The key pharmacologic constituents of shatavari are steroidal saponins, mucilage, and alkaloids. The leaves of "Justicia adhatoda" contains phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolics and flavonoids. Holly berries contain alkaloids, caffeine, and theobromine, saponins, caffeic acid, and a yellow pigment, ilixanthin. Ginsenosides or panaxosides are a class of natural product steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins. C. They also contain bitter compound called flabelliferrins, which are steroidal saponins. "Cynomorium" contains anthocyanic glycosides, triterpenoid saponins, and lignans. Other steroidal saponins are also found in the plant. The subset of saponins that are steroidal have been termed saraponins. C.H. Wright also produces steroidal saponins (TSS) as part of a treatment for cardiovascular disease. The plant also contains triterpenoid saponins of the hydroxylated oleanolic acid type. The aglycone (glycoside-free) portions of the saponins are termed sapogenins. Most saponins, which readily dissolve in water, are poisonous to fish. Ivy foliage contains triterpenoid saponins and falcarinol. They lack ellagic acid, saponins, and sapogenins. The plant contains toxic saponins, but not enough to be harmful.