It is commonly associated with legalism but it rejects legalism for ritualism. These were Taoism, Legalism and Confucianism. It often related with Confucianism but also Legalism. These were Taoism, Legalism, and Confucianism. He opposed sterile legalism and strict rigorism. The major philosophies of China, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Taoism, all originated from this period. Throughout the book, Hawthorne explores themes of legalism, sin, and guilt. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements and Chinese Legalism. "Legalism" dominated the intellectual life of the Qin and early Han together with Taoism. Traditional ethics had been perverted by legalism. Before the Han dynasty the largest rivals to Confucianism were Chinese Legalism, and Mohism. All this makes Japanese bureaucratic legalism look very attractive from a comparative standpoint. A number of more authoritarian strains of thought have also been influential, such as Legalism. Legalism and Mohism are distinguished by this effort to obtain objectivity. Notably, Qin Legalism encouraged practical and ruthless warfare.