Many inorganic substances are insoluble too, including most metal oxides, sulfides, and silicates. They are usually obtained through minerals such as sulfides, carbonates, and silicates. The mineral matter in oil shale includes various fine-grained silicates and carbonates. Its oxides form a family of anions known as silicates. After molding, the casting is covered with a residue of oxides, silicates and other compounds. In 1990, 4 million tons of alkali metal silicates were produced. American-made vehicles traditionally used both silicates and phosphates. Soil, consisting of polyanionic clays and silicates, generally has a net anionic charge. Clinker consists of various calcium silicates including alite and belite. Serpentines may also pseudomorphously replace other magnesium silicates. Compounds detected spectroscopically on the surface include water ice, carbon dioxide, silicates, and organic compounds. Magnesium aluminum silicates and alverine citrate drugs can be effective for IBS. They are minerals in the beryl group of silicates. Water-soluble silicates in the form of , , and are used as detergents and adhesives. Harder chars are produced with sodium silicates and graphite.