Lewis acid-promoted hydrofluorination of alkynyl sulfides to generate α-fluorovinyl thioethers
A new method for the preparation of α-fluorovinyl thioethers is reported which involves the hydrofluorination of alkynyl sulfides with 3HF•Et 3 N, a process that requires Lewis acid activation using BF 3 •Et 2 O and TiF 4 . The method gives access to a range of α-fluorovinyl thioethers, some in high stereoselectivity with the Z-isomer predominating over the E-isomer. The α-fluorovinyl thioether motif has prospects as a steric and electronic mimetic of thioester enols and enolates, important intermediates in enzymatic C-C bond forming reactions. The method opens access to appropriate analogues for investigations in this direction.
Introduction<!>Results and Discussion<!>Conclusion<!>Supporting Information
<p>Organofluorine compounds have found wide use in tuning the properties of performance compounds in medicinal and materials chemistry [1,2]. Also the electronegativity of fluorine has been used to design and tune steric and electronic mimetics of functional groups for applications in biomolecular chemistry. For example as illustrated in Figure 1, CF 2 -phosphonates became popular mimetics of the phosphate group [3,4], and vinyl fluorides were developed as analogues of the amide bond [5]. Difluorotoluene has proved to be a good spacial mimetic of the thymine base in thymidine, and has been shown to act as a functional and complementary template in enzymatic DNA synthesis [6].</p><p>We have recently begun to explore synthesis methods to prepare α-fluorovinyl thioethers, to open up the possibility of exploring this motif as a mimetic for enols and enolates of biochemically relevant thioesters. Thioesters of low molecular weight carboxylic acids are found widely in metabolism, often as their co-enzyme A esters, and they then undergo condensation reactions through enols or enolates to generate C-C bonds typified by the processes of long chain fatty acid biosynthesis. α-Fluorovinyl thioethers, illustrated in Figure 2, have a spatial and electrostatic profile consistent with the potential to mimic these enzyme intermediates.</p><p>Figure 1: Some spacial and electronic mimetics with fluorine as a design feature [3][4][5][6]. There is limited literature for preparing such analogues. We have previously described the preparation of α-fluorovinyl thioethers by hydrofluorination of the corresponding alkynyl sulfides using HF•Py [7]; in this article we wish to report an improved synthesis of α-fluoroalkenyl thioethers via Lewis acidmediated hydrofluorination of alkynyl sulfides, a method which brings us closer to being able to prepare analogues of particular design for enzyme inhibition studies.</p><!><p>Several methods for the synthesis of vinyl thioethers have been reported, including Wittig reactions [8], ionic and radical additions of thiols to alkynes [9] and coupling of 1-alkenyl halides with thiols, among others [10,11]. However, the literature for the preparation of α-fluorovinyl thioethers is somewhat scarce. The only account we are aware of involves the AIBN-promoted thiodesulfonylation of aromatic fluorovinyl sulfones as reported by Wnuk [12], a reaction which works in varying yields and stereoselectivities.</p><p>Following from our previous experience [7] with terminal acetylene thioethers, we now explore this reaction with alkynyl sulfides. In this regard 1a [13] was used as a model substrate and was treated with 50% HF•Py in dichloromethane. This, however, resulted in a very poor conversion (~10%) and gave a 4:1 product mixture of the fluorinated products 2a and 3a as illustrated in Scheme 1. When 70% HF•Py was employed, up to 70% conversion was achieved, but with over-fluorination to generate only the difluoromethylene thioether 4a (not isolated).</p><p>In view of the lack of control with HF•Py attention turned to triethylamine trihydrogen fluoride (3HF•Et 3 N). This proved unsuccessful presumably as it is a less acidic reagent compared to HF•Py, and thus activation of alkynyl sulfide 1a was explored by addition of a Lewis acid.</p><p>At this stage we were pleased to find that the use of BF 3 •Et 2 O allowed for a conversion of over 90% of 1a (16 h at room temperature). However, products 2a and 3a were obtained as a 4:1 mixture of Z/E-isomers, and they could only be isolated in a modest yield (35%) as shown in Scheme 2 and Table 1 (entry 7).</p><p>Encouraged by this result, a number of Lewis acids were tested, including SnCl 2 , ZnCl 2 , Sc(OTf) 3 , AuCl•SMe 2 and B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 (Table 1). The Lewis acids (1.5 equivalents) were added to a mixture of sulfide 1a and 3HF•Et 3 N (3.0 equivalents) at 0 ºC, but no reactions took place under these conditions. The HBF 4 •SiO 2 reagent was chosen as a solid phase-supported HBF 4 equivalent [14]; carrying out the reaction in the presence of this reactant and 3HF•Et 3 N led to complete decomposition of sulfide 1a.  With TiF 4 the overall conversion was around 70%, and the hydrofluorinated product could be isolated in an improved yield (42%, 4:1 Z:E).</p><p>In order to improve the reaction yields, reactions with the BF 3 •Et 2 O/3HF•Et 3 N and TiF 4 /3HF•Et 3 N systems were optimised and the outcomes described in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. Shorter reaction times (5 h) led to reduced conversions (Table 2, entry 2) and BF 3 •Et 2 O or TiF 4 are required to be stoichiometric, otherwise the reaction does not occur (Table 2, entry 4) and an excess of BF 3 •Et 2 O over the alkynyl sulfide is required for an improved outcome (Table 2, entry 1).</p><p>The high conversion of 1a but low product (2a and 3a) isolation is attributed to substrate decomposition. When the reaction is followed by 19 F NMR (vide infra), the presence of the hydrofluorinated products 2a and 3a is obvious and the anion BF 4 − , when using BF 3 •Et 2 O, or TiF 6 2− when using TiF 4 are clearly identifiable. No other fluorinated species are detected, thus it does not appear that products 2a and 3a decompose.</p><p>A number of attempts were made to improve the yields and reduce starting material decomposition. At low temperatures the reaction is sluggish and conversions are low (~20%), even with prolonged reaction times (5 days, Table 2, entry 5). A second  For the TiF 4 /3HF•Et 3 N reactions (Table 3) shorter reaction times also afforded lower conversions, and sub-stoichiometric levels of TiF 4 failed to initiate the reaction. Tetrahydrofuran and dichloroethane at different temperatures were again not useful solvents.</p><p>Having optimised the reaction to some extent with substrate 1a, a range of alkynyl sulfides [15] were now prepared and each</p><p>>90%, 62% Z only (contains 2% 4f) individually treated with both hydrofluorination protocols using BF 3 •Et 2 O/3HF•Et 3 N and TiF 4 /3HF•Et 3 N. The results are summarised in Table 4. Cyclohexylethynyl(benzyl)sulfane (1b) gave an improved outcome relative to 1a with higher yields and better stereoselectivity. The BF 3 •Et 2 O reaction furnished an inseparable 9:1 mixture of Z-2b and E-3b isomers in 48% yield.</p><p>When TiF 4 was used, the reaction showed complete stereoselectivity, affording the Z-isomer of 2b in 55% yield.</p><p>Replacement of the cyclohexyl moiety with a phenyl ring in 1c led to a fully stereoselective reaction both with BF 3 •Et 2 O and TiF 4 , giving the Z-stereoisomer 2c in 45% and 57% yields, res- pectively. then maintained the phenyl moiety on the alkyne side of the sulfide, and replaced the benzyl group with a cyclohexyl fragment directly connected to the sulfur atom (compound 1d). This material allowed too for a stereoselective reaction, giving rise to the Z-stereoisomer of 2d in 47% and 68% yields, respectively. At this stage we decided to explore two simple variations of the groups directly connected to the ethynyl moiety, that are, a cyclopropyl group and the bulky tert-butyl group. Thus, we reacted cyclopropylethynyl(phenyl)sulfane (1e) with BF 3 •Et 2 O, obtaining an inseparable 3:2 mixture of Z-2e and E-3e isomers in 47% yield. The reaction with TiF 4 showed a better stereoselectivity, furnishing a 7:3 Z/E mixture in 69% yield.</p><p>Interestingly, the reaction of tert-butylethynyl(phenyl)sulfane (1f) with BF 3 •Et 2 O and TiF 4 , while being completely stereoselective, furnished the Z-stereoisomer 2f in 40% and 62% yields, respectively, along with a 2% of difluorinated compound 4f.</p><p>The formation of this byproduct could not be avoided; in fact lower temperatures or shorter reaction times did not change the outcome, and the contaminant 4f could always be detected (and not removed) from the desired product 2f.</p><p>We were also interested in exploring the electronic effects of para-substitution of the phenyl group directly attached to the ethynyl moiety on the reaction outcome; thus we selected compounds 1g-j and reacted them under our hydrofluorinating conditions. Phenylethynyl(phenyl)sulfane (1g) represented the "unactivated" compound in the series. Although the stereoselectivity was complete with the Z-isomer of 2g as the sole product, the yields were unexpectedly low both with BF 3 •Et 2 O and TiF 4 (32% and 41%, respectively).</p><p>We thought that the electron-donating 4-methoxy group would release enough electron density towards the triple bond to increase the yields, and possibly shorten the reaction times.</p><p>Thus, we prepared compound 1h and then reacted it with our hydrofluorinating systems; surprisingly, almost no reaction took place during 16 hours, and it was necessary to extend the reaction time to 7 days to obtain the desired product 2h, which was isolated in 9% yield from the BF 3 •Et 2 O reaction and in 17% when TiF 4 was employed. It appears that the methoxy group is able to efficiently coordinate the Lewis acid reactants and thus almost prevent the reaction from occurring.</p><p>Conversely, and as expected, the 4-nitro group had a detrimental effect on the reaction outcome. When 4-nitrophenyl(ethynyl)sulfane (1i) was treated with TiF 4 , it took nearly 7 days to observe some reaction progress, and the desired Z-isomer of 2i could be isolated in only 5% yield. However, when 1i was reacted with the BF 3 •Et 2 O, the starting material was completely consumed in 16 hours, but only traces of the desired compound 2i could be detected, with thioester 5 being the main reaction product (45% yield). An explanation for this behaviour can be drawn from the fact that the 4-nitrophenyl group surely must increase the triple bond electrophilicity, hence any trace of water present in the reaction mixture could lead to an intermediate enol thioester which would in turn readily convert to the stable thioester 5. Nonetheless, ensuring rigorously anhydrous reaction conditions and using fresh BF 3 •Et 2 O could not prevent the formation of 5, while the same compound was never detected when TiF 4 was used, even after extended reaction times.</p><p>Because of the peculiar reactivity of electron-poor alkynyl sulfide 1i with respect to BF In light of these observations, our working hypothesis is that the Lewis acid acts to increase the acidity of the 3HF•Et 3 N by sequestering fluoride ions as relatively unreactive metal fluorides; thus, the alkynyl sulfides are activated by protonation possibly through an intermediate such as A as illustrated in Scheme 3. Such an intermediate would then be susceptible to fluoride ion attack, and progress to the reaction products. The major cis stereoselectivity is consistent with the attack of an intermediate such as A from the less hindered face, opposite to the R 1 substituent (Scheme 3).</p><!><p>In summary, we have developed a mild method for the synthesis of α-fluorovinyl thioethers. The method involves the hydrofluorination of alkynyl sulfides by 3HF•Et 3 N and requires activation using BF 3 •Et 2 O or TiF 4 . The reactions display moderate to good stereoselectivity in favour of the Z-hydrofluorination product, and this opens the way forward for making appropriate analogues as potential steric and electronic mimetics of thioester enols and enolates relevant to particular enzymatic transformations.</p><!><p>Supporting Information File 1</p><p>Experimental part and NMR spectra of synthesised compounds.</p><p>[http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjoc/content/ supplementary/1860-5397-11-205-S1.pdf]</p>