Nonoxynol-9 is the active ingredient in most spermicidal creams, jellies, foams, gel, film, and suppositories. The contraceptive sponge combines barrier and spermicidal methods to prevent conception. Older aluminium electrolytic capacitors and spermicidal jellies also contain quaternary ammonium salts. Active secondary spermicidal ingredients can include octoxynol-9, benzalkonium chloride and menfegol. It has been studied for its spermicidal effects as a contraceptive in humans. It is widely used in contraceptives for its spermicidal properties. Tablets are inserted vaginally, or a gel is applied, resulting in local spermicidal contraception. He funded early research for the Southeastern Pennsylvania League's work to identify effective spermicidal jellies. Additionally, females with larger spermathecae are better able to produce spermicidal secretion. The bladder irritation was thought to be caused by the spermicidal detergent nonoxynol-9. The book included a spermicidal method which he invented. Modern researchers A. Pakrashi et al. have found acacia to be spermicidal.