The terpenoids and essential oils found in white sage likely deter herbivory. Over harvesting is negatively affecting the wild population and distribution of white sage. White sage was used to control heavy bleeding. Sacred non-psychoactive plants widely used in Native American ritual include sweetgrass, and white sage. The center of the valley is between White Sage Flat, and Ibapah, to the south. Other plant species include&colon; white sage, spotted cactus, cotton seed, rosemary. The Cherokee Native Americans use both white sage and cedar for spiritual cleansing and smudging.