Philosophical theism has parallels with the 18th century philosophical view called Deism. Jefferson was most comfortable with Deism, rational religion, Theistic rationalism, and Unitarianism. The term "theism" came to be contrasted with deism. At that time "deist" and "deism" already carried their modern meaning. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism. In essence Spencer's philosophical vision was formed by a combination of deism and positivism. Christian deism can differ from both mainstream deism and orthodox Christianity. Sylenkoism was influenced by deism and Theosophy. Martin was a defender of deism and natural religion, evolution (before Charles Darwin) and rationality. He characterizes Lincoln's worldview as a kind of "Calvinized Deism". Regarding Kant's conception of religion, some critics have argued that he was sympathetic to deism. Immanuel Kant's identification with deism is controversial. They also advocated Deism and religious tolerance. Critics accused him of deism and homosexuality. Thus, Vaisheshika's Ishvara mirrors Deus otiosus of Deism.