Excessive secretion cause hyperthyroidism and deficiency cause hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism are associated with AF development. Inflammation of the thyroid is called thyroiditis, and may cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. BCE described hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and goitre. The symptoms are those of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Thyroid storm presents with extreme symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Psychosis and paranoia, common during thyroid storm, are rare with milder hyperthyroidism. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Activating TRAbs are characteristic of Graves' disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism). Recommended laboratory studies include an investigation for anemia, hyperthyroidism and electrolyte abnormalities. Long term untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to osteoporosis. Drugs used to help manage the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are methimazole and carbimazole. Iodinated contrast agents may cause allergic reactions, contrast-induced nephropathy, hyperthyroidism and possibly metformin accumulation. Patients with this condition have also presented with symptoms similar to hyperthyroidism. Other beta-blockers are used to treat only the symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism.