The story incorporates themes of Jungian psychology, Freudian thought, and religious symbolism. In O'Neill's interpretation, these forces are eliminated in favor of Freudian and Jungian psychology. Hillman has also rejected individuation, central to Jungian psychology. They concentrated on Sandplay and created new dynamic techniques that are more Jungian than Freudian. In Jungian psychology, archetypes are highly developed elements of the collective unconscious. Ken Wilber developed a theory called "Spectrum of Consciousness," which expanded the Jungian archetypes. "Demian" is replete with both Jungian archetypes and Jungian symbolism. Jungian concepts and archetypes were expressed in his paintings. There are also extensive references to Gnosticism, Judaism and Jungian psychology. Much of films evidently feature Jungian Archetypes. This gender essentialism is consistent with the Jungian philosophy undergirding the movement. Jungian archetypes play an important role in the book. The trickster or clown is an example of a Jungian archetype. "Star Wars" features elements such as knighthood, chivalry, and Jungian archetypes such as 'the shadow'. He has been especially active in introducing training in Jungian psychology in China.