Theoretically based temperature scales are used to provide calibrating standards for practical empirically based thermometers. It may be convenient to classify them as empirically and theoretically based. Wundt extrapolated this empirically founded volitional psychology to a metaphysical voluntarism. Empirically derived personality assessments require statistical techniques. The identity theory is thus empirically unfounded. Nonetheless, the contexting model simply cannot be described as an empirically validated model. Literal meaning is an attribute of statements that are either analytic or empirically verifiable. A more fundamental development is the shift from normative to empirically based approaches. For Kant, subjective reasoning is necessarily distinct from how the world is empirically. Peace Pals is an empirically validated peer mediation program. Their real or actual existence may be very difficult to demonstrate empirically. Many reject the notion as simplistic and empirically unsupported. Today it is an empirically measured quantity. Conventionally, Madhyamaka holds that beings do perceive concrete objects which they are aware of empirically. Indirect effects are difficult to measure empirically.