Surface roughness and surface flatness are two quite different concepts. Hull shapes are categorized by roundness/flatness, and by the presence and angle of chines. Wafer defocus also leads to image placement errors due to deviations from local mask flatness. Specifying tolerances on flatness and water content may help the supplier meet target requirements. Such surfaces are usually machined or ground to achieve the required degree of flatness. Many radial basis functions have a parameter that controls their relative flatness or peakedness. This follows from the above characterization of flatness in terms of ideals. Dithering helps to reduce color banding and flatness. The view is obscured greatly by the flatness of the summit plateau. Quantitative models have also been unable to recreate the flatness of the Cretaceous temperature gradient. Complexity is a separate issue from flatness of rate structures. The high frequencies are lost, giving the performance an unwarranted flatness. Such problems include the horizon problem and the flatness problem. In addition, it accounts for the observed flatness and absence of magnetic monopoles. They are archetypal characters distinguished by their simplification and flatness.