Other types of mutations include frameshift mutations such as insertions or deletions. Large DNA insertions and deletions intrinsically bend the DNA double helix. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are usually single nucleotide substitutions, single base insertions, or deletions. Other sequence variations are single base exchanges, deletions and insertions. DNA sequences may however also differ by insertions and deletions (indels) of bases. RNA-Seq captures DNA variation, including single nucleotide variants, small insertions/deletions. Structural variation includes copy-number variation and results from deletions, inversions, insertions and duplications. SSM events can result in either insertions or deletions. This allows efficient transmission of files which differ by insertions and deletions. Using ropes makes certain string operations, such as insertions, deletions, and concatenations more efficient. A B-tree can handle an arbitrary number of insertions and deletions. By designing suitable sgRNAs, planned insertions or deletions can be introduced into the genome. Both insertions and deletions are fast as long as space is available on a block. Transposon insertions can also result in intron creation. PRANK improves alignments when insertions are present.