The Council condemned rationalism, liberalism, naturalism, materialism and pantheism. It is a Spenglerian critique of 19th century materialism and rationalism. Rastas typically look critically upon modern capitalism with its consumerism and materialism. A common stereotype of Americans is that of economic materialism and capitalism. David Chalmers describes panpsychism as an alternative to both materialism and dualism. He conveys an institution filled with snobbery, materialism, anti-intellectualism, and sexual promiscuity. Luxemburg defended Karl Marx's dialectical materialism and conception of history. Some religious thinkers see agnosticism as limiting the mind's capacity to know reality to materialism. It is associated with the dialectical materialism of Karl Marx. In it, Schiller argues for a middle ground between materialism and absolute metaphysics. Marx and Engels never used the words "dialectical materialism" in their own writings. Lenin reassessed Feuerbach's philosophy and concluded that it was in line with dialectical materialism. The article explored whether psychoanalysis was compatible with historical materialism, class struggle and proletarian revolution. Others use the terms "materialism" and "physicalism" interchangeably. They saw modern society as one of mediocrity, materialism, instability, and corruption.