#
GPT-NeoX

##
Overview

We introduce GPT-NeoX-20B, a 20 billion parameter autoregressive language model trained on the Pile, whose weights will be made freely and openly available to the public through a permissive license. It is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest dense autoregressive model that has publicly available weights at the time of submission. In this work, we describe GPT-NeoX-20B’s architecture and training and evaluate its performance on a range of language-understanding, mathematics, and knowledge-based tasks. We find that GPT-NeoX-20B is a particularly powerful few-shot reasoner and gains far more in performance when evaluated five-shot than similarly sized GPT-3 and FairSeq models. We open-source the training and evaluation code, as well as the model weights, at https://github.com/EleutherAI/gpt-neox.

Development of the model was led by Sid Black, Stella Biderman and Eric Hallahan, and the model was trained with generous the support of CoreWeave.

GPT-NeoX-20B was trained with fp16, thus it is recommended to initialize the model as follows:

    model = GPTNeoXForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b").half().cuda()

GPT-NeoX-20B also has a different tokenizer from the one used in GPT-J-6B and GPT-Neo. The new tokenizer allocates additional tokens to whitespace characters, making the model more suitable for certain tasks like code generation.

##
Usage example

The `generate()` method can be used to generate text using GPT Neo model.

    >>> from transformers import GPTNeoXForCausalLM, GPTNeoXTokenizerFast

    >>> model = GPTNeoXForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b")
    >>> tokenizer = GPTNeoXTokenizerFast.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b")

    >>> prompt = "GPTNeoX20B is a 20B-parameter autoregressive Transformer model developed by EleutherAI."

    >>> input_ids = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").input_ids

    >>> gen_tokens = model.generate(
    ...     input_ids,
    ...     do_sample=True,
    ...     temperature=0.9,
    ...     max_length=100,
    ... )
    >>> gen_text = tokenizer.batch_decode(gen_tokens)[0]

##
Using Flash Attention 2

Flash Attention 2 is an faster, optimized version of the model.

###
Installation

First, check whether your hardware is compatible with Flash Attention 2. The latest list of compatible hardware can be found in the official documentation. If your hardware is not compatible with Flash Attention 2, you can still benefit from attention kernel optimisations through Better Transformer support covered above.

Next, install the latest version of Flash Attention 2:

    pip install -U flash-attn --no-build-isolation

###
Usage

To load a model using Flash Attention 2, we can pass the argument `attn_implementation="flash_attention_2"` to `.from_pretrained`. We’ll also load the model in half-precision (e.g. `torch.float16`), since it results in almost no degradation to audio quality but significantly lower memory usage and faster inference:

    >>> from transformers import GPTNeoXForCausalLM, GPTNeoXTokenizerFast

    model = GPTNeoXForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b", torch_dtype=torch.float16, attn_implementation="flash_attention_2").to(device)
    ...

###
Expected speedups

Below is an expected speedup diagram that compares pure inference time between the native implementation in transformers using `stockmark/gpt-neox-japanese-1.4b` checkpoint and the Flash Attention 2 version of the model using a sequence length of 2048.

##
Using Scaled Dot Product Attention (SDPA)

PyTorch includes a native scaled dot-product attention (SDPA) operator as part of `torch.nn.functional`. This function encompasses several implementations that can be applied depending on the inputs and the hardware in use. See the official documentation or the GPU Inference page for more information.

SDPA is used by default for `torch>=2.1.1` when an implementation is available, but you may also set `attn_implementation="sdpa"` in `from_pretrained()` to explicitly request SDPA to be used.

    from transformers import GPTNeoXForCausalLM
    model = GPTNeoXForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b", torch_dtype=torch.float16, attn_implementation="sdpa")
    ...

For the best speedups, we recommend loading the model in half-precision (e.g. `torch.float16` or `torch.bfloat16`).

On a local benchmark (rtx3080ti-16GB, PyTorch 2.2.1, OS Ubuntu 22.04) using `float16` with pythia-410m-deduped, we saw the following speedups during training and inference.

###
Training

Batch size | Seq len | Time per batch (Eager - s) | Time per batch (SDPA - s) | Speedup (%) | Eager peak mem (MB) | SDPA peak mem (MB) | Mem saving (%)
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | 128 | 0.024 | 0.019 | 28.945 | 1789.95 | 1789.95 | 0
1 | 256 | 0.039 | 0.031 | 23.18 | 1845.83 | 1844.84 | 0.053
1 | 512 | 0.08 | 0.055 | 45.524 | 2278.38 | 1953.76 | 16.615
1 | 1024 | 0.19 | 0.102 | 86.777 | 4772.36 | 2408.35 | 98.159
1 | 2048 | 0.565 | 0.204 | 177.098 | 13484.1 | 3882.01 | 247.348
2 | 128 | 0.037 | 0.032 | 15.121 | 1843.86 | 1844.78 | -0.05
2 | 256 | 0.067 | 0.055 | 21.706 | 1999.72 | 1951.67 | 2.462
2 | 512 | 0.144 | 0.096 | 50.046 | 3613.16 | 2406.77 | 50.125
2 | 1024 | 0.366 | 0.193 | 89.666 | 8707.55 | 3878.86 | 124.487
2 | 2048 | OOM | 0.379 | / | OOM | 6825.13 | SDPA does not OOM
4 | 128 | 0.06 | 0.054 | 11.539 | 1947.6 | 1952.06 | -0.228
4 | 256 | 0.119 | 0.093 | 28.072 | 3008.39 | 2405.99 | 25.038
4 | 512 | 0.275 | 0.187 | 47.145 | 6290.58 | 3877.29 | 62.242
4 | 1024 | OOM | 0.36 | / | OOM | 6821.98 | SDPA does not OOM
4 | 2048 | OOM | 0.731 | / | OOM | 12705.1 | SDPA does not OOM

###
Inference

Batch size | Seq len | Per token latency Eager (ms) | Per token latency SDPA (ms) | Speedup (%) | Mem Eager (MB) | Mem SDPA (MB) | Mem saved (%)
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | 128 | 6.569 | 5.858 | 12.14 | 974.831 | 974.826 | 0
1 | 256 | 7.009 | 5.863 | 19.542 | 1029.01 | 1028.08 | 0.09
1 | 512 | 7.157 | 5.965 | 19.983 | 1137.54 | 1137.52 | 0.001
1 | 1024 | 7.523 | 6.506 | 15.637 | 1329.3 | 1329.26 | 0.003
1 | 2048 | 9.271 | 9.205 | 0.713 | 1752.47 | 1734.51 | 1.036
2 | 128 | 7.239 | 5.959 | 21.493 | 1044.8 | 1028.37 | 1.597
2 | 256 | 7.228 | 6.036 | 19.757 | 1167.32 | 1137.73 | 2.601
2 | 512 | 7.538 | 6.693 | 12.628 | 1352.93 | 1329.55 | 1.758
2 | 1024 | 8.916 | 8.632 | 3.291 | 1752.56 | 1734.62 | 1.034
2 | 2048 | 12.628 | 12.606 | 0.181 | 2558.72 | 2545.8 | 0.508
4 | 128 | 7.278 | 6.046 | 20.373 | 1168.41 | 1137.79 | 2.691
4 | 256 | 7.614 | 6.588 | 15.574 | 1353.1 | 1329.79 | 1.753
4 | 512 | 8.798 | 8.144 | 8.028 | 1752.76 | 1734.85 | 1.032
4 | 1024 | 11.765 | 11.303 | 4.09 | 2558.96 | 2546.04 | 0.508
4 | 2048 | 19.568 | 17.735 | 10.33 | 4175.5 | 4165.26 | 0.246

##
Resources

- Causal language modeling task guide

##
GPTNeoXConfig

###
class transformers.GPTNeoXConfig

< source >

( vocab_size = 50432 hidden_size = 6144 num_hidden_layers = 44 num_attention_heads = 64 intermediate_size = 24576 hidden_act = 'gelu' rotary_pct = 0.25 rotary_emb_base = 10000 attention_dropout = 0.0 hidden_dropout = 0.0 classifier_dropout = 0.1 max_position_embeddings = 2048 initializer_range = 0.02 layer_norm_eps = 1e-05 use_cache = True bos_token_id = 0 eos_token_id = 2 tie_word_embeddings = False use_parallel_residual = True rope_scaling = None attention_bias = True **kwargs )

Parameters

- vocab_size (`int`, optional, defaults to 50432) — Vocabulary size of the GPTNeoX model. Defines the number of different tokens that can be represented by the `inputs_ids` passed when calling GPTNeoXModel.
- hidden_size (`int`, optional, defaults to 6144) — Dimension of the encoder layers and the pooler layer.
- num_hidden_layers (`int`, optional, defaults to 44) — Number of hidden layers in the Transformer encoder.
- num_attention_heads (`int`, optional, defaults to 64) — Number of attention heads for each attention layer in the Transformer encoder.
- intermediate_size (`int`, optional, defaults to 24576) — Dimension of the “intermediate” (i.e., feed-forward) layer in the Transformer encoder.
- hidden_act (`str` or `function`, optional, defaults to `"gelu"`) — The non-linear activation function (function or string) in the encoder and pooler. If string, `"gelu"`, `"relu"`, `"selu"` and `"gelu_new"` are supported.
- rotary_pct (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.25) — percentage of hidden dimensions to allocate to rotary embeddings
- rotary_emb_base (`int`, optional, defaults to 10000) — base for computing rotary embeddings frequency
- attention_dropout (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.0) — The dropout ratio probability of the attention score.
- hidden_dropout (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.0) — The dropout ratio of (1) the word embeddings, (2) the post-attention hidden states, and (3) the post-mlp hidden states.
- classifier_dropout (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.1) — Argument used when doing token classification, used in the model GPTNeoXForTokenClassification.

  The dropout ratio for the hidden layer.

- max_position_embeddings (`int`, optional, defaults to 2048) — The maximum sequence length that this model might ever be used with. Typically set this to something large just in case (e.g., 512 or 1024 or 2048).
- initializer_range (`float`, optional, defaults to 1e-5) — The standard deviation of the truncated_normal_initializer for initializing all weight matrices.
- layer_norm_eps (`float`, optional, defaults to 1e-12) — The epsilon used by the layer normalization layers.
- use_cache (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether or not the model should return the last key/values attentions (not used by all models). Only relevant if `config.is_decoder=True`.
- use_parallel_residual (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether to use a “parallel” formulation in each Transformer layer, which can provide a slight training speedup at large scales (e.g. 20B).
- rope_scaling (`Dict`, optional) — Dictionary containing the scaling configuration for the RoPE embeddings. Currently supports two scaling strategies: linear and dynamic. Their scaling factor must be a float greater than 1. The expected format is `{"type": strategy name, "factor": scaling factor}`. When using this flag, don’t update `max_position_embeddings` to the expected new maximum. See the following thread for more information on how these scaling strategies behave: https://www.reddit.com/r/LocalLLaMA/comments/14mrgpr/dynamically_scaled_rope_further_increases/. This is an experimental feature, subject to breaking API changes in future versions.
- attention_bias (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether to use a bias in the query, key, value and output projection layers during self-attention.

  Example —

This is the configuration class to store the configuration of a GPTNeoXModel. It is used to instantiate an GPTNeoX model according to the specified arguments, defining the model architecture. Instantiating a configuration with the defaults will yield a similar configuration to that of the GPTNeoX EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b architecture.

Configuration objects inherit from PretrainedConfig and can be used to control the model outputs. Read the documentation from PretrainedConfig for more information.

    >>> from transformers import GPTNeoXConfig, GPTNeoXModel

    >>> # Initializing a GPTNeoX gpt-neox-20b style configuration
    >>> configuration = GPTNeoXConfig()

    >>> # Initializing a model (with random weights) from the gpt-neox-20b style configuration
    >>> model = GPTNeoXModel(configuration)
    >>> # Accessing the model configuration
    >>> configuration = model.config

##
GPTNeoXTokenizerFast

###
class transformers.GPTNeoXTokenizerFast

< source >

( vocab_file = None merges_file = None tokenizer_file = None unk_token = '<|endoftext|>' bos_token = '<|endoftext|>' eos_token = '<|endoftext|>' pad_token = None add_bos_token = False add_eos_token = False add_prefix_space = False **kwargs )

Parameters

- vocab_file (`str`) — Path to the vocabulary file.
- merges_file (`str`) — Path to the merges file.
- errors (`str`, optional, defaults to `"replace"`) — Paradigm to follow when decoding bytes to UTF-8. See bytes.decode for more information.
- unk_token (`str`, optional, defaults to `<|endoftext|>`) — The unknown token. A token that is not in the vocabulary cannot be converted to an ID and is set to be this token instead.
- bos_token (`str`, optional, defaults to `<|endoftext|>`) — The beginning of sequence token.
- eos_token (`str`, optional, defaults to `<|endoftext|>`) — The end of sequence token.
- pad_token (`str`, optional) — Token for padding a sequence.
- add_prefix_space (`bool`, optional, defaults to `False`) — Whether or not to add an initial space to the input. This allows to treat the leading word just as any other word. (GPTNeoX tokenizer detect beginning of words by the preceding space).
- add_bos_token (`bool`, optional, defaults to `False`) — Whether or not to add a `bos_token` at the start of sequences.
- add_eos_token (`bool`, optional, defaults to `False`) — Whether or not to add an `eos_token` at the end of sequences.
- trim_offsets (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether or not the post-processing step should trim offsets to avoid including whitespaces.

Construct a “fast” GPT-NeoX-20B tokenizer (backed by HuggingFace’s tokenizers library). Based on byte-level Byte-Pair-Encoding.

This tokenizer has been trained to treat spaces like parts of the tokens (a bit like sentencepiece) so a word will

be encoded differently whether it is at the beginning of the sentence (without space) or not:

    >>> from transformers import GPTNeoXTokenizerFast

    >>> tokenizer = GPTNeoXTokenizerFast.from_pretrained("openai-community/gpt2")
    >>> tokenizer("Hello world")["input_ids"]
    [15496, 995]

    >>> tokenizer(" Hello world")["input_ids"]
    [18435, 995]

You can get around that behavior by passing `add_prefix_space=True` when instantiating this tokenizer, but since the model was not pretrained this way, it might yield a decrease in performance.

When used with `is_split_into_words=True`, this tokenizer needs to be instantiated with `add_prefix_space=True`.

This tokenizer inherits from PreTrainedTokenizerFast which contains most of the main methods. Users should refer to this superclass for more information regarding those methods.

####
get_special_tokens_mask

< source >

( token_ids_0: List token_ids_1: Optional = None already_has_special_tokens: bool = False ) →
`List[int]`

Parameters

- token_ids_0 (`List[int]`) — List of IDs.
- token_ids_1 (`List[int]`, optional) — Optional second list of IDs for sequence pairs.
- already_has_special_tokens (`bool`, optional, defaults to `False`) — Whether or not the token list is already formatted with special tokens for the model.

Returns

`List[int]`

A list of integers in the range [0, 1]: 1 for a special token, 0 for a sequence token.

Retrieve sequence ids from a token list that has no special tokens added. This method is called when adding special tokens using the tokenizer `prepare_for_model` method.

####
update_post_processor

< source >

( )

Updates the underlying post processor with the current `bos_token` and `eos_token`.

##
GPTNeoXModel

###
class transformers.GPTNeoXModel

< source >

( config )

Parameters

- config (~GPTNeoXConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The bare GPTNeoX Model transformer outputting raw hidden-states without any specific head on top. This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module sub-class. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: Optional = None attention_mask: Optional = None position_ids: Optional = None head_mask: Optional = None inputs_embeds: Optional = None past_key_values: Optional = None use_cache: Optional = None output_attentions: Optional = None output_hidden_states: Optional = None return_dict: Optional = None ) →
transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPast or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- position_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range `[0, config.n_positions - 1]`.

  What are position IDs?

- head_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(num_heads,)` or `(num_layers, num_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))` of length `config.n_layers` with each tuple having 4 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length - 1, embed_size_per_head)`) — Contains precomputed key and value hidden states of the attention blocks. Can be used to speed up decoding. If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.
- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).

Returns

transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPast or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_outputs.BaseModelOutputWithPast or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (GPTNeoXConfig) and inputs.

- last_hidden_state (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`) — Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the model.

  If `past_key_values` is used only the last hidden-state of the sequences of shape `(batch_size, 1, hidden_size)` is output.

- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and optionally if `config.is_encoder_decoder=True` 2 additional tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks and optionally if `config.is_encoder_decoder=True` in the cross-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The GPTNeoXModel forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

This example uses a random model as the real ones are all very big. To get proper results, you should use EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b instead of trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM. If you get out-of-memory when loading that checkpoint, you can try adding `device_map="auto"` in the `from_pretrained` call.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, GPTNeoXModel
    >>> import torch

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM")
    >>> model = GPTNeoXModel.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")
    >>> outputs = model(**inputs)

    >>> last_hidden_states = outputs.last_hidden_state

##
GPTNeoXForCausalLM

###
class transformers.GPTNeoXForCausalLM

< source >

( config )

Parameters

- config (~GPTNeoXConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

GPTNeoX Model with a `language modeling` head on top for CLM fine-tuning. This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module sub-class. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: Optional = None attention_mask: Optional = None position_ids: Optional = None inputs_embeds: Optional = None head_mask: Optional = None past_key_values: Optional = None labels: Optional = None use_cache: Optional = None output_attentions: Optional = None output_hidden_states: Optional = None return_dict: Optional = None ) →
transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithPast or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- position_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range `[0, config.n_positions - 1]`.

  What are position IDs?

- head_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(num_heads,)` or `(num_layers, num_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`) and 2 additional tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, encoder_sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`. The two additional tensors are only required when the model is used as a decoder in a Sequence to Sequence model.

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

  If `past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last `decoder_input_ids` (those that don’t have their past key value states given to this model) of shape `(batch_size, 1)` instead of all `decoder_input_ids` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`.

- labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Labels for computing the left-to-right language modeling loss (next word prediction). Indices should be in `[-100, 0, ..., config.vocab_size]` (see `input_ids` docstring) Tokens with indices set to `-100` are ignored (masked), the loss is only computed for the tokens with labels n `[0, ..., config.vocab_size]`.
- use_cache (`bool`, optional) — If set to `True`, `past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up decoding (see `past_key_values`).

Returns

transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithPast or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_outputs.CausalLMOutputWithPast or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (GPTNeoXConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, optional, returned when `labels` is provided) — Language modeling loss (for next-token prediction).

- logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, config.vocab_size)`) — Prediction scores of the language modeling head (scores for each vocabulary token before SoftMax).

- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`)

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The GPTNeoXForCausalLM forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, GPTNeoXForCausalLM, GPTNeoXConfig
    >>> import torch

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b")
    >>> config = GPTNeoXConfig.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b")
    >>> config.is_decoder = True
    >>> model = GPTNeoXForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b", config=config)

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")
    >>> outputs = model(**inputs)

    >>> prediction_logits = outputs.logits

##
GPTNeoXForQuestionAnswering

###
class transformers.GPTNeoXForQuestionAnswering

< source >

( config )

Parameters

- config (~GPTNeoXConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The GPT-NeoX Model transformer with a span classification head on top for extractive question-answering tasks like SQuAD (a linear layer on top of the hidden-states output to compute `span start logits` and `span end logits`).

This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module sub-class. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: Optional = None attention_mask: Optional = None token_type_ids: Optional = None position_ids: Optional = None head_mask: Optional = None inputs_embeds: Optional = None start_positions: Optional = None end_positions: Optional = None output_attentions: Optional = None output_hidden_states: Optional = None return_dict: Optional = None ) →
transformers.modeling_outputs.QuestionAnsweringModelOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- position_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range `[0, config.n_positions - 1]`.

  What are position IDs?

- head_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(num_heads,)` or `(num_layers, num_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
- start_positions (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, optional) — Labels for position (index) of the start of the labelled span for computing the token classification loss. Positions are clamped to the length of the sequence (`sequence_length`). Position outside of the sequence are not taken into account for computing the loss.
- end_positions (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, optional) — Labels for position (index) of the end of the labelled span for computing the token classification loss. Positions are clamped to the length of the sequence (`sequence_length`). Position outside of the sequence are not taken into account for computing the loss.

Returns

transformers.modeling_outputs.QuestionAnsweringModelOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_outputs.QuestionAnsweringModelOutput or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (GPTNeoXConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, optional, returned when `labels` is provided) — Total span extraction loss is the sum of a Cross-Entropy for the start and end positions.

- start_logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Span-start scores (before SoftMax).

- end_logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`) — Span-end scores (before SoftMax).

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The GPTNeoXForQuestionAnswering forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

This example uses a random model as the real ones are all very big. To get proper results, you should use EleutherAI/gpt-neox-20b instead of trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM. If you get out-of-memory when loading that checkpoint, you can try adding `device_map="auto"` in the `from_pretrained` call.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, GPTNeoXForQuestionAnswering
    >>> import torch

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM")
    >>> model = GPTNeoXForQuestionAnswering.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM")

    >>> question, text = "Who was Jim Henson?", "Jim Henson was a nice puppet"

    >>> inputs = tokenizer(question, text, return_tensors="pt")
    >>> with torch.no_grad():
    ...     outputs = model(**inputs)

    >>> answer_start_index = outputs.start_logits.argmax()
    >>> answer_end_index = outputs.end_logits.argmax()

    >>> predict_answer_tokens = inputs.input_ids[0, answer_start_index : answer_end_index + 1]

    >>> # target is "nice puppet"
    >>> target_start_index = torch.tensor([14])
    >>> target_end_index = torch.tensor([15])

    >>> outputs = model(**inputs, start_positions=target_start_index, end_positions=target_end_index)
    >>> loss = outputs.loss

##
GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification

###
class transformers.GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification

< source >

( config )

Parameters

- config (~GPTNeoXConfig) — Model configuration class with all the parameters of the model. Initializing with a config file does not load the weights associated with the model, only the configuration. Check out the from_pretrained() method to load the model weights.

The GPTNeoX Model transformer with a sequence classification head on top (linear layer).

GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification uses the last token in order to do the classification, as other causal models (e.g. GPT-1) do.

Since it does classification on the last token, it requires to know the position of the last token. If a `pad_token_id` is defined in the configuration, it finds the last token that is not a padding token in each row. If no `pad_token_id` is defined, it simply takes the last value in each row of the batch. Since it cannot guess the padding tokens when `inputs_embeds` are passed instead of `input_ids`, it does the same (take the last value in each row of the batch).

This model is a PyTorch torch.nn.Module sub-class. Use it as a regular PyTorch Module and refer to the PyTorch documentation for all matter related to general usage and behavior.

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: Optional = None attention_mask: Optional = None position_ids: Optional = None inputs_embeds: Optional = None head_mask: Optional = None past_key_values: Optional = None labels: Optional = None use_cache: Optional = None output_attentions: Optional = None output_hidden_states: Optional = None return_dict: Optional = None ) →
`transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast` or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `({0})`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `({0})`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- position_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `({0})`, optional) — Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range `[0, config.n_positions - 1]`.

  What are position IDs?

- head_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(num_heads,)` or `(num_layers, num_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `({0}, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
- labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size,)`, optional) — Labels for computing the sequence classification/regression loss. Indices should be in `[0, ..., config.num_labels - 1]`. If `config.num_labels == 1` a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If `config.num_labels > 1` a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).

Returns

`transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast` or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A `transformers.modeling_outputs.SequenceClassifierOutputWithPast` or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (GPTNeoXConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, optional, returned when `labels` is provided) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) loss.

- logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, config.num_labels)`) — Classification (or regression if config.num_labels==1) scores (before SoftMax).

- past_key_values (`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))`, optional, returned when `use_cache=True` is passed or when `config.use_cache=True`) — Tuple of `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)` of length `config.n_layers`, with each tuple having 2 tensors of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, embed_size_per_head)`)

  Contains pre-computed hidden-states (key and values in the self-attention blocks) that can be used (see `past_key_values` input) to speed up sequential decoding.

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Example of single-label classification:

    >>> import torch
    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM")
    >>> model = GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")

    >>> with torch.no_grad():
    ...     logits = model(**inputs).logits

    >>> predicted_class_id = logits.argmax().item()

    >>> # To train a model on `num_labels` classes, you can pass `num_labels=num_labels` to `.from_pretrained(...)`
    >>> num_labels = len(model.config.id2label)
    >>> model = GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM", num_labels=num_labels)

    >>> labels = torch.tensor([1])
    >>> loss = model(**inputs, labels=labels).loss

Example of multi-label classification:

    >>> import torch
    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM")
    >>> model = GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained("trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM", problem_type="multi_label_classification")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")

    >>> with torch.no_grad():
    ...     logits = model(**inputs).logits

    >>> predicted_class_ids = torch.arange(0, logits.shape[-1])[torch.sigmoid(logits).squeeze(dim=0) > 0.5]

    >>> # To train a model on `num_labels` classes, you can pass `num_labels=num_labels` to `.from_pretrained(...)`
    >>> num_labels = len(model.config.id2label)
    >>> model = GPTNeoXForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
    ...     "trl-internal-testing/tiny-random-GPTNeoXForCausalLM", num_labels=num_labels, problem_type="multi_label_classification"
    ... )

    >>> labels = torch.sum(
    ...     torch.nn.functional.one_hot(predicted_class_ids[None, :].clone(), num_classes=num_labels), dim=1
    ... ).to(torch.float)
    >>> loss = model(**inputs, labels=labels).loss

##
GPTNeoXForTokenClassification

###
class transformers.GPTNeoXForTokenClassification

< source >

( config )

####
forward

< source >

( input_ids: Optional = None past_key_values: Optional = None attention_mask: Optional = None token_type_ids: Optional = None position_ids: Optional = None head_mask: Optional = None inputs_embeds: Optional = None labels: Optional = None use_cache: Optional = None output_attentions: Optional = None output_hidden_states: Optional = None return_dict: Optional = None ) →
transformers.modeling_outputs.TokenClassifierOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

Parameters

- input_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `({0})`) — Indices of input sequence tokens in the vocabulary.

  Indices can be obtained using AutoTokenizer. See PreTrainedTokenizer.encode() and PreTrainedTokenizer.call() for details.

  What are input IDs?

- attention_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `({0})`, optional) — Mask to avoid performing attention on padding token indices. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 for tokens that are not masked,
  - 0 for tokens that are masked.

  What are attention masks?

- position_ids (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `({0})`, optional) — Indices of positions of each input sequence tokens in the position embeddings. Selected in the range `[0, config.n_positions - 1]`.

  What are position IDs?

- head_mask (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(num_heads,)` or `(num_layers, num_heads)`, optional) — Mask to nullify selected heads of the self-attention modules. Mask values selected in `[0, 1]`:
  - 1 indicates the head is not masked,
  - 0 indicates the head is masked.
- inputs_embeds (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `({0}, hidden_size)`, optional) — Optionally, instead of passing `input_ids` you can choose to directly pass an embedded representation. This is useful if you want more control over how to convert input_ids indices into associated vectors than the model’s internal embedding lookup matrix.
- output_attentions (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the attentions tensors of all attention layers. See `attentions` under returned tensors for more detail.
- output_hidden_states (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return the hidden states of all layers. See `hidden_states` under returned tensors for more detail.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional) — Whether or not to return a ModelOutput instead of a plain tuple.
- labels (`torch.LongTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length)`, optional) — Labels for computing the sequence classification/regression loss. Indices should be in `[0, ..., config.num_labels - 1]`. If `config.num_labels == 1` a regression loss is computed (Mean-Square loss), If `config.num_labels > 1` a classification loss is computed (Cross-Entropy).

Returns

transformers.modeling_outputs.TokenClassifierOutput or `tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`

A transformers.modeling_outputs.TokenClassifierOutput or a tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (if `return_dict=False` is passed or when `config.return_dict=False`) comprising various elements depending on the configuration (GPTNeoXConfig) and inputs.

- loss (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(1,)`, optional, returned when `labels` is provided) — Classification loss.

- logits (`torch.FloatTensor` of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, config.num_labels)`) — Classification scores (before SoftMax).

- hidden_states (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_hidden_states=True` is passed or when `config.output_hidden_states=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for the output of the embeddings, if the model has an embedding layer, + one for the output of each layer) of shape `(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`.

  Hidden-states of the model at the output of each layer plus the optional initial embedding outputs.

- attentions (`tuple(torch.FloatTensor)`, optional, returned when `output_attentions=True` is passed or when `config.output_attentions=True`) — Tuple of `torch.FloatTensor` (one for each layer) of shape `(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length, sequence_length)`.

  Attentions weights after the attention softmax, used to compute the weighted average in the self-attention heads.

The GPTNeoXForTokenClassification forward method, overrides the `__call__` special method.

Although the recipe for forward pass needs to be defined within this function, one should call the `Module` instance afterwards instead of this since the former takes care of running the pre and post processing steps while the latter silently ignores them.

Example:

    >>> from transformers import AutoTokenizer, GPTNeoXForTokenClassification
    >>> import torch

    >>> tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("LarsJonasson/pythia-410m-deduped-sft-swedish")
    >>> model = GPTNeoXForTokenClassification.from_pretrained("LarsJonasson/pythia-410m-deduped-sft-swedish")

    >>> inputs = tokenizer(
    ...     "HuggingFace is a company based in Paris and New York", add_special_tokens=False, return_tensors="pt"
    ... )

    >>> with torch.no_grad():
    ...     logits = model(**inputs).logits

    >>> predicted_token_class_ids = logits.argmax(-1)

    >>> # Note that tokens are classified rather then input words which means that
    >>> # there might be more predicted token classes than words.
    >>> # Multiple token classes might account for the same word
    >>> predicted_tokens_classes = [model.config.id2label[t.item()] for t in predicted_token_class_ids[0]]

    >>> labels = predicted_token_class_ids
    >>> loss = model(**inputs, labels=labels).loss
    >>> round(loss.item(), 2)
    0.25

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