Winnowing usually follows threshing in grain preparation. These bracts form the chaff removed from cereal grain during threshing and winnowing. After this drying, threshing and cleaning the grains by winnowing. By the late nineteenth century steam power was applied to threshing and steam tractors appeared. Women were responsible for the planting, weeding, harvesting, threshing, and polishing of the rice crop. One of the stolen leaves contains an exquisite miniature of a farmer threshing grain. Church grounds and buildings were also used for the threshing and storage of grain. This is because its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. They may also be ridden, or used for threshing, raising water, milling and other work. Steam-powered threshing machines superseded flails. This device was powered by animals and used the same principles used for grain threshing. Oats were gathered into shocks, and then collected and run through a stationary threshing machine. Harvesting is followed by threshing, either immediately or within a day or two. Our food in the threshing floors was burnt and the vineyards were also destroyed. This was a portable machine designed for use with threshing machines.