It offers improved surface roughness, higher stiffness and reduced thermal conductivity. The toughness of corundum is sensitive to surface roughness and crystallographic orientation. Wetting occurs as a function of two parameters&colon; surface roughness and surface fraction. These measurements include road curvature, cross slope, asperity, roughness, rutting and texture. Decreasing the roughness of a surface usually increases its manufacturing cost. They focussed on areas such as material defects, grain size and surface roughness. These deviations can be much larger or much smaller than the surface roughness. Many optical measurement instruments are able to measure the surface roughness over an area. Slope parameters describe characteristics of the slope of the roughness profile. The film smoothes the surface roughness and the Wenzel model no longer applies. The main differences are the surface roughness and cost of casting. A fluid's "wettability" can be controlled by varying capillary surface properties ("e.g." roughness, hydrophilicity). Manning coefficients were expected to be constant and functions of the roughness only. Cavitation occurs within the body of flow of a given distributed roughness. One possible application is measuring the roughness of ice crystals.