Deserters or defectors became a severe problem. When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. Based on a study of North Korean defectors, women make up the majority of defections. Scipio continued to reinforce his troops with local defectors. Human-rights organizations have compiled a list of hundreds of North Korean defectors repatriated by China. China refuses to accept people who the country views as defectors from other Communist countries. This is because the North Korean government treats emigrants from the country as defectors. Such North Koreans are referred to as North Korean defectors. This information has been corroborated in general by GRU defectors, Victor Suvorov and Stanislav Lunev. There have been three cases of North Korean defectors who have escaped directly to Japan. Before 2009, over 70% of female North Korean defectors were victims of human trafficking. There were seven groups consisting each of anywhere between 180 and over 4,000 possible defectors. It could be as high as 30,000 according to figures provided by Iranian defectors. Half of the North Korean defectors living in South Korea are unemployed. During the mid-1990s, the percentages of male and female defectors were relatively balanced.