Some of the brigands were former royalists turned highwaymen. Bolivia was captured and recaptured many times during the war by the royalists and patriots. Armed conflict broke out between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians in 1642. Following the unification of most of Italy, tensions between the royalists and republicans erupted. It ended in total defeat for the Irish Catholics and royalists. This led republicans to call the royalists 'pro-Dutch'. In the following years there were many battles between royalists and local militia. Among them were some 'forced' Royalists, creoles who had served and sided with the Spanish. He hosted luxurious feasts attended by royalists, repentant Jacobins, ladies, and courtesans. English Royalists backed Charles I, with limited help from Irish and Scots Royalists. He went on to organize festivals for martyrs that died fighting royalists. Cromwell and Fairfax took the formal surrender of the Royalists at Oxford in June 1646. In 1794, fierce repression was conducted in the whole region against the Royalists. Parliamentary elections in the spring of 1797 resulted in considerable gains for the royalists. This led to the calling of the Convention Parliament which was dominated by royalists.