Quality assurance mechanisms have failed to stop misrepresentations and malpractices in higher education. PMLN blamed this primarily on alleged vote rigging and administrative malpractices. Unrest, voting fraud and malpractices marked the election day according to the opposition parties. The Emergency was followed after election malpractices allegation and following the verdict against Indira Gandhi. A number of newspaper establishments were named as having indulged in editorial malpractices. On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha found Gandhi guilty of electoral malpractices. He identified more than hundred electoral malpractices and reformed the election process. The main causes of these malpractices are lack of education, lack of awareness and superstition. Their satirical content strikes home at contemporary malpractices and also often includes political satire. Others find that "the overall social audit effects on reducing easy-to-detect malpractices was mostly absent".