This ideology allegedly idealizes monolingualism, denies the benefits of multilingualism, and disdains non-standard language varieties. The language of instruction is English in the form of "flexible monolingualism". The period from 1871 to 1905 was one of official monolingualism in Russian. In accordance with Denmark's official monolingualism, all official documents and communications are in Danish. The authors suggest that monolingualism seems to be a risk factor. There is a 40% rate of monolingualism, and a 45% literacy rate. Monolingualism is normally significantly higher among women than among men.