Malaysia contains 7,605,000 hectares of arable and permanent cropland. In 1950, irrigated cropland covered 250,000 acres. The total arable land is 10.9% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland. The city's outskirts have large fields of irrigated cropland and Native American reservation lands. Deforestation and excessive grazing led to erosion of meadows and cropland. Populations tend to be scattered between suitable savannah or cropland habitats, avoiding forested areas. About 12% was cropland and another 4% grassland pasture or range. Three lakh hectares of cropland were submerged under flood water. By 1913, only of cropland, woodland, and pasture remained. Less than a quarter of the region has been cleared for pasture and cropland. Over 100 people were killed and an estimated 64,000 hectares of cropland were washed away. The byproduct water can be used to irrigate nearby cropland. The government campaigned heavily for turning marginal land into cropland. Its lower course is used for irrigation of cropland and ranching. Leftover manure is then mixed with soil and added to the cropland.