Cocaine constricts blood vessels, dilates pupils, and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Nitric oxide dilates blood vessels, raising blood supply and lowering blood pressure. It dilates the user's pupils and also relaxes non-essential muscles. Iloprost dilates systemic and pulmonary arterial vascular beds. Giving the hormone prostaglandin ripens the cervix, meaning the cervix softens, thins out, or dilates. When contractility becomes impaired and the ventricle dilates, the afterload rises and limits output. It also dilates blood vessels in the lungs, which lowers the pulmonary artery pressure. It increases vessel permeability, dilates blood vessels and causes smooth muscle cells to contract. This dilates blood vessels by relaxing smooth muscle in their linings. The stomach often dilates to accommodate food intake and secretions. This dilates the upper airway, assisting respiration. If the pupil dilates, the lesion is preganglionic. Minoxidil dilates small blood vessels; it is not clear how this causes hair to grow. The rift gradually dilates into a ravine, and the ravine expands into a vale. The scale factor formula 11 either dilates or compresses a signal.