Typhoid fever is a human-specific disease caused by the bacterium "Salmonella typhi". These fevers occur following infection by "Salmonella typhi" and "Salmonella paratyphi" respectively. He identified the typhoid bacillus (now named "Salmonella typhi") before Karl Joseph Eberth. Other means of diagnosing "Salmonella typhi" (and "paratyphi") include cultures of blood, urine and faeces. Species commonly investigated in the temperate zone include "Salmonella typhi" and "Salmonella Typhimurium". "Salmonella typhi" and poliovirus also target this section of the intestine. Bacteria and protozoans that are amenable to treatment include "Shigella" "Salmonella typhi", and "Giardia" species.