Bird predation is usually evident only in late-instar larvae or on overwintering pupae. During diapause, butterflies fly to one of many overwintering sites. Adults produced by the overwintering larval generation emerge during October and November. These make the plant a potential reservoir for overwintering pests. Individuals may defend basking spots, nesting sites, feeding areas, nurseries, and overwintering sites. Mating is repressed and only occasionally observed among overwintering monarchs. The Bay also has overwintering waterfowl in its wildlife refuges. Hatchling terrapins are freeze tolerant, which may facilitate overwintering on land. Colonies are annual with only inseminated queens overwintering. Mating for the overwintering populations occurs in the spring, prior to dispersion. In colder climates mulching or lifting and overwintering is required. Monarchs appear in legends of the people that live near overwintering areas. Instead the northern-migrating butterflies are at least four generations removed from overwintering sites. This results in overwintering populations with lower parasite loads. In subsequent years, leaves sprout from overwintering roots as well as seeds.