Heuristics that underlie judgment are called "judgment heuristics". Solutions to these problems are generally derived using heuristics and approximation algorithms. This requires more choices, such as numerical approximations or the use of heuristics. Other diversification strategies involve enabling, disabling or diversifying certain heuristics in the sequential solver. They therefore often use mental shortcuts known as "heuristics" to quickly arrive at acceptable inferences. These intersection effects were based on studying the lenses of biases, heuristics, stereotypes, and judgments. Gerd Gigerenzer is one of the main opponents to cognitive biases and heuristics. In truth, actual investors face cognitive limitations from biases, heuristics, and framing effects. Lakatos proposed an account of mathematical knowledge based on the idea of heuristics. Lakatos proposed an account of mathematical knowledge based on Polya's idea of heuristics. Nudging techniques aim to use judgmental heuristics to our advantage. A range of different heuristics have been explored for inlining. Herbert A. Simon formulated one of the first models of heuristics, known as satisficing. Some rules dictate a fixed numerical bound, while others specify less precise heuristics or guidelines. Kahneman explains this phenomenon using the theory of heuristics.