pow:start

# Problem of the Week

The Problem of the Week will return in the Fall. We thank everyone who participated and we congratulate Yuqiao Huang, who is an undisputed leader this semester. For the Summer, we suggest reviewing all the problems from the Spring and working on the additional problems posted at the bottom of the provided solutions, and the following problem.

Summer Challenge (due August 31)

Fix a circle $\Gamma$. Let $T=\triangle ABC$ be a triangle inscribed in the circle $\Gamma$ which is not a right triangle and let $H$ be the orthocenter of $T$. The line $HA$ intersects the circle $\Gamma$ at $A$ and at a second point $A_1$ (which can be $A$ if the line is tangent to the circle). Likewise, the line $HB$ intersects $\Gamma$ at a second point $B_1$, and the line $HC$ intersects $\Gamma$ at a second point $C_1$. The triangle $\triangle A_1B_1C_1$ is again inscribed in $\Gamma$. We denote this triangle by $\Phi(T)$. Warning: $\Phi(T)$ can be a right triangle.

a) Show that triangles $T$ and $\Phi(T)$ are congruent if and only if either $T$ is equilateral or the angles of $T$ are $\pi/7$, $2\pi/7$, $4\pi/7$.

b) For every integer $k>0$ find the number $t_k$ of non-congruent triangles $T$ inscribed in $\Gamma$ such that $\Phi^k(T)$ and $T$ are congruent. Here $\Phi^k$ denotes the composition $\Phi\circ \Phi \circ \ldots \circ\Phi$ of $\Phi$ with itself $k$ times. Thus, according to a), we have $t_1=2$.

c) Is it true that if $\Phi^k(T)$ and $T$ are congruent then $\Phi^m(T)=T$ for some $m$?

d) Find and prove your own results about $\Phi$.

## Overview

Every other Monday (starting 02/03/20), we will post a problem to encourage students (both undergraduate and graduate) to enjoy mathematics outside of the classroom and engage our mathematical community in the problem solving activity. If you have a solution and want to be a part of it, e-mail your solution to Marcin Mazur (mazur@math.binghamton.edu) by the due date. We will post solutions (from us) as well as novel solutions from participants and record the names of those who've got the most number of solutions throughout each semester.
The text passage contains a series of mathematical problems and challenges, but does not provide answers to these questions.
multiple_questions
Given a text passage, determine:
    1. If it contains a mathematical question (including word problems or calculations)
    2. If an answer to that mathematical question is provided in the text

First, describe the content structure you found in 1-2 sentences.

Then provide your analysis in the following format:
TYPE: <one of the following values>
- NO_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION_WITH_ANSWER
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS_WITH_ANSWERS
system
pow:start

# Problem of the Week

The Problem of the Week will return in the Fall. We thank everyone who participated and we congratulate Yuqiao Huang, who is an undisputed leader this semester. For the Summer, we suggest reviewing all the problems from the Spring and working on the additional problems posted at the bottom of the provided solutions, and the following problem.

Summer Challenge (due August 31)

Fix a circle $\Gamma$. Let $T=\triangle ABC$ be a triangle inscribed in the circle $\Gamma$ which is not a right triangle and let $H$ be the orthocenter of $T$. The line $HA$ intersects the circle $\Gamma$ at $A$ and at a second point $A_1$ (which can be $A$ if the line is tangent to the circle). Likewise, the line $HB$ intersects $\Gamma$ at a second point $B_1$, and the line $HC$ intersects $\Gamma$ at a second point $C_1$. The triangle $\triangle A_1B_1C_1$ is again inscribed in $\Gamma$. We denote this triangle by $\Phi(T)$. Warning: $\Phi(T)$ can be a right triangle.

a) Show that triangles $T$ and $\Phi(T)$ are congruent if and only if either $T$ is equilateral or the angles of $T$ are $\pi/7$, $2\pi/7$, $4\pi/7$.

b) For every integer $k>0$ find the number $t_k$ of non-congruent triangles $T$ inscribed in $\Gamma$ such that $\Phi^k(T)$ and $T$ are congruent. Here $\Phi^k$ denotes the composition $\Phi\circ \Phi \circ \ldots \circ\Phi$ of $\Phi$ with itself $k$ times. Thus, according to a), we have $t_1=2$.

c) Is it true that if $\Phi^k(T)$ and $T$ are congruent then $\Phi^m(T)=T$ for some $m$?

d) Find and prove your own results about $\Phi$.

## Overview

Every other Monday (starting 02/03/20), we will post a problem to encourage students (both undergraduate and graduate) to enjoy mathematics outside of the classroom and engage our mathematical community in the problem solving activity. If you have a solution and want to be a part of it, e-mail your solution to Marcin Mazur (mazur@math.binghamton.edu) by the due date. We will post solutions (from us) as well as novel solutions from participants and record the names of those who've got the most number of solutions throughout each semester.
user
The text passage contains a series of mathematical problems and challenges, but does not provide answers to these questions.

TYPE: MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS