These symbiotic associations can be divided into parasitism, mutualism and commensalism. This leads to complex interactions between species including mutualism, predation/parasitism, and competition. Lichen associations may be examples of mutualism, commensalism or even parasitism, depending on the species. Increased parasitism and predation rates are the primary ecological drivers of social organization. Once the larvae become pupae, the ants continue to provide protection against predation and parasitism. Levels of parasitism beyond secondary also occur, especially among facultative parasitoids. Associated with the term "symbiosis" are terms&colon; mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and amensalism. Seven independent origins of obligate interspecific brood parasitism in birds have been proposed. Symbiosis, ranging from feeding on waste to obligate parasitism, is common within the nest. Parental-care parasitism emphasizes the relationship between the host and the parasite in brood parasitism. True brood parasitism is rare among insects. For information on conspecific nest parasitism and egg discrimination in soras see. The incidence of brood parasitism is uncertain. The role of male and female cuckoos bees in the parasitism process differs. Insects often adapt their nests to reduce parasitism.