He blamed sectionalism and anti-slavery sentiment for the secession crisis. But by 1824, this nationalism was transforming into strong sectionalism. Sectionalism and slavery were increasingly prominent, but not yet politically critical, issues. Through his proposals, Calhoun emphasized a national footing and downplayed sectionalism and states rights. Tariffs contributed to sectionalism between the North and the South. Sectionalism has also existed in the American West. By 1819 there were exactly 11 free and 11 slave states, which increased sectionalism. Following Solomon's death, sectionalism formed and inevitably led to the division of the kingdom. He is also known for his theories of geographical sectionalism. Though sectionalism remained a problem, the parties unified around the presidential campaign. Sectionalism was thus marked in this first election of the Fourth Party System. The Society published its first book, Folmsbee's "Sectionalism and Internal Improvements in Tennessee", in 1939.