Microallopatry refers to allopatric speciation occurring on a small geographic scale. Ecological character displacement is another means for sympatric speciation. African cichlids also offer some evidence for sympatric speciation. This hypothesis is the source of much controversy around the possibility of sympatric speciation. He called these patches of rainforest areas refuges and within these patches allopatric speciation occurred. Its small size is a result of insular dwarfism, a form of allopatric speciation. Peripatric speciation models are identical to models of vicariance (allopatric speciation). Below is a non-exhaustive table of the laboratory experiments conducted on allopatric speciation. This helps maintain sympatric speciation within the lakes. Such whole-genome sequencing projects allow for studies on evolutionary processes involved in speciation. Global biodiversity is affected by extinction and speciation. Comparisons between these genomes provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of speciation and adaptation. It occurs when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the rate of speciation. These hybrid zones are useful as biological model systems for studying the mechanisms of speciation. Symparalogs are paralogs that evolved from gene duplication of paralogous genes in subsequent speciation events.