Biology and its subfields of biochemistry and molecular biology study biomolecules and their reactions. Microorganisms are essential tools in biotechnology, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology. Phosphorus-32 has important uses in medicine, biochemistry and molecular biology. These findings represent the birth of molecular biology. Terminal transferase has applications in molecular biology. Gel electrophoresis is one of the principal tools of molecular biology. Oligonucleotides find a variety of applications in molecular biology and medicine. Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology. Helicases are proteins that are a type of molecular motor. Recent phylogenetic analyses using combined molecular and morphological characters supports the previous phylogeny. I interferon signaling through different molecular mechanisms. Models often involve separate considerations for macroscopic, microscopic and molecular level phenomena. Mitochondrial ferritin has many roles pertaining to molecular function. This view is supported by research in molecular genetics. He returned to Stanford as Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular & Cellular Physiology.