Ovariectomies, surgeries inducing menopause, or natural menopause cause fluctuating and decreased estrogen levels in women. Physical changes resulting from pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause often contribute to stress urinary incontinence. Hormone replacement therapy may relieve many of the symptoms of menopause. It often becomes less prominent with the decrease in bodily estrogen experienced during menopause. Due to hypoestrogenism, the risk of osteoporosis increases during menopause. The symptoms of early menopause may be more severe. Causes of formication include normal states such as onset of menopause (i.e. hormone withdrawal). Primary among these are pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, and the treatment thereof (HRT). Nina begins experiencing symptoms that bring up the concern of menopause. Clonidine can also be used for migraine headaches and hot flashes associated with menopause. The ovary progresses through many stages beginning in the prenatal period through menopause. Undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease is a risk factor for early menopause. I endometrial carcinomas occur most commonly before and around the time of menopause. Estrogens and progestogens are the two most often used in menopause. Hot flashes are also characteristic of menopause.