Absentee landlordism and mortgage redlining also characterize disinvestment. It sought to abolish landlordism and curb the power of moneylenders. Absentee landlordism was rare, and landless tenants were estimated at only about 20% of holdings. In general, absentee landlordism in the north was rare, and landless tenants were few. When it was implemented, landlordism was abolished in Kerala. Longer-term causes include the system of absentee landlordism, and single-crop dependence. Increasing tenant farmer disputes and issues with landlordism also led to increasing government regulation. This was considered as the first instance of unified mass movement against landlordism. Moreover, this law merely allowed the transfer of the landlordism from one area to another. He looked upon modern landlordism not as a cause but as an effect. In Gladstone's words, the intention of the Act was to make landlordism impossible. In 1868 he published a brochure, "Ireland for the Irish," attacking landlordism.