Standardized protocols for inserting cerebral shunts have been shown to reduce shunt infections. Individuals with cerebral shunts are at risk of developing shunt nephritis, which frequently produces MGN. These glomus bodies control small arteriovenous shunts or anastomoses. Cardiac shunts can be evaluated through catheterization. Pulmonary haemorrhage, pleural effusions, atelectasis, and intrapulmonary shunts also contribute to respiratory difficulty. They are described as at higher risk for extra-hepatic congenital porto-systemic shunts. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts are typically placed by an interventional radiologist under fluoroscopic guidance. Complications from shunts may include overdrainage, underdrainage, mechanical failure, infection, or obstruction. AV shunts also decrease the afterload of the heart. Bichons are also prone to liver shunts. All reptiles have the capacity for cardiac shunts. The anti-siphon valve in medical shunts is preventing excess forward flow of liquid. Below are some common routing plans for cerebral shunts. Switched shunts are rarely used for currents above 10 amperes. The resistances of shunts is in the integer to fractional milliohm range.