Controlled for income, nonwhites face higher concentrations of liquor stores than do whites. Racist hostility was high toward nonwhites, including Pacific Islanders, Chinese and Aborigines. Afrikaans was seen as a language of servants, illiterate Boers, and nonwhites. Most Panamanians that came were nonwhites and most were women. Spencer is known for his public advocacy of violence against nonwhites. Few nonwhites had settled in Hoboken by 1901. Witnesses to these identity controls confirm that only nonwhites are commonly asked for their papers.