He advocated primarily Gregorian plainchant and polyphony. Brumel's setting uses alternatim polyphony (sections of plainchant alternate with sections in polyphony). Of greater sophistication was the motet, which developed from the clausula genre of medieval plainchant. The Roman Missal indicates several different plainchant melodies. The original setting was a sombre plainchant (or Gregorian chant). There are two plainchant settings of the Pange lingua hymn. The piece is one of several by Rachmaninoff to quote the Dies Irae plainchant melody. The earliest innovations upon monophonic plainchant were heterophonic. All other characters sing in monophonic plainchant. Anglican chant grew out of the plainchant tradition during the English Reformation. In the early Middle Ages, ecclesiastical music was dominated by monophonic plainchant. Judd also wrote of "chant-based tonality" , meaning "tonal" polyphonic compositions based on plainchant. Antiphons preceding each psalm and the Magnificat, sung in plainchant, would vary with the occasion. "Hamburg" is an adaptation of a plainchant melody by American composer Lowell Mason. The text of a clausula differs from that of the plainchant melody underneath it.