These original jurists and scholars also acted as a counterbalance to the rulers. Historically, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists (muftis). It caused the anger of the ulama, the Muslim jurists. Oxford has produced a large number of distinguished jurists, judges and lawyers around the world. Of permanent importance was the Napoleonic Code created by eminent jurists under Napoleon's supervision. The defendants in this case were 16 German jurists and lawyers. But there are varying opinions among few jurists on the permissibility of masturbation. The township flourished as a center for writers, jurists and lawyers. At the next level are four "Appeals Courts", composed of trained jurists. The stature of jurists was determined by their scholarly reputation. He sought to codify Hanafi law by the work of several hundred jurists, called Fatawa-e-Alamgiri. The code was regarded as a great work by contemporary European jurists. Subsequently, he mentions the opinions of the different jurists. On the basis of this jurists have judged and take Khoms. This definition is consistent amongst the jurists.