The hypersensitivity of vagal afferent nerves causes refractory or idiopathic cough. Their antiemetic effect due to blockade of 5HT3 receptor on vagal afferent in the gut. If vagal innervation is interrupted then intra-gastric pressure increases. This results in higher cardiac contractility and an increase in cardiac vagal tone. It causes tachycardia by blocking vagal effects on the sinoatrial node. The effect could be blocked using atropine, a known inhibitor to heart vagal nerve stimulation. Vagal and spinal ganglionic nerves mediate the lowering of the heart rate. An increase in cardiac vagal modulation during recovery was also concluded. Knocking out vagal nerve receptors has been shown to cause hyperphagia. Knocking out vagal nerve receptors has been shown to cause hyperphagia (greatly increased food intake). Increased activation of the solitary nucleus inhibits the vasomotor center and stimulates the vagal nuclei. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. The vagal and sympathetic activity constantly interact. The blocking technique is called intra-abdominal vagal blocking. This is thought to be caused by changes in the vagal tone during respiration.