Solubilization of cell membrane bilayers requires a detergent that can enter the inner membrane monolayer. P. Boehm reported producing monolayer flakes of reduced graphene oxide in 1962. These two layers of polarized ions are separated by a monolayer of solvent molecules. This is poured over a confluent monolayer of host cells. Even with extreme deformation, excellent carrier mobility in monolayer graphene can be preserved. The membrane consists of a single lipid monolayer surrounded by an S-layer. It is also possible to functionalize silicon wafers with diazonium salts forming an aryl monolayer. Chemical vapor deposition has also been used to produce TMD monolayer films. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Only phospholipids located in the outermost monolayer exposed to Mn experience this broadening. Borophene is a crystalline atomic monolayer of boron and also known as "boron sheet". The molecular monolayer forms the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP). Hz resolution can measure the kinetics of monolayer self-assembly directly. FET-based biosensors rely on receptors attached to the monolayer TMD. A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coating can provide such surfaces.