Tyrosine kinases are enzymes responsible for the activation of many proteins by signal transduction cascades. Insulin secretion mechanism is a common example of signal transduction pathway mechanism. PA is heavily involved in intracellular signal transduction. They are one of the triggers of intracellular signal transduction cascades. The Neurofibromin 1 gene is a negative regulator of the Ras oncogene signal transduction pathway. They are indispensable for signal transduction and cell regulation, often via kinases and phosphatases. The rafts are centers, e.g., for receptors and receptor signal transduction enzymes. These molecules then participate in signal transduction pathways. B-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of growth signal transduction protein kinases. The connotation excludes more selective agents that block extracellular signals (signal transduction). Caspases play the central role in the transduction of ER apoptotic signals. This mechanism is complex, and is a major stage of the signal transduction pathway. ITAMs are important for signal transduction in immune cells. GTP is essential for signal transduction, especially with G proteins. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is pervasive in signal transduction.