Surrealism revived Picasso's attraction to primitivism and eroticism. Exoticism may take the form of primitivism, ethnocentrism, or humanism. Modernism's stress on freedom of expression, experimentation, radicalism, and primitivism disregards conventional expectations. They employed techniques as varied as primitivism, hyperrealism, grotesque, and abstraction. The novel showed Hamsun's favour of primitivism and aversion to modernity. He travelled to Algeria in 1906 studying African art and Primitivism. In the 1970s, film director Stanley Kubrick professed his opposition to primitivism. It seeks to explore the course of modern primitivism. The strongest advocate of ecclesiastical primitivism in the United States was Alexander Campbell. The picture surface or plane is emphasized in a manner sometimes seen in primitivism. This idea is also called Christian Primitivism. London's story is a tale of survival and a return to primitivism.