We must be determined to make sure postponement does not demoralize or disenfranchise us. The state legislature passed laws to raise barriers to voter registration and disenfranchise minorities. Abrams has argued that voter ID laws disenfranchise minorities and the poor. This system served to disenfranchise black voters. Southern states generally sought to disenfranchise racial minorities during and after Reconstruction. In practice, these tests were intended to disenfranchise racial minorities. Williams believes that doing so would "disenfranchise" minority voters from participating in an election. The elite Democrats also acted to disenfranchise poor whites. The deportation followed a series of steps to discriminate, persecute, and disenfranchise Jews in Norway. Nine other states disenfranchise felons for various lengths of time following their conviction. After regaining power, Democrats changed state laws and the constitution in 1902 to disenfranchise blacks. These laws were used to disenfranchise black citizens. This allowed white registrars ample discretion to disenfranchise African Americans. Stoneman's hatred for President Johnson stems from Johnson's refusal to disenfranchise Southern whites. Even in the South, such as Louisiana, any attempts to disenfranchise them "failed miserably".