle)=\langle n,y\rangle\;.$$
Let $\langle k,z\rangle\in\Bbb Z^+\times[0,1)$ be such that $\langle m,x\rangle<_L\langle k,z\rangle<_L\langle n,y\rangle$; since $\langle 0,2\rangle$ is the immediate successor of $\langle 0,1\rangle$ in $[0,1)\times\Bbb Z^+$, $\langle k,z\rangle$ cannot belong to the range of $f$, and $f$ cannot be an order-isomorphism between $[0,1)\times\Bbb Z^+$ and $\Bbb Z^+\times[0,1)$ after all.
The text passage discusses the concept of order types in ordered sets and provides a detailed proof that the sets \( Z^+ \times [0,1) \) and \( [0,1) \times Z^+ \) have different order types. It includes a specific mathematical question and a detailed answer to that question.
single_question_with_answer
Given a text passage, determine:
    1. If it contains a mathematical question (including word problems or calculations)
    2. If an answer to that mathematical question is provided in the text

First, describe the content structure you found in 1-2 sentences.

Then provide your analysis in the following format:
TYPE: <one of the following values>
- NO_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION_WITH_ANSWER
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS_WITH_ANSWERS
system
# How to rigorously prove that these two sets have different order types?

Let $A$ and $B$ be two given ordered sets with the linear (or total) order relations $<_A$ and $<_B$, respectively. Then $(A,<_A)$ and $(B,<_B)$ are said to be of the same type if there exists a bijection $f \colon A \to B$ such that $a_1 <_A a_2$ implies that $f(a_1) <_B f(a_2)$ for any pair of elements $a_1$, $a_2$ of $A$.

Furthermore, the dictionary, or lexicographical, order $<_L$ on the Cartesian product $A\times B$ is defined as follows: $a_1 \times b_1 <_L a_2 \times b_2$ if and only if the following holds:

Either $a_1 <_A a_2$, or $a_1 =a_2$ and $b_1 <_B b_2$.

Now let's consider the two sets $Z^+ \times [0,1)$ and $[0,1) \times Z^+$, where $Z^+$ denotes the set of positive integers and $[0,1)$ denotes the set of all non-negative reals less than $1$, both under the usual order. Let us give both these Cartesian products the dictionary, or lexicographical, order.

Then how to rigorously prove, using the above definition, that these two sets have different order types?

I know that the set $Z^+ \times [0,1)$ has the same order type as the set of non-negative real numbers under the usual order, for we can define the map $f \colon Z^+ \times [0,1) \to [0,+\infty)$ as $$f(n\times t) \colon = n + t - 1$$ for all $n \in Z^+$ and all $t \in [0,1)$. This map is an order-preserving bijection.

I also know that every element $t \times n$ of the set $[0,1) \times Z^+$ has an immediate successor, namely the element $t \times (n+1)$.

However, this is not the case for the set $Z^+ \times [0,1)$, for if we take any two elements of this set, say, $n_1 \times t_1$ and $n_2 \times t_2$ such that $n_1 \times t_1 <_L n_2 \times t_2$, then either $n_1 < n_2$, or $n_1 = n_2$ and $t_1 < t_2$, where $n_1$ and $n_2$ are positive integers and $t_1$ and $t_2$ are real numbers in the interval $[0,1)$. If $n_1 < n_2$, then the element $n_1 \times (t_1 +1)/2$, for example, satisfies $n_1 \times t_1 <_L n_1 \times (t_1+1)/2$ and $n_1 \times (t_1 +1)/2 <_L n_2 \times t_2$. In fact, an element of the form $n_1 \times (\alpha t_1 + 1 -\alpha)$ or $n_2 \times (\alpha t_2)$ would do, where $0 < \alpha <1$. Similarly, if $n_1 = n = n_2$ and $t_1 < t_2$, then the element $n \times (\alpha t_1 + (1 - \alpha) t_2 )$, where $0 < \alpha < 1$ as before, satisfies $n_1 \times t_1 <_L n \times (\alpha t_1 + (1 - \alpha) t_2 )$ and $n \times (\alpha t_1 + (1 - \alpha) t_2 ) <_L n_2 \times t_2$. Thus we have shown that between any two distinct elements of the set $Z^+ \times [0,1)$, there is another element of $Z^+ \times [0,1)$, in fact there are infinitley many elements.

• You give the wrong definition for "same order type". The same order type implies that there is an order isomorphism which is stronger than what you have said. An order isomorphism would be $f\colon A\to B$ such that $$a_1<_Aa_2\iff f(a_1)<_Bf(a_2)$$ (You only wrote the $\implies$ direction.) – Asaf Karagila Dec 9 '13 at 20:18
• Asaf Karagila, here it can be shown that the one-sided implication is sufficient, for the double implication easily follows from this. – Saaqib Mahmood Oct 5 '14 at 13:07

You’ve really answered your own question without quite realizing it. Suppose that there were an order-isomorphism $f:[0,1)\times\Bbb Z^+\to\Bbb Z^+\times[0,1)$. Then there are $m\in\Bbb Z^+$ and $x\in[0,1)$ such that $$f(\langle 0,1\rangle)=\langle m,x\rangle\;,$$ and there are $n\in\Bbb Z^+$ and $y\in[0,1)$ such that $$f(\langle 0,2\rangle)=\langle n,y\rangle\;.$$
Let $\langle k,z\rangle\in\Bbb Z^+\times[0,1)$ be such that $\langle m,x\rangle<_L\langle k,z\rangle<_L\langle n,y\rangle$; since $\langle 0,2\rangle$ is the immediate successor of $\langle 0,1\rangle$ in $[0,1)\times\Bbb Z^+$, $\langle k,z\rangle$ cannot belong to the range of $f$, and $f$ cannot be an order-isomorphism between $[0,1)\times\Bbb Z^+$ and $\Bbb Z^+\times[0,1)$ after all.
user
The text passage discusses the concept of order types in ordered sets and provides a detailed proof that the sets \( Z^+ \times [0,1) \) and \( [0,1) \times Z^+ \) have different order types. It includes a specific mathematical question and a detailed answer to that question.

TYPE: SINGLE_QUESTION_WITH_ANSWER