Atrocities include deaths from forced conscription and massacres. Millions of civilians died from starvation, exposure, atrocities, and massacres. Civilian deaths were partly caused by assassinations, massacres and terror tactics. Notorious examples of FLN massacres include the Philippeville massacre. The group started to gain publicity after committing political killings and massacres. They faced summary executions, massacres, deportations. The army became involved in massacres of Luba civilians. Jews suffered intense persecution during the Rintfleisch massacres of 1298. Accounts of his massacres of civilians are still disputed. The Islamist militants conducted a violent campaign of civilian massacres. These included deaths from forced conscription and massacres. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. Sectarian tensions flared during the Arakan massacres in 1942. The sacking of Urgench is considered one of the bloodiest massacres in human history. Keeley describes several styles of primitive combat such as small raids, large raids, and massacres.