Coffee and caffeine can affect gastrointestinal motility and gastric acid secretion. Acute megacolon develops because of abnormal intestinal motility. Ghrelin may help prepare for food intake by increasing gastric motility and gastric acid secretion. Magnesium-containing agents also cause the release of cholecystokinin, which increases intestinal motility and fluid secretion. The opposite will occur with drugs that decrease intestinal motility. Digestive motility issues may result in constipation. They may also decrease tubal motility and ciliary action. Nicotine is negatively associated with total sperm motility. Prokinetics may be used to improve gastrointestinal motility. These proteins are associated with a mesenchymal phenotype, characterized by increased motility and invasiveness. Use of opioid medications, which interfere with intestinal motility, are limited. Bronchiectasis may result from congenital disorders that affect cilia motility or ion transport. Metformin also interacts with anticholinergic medications, due to their effect on gastric motility. Neutrophils display highly directional amoeboid motility in infected footpad and phalanges. Gelsolin is a downstream effector of rac for fibroblast motility.