Parties may be estopped from litigating determinations on issues made in prior actions. In 1991 he became assistant United States Attorney, litigating both civil and criminal cases. Additionally, investors were spared the burdens of negotiating or litigating to defend their rights. Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi had been litigating against the measure in court. In 2016 the Oswal couple was still litigating the fairness of the proceedings, alleging coercion. The litigating public prefers to deal with male lawyers. He was litigating a number of high-profile police brutality and criminal cases. Jackson was a supporter of the New Deal, litigating against corporations and utilities holding companies. Unlike most Federal agencies, the STB has independent litigating authority ().