Enhanced dielectricity coupled to spin-crossover in a one-dimensional polymer iron(<scp>ii</scp>) incorporating tetrathiafulvalene
In designing multifunctional materials for potential switches that can be used as memory devices, the highspin (HS) to low-spin (LS) crossover (SCO) one-dimensional polymer, [Fe II (L)(4,4 0 -bpy)] n , was constructed from a designed redox-active tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) functionalized Schiff-base and the ditopic linker 4,4 0 -bipyridine (bpy). It exhibits an 8 K hysteretic SCO centred at T 1/2 ¼ 325 K which is coupled to changes in its dielectric constant. The crystal structures above and below the transition temperature reveal similar parallel linear /Fe-bpy-Fe-bpy/ chains displaying expansion of the Fe II octahedron in the HS state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal a concerted electronic charge and spin change represented by the M ülliken charge of the Fe and the magnitude and direction of the dipole moment which substantiate the experimental observations.
Introduction<!>Experimental section<!>Synthesis of ligand<!>Results and discussion<!>and S5 †).<!>Conclusion<!>Funding sources<!>Conflicts of interest
<p>Since the rst observation of spin-crossover (SCO) in an Fe II compound was reported in 1964, 1 the phenomenon has fascinated both physicists and chemists alike. While its origin was readily identied, the effects of SCO on changes in volume, entropy, dielectricity and colour have driven an extensive line of research in view of possible fabrication of memory devices for applications. As the physical properties are being explained theoretically, chemists have been producing endless variations of materials with designable structures of all dimensionalities. In addition, other physical and chemical properties have been incorporated in view of developing multifunctional intelligent materials. 2 Up to now, a large number of complexes have been prepared from metal ions with d 4 -d 7 electronic congurations using a variety of ligands. 3 The most notable systems are those based on metals with the d 6 conguration, such as Fe II , that exhibit bi-stability around room temperature, where the transitions can be tuned by various external physical perturbations; these include temperature, pressure, light or X-ray irradiation, and intense magnetic elds, as well as chemical stimuli such as a change in the guest molecules or by their removal or inclusion. 2c-f,4 Signicant research efforts are focused on widening the hysteresis width around room temperature. 2b,5 From a chemistry perspective, the development of Fe II based SCO has evolved from complexes containing solely nitrogen donor ligands such as pyridine due to its moderate ligand eld, to those containing both nitrogen and oxygen donors, such as Schiff-base ligands. In this context, Kou et al. achieved multifunctional SCO in two Fe II -Schiff-base complexes which displayed SCO at ca. 300 K, which was controllable by dehydration-hydration. 6 Recently, Weber et</p><p>2À coordinating Schiff-base bearing a phenazine uorophore) possessing a 48 K wide hysteresis above 300 K, where the SCO could also be monitored by the ligand luminescence. 7 Thus, the idea of functionalizing a Schiff-base ligand with a probe segment is an effective strategy to develop switchable SCO materials. In this regard, a new approach is the development of a system incorporating a redox-active pendant to control the Fe II SCO transition. Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), a sulphur-rich conjugated molecule possessing two reversible and easily accessible oxidation states (i.e., radical TTFc + and diamagnetic TTF 2+ ), represents a potential molecule that can be appended to a Schiff-base. TTF is well known as an appealing electron donor, and exhibits rich redox chemistry that underpins its application in studies of electrochromic materials, electrocatalysis and photoconductive switches. 3f,8 Furthermore, complexes bearing TTF are highly capable of stacking into supramolecular structures and facilitating efficient pathways for charge transport due to p/p and S/S interactions. 9</p><p>In view of the fascinating structures that have been reported for TTF functionalized ligands, such as TTF- (1,2,3-triazole), tetra(4-pyridyl)-TTF, and tetra(4-benzoate)-TTF, in coordination compounds, 3f,8c,9b,10 we have appended TTF to a Schiff-base. By adding the redox activity of the TTF to the N 2 O 2 square planar unit of the Schiff-base, we propose the development of a new class of multifunctional SCO materials (Scheme 1). In this context, only one mononuclear Fe II ligated to a tetrathiafulvalene-functionalized dipyridophenazine has been reported to date. 11 Both thermal spin-crossover (ca. 143 K) and a wide hysteresis of 48 K were observed. Cyclic voltammetry in solution identied the two oxidation steps of the TTF. However, in the absence of structural analyses of the low-spin state and dielectric measurements, no further insights were gleaned into the coexisting redox and SCO properties. Herein, we report a new Fe II SCO 1D-polymer, [Fe II (L)(bpy)] n (1), with an additional bridging 4,4 0 -bpy. This new material is found to be an exemplary compound displaying a concerted tandem cooperation between the SCO and dielectricity. While the dielectric anomaly is oen explained by the contraction of the Fe octahedron from highspin (HS) to low-spin (LS), we propose a further reason for enhancing the effect which is driven by bending of the TTF moiety, altering the magnitude and direction of the dipole moment.</p><!><p>The methods used for elemental analyses, thermogravimetry, infrared spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction data collection and the structural analyses, magnetic, optical and electrical property determinations as well as the DFT calculations are detailed in the ESI † to avoid repetition from our previous works. The preparation of [Fe II L(bpy)] was realized in three steps as follows from H 2 L, [Fe II L(MeOH) 2 ], and [Fe II L(bpy)]. a N 2 glove box. Aer stirring overnight at 25 C, the resulting dark green solid of [Fe II L(MeOH) 2 ] was collected by ltration. Yield: 100 mg (65%, based on H 2 L). Anal. calc. for C 28 H 34 -FeN 2 O 8 S 6 : C 43.40, H 4.42, N 3.62, S 24.83%; found: C 43.16, H  4.18, N 3.49, S 24.53%. IR (KBr pellet, cm À1 ): 2975 (w), 1711 (s), 1628 (s), 1589 (m), 1427 (s), 1379 (m), 1261 (s), 1073 (s), 849 (w), 774 (w).</p><!><p>Synthesis of [Fe II L(bpy)] n (1)   [Fe II L(MeOH) 2 ] (50 mg, 65 mmol) and bpy (11 mg, 70 mmol)</p><!><p>Due to the very rapid loss of solvent of crystallization all reported measurements (including magnetic susceptibility, differential scanning calorimetry, dielectric permittivity, solidstate cyclic voltammetry, and electrical conductivity), except that for single-crystal diffraction at 123 K, were performed on fully desolvated samples.</p><p>At 123 K, the triclinic P-1 unit-cell of 1 contains one Fe, one TTF-Schiff-base and one bpy (Table 1). The Fe II (Fe1) adopts a distorted octahedron where two nitrogen atoms (N1 and N2) and two oxygen atoms (O1 and O2) from the TTF-Schiff-base form the basal plane, and two nitrogen atoms from the bridging bpy (N3 and N4) occupy the apical positions. The sum of angles between the basal atoms is 360 , suggesting that the atoms Fe1, O1, O2, N1, and N2 share the same plane. The axial N3-Fe1-N4 angle of 175.4 indicates that the Fe1, N3, and N4 are nearly in a line. Each bpy bridges two Fe II to construct linear 1D /Fe-bpy-Fe-bpy/ chains, and short S/S contacts between the TTF moieties of adjacent parallel chains, leading to ladders (Fig. 1 and S1 †). Intermolecular interactions (C2/O1) result in a two-dimensional (2D) network. The average Fe1-N and Fe1-N bpy bond lengths are 1.982 and 2.100 Å, respectively, and lie within the range reported for low-spin Fe II (Fe1) compounds. 3c,12 Upon heating to 350 K, the key structural features measured at 123 K remain, but the Fe II (Fe1) forms longer bonds (average Fe1-N of 2.079 Å, Fe1-N bpy of 2.197 Å, and Fe1-O of 1.994 Å), characteristic of reported compounds in the HS state. 7,12,13 The in-chain Fe/Fe separations are 11.34 Å (123 K) and 11.36 Å (350 K). In addition to the expansion of the Fe II (Fe1) coordination sphere, the angles in the LS state tend to increase upon changing to HS. The angles O1-Fe1-O2 ¼ 99.1 and average N1-Fe1-N2 ¼ 82.2 at 123 K, become 110.1 and 79.7 at 350 K. Selected bond lengths and angles are listed in Table S1. †</p><p>The most striking difference between the LS and HS structures is the change of the TTF from planarity at 123 K to a puckered shape at 350 K (Table 2). The dihedral angle between the two pseudo-planar 5-membered rings about the central C]C bond is 18.2 (LS) and 34.7 (HS), respectively. These changes suggest that thermal vibrations may cause conguration distortion. The severe distortion is accompanied by a considerable change in orientation as demonstrated by the S/S contacts of 3.80 Å at 123 K (LS state) to 3.57 Å at 350 K (HS</p><p>state). By centring the Fe and aligning the Fe-N bpy bond in a superposition picture of the two structures (Fig. 2), several major structural changes in the pendant fragments of the Schiff-base are evident, as well as the rotation of the pyridine of the bpy. The magnetic susceptibility was measured between 2 and 400 K on cooling and warming in a 1 kOe eld using a SQUID magnetometer (Fig. S2 †). The c M Τ value is 3.35 cm 3 K mol À1 at 400 K, which is consistent with that expected for HS Fe II . 7,12c On cooling, c M Τ decreases slowly to 2.90 cm 3 K mol À1 until 330 K.</p><p>Upon further lowering the temperature, a sharp drop to 0.48 cm 3 K mol À1 at 310 K is observed, indicating that a major fraction of the Fe II centres are now in a LS state. 7,12c Below 300 K, c M Τ is almost constant at 0.24 cm 3 K mol À1 . Upon warming, it follows a similar trend but with a hysteresis of 8.1 K around the SCO transition (326.6 K for cooling and 334.7 K for warming, Fig. 3). At 300 and 90 K the EPR spectra are silent eliminating the possibility of the formation of a radical TTF (Fig. S3 †).</p><p>Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements (Fig. 3 and S4 †) were performed at different cooling and warming rates of 15, 10 and 5 K min À1 . The results show an endothermic change at 331.3 K on cooling and an exothermic one at 324.9 K on warming, corresponding to the SCO transition and matching the magnetization data. The integrated enthalpy and entropy values are DH ¼ 6.78 kJ mol À1 and DS ¼ 20.9 J mol À1 K À1 for the HS to LS transition, and DH ¼ 6.07 kJ mol À1 and DS ¼ 18.3 J mol À1 K À1 for the LS to HS transition, which are consistent with those reported in the literature. 3c,12c,14 The variation of the complex dielectric permittivity (3 ¼ 3 0 À i3 00 ) was measured on two different samples by cycling the temperature (20 K min À1 ) from 290 to 363 K at different frequencies of 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 100, and 1000 kHz (Fig. 3</p><!><p>There were anomalies discernible. Between 310 and 350 K there is a hysteresis accompanying the SCO transition. While the   value of the real part (3 0 ) is low at 350 K and high at 310 K for all frequencies, that of the imaginary part goes from high to low at 500 Hz and gradually reverses from low to high between 1 and 5 kHz. The hysteresis width is independent of the frequency. The hysteresis in the real part goes from high in the HS state to low in the LS state. The maximum value of 3 0 is ca. 14 for the frequency of 500 Hz, and this dielectric constant value is higher than that for most of the investigated SCO materials (Table S2 †). 14c,15 Both the reversed hysteresis and the enhancement are in contrast to what have been observed previously for compounds without the redox-active ligand. The presence of these two anomalies are considered to be driven by two concomitant effects, namely, the size change and bending of TTF.</p><p>The transition temperatures (T 1/2 Y and T 1/2 [), as well as the width of the thermal hysteresis (DT), and the change in 3 0 during the SCO transition (D3 0 ¼ 3 0 HS À 3 0 LS ) are also in agreement with the DSC and magnetization data (Fig. 3). 16 Upon HS 4 LS spin crossover, the variation in dielectric constant originates from the size of the breathing of the Fe octahedron and in the present case, additionally to the bending of the TTF during the SCO transition. 17,18 The electrochemical properties of 1 as a solid material were investigated to gain insight into the prospects for redox modulation of the components. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements in 0.1 M [(n-Bu) 4 N]PF 6 in CH 3 CN supporting electrolyte (Fig. S6 †) revealed a 1e À oxidation for TTF to TTFc + at 0.11 V followed by a multi-electron wave at $0.5 V. The latter occurs at a voltage consistent with oxidation of TTFc + to TTF 2+ . 11,19 At more anodic potentials, multiple irreversible processes were observed in the CV; the origin of these processes is tentatively ascribed to oxidation of the organic moieties of L. A contribution from the Fe II/III couple was discounted, as a related Schiff-base iron ligand has previously been shown to have a quasi-reversible Fe II/III couple at potentials below À1 V (vs. Fc/Fc + ). 20 As the potential was swept back to 0 V, the reverse processes were suggestive of reduction, however they were clearly irreversible. The second cycle of the CV experiment showed only two reversible 1e À oxidation steps for the TTF to its TTFc + and TTF 2+ forms. These observations are tentatively attributed to decomposition and dissolution of the material at a voltage above 0.5 V, such that only solution-based processes for the electrochemically active TTF constituents are observed. Indeed, subsequent runs show progressive diminishing intensity of the waves until the CV becomes largely featureless.</p><p>The electrical conductivity was measured between 300 and 350 K on warming in a Quantum Design SQUID physical property measurement system (PPMS) at the rate of 1 K min À1 (Fig. S7 †). The electrical conductivity of 1 is 1.42 Â 10 À8 S cm À1 at 300 K and decreases gradually upon warming to a minimum of 8.07 Â 10 À9 S cm À1 at 327 K. Upon further warming, it increases over two orders of magnitude to 3.39 Â 10 À7 S cm À1 at 350 K. Indeed, an anomaly in the conductivity is observed around 330 K, which is close to the SCO found in the magnetic susceptibility data (Fig. S7 †). In the absence of innite stacking of the TTF in the structure, and the presence of integral charges without any mixed valency of the TTF or Fe, the crystals are insulating as observed. Thus, although the crystals are expected to be wide-band gap semiconductors, they show a maximum in electrical conductivity coinciding with the SCO transition.</p><p>Electric polarization arises from the polar displacement of anions and cations, lattice distortions, or metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT). 21 Intramolecular charge transfer induces a signicant change in the electronic transition within the molecule and in the magnetic properties. [22][23][24] Therefore, charge transfer involving a change in polarization can be clearly detected by changes in the dielectric properties and magnetization measurements. To understand the origin of the dielectric anomalies, we performed DFT calculations on two phases (Table 3). At the b3lyp/6-31G** level of theory, the calculated spin densities of the Fe II centres are 3.66 for the quintet spin state and 0.00 for the singlet spin state (Table 3). The range of spin densities induced a change in the electric dipole moment from 4.37 D for the quintet spin state to 9.51 D for the singlet spin state, suggesting polarity conversion during thermally induced charge transfer. The results are quite clear about an SCO transition with spindensities of 3.7 at 350 K and 0 at 123 K. In addition, the relative reduction of Mülliken charge on the Fe centre of 25% substantiates some form of reorganisation. The increase of 19% in the dipole moment from HS to LS and the change in vector direction are the likely causes for the dielectric enhancement observed.</p><!><p>In summary, by combining the redox-active TTF moiety which exhibits a relatively low redox potential, into a Schiff-base with a N 2 O 2 square coordination, a one-dimensional Fe II polymer was developed exhibiting unexpected coupling between spincrossover and dielectricity enhancement. The reversible volume change of the Fe II octahedron and bending of the TTF are coupled with the SCO. In light of the change in the TTF planarity with the oxidation state, we propose that it is potentially a concerted charge sharing between TTF and Fe centres. These results represent a new strategy towards the development of multifunctional molecular materials and provide impetus in the search for ferroelectricity coupled to spin-crossover.</p><!><p>The authors declare no competing nancial interests.</p><!><p>There are no conicts to declare.</p>