Password managers can protect against keyloggers or keystroke logging malware. Hackers will download spyware and catch user activity via keystroke logging. Other hackers have installed hardware keystroke logging devices that capture user activity. This type of authentication is vulnerable to keystroke logging. Data needed to analyze keystroke dynamics is obtained by keystroke logging. One may hit two adjacent keys on the keyboard in a single keystroke. On a Czech QWERTZ keyboard, the equivalent keystroke is usually mapped to . Keystroke logging can be achieved by both hardware and software means. On the AZERTY keyboard layout, is an unmodified keystroke, positioned above . Virtual keyboards may be used in some cases to reduce the risk of keystroke logging. Behavioral biometrics such as keystroke dynamics can also be used. Most modern word processors provide automated case conversion with a simple click or keystroke. These clones also supported lower case characters, toggled with a ^O keystroke. Keystroke interference software is also available.