Protocadherins function as cell adhesion molecules, essential for synaptic specificity. Aggregation involves particulate adhesion and higher resistance to compaction. Such proteins modulate phenotypes such as cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Many cells produce specific carbohydrate-binding proteins known as lectins, which mediate cell adhesion with oligosaccharides. The fusion requires the regulation of cell adhesion molecules. Secondly the material is difficult to paint due to low surface adhesion. Cell motility involves many receptors, crosslinking, bundling, binding, adhesion, motor and other proteins. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. VCAM-1 functions as a cell adhesion molecule. Rheumatic valves display increased expression of VCAM-1, a protein that mediates the adhesion of lymphocytes. Furthermore,suppression of E-cadherin impairs intracellular adhesion. Integrins involved in cellular adhesion are primarily expressed on leukocytes. This family of glycoproteins are responsible for calcium-dependent mechanism of intracellular adhesion. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Dysfunction of cell adhesion occurs during cancer metastasis.