On the correlation of cereblon binding, fluorination and antiangiogenic properties of immunomodulatory drugs
Cereblon (CRBN), the substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is a target of thalidomide and thalidomide-derived immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs). The binding of these IMiDs to CRBN alters the substrate specificity of the ligase, thereby mediating multiple effects that are exploited in cancer therapy. However, to date, it is not clear which other possible targets might be involved in the efficacy of IMiDs. One especially prominent effect of a number of thalidomide analogs is their ability to inhibit angiogenesis, which is typically enhanced in fluorinated analogs. So far, the involvement of CRBN in antiangiogenic effects is under debate. Here, starting from a systematic set of thalidomide analogs and employing a quantitative in vitro CRBN-binding assay, we study the correlation of fluorination, CRBN binding and antiangiogenic effects. We clearly identify fluorination to correlate both with CRBN binding affinity and with antiangiogenic effects, but do not find a correlation between the latter two phenomena, indicating that the main target for the antiangiogenic effects of thalidomide analogs still remains to be identified.
Introduction<!>Chemistry<!>2-(2,6-Dioxo-3-piperidyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-isoindoline-1,3-dione (Gu3041) [35].<!>N-(2,6-Dioxo-3-piperidyl)benzamide (Gu3408).<!>N-(2,6-Dioxo-3-piperidyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrafluoro-benzamide (Gu3364).<!>N-(1-Isopropyl-5-methyl-2,4,6-trioxo-hexahydropyrimidin-5-yl)benzamide (Gu3407).<!>Cereblon binding assay<!>Cell culture<!>Endothelial cell tube formation assay (Lattice)<!>Rat aortic ring assay of angiogenesis (RAR)<!>Design of compounds<!>Assessment of cereblon binding<!>Endothelial cell tube formation assay<!>Rat aortic ring (RAR) assay<!>Conclusions
<p>Thalidomide and its derivatives constitute the class of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs). These have proven to be effective in diverse clinical settings, most prominently in cancer therapy [1,2]. A major factor for the anticancer effects are the antiangiogenic properties of various thalidomide analogs, but potentially also of hydrolysis products and physiological thalidomide metabolites [3]. Thalidomide consists of a glutarimide and a phthalimide ring, which were both subject of a plethora of variations and substitutions in various studies focusing on the design and biological evaluation of analogs [4–9]. Previous studies have demonstrated that fluorinated thalidomide derivatives exhibit improved antiangiogenic efficiency [10–12]; however, a defined mechanism of action is still elusive [13,14].</p><p>About a decade ago, the protein cereblon (CRBN) was identified as a target of thalidomide [15]; CRBN is the substrate recognition module of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which can be targeted towards different substrate proteins via the binding of thalidomide derivatives [16–19]. The structural basis for the binding of thalidomide analogs to CRBN is well understood [20–23] and exploited in the development of degraders targeting CRBN [24–26] as well as applied in a variety of PROTACs for the selective degradation of a multitude of protein targets [27–30]. However, the relevance of CRBN for the antiangiogenic properties of thalidomide derivatives is currently under debate [31].</p><p>Recently, we have characterized the CRBN binding mode of α-(2-carboxybenzamido)glutarimide (CBG), a major thalidomide metabolite resulting from partial hydrolysis of the phthalimide ring. This hydrolysis leads to the formation of an amide group, which we found is forming additional interactions with CRBN [32]. Interestingly, this metabolite is similar in structure to a set of tetrafluorinated, benzamide-based thalidomide analogs with promising antiangiogenic properties that we had characterized previously [13]. We therefore sought to test for correlations between CRBN binding, tetrafluorination, and the antiangiogenic properties for a set of compounds that are based on thalidomide and its CBG metabolite.</p><!><p>Thalidomide was purchased from Tocris (Bristol, UK). Gu991, Gu993 and Gu1032 were prepared as described [33]. General chemical methods and materials were as described elsewhere [34].</p><!><p>To a round bottom flask was added tetrafluorophthalic anhydride (1.65 g, 7.5 mmol) and 3-aminopiperidine-2,6-dione hydrochloride (0.82 g, 5.0 mmol). A solution of sodium acetate (0.5 g, 6.0 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (20 mL) was added and the colorless solution was refluxed for 3 h. After cooling, the purple suspension was filtered, and H2O (50 mL) was added to the filtrate. The colorless solid formed was collected, washed with H2O (3 × 5 mL) and petroleum ether (3 × 5 mL) and it was further dried in vacuo to give the title product as a colorless solid. Yield (1.13 g, 68%); mp 238 – 240 °C; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 2.01 – 2.11 (m, 1H), 2.41 – 2.65 (m, 2H), 2.82 – 2.93 (m, 1H), 5.18 (dd, J = 5.4, 13.0 Hz, 1H), 11.15 (br s, 1H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 21.78, 30.95, 49.69, 113.52 (d, 3J (C, F) = 8.3 Hz), 142.72 (m, 1J (C, F) = 266 Hz), 145.14 (m, 1J (C, F) = 264 Hz); 161.98, 169.31, 172.68; LC-MS (ESI) 99% purity, m/z [M + NH4]+ calcd for C13H6F4N2O4, 348.06; found, 348.1; HRMS m/z [M – H]− calcd for C13H6F4N2O4, 329.0191; found, 329.0201.</p><!><p>3-Aminopiperidine-2,6-dione hydrochloride (0.25 g, 1.5 mmol) was suspended in dry CH2Cl2 (15 mL), and it was cooled to 0 °C. Subsequently, Et3N (0.30 g, 0.42 mL, 3.0 mmol) and benzoyl chloride (0.21 g, 172 μL, 1.5 mmol) were added. After stirring the mixture for 18 h at rt, it was quenched by the addition of half-saturated NH4Cl solution (50 mL), and it was extracted with 10% MeOH in EtOAc (2 × 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with H2O (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (gradient of petroleum ether/EtOAc 1:2 to EtOAc) to give a colourless solid. Yield (0.21 g, 59%); mp 219 – 221 °C (lit. 221 – 223 °C [36]); Rf = 0.50 (EtOAc); 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.86 – 2.04 (m, 1H), 2.04 – 2.26 (m, 1H), 2.50 – 2.67 (m, 1H), 2.68 – 2.91 (m, 1H), 4.78 (ddd, J = 5.3, 8.3, 12.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.52 – 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.79 – 7.94 (m, 2H), 8.74 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 10.84 (br s, 1H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 24.36, 31.15, 49.69, 127.46, 128.51, 131.63, 134.08, 166.27, 172.37, 173.18; LC-MS (ESI) 99% purity, m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C12H12N2O3, 233.09; found, 232.9.</p><!><p>This compound was synthesized by analogy with compound Gu3408, but using 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorobenzoyl chloride. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc 1:2), followed by recrystallization from n-hexanes/EtOAc to give a colorless solid. Yield (0.13 g, 29%); mp 208 – 210 °C; Rf = 0.52 (petroleum ether/EtOAc 1:2); 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.97 – 2.06 (m, 1H), 2.03 – 2.14 (m, 1H), 2.50 – 2.58 (m, 1H), 2.72 – 2.83 (m, 1H), 4.71 – 4.79 (m, 1H), 7.55 – 7.64 (m, 1H), 8.82 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 10.86 (br s, 1H); 13C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 24.02, 30.99, 50.05, 111.88 (d, J = 20.6 Hz), 120.05, 137.82 – 148.70 (m), 161.06, 171.61, 173.02; LC-MS (ESI) 99% purity, m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C12H8F4N2O3, 305.05; found, 305.0.</p><!><p>This compound was synthesized by analogy with compound Gu3408, but using 5-amino-1-isopropyl-5-methyl-hexahydropyrimidine-2,4,6-trione hydrochloride (0.35 g) [33]. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/EtOAc 1:2) to give a colorless solid. Yield (0.38 g, 84%); mp > 250 °C; 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.34 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 6H), 1.63 (s, 3H), 4.78 – 4.88 (m, 1H), 7.49 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.88 – 7.92 (m, 2H), 9.49 (s, 1H), 11.51 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 19.10, 19.87, 22.56, 45.89, 60.07, 127.95, 128.53, 132.09, 132.29, 149.89, 166.78, 170.18, 171.03; LC-MS (ESI) 99% purity, m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C15H17N3O4, 304.13; found, 303.8; HRMS m/z [M – H]− calcd for C15H17N3O4, 304.1292; found, 304.1310.</p><!><p>Affinity measurements were performed using TBD (residues 319–425 of human CRBN) in a competitive assay based on microscale thermophoresis (MST), following the thermophoretic behavior of the reporter ligand BODIPY-uracil [40]. Dilution series of all compounds were generated in DMSO and subsequently diluted 1:100 in water to yield a final constant concentration of 0.5 % (v/v) DMSO. All experiments were performed as described previously [40], using a NanoTemper Monolith NT.115 with a Nano BLUE detector, MO.Control v1.6, MST power medium, temperature 25 °C, excitation power 20 %, on-time 20s. Data were analyzed using PRISM 8, and IC50 values converted to Ki values as described previously [40].</p><!><p>Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) were purchased from Lonza (Walkersville, MD), cultured in EGM-plus media (Lonza, Walkersville, MD) and only low passage cells (before passage 10) were used. To split, the cells were detached using TryplE Express (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA), spun at 1280 rpm, and resuspended in EGM-plus media. Cells were cultured in 5% CO2 and 95% air at 37 °C. HUVECs were authenticated by Lonza and included testing against mycoplasma, bacteria, yeast, and fungi.</p><!><p>The in vitro angiogenesis assay kit was purchased from EMD Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Briefly, ECMatrix (50μL/well) was plated to a 96-well plate and left to set for 30 minutes. HUVECs were plated atop the gel (35,000 cells/well) and treated with the vehicle control (0.5% DMSO), 30 μM CPS49 (positive control) or test compounds at a range of concentrations. Wells were imaged after 18 hours of incubation. Tubule formation was quantified using ImageJ. Experiments were independently repeated thrice (with n=3–6 for each experiment). Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism software (Version 7, GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). Statistical significance was assessed using two-tailed Students t-tests and error bars represent mean ± standard error of the mean.</p><!><p>The antiangiogenic effects of the test compounds were evaluated in the rat aortic ring angiogenesis model as previously described [13,14]. Briefly, 24-well tissue culture plates were covered with 250 μL of Matrigel (BD Biosciences) and allowed to set for 1 hour at room temperature. Six- to eight-week old male Sprague Dawley rats were euthanized and the descending aortas were dissected. Following excision of fibroadipose tissue, the aortic sections were cut into 1 mm cross-sections, placed on Matrigel-coated wells, and layered with additional Matrigel (250 μl). These were then allowed to set, after which the cross-sectional rings were covered with endothelial cell growth media (EGM-II, Lonza, Walkersville, MD) and incubated under 5 % CO2 at 37 ° C overnight. EGM-II consists of endothelial cell basal medium (EBM-II) and endothelial cell growth factors. The next day, media was replaced with EBM-II containing either the vehicle control (0.5% DMSO), known angiogenesis inhibitors as the positive controls (30 μM carboxyamidotriazole (CAI) or 50 μM TNP-470), or the test compounds at a range of concentrations. Rings were incubated for 4 days and then imaged on day 5 using an EVOS scope. This was independently replicated three times using aortas from 3–4 different rats. The area of angiogenic sprouting, reported in square pixels, was quantified using Adobe Photoshop. Data was presented as percent growth based on the negative control (vehicle), which was normalized to 100% growth. Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism software (Version 7, GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). Statistical significance was assessed using two-tailed Students t-tests and error bars represent mean ± standard error of the mean.</p><!><p>For a systematic analysis, we employed a set of compounds based on 2-phthalimidinoglutarimide (thalidomide, scaffold A) and 2-benzamidoglutarimide (Gu3408, scaffold B) (Figure 1). The latter represents a simplified form of CBG, which should be able to bind to CRBN via its glutarimide moiety [37]. In the variants Gu991 and Gu3407, which have a modified glutarimide moiety reminiscent of antiangiogenic compounds that we had characterized previously [13], CRBN binding should be abolished [20]. For all four compounds, we designed the counterparts Gu3041, Gu3364, Gu993 and Gu1032, which are tetrafluorinated in their phthalimide or benzoyl portion. This final set of eight compounds should allow us to study potential correlations between tetrafluorination, CRBN binding, and antiangiogenic properties of thalidomide analogs.</p><!><p>We have recently described an in-vitro CRBN binding assay based on microscale thermophoresis (MST) [40]. This assay follows the behavior of a fluorescent reporter ligand in a thermal gradient, which is largely different for the free reporter and the reporter bound to CRBN. In a titration experiment, the out-competition of the reporter by increasing concentrations of a test compound can be followed, which allows for the determination of affinity constants. Here, we used this assay to determine the affinities of the test compounds to the thalidomide binding domain (TBD) of human CRBN.</p><p>We had previously determined the affinity of thalidomide to the TBD, resulting in a Ki of 8.6 μM [40], and now derived a Ki of 63 μM for the CBG-based Gu3408. Interestingly, their tetrafluorinated counterparts Gu3041 and Gu3364 generally displayed improved affinities (6.1 and 30 μM, respectively); the compounds with modified glutarimide moieties (Gu991, Gu993, Gu1032 and Gu3407) did not show any binding independent of fluorination (Figure 1).</p><!><p>We investigated the antiangiogenic activity of the thalidomide analogs on endothelial cell tube formation. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) can form hollow tube-like structures when cultured upon biological gels, such as ECMatrix. The formation of the tubules can then be used as a simple in vitro measurement of angiogenesis, with the extent of inhibition corresponding to the antiangiogenic effects of the compounds.</p><p>We have previously optimized the lattice assay for screening the compound series and selected 10 μM as the initial screening dose to determine which compounds exhibit potent antiangiogenic activity prior to further concentration-range testing. All compounds were tested at this initial 10 μM dose along with the positive control CPS49 and thalidomide. Thalidomide at 100 μM did not demonstrate potent antiangiogenic activity, consistent with previous results which tested the concentration range of 12.5–100 μM and failed to significantly block tube formation [38,39]. The two compounds with tetrafluorinated phthalimide rings, Gu3041 and Gu993, were found to be the most potent and efficacious analogs. Compared with the vehicle control (0.5% DMSO), significant inhibitions of 83% and 88% were observed at 10 μM for Gu3041 and Gu993, respectively, comparable to CPS49 (89%). Gu991, Gu3408, Gu3364, Gu3407, and Gu1032 demonstrate no inhibition of tube formation at this initial screening dose. Compounds Gu991, Gu3408, Gu3364, Gu3407, and Gu1032 were further tested in the concentration range of 10–100 μM and found to also exhibit no significant inhibition of tube formation at any concentrations. Gu3041 and Gu993 were subsequently tested in the concentration range of 0.1–10 μM and reduced tube formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Results and representative tube images are shown in Figure 2.</p><!><p>All compounds were tested in the RAR model at the initial 50 μM screening dose (previously optimized for this series of compounds) and active compounds that demonstrated >50% inhibition were further tested in the concentration range of 5–100 μM. Microvessel outgrowth was not significantly blocked by thalidomide at 100 μM, consistent with previous results which tested the concentration range of 12.5–100 μM [14]. Positive controls TNP-470 (92%) or CAI (95%) markedly suppressed angiogenesis. Gu991 and Gu3364 demonstrated no significant inhibition of microvessel outgrowth at the initial screening dose, all other compounds reduced microvessel outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner. Results and representative images of aortic rings are illustrated in Figure 3.</p><!><p>Our experiments reveal different correlations between structural features and the activity of the compounds. With respect to CRBN binding, as expected, binding was only observed for the four compounds with an unmodified glutarimide moiety. Here, the affinities for the 2-phthalimidinoglutarimide scaffold (A) were generally higher than for the 2-benzamidoglutarimide scaffold (B), while fluorination yielded an increased affinity for both scaffolds.</p><p>These structure-activity relationships were not fully paralleled in the antiangiogenesis assays. Generally, the tube formation assay revealed clear correlations. Here, only fluorinated compounds based on the 2-phthalimidinoglutarimide scaffold showed significant efficacy, irrespective of modifications on the glutarimide moiety, while nonfluorinated compounds or compounds based on the 2-benzamidoglutarimide scaffold (B) did not. However, the RAR assay showed more ambiguous results. While this assay generally exhibits a higher complexity due to the involvement of multiple cell types, it reflects most key steps of angiogenesis in not pre-selected explants, closely mimicking a real-life microenvironment during substance testing. Here, tetrafluorination led to increased angiogenesis inhibition for test compounds of both scaffolds, with the exception of Gu3364. Notably, the CBG-inspired and tetrafluorinated compound Gu1032 showed comparable efficacy to the positive control TNP-470.</p><p>Taken together, these results describe controversary relationships. On one hand, both for the inhibition of tube formation and CRBN binding, tetrafluorination seems necessary or strongly preferred, and the 2-phthalimidinoglutarimide scaffold (A) appears more advantageous than the 2-benzamidoglutarimide scaffold (B). However, the tube formation assay seemed to be insensitive to modifications of the glutarimide moiety that abolish CRBN binding. Here, the efficacy of the CRBN binder Gu3041 was almost identical to that of the non-binder Gu993. These findings highlight that only a subset of immunomodulatory drugs possess antiangiogenic properties and suggest that these properties are not mediated via CRBN. While it seems conceivable that CRBN might play an auxiliary role in this process, the main target for the antiangiogenic properties of thalidomide analogs remains to be identified.</p>