Mitosis is composed of many stages which include, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis, respectively. APC also targets the mitotic cyclins for degradation, ensuring that telophase and cytokinesis can proceed. Interphase is the process a cell must go through before mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis. While mitosis can occur in the absence of cytokinesis, cytokinesis requires the mitotic apparatus. Mitosis and cytokinesis, however, are separate from interphase. The S phase starts the sequence of events leading to mitosis and cytokinesis. The contractile ring is highly conserved in both fission yeast and human cytokinesis. Another key function of the astral microtubules is to aid in cytokinesis. Pericentrin has a role in cell division, proper chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. Oddly, mutation of this phosphorylation site in CENP-A leads to defects in cytokinesis. The second step of animal cell cytokinesis involves division plane specification and cytokinetic furrow formation. Karyokinesis and cytokinesis are independent but spatially and temporally coordinated processes. Thus, the AMR and septum formation are the major drivers of cytokinesis. "Karyokinesis without cytokinesis" originates multinucleated cells called coenocytes. In red algae, cytokinesis is incomplete.