All Dolby Digital Plus decoders can decode Dolby Digital bitstreams. Dolby released Dolby Pulse decoders and encoders in September 2008. Combinational circuits&colon; arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders. My Sky decoders with a new decoder. Dolby Digital Plus bitstreams are not directly backward compatible with legacy Dolby Digital decoders. Some 3rd party hardware and software decoders only decode WMVA based content. Playback required additional speakers and specially designed decoders and amplifiers. KMPlayer includes many essential decoders for media playback. These receivers are called integrated receiver/decoders or IRDs. It describes techniques for encoding and for error/loss concealment by decoders. Channels were transmitted and received via satellites and digital decoders. Locomotives can be fitted with digital decoders for independent control. External devices like DVD players, decoders, and computers can be connected. Some implementations of decoders throw exceptions on errors. There are hard decision and soft decision Viterbi decoders.