A phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Similar to pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxylase replenishes oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder where anaplerosis is greatly reduced. Organic prosthetic groups can be covalently bound (e.g., biotin in enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase). AMPK phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which normally catalyzes malonyl-CoA synthesis. The malate is created by PEP carboxylase and malate dehydrogenase in the cytosol. Children with pyruvate carboxylase deficiency type A typically survive only into early childhood. Both hormones regulate hormone-sensitive lipase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. It is also called 2-oxo-acid carboxylase, alpha-ketoacid carboxylase, and pyruvic decarboxylase. The "PC" gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called pyruvate carboxylase. PEP-C kinase phosphorylates its target enzyme PEP carboxylase (PEP-C). It interacts with large subunit of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Malonyl-CoA is formed by carboxylating acetyl-CoA using the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Glucose oxidation produces citrate which can be converted to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. It interacts with both the large and small subunits of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.