Ideally, surpluses and deficits should be small. We consider now an open economic model with public deficits or surpluses. This was to stop countries building up excessive surpluses or deficits. Currencies are often either under-valued or over-valued, resulting in trade surpluses or deficits. After a decade of budget surpluses, the federal government experienced a budget deficit in 1931. Russia runs regular trade surpluses primarily due to exports of commodities. During the following 47 years, there were 36 surpluses and 11 deficits. Surpluses (profits) are reinvested into sports facilities. Costello brought down twelve consecutive Federal Budgets, including ten surpluses. Eswatini's public finances deteriorated in the late 1990s following sizeable surpluses a decade earlier. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. Oman also has substantial trade and budget surpluses. The reduction in net debt is attributable to the consistent budget surpluses in the mid-2000s. The current levels of surpluses and shortages make each case different. His administration oversaw a period of greater prosperity, urban renewal, and budget surpluses.