Examples of feudalism are helpful to fully understand feudalism and feudal society. So, the Walser were pioneers of the liberalization from serfdom and feudalism. Historically, economic liberalism arose in response to mercantilism and feudalism. Thus mercantilist regulation was more akin to feudalism than capitalism. Gautama and Indra represent feudalism and capitalism. Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism. In Europe, market efficiency was disrupted by the prevalence of feudalism and mercantilism. It abolished the guild system as a worthless remnant of feudalism. This practice would develop into the system of vassalage and feudalism in the Middle Ages. This was the true beginning of feudalism in the Byzantine Empire. A fief (; ) was the central element of feudalism. For them "feudalism" meant seigneurial privileges and prerogatives. He admired efficiency and strength and hated feudalism, religious intolerance, and civil inequality. Fealty and homage were key elements of European feudalism. The Xinhai Revolution mainly got rid of feudalism (fengjian) from Late Imperial China.