Groulx was quite successful promoting his brand of ultramontanism. Several of these churches refer to such claims as "ultramontanism". They had been influenced by the Ultramontanism which spread among Catholics in this period. This caused a revolt, mostly because rural cantons were strongholds of ultramontanism. Challenges to ultramontanism have remained strong within and outside Roman jurisdiction. The opposite doctrine is known as Ultramontanism. George Grub wrote that Innes was opposed to ultramontanism, but was not Jansenist as historian. Opponents of the new hierarchical church organization pejoratively called it ultramontanism. During his times Ultramontanism largely prevailed upon the Liberal wing of Catholicism. From the 17th century, ultramontanism became closely associated with the Jesuits.