It attracts the western cedar borer and cedar bark beetle. They are also hosts to the palm weevil borer "Diocalandra frumenti". Emerald ash borer has four larval instars. The female European corn borer moth first lays eggs in June. The canopy is decreasing, notably from development and the emerald ash borer infestation. They examined levels of the European corn borer and corn earworm. Green ash and black ash trees are preferred by emerald ash borer. The legume pod borer, "Maruca vitrata," is the main preharvest pest of the cowpea. As maize matures, DIMBOA levels and resistance to the corn borer decline. The squash vine borer is native to North America. However, the species are threatened due to habitat destruction and the emerald ash borer. It is the larval host plant of the American lotus borer, Ostrinia penitalis. Damage from emerald ash borer can continue to increase over time even with insecticide applications. Sometimes trees are girdled to act as trap trees to monitor for emerald ash borer. It is also seriously threatened by the invasive Asian emerald ash borer.