Kinetic isotope effects from isotopic mass ratios can be as large as 36.4 using muons. These large molecules contain a distribution of isotopes that produce a series of isotopic peaks. Clumped isotopes present a distinct set of challenges for isotopic reference materials. This results from differences in isotopic ratios of sediments and rocks within the different oceans. Another application is in radiochemistry, where this may refer to isotopic ratios or isotopic abundances. The nuclides used in isotopic labeling may be stable nuclides or radionuclides. This effect is known as isotopic fractionation. Denitrification can lead to a condition called isotopic fractionation in the soil environment. This has led to the specialized field of isotopic stratigraphy. Data from Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions ed. This is aided by isotopic dating and modeling of the geological history. It is often used as a tracer of isotopic evolution of Earth's mantle through time. Quantitative proteomics using stable isotopic tagging is an increasingly useful tool in modern development. Isotopologues are molecules that differ only in their isotopic composition. It can also be extracted to a high chemical and isotopic purity from radioactive waste.