The resulting deforestation is also not easily compensated for by reforestation or afforestation. Since 1948, large reforestation and afforestation projects were accomplished in Israel. It also applies unit obligations for deforestation and credits for eligible afforestation. The early JNF was active in afforestation and reclamation of land. During the 20th century there was some afforestation with conifer plantations. Within the department, livestock farming, agriculture and afforestation predominate. Planting trees to fight drought has also been proposed in the context of afforestation. The bogs are threatened by grazing, turbary, burning and afforestation. Saxaul is planted on a large scale in the afforestation of arid areas in China. Large-scale seaweed farming (called "ocean afforestation") could sequester huge amounts of carbon. In 2005, after years of national afforestation programmes, about 9% of Ireland has become forested. Some limited afforestation with pine trees has been carried out. This is most likely afforestation projects, which include expanding parks and lakes. Efforts have also been made with afforestation projects. Due to massive afforestation efforts, this fact echoed in diverse campaigns.