Shagbark hickories can grow to enormous sizes but are unreliable bearers. Typical trees are American beech, tulip tree, various oaks and hickories, and several other hardwoods. Pines, magnolias, hickories, and a variety of oaks are the dominant trees. Trees are mainly oaks and hickories, with other species less abundant. The grave site was surrounded by a variety of trees, including six shagbark hickories. These forests occur on dry and dry-mesic sites and are dominated by oaks and hickories. As climate warmed further around 3,000 B.C., beech, walnut, hickories, chestnut, and butternut grew. Hickories are deciduous trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts. Hickories sprout readily from stumps and roots. Bitternut hickory is cut and sold in mixture with the true hickories. The banded hickory borer ("Knulliana cincta") is also found on hickories. All hickories are self-infertile and monoecious. True hickories provide a large portion of the high-grade hickory used by industry. "Phylloxera" galls may damage weakened or stressed hickories, but are generally harmless. True hickories sprout prolifically from stumps after cutting and fire.