Major generals outranked brigadiers and all other lesser officers. Lieutenant generals outranked major generals and all other lesser officers. Dowager Empresses outranked reigning Empress Consorts at the Russian Court. All first-cohort centurions outranked all centurions from other cohorts. These outranked vicars in precedence, though administratively they were subordinates like all governors. He said that Democritus, Plato, Augustine, and Grosseteste far outranked Aristotle. Caepio refused to take orders from Mallius Maximus who as consul outranked him. Ambassadors also outranked envoys until the 1960s, when the last legations were upgraded to embassies. The majority whip is outranked by the majority leader and, unofficially, the president pro tempore. He was only outranked in government by the Justiciar (now obsolete). As a result, he formally outranked provincial governors and ordinary magistrates. By contrast, in the American system, commanders are frequently outranked by staff officers. As President, according to the Iranian political system, Khatami was outranked by the Supreme Leader. Hanyang outranked its rivals in various respects. Ambassadors outranked ministers and had precedence at official events.