This factor is a measure of quality of a solar cell. This effect is due to reduced recombination in the solar cell. Surface passivation is critical to solar cell efficiency. Metal halide perovskites possess unique features that make them useful for solar cell applications. The limit describes several loss mechanisms that are inherent to any solar cell design. See external links, below, for application examples in biotechnology and solar cell technology. Studying a leaf to invent a better solar cell is an example. CIGS is approximately 1/100th the thickness of conventional silicon solar cell technologies. Solar cell efficiency increases with grain size. The surface passivation process has since been critical to solar cell efficiency. In solar cell technology, surface passivation is critical to solar cell efficiency. The resulting equivalent circuit of a solar cell is shown on the left. The instability of the dye solar cell was identified as a main challenge. Operation of a solar cell can be understood from the equivalent circuit at right. Surface passivation is also critical to solar cell and carbon quantum dot technologies.