The riots have also been described as pogroms, massacres or genocide. Jews in Eastern Europe faced constant pogroms and persecution in Tzarist Russia. The 2009 Gojra riots was a series of violent pogroms against Christian minorities by Muslims. In the ensuing July pogroms and the concurrent Einsatzgruppen killings, thousands of Jews were murdered. The bookseller tells Tevye news from the outside world of pogroms and expulsions. Rath's assassination was used to justify planned antisemitic pogroms in Germany. The Ottomans, in retaliation orchestrated the Constantinople massacre of 1821 and similar pogroms in Smyrna. Jews often fled the pogroms in those areas. A series of anti-Jewish pogroms and antisemitic legislation, the May Laws, were yet another result. Polish Jews also fled due to the intensifying anti-Semitic pogroms and better economic opportunities. These hardships were blamed on Jews, leading to the pogroms of 1336 and 1339. The group was concerned about pogroms against Jews in the Russian Empire. Long ago, Jews went underground to escape the repeated pogroms against them. Additional Aliyahs followed the Russian Revolution and its eruption of violent pogroms. This declaration was accompanied by violent pogroms.