Before the introduction of antivenom, envenomation resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. There is an overall shortage of antivenom to treat snakebites. A mamba-specific antivenom was introduced in 1962, followed by a fully polyvalent antivenom in 1971. Instituto Bioclon is developing a coral snake antivenom. Snake farms produce meat, snake skin, and antivenom. In addition to antivenom treatment, endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are required for supportive therapy. Brown snake antivenom has been available since 1956. Boomslang monovalent antivenom was developed during the 1940s. Until the advent of antivenom, bites from some species of snake were almost universally fatal. Use of widow spider antivenom has been shown effective in treating steatodism. Symptomatic replacement therapy is applied due to the absence of an Atheris specific antivenom. It is reconstituted with sterile water and becomes antivenom. In this last case, the monovalent "B. fasciatus" antivenom is also moderately effective. No blue-ringed octopus antivenom is available. There is no blue-ringed octopus antivenom available.