These included the palatinates of Durham and Chester. His first article, published in 1888, was about the Northumbrian palatinates and regalities. Some English-language sources, in historic contexts, speak of "palatinates" rather than "voivodeships". Later, the palatinates were turned into governorates. The Principalities are thus made Voivodships (sometimes translated as Palatinates). The awarding of Palatinates is decided by a committee which is appointed each year. During the 11th century the palatinates were still regarded as "beneficia", non-hereditary fiefs.