Palmer sought to combine magnetic, scientific and vitalistic viewpoints as a drugless healer. Huxley's principal contribution was to establish protoplasm as incompatible with a vitalistic theory of life. They followed two traditions, one mechanistic, one vitalistic after Henri Bergson's philosophy of evolution. The paleontologist Philip Gingerich has noted that Ho's evolutionary ideas are based on vitalistic thinking. Some of Lysenko's ideas can also seem to be vitalistic. It was a reaction to the vitalistic "Naturphilosophie", which was extremely influential in 19th-century morphology. Only a few scientists rejected this vitalistic protoplasm theory, notably Traube. His vitalistic ideas were ridiculed in the "British Medical Journal" as unscientific. Cultural evolution is vitalistic and assumes a direction to the nature of change (i.e., progress).