Many jurisdictions offer a simplified process for filing a civil complaint for unrepresented litigants. Small-claims courts have limited jurisdiction to hear civil cases between private litigants. Litigation was filed on behalf of 38,000 litigants. Many federal courts publish procedural guides for "pro se" litigants. Several federal courts published general guidelines for "pro se" litigants and Civil Rights complaint forms. Many jurisdictions provide a statutory or constitutional right for litigants to appeal adverse decisions. Moreover, lawyers are not present and litigants must represent themselves. Many state courts also publish procedural guides for "pro se" litigants. He had been accused of abusive treatment of attorneys and litigants appearing before him. The Court had only slight jurisdiction in regards to private matters between litigants. He also emphasized that judges need to be respectful of litigants. Article IV alleged wrongful communication with litigants. Decisions are binding on non-state litigants to whom they are addressed. The remaining litigants have received various settlements. The petition for certification filed by the 16 litigants was denied.