# CE1201 –MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Mechanics

Jul 18, 2012 (5 years and 10 months ago)

589 views

CE1201 –MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

COMPILED BY
DEPT. OF CIVIL.
N I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KUMARACOIL

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS (CE1201)

UNIT -1

1. Define stress.
When an external force acts on a body, it undergoes deformation. At the same time the
body resists deformation. The magnitude of the resisting force is numerically equal to the
applied force. This internal resisting force per unit area is called stress.

Stress = Force/Area
δ Define strain
When a body is subjected to an external force, there is some change of dimension in the
body. Numerically the strain is equal to the ratio of change in length to the original length
of the body.= P/A unit is N/mm^2
2.
Strain = Change in length/Original length
e = δL/L
3. State Hooke’s law.
It states that when a material is loaded, within its elastic limit, the stress is directly
proportional to the strain.
Stress α Strain
σ α e
σ = Ee
E = σ/e unit is N/mm^2
Where,
E - Young’s modulus
σ - Stress
e - Strain
4. Define shear stress and shear strain.
The two equal and opposite force act tangentially on any cross sectional plane of the
body tending to slide one part of the body over the other part. The stress induced is called
shear stress and the corresponding strain is known as shear strain.
5. Define Poisson’s ration.
When a body is stressed, within its elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain is constant for a given material.
Poisson’ ratio (µ or 1/m) = Lateral strain /Longitudinal strain
7. State the relationship between Young’s Modulus and Modulus of Rigidity.
E = 2G (1+1/m)
Where,
E - Young’s Modulus
K - Bulk Modulus
1/m - Poisson’s ratio
8. Define strain energy
Whenever a body is strained, some amount of energy is absorbed in the body. The
energy that is absorbed in the body due to straining effect is known as strain energy.

9. What is resilience?
The total strain energy stored in the body is generally known as resilience.
10. State proof resilience
The maximum strain energy that can be stored in a material within elastic limit is
known as proof resilience.
11. Define modulus of resilience
It is the proof resilience of the material per unit volume
Modulus of resilience = Proof resilience

Volume of the body
12. Give the relationship between Bulk Modulus and Young’s Modulus.
E = 3K (1-2/m)
Where,
E - Young’s Modulus
K - Bulk Modulus
1/m - Poisson’s ratio
13. What is compound bar?
A composite bar composed of two or more different materials joined together such that
system is elongated or compressed in a single unit.
14. What you mean by thermal stresses?
If the body is allowed to expand or contract freely, with the rise or fall of temperature
no stress is developed but if free expansion is prevented the stress developed is called
temperature stress or strain.
15. Define- elastic limit
Some external force is acting on the body, the body tends to deformation. If the force is
released from the body its regain to the original position. This is called elastic limit

16. Define – Young’s modulus
The ratio of stress and strain is constant with in the elastic limit.
E = Stress

Strain
17. Define Bulk-modulus
The ratio of direct stress to volumetric strain.

K = Direct stress

Volumetric strain
18. Define- lateral strain
When a body is subjected to axial load P. The length of the body is increased. The axial
deformation of the length of the body is called lateral strain.
19. Define- longitudinal strain
The strain right angle to the direction of the applied load is called lateral strain.

20. What is principle of super position?
The resultant deformation of the body is equal to the algebric sum of the deformation of
the individual section. Such principle is called as principle of super position
21. Define- Rigidity modulus
The shear stress is directly proportional to shear strain.
N = Shear stress

Shear strain
UNIT –III & IV

22. Define point of contra flexure? In which beam it occurs?
Point at which BM changes to zero is point of contra flexure. It occurs in overhanging
beam.
23. What is mean by positive or sagging BM?
BM is said to positive if moment on left side of beam is clockwise or right side of the
beam is counter clockwise.
24. What is mean by negative or hogging BM?
BM is said to negative if moment on left side of beam is counterclockwise or right side
of the beam is clockwise.
25. Define shear force and bending moment?
SF at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of all the forces acting either side
of beam.
BM at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces
which are placed either side from that point.
If load is acting on the beam which is perpendicular to center line of it is called
27. When will bending moment is maximum?
BM will be maximum when shear force change its sign.
28. What is maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam of span ‘L’
subjected to UDL of ‘w’ over entire span
Max BM =wL2/8
29. In a simply supported beam how will you locate point of maximum bending
moment?
The bending moment is max. when SF is zero. Write SF equation at that point and
equating to zero we can find out the distances ‘x’ from one end .then find maximum
bending moment at that point by taking all moment on right or left hand side of beam.
30. What is shear force?
The algebric sum of the vertical forces at any section of the beam to the left or right of
the section is called shear force.
31. What is shear force and bending moment diagram?
It shows the variation of the shear force and bending moment along the length of the
beam.
32. What are the types of beams?
1. Cantilever beam
2. Simply supported beam
3. Fixed beam
4. Continuous beam
33. What are the types of loads?
34. Draw the shear stress distribution diagram for a I–section.
35. In which point the bending moment is maximum?
When the shear force change of sign or the shear force is zero
36. Write the assumption in the theory of simple bending?
1. The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
2. The beam material is stressed within the elastic limit and thus obey hooke’s law.
3. The transverse section which was plane before bending remains plains after bending
also.
4. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently about the layer,
above or below.
5. The value of E is the same in both compression and tension.
37. Write the theory of simple bending equation?
M/ I = F/Y = E/R
M - Maximum bending moment
I - Moment of inertia
F - Maximum stress induced
Y - Distance from the neutral axis
E - Young’s modulus
R - Constant.

38. What types of stresses are caused in a beam subjected to a constant shear force ?
Vertical and horizontal shear stress
39. State the main assumptions while deriving the general formula for shear stresses
The material is homogeneous, isotropic and elastic
The modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are same.
The shear stress is constant along the beam width
The presence of shear stress does not affect the distribution of bending stress.
40. Define: Shear stress distribution
The variation of shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear stress distribution

41. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress for the
rectangular section?
Qmax is 1.5 times the Qave.
42. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress in the case
of solid circular section?
Qmax is 4/3 times the Qave.
43. What is the maximum value of shear stress for triangular section?
Qmax=Fh2/12I
h- Height
44. Draw the shear stress distribution of I-symmetrical section
45. What is the shear stress distribution value of Flange portion of the I-section?
q= f/2I * (D2/4 - y)
D-depth
y- Distance from neutral axis
46. Draw the shear stress distribution in the case of ‘T’section
47. What is the value of maximum of minimum shear stress in a rectangular cross
section?
Qmax=3/2 * F/ (bd)
48. Define -section modulus

UNIT- V

49. Define Torsion
When a pair of forces of equal magnitude but opposite directions acting on body, it tends
to twist the body. It is known as twisting moment or torsional moment or simply as
torque.
Torque is equal to the product of the force applied and the distance between the point of
application of the force and the axis of the shaft.
50. What are the assumptions made in Torsion equation
o The material of the shaft is homogeneous, perfectly elastic and obeys Hooke’s
law.

o Twist is uniform along the length of the shaft
o The stress does not exceed the limit of proportionality
o Strain and deformations are small.

51. Define polar modulus
It is the ratio between polar moment of inertia and radius of the shaft.
£ = polar moment of inertia = J

52. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft.
£ = polar moment of inertia = J

J = π D
4

32
53. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid circular
shafts?
• The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the solid shaft.
• For same material, length and given torque, the weight of the hollow shaft will be
less compared to solid shaft.
54. Write torsional equation
T/J=Cθ/L=q/R
T-Torque
J- Polar moment of inertia
C-Modulus of rigidity
L- Length
q- Shear stress

55. Write down the expression for power transmitted by a shaft
P=2πNT/60
N-speed in rpm
T-torque
56. Write down the expression for torque transmitted by hollow shaft
T= (π/16)*Fs*((D4-d4)/d4
T-torque
q- Shear stress
D-outer diameter
D- inner diameter
57. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft
It is ratio between polar moment of inertia and radius of shaft
58. Write down the equation for maximum shear stress of a solid circular section in
diameter ‘D’ when subjected to torque ‘T’ in a solid shaft shaft.
T=π/16 * Fs*D3
T-torque
q Shear stress
D diameter
59. Define torsional rigidity
Product of rigidity modulus and polar moment of inertia is called torsional rigidity

60. What is composite shaft?
Some times a shaft is made up of composite section i.e. one type of shaft is sleeved
over other types of shaft. At the time of sleeving, the two shaft are joined together,
that the composite shaft behaves like a single shaft.

61. What is a spring?
A spring is an elastic member, which deflects, or distorts under the action of load and
regains its original shape after the load is removed.
62. State any two functions of springs.
1 . To measure forces in spring balance, meters and engine indicators.
2 . To store energy.
63. What are the various types of springs?
i. Helical springs
ii. Spiral springs
iii. Leaf springs
iv. Disc spring or Belleville springs

64. Classify the helical springs.
1. Close – coiled or tension helical spring.
2. Open –coiled or compression helical spring.
65. What is spring index (C)?
The ratio of mean or pitch diameter to the diameter of wire for the spring is called the
spring index.

66. What is solid length?
The length of a spring under the maximum compression is called its solid length. It is
the product of total number of coils and the diameter of wire.
Ls = n
t
x d
Where, n
t
= total number of coils.

67. Define free length.
Free length of the spring is the length of the spring when it is free or unloaded
condition. It is equal to the solid length plus the maximum deflection or compression
plus clash allowance.
L
f
= solid length + Y
max
+ 0.15 Y
max

68. Define spring rate (stiffness).
The spring stiffness or spring constant is defined as the load required per unit
deflection of the spring.
K= W/y
Y – deflection
69. Define pitch.
Pitch of the spring is defined as the axial distance between the adjacent coils in
uncompressed state. Mathematically
Pitch=free length

n-1
70. Define helical springs.
The helical springs are made up of a wire coiled in the form of a helix and is
primarily intended for compressive or tensile load
71. What are the differences between closed coil & open coil helical springs?
The spring wires are coiled very
closely, each turn is nearly at right
angles to the axis of helix
The wires are coiled such that there
is a gap between the two consecutive
turns.
Helix angle is less than 10
o
Helix angle is large (>10
o
)

72. What are the stresses induced in the helical compression spring due to axial
1. Direct shear stress
2. Torsional shear stress
3. Effect of curvature
73. What is stress factor?
C = 4C-1
+ 0.615

4C-4 C
74. What is buckling of springs?
The helical compression spring behaves like a column and buckles at a comparative
small load when the length of the spring is more than 4 times the mean coil diameter.

75. What is surge in springs?
The material is subjected to higher stresses, which may cause early fatigue failure.
This effect is called as spring surge.

76. Define active turns.
Active turns of the spring are defined as the number of turns, which impart spring
action while loaded. As load increases the no of active coils decreases.

77. Define inactive turns.
An inactive turn of the spring is defined as the number of turns which does not
contribute to the spring action while loaded. As load increases number of inactive
coils increases from 0.5 to 1 turn.

78. What are the different kinds of end connections for compression helical springs?
The different kinds of end connection for compression helical springs are
a. Plain ends
b. Ground ends
c. Squared ends
d. Ground & square ends

UNIT-II
87. When will you call a cylinder as thin cylinder?
A cylinder is called as a thin cylinder when the ratio of wall thickness to the
diameter of cylinder is less 1/20.
88. In a thin cylinder will the radial stress vary over the thickness of wall?
No, in thin cylinders radial stress developed in its wall is assumed to be constant
since the wall thickness is very small as compared to the diameter of cylinder.
89. Distinguish between cylindrical shell and spherical shell.
Cylindrical shell Spherical shell
1. Circumferential stress is twice the longitudinal stress.
2. It withstands low pressure than spherical shell for the same diameter. 1. Only hoop
stress presents.
2. It withstands more pressure than cylindrical shell for the same diameter.

90. What is the effect of riveting a thin cylindrical shell?
Riveting reduces the area offering the resistance. Due to this, the circumferential
and longitudinal stresses are more. It reduces the pressure carrying capacity of the shell.
In thin spherical shell, volumetric strain is -------- times the circumferential strain.
Three.
91. What do you understand by the term wire winding of thin cylinder?
In order to increase the tensile strength of a thin cylinder to withstand high
internal pressure without excessive increase in wall thickness, they are sometimes pre
stressed by winding with a steel wire under tension.
92. What are the types of stresses setup in the thin cylinders?
1. Circumferential stresses (or) hoop stresses
2. Longitudinal stresses
93. Define – hoop stress?
The stress is acting in the circumference of the cylinder wall (or) the stresses induced
perpendicular to the axis of cylinder.
94. Define- longitudinal stress?
The stress is acting along the length of the cylinder is called longitudinal stress.

95. A thin cylinder of diameter d is subjected to internal pressure p . Write down the
96.expression for hoop stress and longitudinal stress.
Hoop stress σh=pd/2t
Longitudinal stress σl=pd/4t
p- Pressure (gauge)
d- Diameter
t- Thickness

97. State principle plane.
The planes, which have no shear stress, are known as principal planes. These planes
carry only normal stresses.
98. Define principle stresses and principle plane.
Principle stress: The magnitude of normal stress, acting on a principal plane is
known as principal stresses.
Principle plane: The planes, which have no shear stress, are known as principal
planes.
99. What is the radius of Mohr’s circle?
Radius of Mohr’s circle is equal to the maximum shear stress.
100. What is the use of Mohr’s circle?
To find out the normal, resultant stresses and principle stress and their planes.
101. List the methods to find the stresses in oblique plane?
1. Analytical method
2. Graphical method
102. A bar of cross sectional area 600 mm^2 is subjected to a tensile load of 50 KN
applied at each end. Determine the normal stress on a plane inclined at 30° to the
A = 600 mm2
θ = 30°
= 50*102/600
= 83.33 N/mm2
Normal stress, σn = σ cos2θ
= 83.33*cos230°
= 62.5 N/mm2
104. In case of equal like principle stresses, what is the diameter of the Mohr’s
circle?
105. Derive an expression for the longitudinal stress in a thin cylinder subjected to a
uniform internal fluid pressure.
Force due to fluid pressure = p x П/4 xd
2

Force due to longitudinal stress = f
2
x Пd x t

p x П/4 xd
2
=

f
2
x Пd x t

f
2
= 4t
The text passage is a compilation of definitions, formulas, and questions related to the mechanics of solids, specifically focusing on stress, strain, and other mechanical properties of materials. It includes several questions and their answers, often in the form of equations or brief explanations.
multiple_questions_with_answers
Given a text passage, determine:
    1. If it contains a mathematical question (including word problems or calculations)
    2. If an answer to that mathematical question is provided in the text

First, describe the content structure you found in 1-2 sentences.

Then provide your analysis in the following format:
TYPE: <one of the following values>
- NO_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION_WITH_ANSWER
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS_WITH_ANSWERS
system
# CE1201 –MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Mechanics

Jul 18, 2012 (5 years and 10 months ago)

589 views

CE1201 –MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

COMPILED BY
DEPT. OF CIVIL.
N I COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KUMARACOIL

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS (CE1201)

UNIT -1

1. Define stress.
When an external force acts on a body, it undergoes deformation. At the same time the
body resists deformation. The magnitude of the resisting force is numerically equal to the
applied force. This internal resisting force per unit area is called stress.

Stress = Force/Area
δ Define strain
When a body is subjected to an external force, there is some change of dimension in the
body. Numerically the strain is equal to the ratio of change in length to the original length
of the body.= P/A unit is N/mm^2
2.
Strain = Change in length/Original length
e = δL/L
3. State Hooke’s law.
It states that when a material is loaded, within its elastic limit, the stress is directly
proportional to the strain.
Stress α Strain
σ α e
σ = Ee
E = σ/e unit is N/mm^2
Where,
E - Young’s modulus
σ - Stress
e - Strain
4. Define shear stress and shear strain.
The two equal and opposite force act tangentially on any cross sectional plane of the
body tending to slide one part of the body over the other part. The stress induced is called
shear stress and the corresponding strain is known as shear strain.
5. Define Poisson’s ration.
When a body is stressed, within its elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain is constant for a given material.
Poisson’ ratio (µ or 1/m) = Lateral strain /Longitudinal strain
7. State the relationship between Young’s Modulus and Modulus of Rigidity.
E = 2G (1+1/m)
Where,
E - Young’s Modulus
K - Bulk Modulus
1/m - Poisson’s ratio
8. Define strain energy
Whenever a body is strained, some amount of energy is absorbed in the body. The
energy that is absorbed in the body due to straining effect is known as strain energy.

9. What is resilience?
The total strain energy stored in the body is generally known as resilience.
10. State proof resilience
The maximum strain energy that can be stored in a material within elastic limit is
known as proof resilience.
11. Define modulus of resilience
It is the proof resilience of the material per unit volume
Modulus of resilience = Proof resilience

Volume of the body
12. Give the relationship between Bulk Modulus and Young’s Modulus.
E = 3K (1-2/m)
Where,
E - Young’s Modulus
K - Bulk Modulus
1/m - Poisson’s ratio
13. What is compound bar?
A composite bar composed of two or more different materials joined together such that
system is elongated or compressed in a single unit.
14. What you mean by thermal stresses?
If the body is allowed to expand or contract freely, with the rise or fall of temperature
no stress is developed but if free expansion is prevented the stress developed is called
temperature stress or strain.
15. Define- elastic limit
Some external force is acting on the body, the body tends to deformation. If the force is
released from the body its regain to the original position. This is called elastic limit

16. Define – Young’s modulus
The ratio of stress and strain is constant with in the elastic limit.
E = Stress

Strain
17. Define Bulk-modulus
The ratio of direct stress to volumetric strain.

K = Direct stress

Volumetric strain
18. Define- lateral strain
When a body is subjected to axial load P. The length of the body is increased. The axial
deformation of the length of the body is called lateral strain.
19. Define- longitudinal strain
The strain right angle to the direction of the applied load is called lateral strain.

20. What is principle of super position?
The resultant deformation of the body is equal to the algebric sum of the deformation of
the individual section. Such principle is called as principle of super position
21. Define- Rigidity modulus
The shear stress is directly proportional to shear strain.
N = Shear stress

Shear strain
UNIT –III & IV

22. Define point of contra flexure? In which beam it occurs?
Point at which BM changes to zero is point of contra flexure. It occurs in overhanging
beam.
23. What is mean by positive or sagging BM?
BM is said to positive if moment on left side of beam is clockwise or right side of the
beam is counter clockwise.
24. What is mean by negative or hogging BM?
BM is said to negative if moment on left side of beam is counterclockwise or right side
of the beam is clockwise.
25. Define shear force and bending moment?
SF at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of all the forces acting either side
of beam.
BM at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces
which are placed either side from that point.
If load is acting on the beam which is perpendicular to center line of it is called
27. When will bending moment is maximum?
BM will be maximum when shear force change its sign.
28. What is maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam of span ‘L’
subjected to UDL of ‘w’ over entire span
Max BM =wL2/8
29. In a simply supported beam how will you locate point of maximum bending
moment?
The bending moment is max. when SF is zero. Write SF equation at that point and
equating to zero we can find out the distances ‘x’ from one end .then find maximum
bending moment at that point by taking all moment on right or left hand side of beam.
30. What is shear force?
The algebric sum of the vertical forces at any section of the beam to the left or right of
the section is called shear force.
31. What is shear force and bending moment diagram?
It shows the variation of the shear force and bending moment along the length of the
beam.
32. What are the types of beams?
1. Cantilever beam
2. Simply supported beam
3. Fixed beam
4. Continuous beam
33. What are the types of loads?
34. Draw the shear stress distribution diagram for a I–section.
35. In which point the bending moment is maximum?
When the shear force change of sign or the shear force is zero
36. Write the assumption in the theory of simple bending?
1. The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
2. The beam material is stressed within the elastic limit and thus obey hooke’s law.
3. The transverse section which was plane before bending remains plains after bending
also.
4. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently about the layer,
above or below.
5. The value of E is the same in both compression and tension.
37. Write the theory of simple bending equation?
M/ I = F/Y = E/R
M - Maximum bending moment
I - Moment of inertia
F - Maximum stress induced
Y - Distance from the neutral axis
E - Young’s modulus
R - Constant.

38. What types of stresses are caused in a beam subjected to a constant shear force ?
Vertical and horizontal shear stress
39. State the main assumptions while deriving the general formula for shear stresses
The material is homogeneous, isotropic and elastic
The modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are same.
The shear stress is constant along the beam width
The presence of shear stress does not affect the distribution of bending stress.
40. Define: Shear stress distribution
The variation of shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear stress distribution

41. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress for the
rectangular section?
Qmax is 1.5 times the Qave.
42. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear stress in the case
of solid circular section?
Qmax is 4/3 times the Qave.
43. What is the maximum value of shear stress for triangular section?
Qmax=Fh2/12I
h- Height
44. Draw the shear stress distribution of I-symmetrical section
45. What is the shear stress distribution value of Flange portion of the I-section?
q= f/2I * (D2/4 - y)
D-depth
y- Distance from neutral axis
46. Draw the shear stress distribution in the case of ‘T’section
47. What is the value of maximum of minimum shear stress in a rectangular cross
section?
Qmax=3/2 * F/ (bd)
48. Define -section modulus

UNIT- V

49. Define Torsion
When a pair of forces of equal magnitude but opposite directions acting on body, it tends
to twist the body. It is known as twisting moment or torsional moment or simply as
torque.
Torque is equal to the product of the force applied and the distance between the point of
application of the force and the axis of the shaft.
50. What are the assumptions made in Torsion equation
o The material of the shaft is homogeneous, perfectly elastic and obeys Hooke’s
law.

o Twist is uniform along the length of the shaft
o The stress does not exceed the limit of proportionality
o Strain and deformations are small.

51. Define polar modulus
It is the ratio between polar moment of inertia and radius of the shaft.
£ = polar moment of inertia = J

52. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft.
£ = polar moment of inertia = J

J = π D
4

32
53. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid circular
shafts?
• The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the solid shaft.
• For same material, length and given torque, the weight of the hollow shaft will be
less compared to solid shaft.
54. Write torsional equation
T/J=Cθ/L=q/R
T-Torque
J- Polar moment of inertia
C-Modulus of rigidity
L- Length
q- Shear stress

55. Write down the expression for power transmitted by a shaft
P=2πNT/60
N-speed in rpm
T-torque
56. Write down the expression for torque transmitted by hollow shaft
T= (π/16)*Fs*((D4-d4)/d4
T-torque
q- Shear stress
D-outer diameter
D- inner diameter
57. Write the polar modulus for solid shaft and circular shaft
It is ratio between polar moment of inertia and radius of shaft
58. Write down the equation for maximum shear stress of a solid circular section in
diameter ‘D’ when subjected to torque ‘T’ in a solid shaft shaft.
T=π/16 * Fs*D3
T-torque
q Shear stress
D diameter
59. Define torsional rigidity
Product of rigidity modulus and polar moment of inertia is called torsional rigidity

60. What is composite shaft?
Some times a shaft is made up of composite section i.e. one type of shaft is sleeved
over other types of shaft. At the time of sleeving, the two shaft are joined together,
that the composite shaft behaves like a single shaft.

61. What is a spring?
A spring is an elastic member, which deflects, or distorts under the action of load and
regains its original shape after the load is removed.
62. State any two functions of springs.
1 . To measure forces in spring balance, meters and engine indicators.
2 . To store energy.
63. What are the various types of springs?
i. Helical springs
ii. Spiral springs
iii. Leaf springs
iv. Disc spring or Belleville springs

64. Classify the helical springs.
1. Close – coiled or tension helical spring.
2. Open –coiled or compression helical spring.
65. What is spring index (C)?
The ratio of mean or pitch diameter to the diameter of wire for the spring is called the
spring index.

66. What is solid length?
The length of a spring under the maximum compression is called its solid length. It is
the product of total number of coils and the diameter of wire.
Ls = n
t
x d
Where, n
t
= total number of coils.

67. Define free length.
Free length of the spring is the length of the spring when it is free or unloaded
condition. It is equal to the solid length plus the maximum deflection or compression
plus clash allowance.
L
f
= solid length + Y
max
+ 0.15 Y
max

68. Define spring rate (stiffness).
The spring stiffness or spring constant is defined as the load required per unit
deflection of the spring.
K= W/y
Y – deflection
69. Define pitch.
Pitch of the spring is defined as the axial distance between the adjacent coils in
uncompressed state. Mathematically
Pitch=free length

n-1
70. Define helical springs.
The helical springs are made up of a wire coiled in the form of a helix and is
primarily intended for compressive or tensile load
71. What are the differences between closed coil & open coil helical springs?
The spring wires are coiled very
closely, each turn is nearly at right
angles to the axis of helix
The wires are coiled such that there
is a gap between the two consecutive
turns.
Helix angle is less than 10
o
Helix angle is large (>10
o
)

72. What are the stresses induced in the helical compression spring due to axial
1. Direct shear stress
2. Torsional shear stress
3. Effect of curvature
73. What is stress factor?
C = 4C-1
+ 0.615

4C-4 C
74. What is buckling of springs?
The helical compression spring behaves like a column and buckles at a comparative
small load when the length of the spring is more than 4 times the mean coil diameter.

75. What is surge in springs?
The material is subjected to higher stresses, which may cause early fatigue failure.
This effect is called as spring surge.

76. Define active turns.
Active turns of the spring are defined as the number of turns, which impart spring
action while loaded. As load increases the no of active coils decreases.

77. Define inactive turns.
An inactive turn of the spring is defined as the number of turns which does not
contribute to the spring action while loaded. As load increases number of inactive
coils increases from 0.5 to 1 turn.

78. What are the different kinds of end connections for compression helical springs?
The different kinds of end connection for compression helical springs are
a. Plain ends
b. Ground ends
c. Squared ends
d. Ground & square ends

UNIT-II
87. When will you call a cylinder as thin cylinder?
A cylinder is called as a thin cylinder when the ratio of wall thickness to the
diameter of cylinder is less 1/20.
88. In a thin cylinder will the radial stress vary over the thickness of wall?
No, in thin cylinders radial stress developed in its wall is assumed to be constant
since the wall thickness is very small as compared to the diameter of cylinder.
89. Distinguish between cylindrical shell and spherical shell.
Cylindrical shell Spherical shell
1. Circumferential stress is twice the longitudinal stress.
2. It withstands low pressure than spherical shell for the same diameter. 1. Only hoop
stress presents.
2. It withstands more pressure than cylindrical shell for the same diameter.

90. What is the effect of riveting a thin cylindrical shell?
Riveting reduces the area offering the resistance. Due to this, the circumferential
and longitudinal stresses are more. It reduces the pressure carrying capacity of the shell.
In thin spherical shell, volumetric strain is -------- times the circumferential strain.
Three.
91. What do you understand by the term wire winding of thin cylinder?
In order to increase the tensile strength of a thin cylinder to withstand high
internal pressure without excessive increase in wall thickness, they are sometimes pre
stressed by winding with a steel wire under tension.
92. What are the types of stresses setup in the thin cylinders?
1. Circumferential stresses (or) hoop stresses
2. Longitudinal stresses
93. Define – hoop stress?
The stress is acting in the circumference of the cylinder wall (or) the stresses induced
perpendicular to the axis of cylinder.
94. Define- longitudinal stress?
The stress is acting along the length of the cylinder is called longitudinal stress.

95. A thin cylinder of diameter d is subjected to internal pressure p . Write down the
96.expression for hoop stress and longitudinal stress.
Hoop stress σh=pd/2t
Longitudinal stress σl=pd/4t
p- Pressure (gauge)
d- Diameter
t- Thickness

97. State principle plane.
The planes, which have no shear stress, are known as principal planes. These planes
carry only normal stresses.
98. Define principle stresses and principle plane.
Principle stress: The magnitude of normal stress, acting on a principal plane is
known as principal stresses.
Principle plane: The planes, which have no shear stress, are known as principal
planes.
99. What is the radius of Mohr’s circle?
Radius of Mohr’s circle is equal to the maximum shear stress.
100. What is the use of Mohr’s circle?
To find out the normal, resultant stresses and principle stress and their planes.
101. List the methods to find the stresses in oblique plane?
1. Analytical method
2. Graphical method
102. A bar of cross sectional area 600 mm^2 is subjected to a tensile load of 50 KN
applied at each end. Determine the normal stress on a plane inclined at 30° to the
A = 600 mm2
θ = 30°
= 50*102/600
= 83.33 N/mm2
Normal stress, σn = σ cos2θ
= 83.33*cos230°
= 62.5 N/mm2
104. In case of equal like principle stresses, what is the diameter of the Mohr’s
circle?
105. Derive an expression for the longitudinal stress in a thin cylinder subjected to a
uniform internal fluid pressure.
Force due to fluid pressure = p x П/4 xd
2

Force due to longitudinal stress = f
2
x Пd x t

p x П/4 xd
2
=

f
2
x Пd x t

f
2
= 4t
user
The text passage is a compilation of definitions, formulas, and questions related to the mechanics of solids, specifically focusing on stress, strain, and other mechanical properties of materials. It includes several questions and their answers, often in the form of equations or brief explanations.

TYPE: MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS_WITH_ANSWERS