This causes the externality competitive equilibrium to not be a Pareto optimality. A Reachable Optimality computation reduces into optimizing reachability when RAYG is adopted. Fractional Pareto optimality is a strengthening of Pareto-optimality in the context of fair item allocation. These desirable properties may be described as&colon; validity, optimality, and invariance. Implicitly, Marx is thus denying that capitalism is in a state of Pareto optimality. Historically, finite-sample efficiency was an early optimality criterion. In Optimality Theory, every constraint is universal. This is related to Pareto optimality. This section proves throughput optimality of the backpressure algorithm. It is used as an optimality criterion in parameter selection and model selection. A decision rule makes a choice using an optimality criterion. The approximate algorithms CLARA and CLARANS trade optimality for runtime. Vilfredo Pareto used an Edgeworth box contact line to illustrate a similar social optimality. As in A*, the heuristic has to have particular properties to guarantee optimality (shortest paths). The computational law of reachable optimality has four key components as described below.