These capacitors combine features of electrolytic and electrochemical capacitors. An electrolytic cell is a kind of electrochemical cell. Palladium is used in palladium-hydrogen electrodes in electrochemical studies. Ozone can also be produced from oxygen at the anode of an electrochemical cell. These include spectroscopic, piezoelectric, electrochemical and fluorescent detectors. These dislocations permit ionic transport through crystals leading to electrochemical reactions. This is beneficial for applications such as catalysis and select biomedical and electrochemical applications. The activation polarization is the result of the kinetics involved with the electrochemical reactions. Applications in catalysis, medicine, electrochemical cells, corrosion and more have been developed. The stability results from the dual electrostatic and electrochemical storage principles. Other methods such as electrochemical synthesis are in development. This may improve energy density and safety of lithium batteries and electrochemical capacitors. Case is noted (among other fields) for research in electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering. It is also an experimental method of characterizing electrochemical systems. These can be achieved via chemical, electrochemical or physical techniques.