Numerous conquest wars as well as armed anti-colonial military campaigns were waged as jihads. The jihads and the jihad states came to an end with European colonization. Andrew Bostom states that a number of jihads have targeted Christians, Hindus, and Jews. Paul's Fremen armies have since launched several bloody jihads to solidify his position. During the 1670s, they declared jihads on non-Muslims. The Fula people led many jihads, or holy wars, some of which were major. In the early 19th century, a series of Fulani reformist jihads swept across Western Africa. He discussed the Sufi origins of the jihads of Futa Tooro, Fouta Djallon and Sokoto. In the 19th Century the fula peoples led a series of jihads across sudanic Africa. His success inspired similar jihads in Western Africa.