He made contributions in the fields of biophysics, neurophysiology, electronics, computer science, and neuroanatomy. The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology provides certification examination in clinical neurophysiology. It also has medical applications in clinical neurophysiology and clinical neuroscience. Another example of clinical electrophysiology is clinical neurophysiology. Hospitals that have neurologists and neurosurgeons tend to house clinical neurophysiology departments. At the same time, he began studying neurophysiology and neurological diseases. Marr integrated results from psychology, artificial intelligence, and neurophysiology into new models of visual processing. Developmental bioelectricity is a sub-discipline of biology, related to, but distinct from, neurophysiology and bioelectromagnetics. Electrodiagnostic medicine is a subset of clinical neurophysiology. Three distinct areas in studying motor control have emerged&colon; limb mechanics, neurophysiology, and motor behavior. A new and emerging application for telemetry is in the field of neurophysiology, or neurotelemetry. Ivan Pavlov contributed to many areas of neurophysiology. According to epiphenomenalism, animals experience pain only as a result of neurophysiology. Another approach is to examine the relationship between neurophysiology and criminality. Stuttering is also believed to be caused by neurophysiology.