To illustrate applications of auditor to regression problems we will use an artificial dataset apartments available in the DALEX package. Our goal is to predict the price per square meter of an apartment based on selected features such as construction year, surface, floor, number of rooms, district. It should be noted that four of these variables are continuous while the fifth one is a categorical one. Prices are given in Euro.
library(DALEX) data("apartments") head(apartments)
## m2.price construction.year surface floor no.rooms district ## 1 5897 1953 25 3 1 Srodmiescie ## 2 1818 1992 143 9 5 Bielany ## 3 3643 1937 56 1 2 Praga ## 4 3517 1995 93 7 3 Ochota ## 5 3013 1992 144 6 5 Mokotow ## 6 5795 1926 61 6 2 Srodmiescie
lm_model <- lm(m2.price ~ construction.year + surface + floor + no.rooms + district, data = apartments)
The beginning of each analysis is creation of a
modelAudit object. It’s an object that can be used to audit a model.
In this section we give short overview of a visual validation of model errors and show the propositions for the validation scores. Auditor helps to find answers for questions that may be crucial for further analyses.
Does the model fit data? Is it not missing the information?
Which model has better performance?
How similar models are?
In further sections, we overview auditor functions for analysis of model residuals. They are discussed in alphabetical order.
The auditor provides 2 pipelines of observation influence audit.
model %>% audit() %>% observationInfluence() %>% plot(type=…) This pipeline is recommended. Function
observationInfluence() creates a
observationInfluence object. Such object may be passed to a
plot() function with defined type of plot. This approach requires one additional function within the pipeline. However, once created
observationInfluence contains all nessesary calculations that all plots require. Therefore, generating multiple plots is fast. It is usefull as caluclating Coook’s distances for models gifferent than liner may take a lot of time. Alternative: model %>% audit() %>% observationInfluence() %>% plotType()
model %>% audit() %>% plot(type=…) This pipeline is shorter than previous one. Calculations are carried out every time a function is called. However, it is faster to use.
Alternative model %>% audit() %>% plotType()
Help of functions
plot[Type]() contains additional information about plots.
In this vignette we use first pipeline. First, we need to create a
lm_oi <- observationInfluence(lm_audit) head(lm_oi)
## cooks.dist label index ## 320 0.003634294 lm 320 ## 1320 0.003634294 lm 1320 ## 2320 0.003634294 lm 2320 ## 3320 0.003634294 lm 3320 ## 4320 0.003634294 lm 4320 ## 5320 0.003634294 lm 5320
Some plots may require specified variable or fitted values for
Cook’s distance is used to estimate of the influence of an single observation. It is a tool for identifying observations that may negatively affect the model.
Data points indicated by Cook’s distances are worth checking for validity. Cook’s distances may be also used for indicating regions of the design space where it would be good to obtain more observations.
Cook’s Distances are calculated by removing the i-th observation from the data and recalculating the model. It shows how much all the values in the model change when the i-th observation is removed.
In the case of models of classes other than
glm the distances are computed directly from the definition, so this may take a while. In this example we will compute them for a linear model.
The text passage describes a regression analysis using the R programming language and the DALEX package to predict apartment prices based on various features. It includes code snippets and explanations of the steps involved in the analysis, such as creating a model, auditing the model, and using Cook's distance to identify influential observations.
no_question

the passage does not contain any explicit mathematical questions or problems that require solving. it is primarily descriptive, explaining the process of regression analysis and the use of the auditor package in r.
Given a text passage, determine:
    1. If it contains a mathematical question (including word problems or calculations)
    2. If an answer to that mathematical question is provided in the text

First, describe the content structure you found in 1-2 sentences.

Then provide your analysis in the following format:
TYPE: <one of the following values>
- NO_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION
- SINGLE_QUESTION_WITH_ANSWER
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS
- MULTIPLE_QUESTIONS_WITH_ANSWERS
system
To illustrate applications of auditor to regression problems we will use an artificial dataset apartments available in the DALEX package. Our goal is to predict the price per square meter of an apartment based on selected features such as construction year, surface, floor, number of rooms, district. It should be noted that four of these variables are continuous while the fifth one is a categorical one. Prices are given in Euro.
library(DALEX) data("apartments") head(apartments)
## m2.price construction.year surface floor no.rooms district ## 1 5897 1953 25 3 1 Srodmiescie ## 2 1818 1992 143 9 5 Bielany ## 3 3643 1937 56 1 2 Praga ## 4 3517 1995 93 7 3 Ochota ## 5 3013 1992 144 6 5 Mokotow ## 6 5795 1926 61 6 2 Srodmiescie
lm_model <- lm(m2.price ~ construction.year + surface + floor + no.rooms + district, data = apartments)
The beginning of each analysis is creation of a
modelAudit object. It’s an object that can be used to audit a model.
In this section we give short overview of a visual validation of model errors and show the propositions for the validation scores. Auditor helps to find answers for questions that may be crucial for further analyses.
Does the model fit data? Is it not missing the information?
Which model has better performance?
How similar models are?
In further sections, we overview auditor functions for analysis of model residuals. They are discussed in alphabetical order.
The auditor provides 2 pipelines of observation influence audit.
model %>% audit() %>% observationInfluence() %>% plot(type=…) This pipeline is recommended. Function
observationInfluence() creates a
observationInfluence object. Such object may be passed to a
plot() function with defined type of plot. This approach requires one additional function within the pipeline. However, once created
observationInfluence contains all nessesary calculations that all plots require. Therefore, generating multiple plots is fast. It is usefull as caluclating Coook’s distances for models gifferent than liner may take a lot of time. Alternative: model %>% audit() %>% observationInfluence() %>% plotType()
model %>% audit() %>% plot(type=…) This pipeline is shorter than previous one. Calculations are carried out every time a function is called. However, it is faster to use.
Alternative model %>% audit() %>% plotType()
Help of functions
plot[Type]() contains additional information about plots.
In this vignette we use first pipeline. First, we need to create a
lm_oi <- observationInfluence(lm_audit) head(lm_oi)
## cooks.dist label index ## 320 0.003634294 lm 320 ## 1320 0.003634294 lm 1320 ## 2320 0.003634294 lm 2320 ## 3320 0.003634294 lm 3320 ## 4320 0.003634294 lm 4320 ## 5320 0.003634294 lm 5320
Some plots may require specified variable or fitted values for
Cook’s distance is used to estimate of the influence of an single observation. It is a tool for identifying observations that may negatively affect the model.
Data points indicated by Cook’s distances are worth checking for validity. Cook’s distances may be also used for indicating regions of the design space where it would be good to obtain more observations.
Cook’s Distances are calculated by removing the i-th observation from the data and recalculating the model. It shows how much all the values in the model change when the i-th observation is removed.
In the case of models of classes other than
glm the distances are computed directly from the definition, so this may take a while. In this example we will compute them for a linear model.
user
The text passage describes a regression analysis using the R programming language and the DALEX package to predict apartment prices based on various features. It includes code snippets and explanations of the steps involved in the analysis, such as creating a model, auditing the model, and using Cook's distance to identify influential observations.

TYPE: NO_QUESTION

The passage does not contain any explicit mathematical questions or problems that require solving. It is primarily descriptive, explaining the process of regression analysis and the use of the auditor package in R.