The malpighian tubules are relatively large until approximately the twelfth larval instar. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar. Coarctate pupae develop inside the larval skin. Most fleas are distributed in the egg, larval, or pupal stages. Emerald ash borer has four larval instars. Finally, the pupae emerge from the chamber, leaving behind the larval and pupal skins. They may discourage herbivory by damaging digestive passages in small insect larval stages. Fish of larval and postlarval stages feed on plankton. These embryonic membranes and the lack of a larval stage distinguish amniotes from tetrapod amphibians. These crustaceans are important foods for larval fish. Reestablishment of benthic communities depend upon composition of adjacent communities for larval recruitment. Silver carp feed on the plankton necessary for larval fish and native mussels. Isabela realises that Frank has been infected by the wasp larval parasite. Males seek females by patrolling habitats containing the larval host plants. About 75% of beetle species are phytophagous in both the larval and adult stages.