The term incorporates aspects of geophysics, geochemistry, mineralogy, geodesy, and cartography. Geomorphology is practiced within physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology and geotechnical engineering. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. Nowadays, geodetic networks and satellite geodesy are used. Today, the UKHO has expertise in areas such as bathymetry, oceanography, geodesy and data science. Spherical trigonometry is of great importance for calculations in astronomy, geodesy and navigation. We will not devalue the EPSG dataset by including such inappropriate geodesy and cartography. The science of geodesy has elements of both astrophysics and planetary sciences. Its researchers participated in international projects in the areas of astronomy, geodesy, geomagnetism and meteorology. Wilkes had a reputation for hydrography, geodesy, and magnetism. Surveying and mapping are two important fields of application of geodesy. This problem often occurs in various trigonometric applications, such as geodesy, astronomy, construction, navigation etc. Geodesic grids used in geodesy also have the geometry of geodesic polyhedra. Moreover, the Paris meridian was linked with international collaboration in geodesy and metrology. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a radar technique used in geodesy and remote sensing.