The Closure of an Open Ball and Closed Balls in a Metric Space

The Closure of an Open Ball and Closed Balls in a Metric Space

Recall from The Closure of a Set in a Metric Space page that if $(M, d)$ is a metric space and $S \subseteq M$ then the closure of $S$ denoted $\bar{S}$ is defined to be the set of all adherent points of $S$.

Awhile back, we saw on the Open and Closed Balls in Metric Spaces page we defined the closed ball centered at a point $a$ with radius $r > 0$ to be the set of points $x \in M$ if a distance of less than or equal to $r$ from $a$, that is:

(1)
\begin{align} \quad \bar{B}(a, r) = \{ x \in M : d(x, a) \leq r \} \end{align}

One might be tempted to ask whether the closure of an open ball $B(a, r)$ is equal to the corresponding closed ball $\bar{B}(a, r)$. Unfortunately the answer is no in general. The following example will show that $\overline{B(a, r)} \neq \bar{B}(a, r)$ in general.

Consider the metric space $(M, d)$ where $M$ contains more than $1$ element and $d$ is the discrete metric defined for all $x, y \in M$ by:

(2)
\begin{align} \quad d(x, y) = \left\{\begin{matrix} 0 & \mathrm{if} \: x = y\\ 1 & \mathrm{if} \: x \neq y \end{matrix}\right. \end{align}

Let $a \in M$ and consider the open ball centered at $a$ with radius $1$:

(3)
\begin{align} \quad B(a, 1) = \{ x \in M : d(x, a) < 1 \} \end{align}

Notice that the only point that is a distance of less than $1$ from $a$ is $a$ itself, and so:

(4)
\begin{align} \quad B(a, 1) = \{ a \} \end{align}

Note that the closure of $B(a, 1)$ is the set of all adherent points of $B(a, 1)$ which is simply:

(5)
\begin{align} \quad \overline{B(a, 1)} = \{ a \} \end{align}

Now consider the closed ball centered at $a$ with radius $1$:

(6)
\begin{align} \quad \bar{B}(a, 1) = \{ x \in M : d(x, a) \leq 1 \} \end{align}

Then every point in $M$ is of a distance of $0$ or a distance of $1$ from $a$ and therefore:

(7)
\begin{align} \quad \bar{B}(a, 1) = M \end{align}

Since $M$ is an infinite set we clearly see that $\overline{B(a, 1)} \neq \bar{B}(a, 1)$, and so in general, the closure of an open ball need not equal the corresponding closed ball.

Nevertheless, we do see that $\overline{B(a, 1)} \subseteq \bar{B}(a, 1)$ which we prove in generality in the following proposition.

 Proposition 1: Let $(M, d)$ be a metric space. Then for every $a \in M$ and for all $r > 0$, $\overline{B(a, r)} \subseteq \bar{B}(a, r)$.
• Proof: Let $a \in M$ and $r > 0$.
• Take $x \in \overline{B(a, r)}$. Then $x \in B(a, r)$. So $d(a, x) < r$. But this implies that $d(x, a) \leq r$, so $x \in \bar{B} (a, r)$. Thus $\overline{B(a, r)} \subseteq \bar{B}(a, r)$. $\blacksquare$
The text passage discusses the relationship between the closure of an open ball and a closed ball in a metric space, providing a specific example to show that the closure of an open ball is not always equal to the corresponding closed ball. It also includes a proposition and its proof.
no_question

the passage does not contain a mathematical question but rather provides a detailed explanation and proof of a mathematical concept.
Given a text passage, determine:
    1. If it contains a mathematical question (including word problems or calculations)
    2. If an answer to that mathematical question is provided in the text

First, describe the content structure you found in 1-2 sentences.

Then provide your analysis in the following format:
TYPE: <one of the following values>
- NO_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION_WITH_ANSWER
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS_WITH_ANSWERS
system
The Closure of an Open Ball and Closed Balls in a Metric Space

The Closure of an Open Ball and Closed Balls in a Metric Space

Recall from The Closure of a Set in a Metric Space page that if $(M, d)$ is a metric space and $S \subseteq M$ then the closure of $S$ denoted $\bar{S}$ is defined to be the set of all adherent points of $S$.

Awhile back, we saw on the Open and Closed Balls in Metric Spaces page we defined the closed ball centered at a point $a$ with radius $r > 0$ to be the set of points $x \in M$ if a distance of less than or equal to $r$ from $a$, that is:

(1)
\begin{align} \quad \bar{B}(a, r) = \{ x \in M : d(x, a) \leq r \} \end{align}

One might be tempted to ask whether the closure of an open ball $B(a, r)$ is equal to the corresponding closed ball $\bar{B}(a, r)$. Unfortunately the answer is no in general. The following example will show that $\overline{B(a, r)} \neq \bar{B}(a, r)$ in general.

Consider the metric space $(M, d)$ where $M$ contains more than $1$ element and $d$ is the discrete metric defined for all $x, y \in M$ by:

(2)
\begin{align} \quad d(x, y) = \left\{\begin{matrix} 0 & \mathrm{if} \: x = y\\ 1 & \mathrm{if} \: x \neq y \end{matrix}\right. \end{align}

Let $a \in M$ and consider the open ball centered at $a$ with radius $1$:

(3)
\begin{align} \quad B(a, 1) = \{ x \in M : d(x, a) < 1 \} \end{align}

Notice that the only point that is a distance of less than $1$ from $a$ is $a$ itself, and so:

(4)
\begin{align} \quad B(a, 1) = \{ a \} \end{align}

Note that the closure of $B(a, 1)$ is the set of all adherent points of $B(a, 1)$ which is simply:

(5)
\begin{align} \quad \overline{B(a, 1)} = \{ a \} \end{align}

Now consider the closed ball centered at $a$ with radius $1$:

(6)
\begin{align} \quad \bar{B}(a, 1) = \{ x \in M : d(x, a) \leq 1 \} \end{align}

Then every point in $M$ is of a distance of $0$ or a distance of $1$ from $a$ and therefore:

(7)
\begin{align} \quad \bar{B}(a, 1) = M \end{align}

Since $M$ is an infinite set we clearly see that $\overline{B(a, 1)} \neq \bar{B}(a, 1)$, and so in general, the closure of an open ball need not equal the corresponding closed ball.

Nevertheless, we do see that $\overline{B(a, 1)} \subseteq \bar{B}(a, 1)$ which we prove in generality in the following proposition.

 Proposition 1: Let $(M, d)$ be a metric space. Then for every $a \in M$ and for all $r > 0$, $\overline{B(a, r)} \subseteq \bar{B}(a, r)$.
• Proof: Let $a \in M$ and $r > 0$.
• Take $x \in \overline{B(a, r)}$. Then $x \in B(a, r)$. So $d(a, x) < r$. But this implies that $d(x, a) \leq r$, so $x \in \bar{B} (a, r)$. Thus $\overline{B(a, r)} \subseteq \bar{B}(a, r)$. $\blacksquare$
user
The text passage discusses the relationship between the closure of an open ball and a closed ball in a metric space, providing a specific example to show that the closure of an open ball is not always equal to the corresponding closed ball. It also includes a proposition and its proof.

TYPE: NO_QUESTION

The passage does not contain a mathematical question but rather provides a detailed explanation and proof of a mathematical concept.