In this area, the Council of State possessed additional responsibility for proclaiming amnesties and pardons. It is the reserved competence of the Portuguese Parliamnent to approve generic amnesties and pardons. Those were true amnesties, pardoning past violations without changing the laws violated. Through amnesties and remissions, all prisoners (except the leaders) were freed in 1957. An emperor could pardon anyone and grant general amnesties. After months of anti-Government protests in 2011, many Islamist prisoners were released in several amnesties. Many U.S. states have had tax amnesties. The Spanish changed their policy towards the Mambises, offering amnesties and reforms. Arrests of leading intellectuals continued, punctuated by occasional amnesties, over the following decade. In 1989, general amnesties brought about the release of many long-term prisoners. International, regional and national courts have increasingly overturned general amnesties. Such amnesties were not destabilizing, but they were essential to preserving social and economic stability. Previous amnesties contrary to the remit of the court would be invalid. Governor Lew Wallace issued general amnesties for many who took part in the conflict. Portugal introduced tax amnesties in 2005 and 2010.