Dogging has aspects of exhibitionism and voyeurism. Psychology views sadism and masochism as interchangeable, with voyeurism and exhibitionism as their respective aspects. As observation is encouraged, voyeurism and exhibitionism are closely associated with dogging. Many scopophobia patients develop habits of voyeurism or exhibitionism. Candaulism is also associated with voyeurism and exhibitionism. Non-sexual exhibitionism or public nudity is sometimes considered indecent exposure. Others are violations of social taboos, such as incest, sodomy, indecent exposure or exhibitionism. Excessive "immodesty" is called exhibitionism. She was diagnosed with various disorders, including anorexia nervosa, schizophrenia, exhibitionism, and coprophilia. A high value is placed on female chastity and exhibitionism is prohibited. Technically this is a form of exhibitionism rather than "group sex" per se. Many critics described it as "narcissistic exhibitionism" and described it as self-indulgent. Exposing oneself only to an intimate partner is normally not regarded as exhibitionism. The intentional exposure of one's intimate parts is a form of exhibitionism. Leaving behind his youthful exhibitionism, Carr came to cherish his privacy.