Cognitive impairments suggest lower IQ, academic underachievement, as well as neurocognitive deficits. An often-overlooked contributor to underachievement is undiagnosed learning differences. Reiss applied the 16 basic desires to assessing academic underachievement and motivating students. Leng attributes the album's underachievement to the Beatles' inexperience as label owners. The report surveys various studies which point to academic underachievement on national and international scales. This was perceived by many fans to be somewhat of an underachievement by the organisation. These lead to poor performance in school and work, followed by underachievement in these areas. He concluded that low auditory ability was a major factor in underachievement. The 1927 season was one of underachievement and ultimate success. Jason W. Osborne identifies "cool pose" as one of the factors in black underachievement.