Theories of retributive justice are concerned with punishment for wrongdoing. The goal of punishment, in Hindu law, has been retributive and reformative. Modern alternatives to retributive measures include psychiatric imprisonment, restorative justice and transformative justice. The retributive approach tends to be retaliatory and vengeance-oriented. Some modern philosophers have argued that Utilitarian and Retributive theories are not mutually exclusive. The retributive function of punishment should be rejected as irrational and unjustified. In chapter 4 Nozick discusses two theories of punishment&colon; the deterrence and the retributive ones. The severity of the punishment should reflect the severity of the violation (retributive justice). Retributive artillery bombardments were the least sophisticated means of reprisal against insurgent attacks. Traditional alternatives to retributive justice have been exile and shunning. Physical suffering and humiliation were considered appropriate retributive justice for the crimes they had committed. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. Ofo and ogu is a law of retributive justice. Retributive justice is of two distinct types. This is particularly evident in relation to God's providence and his role in retributive justice.