Adults will typically mate within a few hours of emergence from their pupated form. Larvae were then able to withstand a few frosts before they pupated. Shoot death becomes apparent after the insect has pupated. When the larvae were sufficiently grown, they pupated and the adult firefly later emerged. Both species had a lighter adult weight than normal and pupated earlier. Male and female alates emerge from larvae that have overwintered and pupated in late spring.