Doxorubicin interacts with DNA by intercalation and inhibition of macromolecular biosynthesis. These form a 3-dimensional molecular net that creates the macromolecular gel. Similar to doxorubicin, daunorubicin interacts with DNA by intercalation and inhibition of macromolecular biosynthesis. HSP60 is implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. Living polymerization is desirable because it offers precision and control in macromolecular synthesis. It occurs within an essentially crystalline environment created by the macromolecular structure of PS II. They likewise play a role in the study of polymer and other macromolecular systems. This homonuclear magnetization transfer provides an indirect measurement of macromolecular content in tissue. The intense ionizing radiation can cause radiation damage to samples, particularly macromolecular crystals. Sub-diffusion has been proposed as a measure of macromolecular crowding in the cytoplasm. For some time, the significance of halogen bonding to biological macromolecular structure was overlooked. These then self-assemble into viral macromolecular structures in the host cell. Aptamers can be used for both basic research and clinical purposes as macromolecular drugs. Macromolecular crowding may be important in chaperone function.