The Russian Army was plagued by mutinies and desertions. Witnessing numerous desertions and defections, even among those closest to him, James II fled England. Rather than risk desertions or defections, Tani decided to stand on the defensive. Depleted by casualties and desertions, the military suffered chronic manpower shortages. There were also reports of factionalism among the separatists, with some desertions. Eventually the British forces started to suffer troop desertions and dissensions within the command. He sent the cavalry down for skirmishes, which caused a large number of desertions. In 1801, another Graaff-Reinet rebellion started forcing more Khoi desertions and farm abandonments. The woodlands were soon exhausted of game, and by February morale and increased desertions ensued. Faced with desertions from Kentucky militia, Hamtramck returned to Vincennes. To stop army desertions, soldiers were quickly promoted to higher ranks. This led to mass desertions from the Bourbon armies to Bonaparte's. These army desertions resulted in a stronger Karen grip on the army. Laplume narrowly escaped capture as his army collapsed in a flurry of confusion and desertions. The defeat led to mass desertions from the discouraged French volunteers.