However, the HSS has superior resistance to lateral torsional buckling. Yielded structures have a lower stiffness, leading to increased deflections and decreased buckling strength. Thin-walled beams are ultimately limited by local buckling and lateral-torsional buckling. The "critical load" is the greatest load that will not cause lateral deflection (buckling). This caused the load to redistribute and the failure progressed, eventually buckling the struts. Repeated buckling may lead to fatigue failures. He remembers his right knee buckling out. He performed pioneering work on the buckling of compressed struts. These theories include those based on mechanical buckling, axonal tension, and differential tangential expansion. The stress in thin film semiconductor structures results in the buckling of the wafers. A load beyond the critical load causes the column to fail by buckling. Too much spoke tension, however, can lead to catastrophic failure in the form of buckling. This can take the form of buckling or crippling. The members under compression also have to be designed to be safe against buckling. A ratio greater than 6-to-1 is avoided in order to avoid buckling.