Synthesis of ferrocenyl-substituted 1,3-dithiolanes via [3 + 2]-cycloadditions of ferrocenyl hetaryl thioketones with thiocarbonyl <i>S</i>-methanides
Ferrocenyl hetaryl thioketones react smoothly with in situ generated thiocarbonyl S-methanides to give 1,3-dithiolanes. In the case of aromatic S-methanides, the sterically more crowded 4,4,5,5-tetrasubstituted 1,3-dithiolanes (2-CH 2 isomers) were formed as sole products. The reactions with cycloaliphatic S-methanides led to mixtures of 2-CH 2 and 5-CH 2 isomers with the major component being the sterically more crowded 2-CH 2 isomers. The preferred formation of the latter products is explained by the assumption that the formal [3 + 2]-cycloadducts were formed via a stepwise reaction mechanism with a stabilized 1,5-diradical as a key intermediate. The complete change of the reaction mechanism toward the concerted [3 + 2]-cycloaddition was observed in the reaction of a sterically crowded cycloaliphatic thiocarbonyl ylide with ferrocenyl methyl thioketone.
Introduction<!>Results and Discussion<!>Conclusion<!>Experimental
<p>In a recent publication, a straightforward method for the synthesis of hitherto little known ferrocenyl aryl/hetaryl thioketones of type 1 via a standard procedure by treatment of the corresponding ferrocenyl ketones with Lawesson reagent was described [1]. The latter substrates were prepared efficiently via acylation of ferrocene with in situ generated mixed anhydrides containing a trifluoroacetyl unit or, alternatively, by ferrocenylation of furan, thiophene or selenophene with mixed trifluoroacetyl anhydride. The obtained ferrocenyl thioketones are remarkably stable in comparison with their aromatic analogues. Thus, the convenient access to thioketones 1 permitted their exploration for the synthesis of diverse sulfur heterocycles based on the reactivity of compounds containing a C=S group, known as 'superdipolarophiles' [2] or 'superdienophiles' [3].</p><p>The reactive thiocarbonyl S-methanides of type 2 can conveniently be generated by thermal elimination of N 2 from 1,3,4thiadiazoles 3 at ca. −45 °C in the case of 2,2-diaryl derivatives 3a,b or upon gentle heating of cycloaliphatic precursors 3c,d in THF solution to ca. +45 °C [4,5]. The [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of Scheme 1: Reactions of aromatic thiocarbonyl S-methanides 2a,b with ferrocenyl thioketones 1 (Table 1).</p><p>dipoles 2 with thioketones is well known as an excellent method for the construction of tetrasubstituted 1,3-dithiolanes [5]. A remarkable feature of these reactions is the regioselectivity. Whereas aromatic S-methanides react to give the sterically crowded 4,4,5,5-tetrasubstituted 1,3-dithiolanes [6,7], cycloaliphatic S-methanides tend to form mixtures of both regioisomeric cycloadducts with the major component being the sterically more crowded isomer [7,8]. In a recent study, we proposed a diradical mechanism for the [3 + 2]-cycloadditions of thiocarbonyl S-methanides with aromatic and heteroaromatic thioketones [7,9]. Furthermore, the analogous reaction mechanism was postulated to explain the results obtained with thiocarbonyl S-ethanides, S-isopropanides, and S-(trimethylsilyl)methanides [10].</p><p>Ferrocenyl thioketones have never been exploited in reactions with thiocarbonyl S-methanides. On the other hand, ferrocenylsubstituted 1,3-dithiolanes can be of interest for materials chemistry and for electrochemical studies [11]. The goal of the present study was to examine reactions of selected ferrocenyl hetaryl thioketones 1 with aromatic and cycloaliphatic thiocarbonyl S-methanides 2. Preliminary results of this study have been presented at the IRIS-14 th conference as a poster communication (see [12]).</p><!><p>The precursors of aromatic S-methanides 2a,b, i.e., 1,3,4-thiadiazolines 3a,b, were prepared from thiobenzophenone (4a) and thiofluorenone (4b), respectively, and diazomethane at -60 °C in THF solution [6] (Scheme 1). After addition of an equimolar amount of a ferrocenyl hetaryl thioketone 1, the reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature. The crude mixture was examined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy, and in all cases only one single product 5 was detected (Table 1).</p><p>For example, 1,3-dithiolane 5a showed a characteristic AB-system for the CH 2 group and only one singlet for five equivalent CH groups of the unsubstituted cyclopentadiene unit of the ferrocenyl skeleton. On the other hand, the 13 C NMR spectrum of the isolated sample 5a revealed the signal of the CH 2 group at 30.8 ppm, typical for 4,4,5,5-tetrasubstituted 1,3dithiolanes (2-CH 2 type [13]). Analogously, single 1,3-dithiolanes 5b-f were obtained, and the 13 C NMR spectra showed the CH 2 absorption in the same region (27.3-33.0 ppm). Also in the case of 1,3-dithiolane 5g, bearing a phenyl group, the absorption of the CH 2 group was found at 31.2 ppm.</p><p>The structures of the ferrocenyl-substituted 1,3-dithiolanes 5b, 5e, 5f, and 5g have been established unambiguously by X-ray crystallography (see Figure 1 for 5b and 5f). The space group of 5b is non-centrosymmetric with a polar axis, but achiral. Refinement of the absolute structure parameter [14,15] yielded a value of 0.13 (1), which indicates that the crystal is a partial inversion twin with a major twin fraction of 0.87 (1). In the cases of 5e and 5f, the thiophene and selenophene rings are disordered over two orientations related by a 180° flip of the ring about its bonding axis, with the major conformation present in 88% and 91% of the molecules, respectively.</p><p>In similar experiments, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-thioxocyclobutanone S-methanide (2c) and adamantanethione S-methanide (2d), respectively, were generated in situ at 45 °C from the corresponding precursors 3c,d. In the presence of an equimolar amount of 1a-c, they were trapped to give mixtures of two regioisomeric 1,3-dithiolanes 5 and 6 (Scheme 2). In all cases, the 1 H NMR analysis of the crude mixtures indicated that the major products obtained in these reactions were the sterically more crowded 1,3-dithiolanes 5. After separation of the products, the 13 C NMR spectra of the major isomers showed the signal for H 2 C(2) in the typical region (25.7-28.9 ppm). The minor products were identified on the basis of the 13 C NMR spectra of the crude mixtures. In this series, the characteristic signals of H 2 C(5) appeared at 49.3-53.9 ppm, in agreement with literature data [13].</p><p>In an extension of the study with ferrocenyl hetaryl thioketones 1, an experiment with ferrocenyl methyl thioketone (1e) and thiocabonyl S-methanide 2c was performed under typical condi-   Scheme 2: Reactions of cycloaliphatic thiocarbonyl S-methanides with ferrocenyl hetaryl thioketones 1 (Table 1).</p><p>tions (THF, 45 °C). Unexpectedly, in this case, the 1 H NMR spectrum of the crude product revealed the presence of only one 1,3-dithiolane, i.e., only one set of five methyl signals at 1.36, 1.38, 1.41, 1.42, and 1.97 ppm was present. The AB-system of the CH 2 group appeared at 2.97 and 3.25 ppm with J = 12.0 Hz. After chromatographic purification, the 13 C NMR spectrum confirmed the 5-CH 2 -type of the 1,3-dithiolane 6m, as the corresponding CH 2 absorption was found at 52.5 ppm (Scheme 3). Based on our earlier interpretation of the reaction mechanism leading to 1,3-dithiolanes via [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of thiocarbonyl S-methanides with aryl and hetaryl thioketones, we propose that the reactions with ferrocenyl thioketones 1 occur predominantly via an intermediate 1,5-diradical. The formation of the sterically more crowded 1,3-dithiolanes 5a-g confirms that the stabilized 1,5-diradicals of type 7 (Scheme 4) are keyintermediates in the reaction. On the other hand, the formation of 1,3-dithiolanes of type 5 in reactions with cycloaliphatic thiocarbonyl S-methanides competes with the concerted [3 + 2]-cycloaddition leading to the sterically less crowded 1,3dithiolanes 6 (Scheme 2). These results demonstrate that the ferrocenyl moiety shows a comparable effect to that found for aryl and hetaryl groups. This interpretation of the reaction mechanism got additional support from the reaction of 1e with 3c. Apparently, the replacement of a radical-stabilizing aryl or hetaryl group by a methyl substituent results in the preferred concerted [3 + 2]-cycloaddition. It is well known that this mechanism, controlled by frontier-orbital (FMO) interactions, is strongly influenced by steric effects in the case of C=S dipolarophiles [8,17].</p><!><p>The presented study indicated that ferrocenyl thioketones show an enhanced stability in comparison with aromatic thioketones. Therefore, they are considered as promising substrates for the synthesis of more complex sulfur-containing compounds. The reactions with electron-rich thiocarbonyl S-methanides occur smoothly to give 1,3-dithiolanes as products of formal [3 + 2]-cycloadditions. The high reactivity of ferrocenyl thioketones is demonstrated by the fact that no products of competitive reactions, such as dimerization of the intermediate 1,3dipole or 1,3-dipolar electrocyclizations, were observed. Based on these observations one can expect that ferrocenyl thioketones may also be used as prone dipolarophiles in reactions with other dipoles. Similarly, they are expected to display a high dienophilicity.</p><p>The results obtained with thiocarbonyl S-methanides, i.e., the preferred formation of the sterically more crowded 4,4,5,5-tetrasubstituted 1,3-dithiolanes, supports the proposed stepwise radical reaction mechanism via a stabilized 1,5-diradical as an intermediate. Finally, in the case of ferrocenyl methyl thioke-tone used as a dipolarophile, the concerted [3 + 2]-cycloaddition dominated due to the reduced stabilizing effect of the methyl group compared with that of a hetaryl substituent.</p><!><p>General information: All solvents were dried over appropriate drying agents and distilled before use. Melting points were determined in a capillary using a Stewart ® SMP30 apparatus. The IR spectra (KBr pellets) were recorded on a Nexus FTIR spectrometer. The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were measured on a Bruker Avance III (600 and 150 MHz, respectively) instrument in CDCl 3 , using the solvent signal as reference. ESIMS were recorded on a Varian 500-MS IT Mass Spectrometer. The elemental analyses were performed on a Vario Micro Cube apparatus. Flash chromatography was carried out using Silica gel 60 (Sigma-Aldrich, 230-400 mesh). The notation Fc in this study represents ferrocenyl. Applied reagents such as ferrocenyl-substituted thioketones (1) [1], thiobenzophenone (4a) [18], and thiofluorenone (4b) [19] were prepared using known procedures. 1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-8-thia-5,6-diazaspiro [3.4]oct-5-en-2-one (3c) [20] and spiro[1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(5H),2'tricyclo[3.3.1.1 3,7 ]decane] (3d) [21] were obtained by known methods according to the literature protocols. Diazomethane was prepared in a 5 mmol scale either from N-nitroso-Nmethylurea or from N-nitrosotoluene-4-sulfonylmethylamide by treatment with aqueous KOH solution in a two-phase system with diethyl ether at room temperature. After separation of the ethereal phase it was dried over KOH pellets and used for further experiments with no distillation. Other reagents used in the present study were commercially available.</p><p>Preparation of diaryl-substituted 1,3-dithiolanes (5a-g) -General procedure: A solution of thioketone 4a or 4b (1 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was cooled to -75 °C (acetone/dry ice). Then, the mixture was treated with small portions of ethereal diazomethane solution, until the disappearance of the characteristic color of the thioketone (4a,b). Excess of diazomethane was removed under reduced pressure at −75 °C. Then, a solution of ferrocenyl hetaryl thioketone 1 (1 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added to the mixture, which was allowed to warm slowly to rt. Next, the solvent was evaporated, and the crude products were purified by crystallization (hexane/CH 2 Cl 2 ).</p><p>Preparation of cycloaliphatic-substituted 1,3-dithiolanes (5h-l, 6h-m) -General procedure: To a solution of the corresponding ferrocenyl-substituted thioketone 1 (1 mmol) in THF (4 mL), 1,3,4-thiadiazoline 3c or 3d (1 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated at 45 °C until the evolution of N 2 ceased. Then, the solvent was evaporated and the crude products were purified by CC (SiO 2 , hexane/ethyl acetate 95:5). The major product was isolated using diethyl ether (precipitation).</p>