Intense artillery barrages, and airstrikes cause large amounts of deforestation. The Germans also experimented with short bombardments and barrages. At Opheusden, the 327th withstood repeated assaults by the enemy and heavy artillery barrages. The JNA began launching artillery and rocket barrages against the town. CCB endured the cold, artillery barrages and bombing while their supplies and ammunition dwindled. Vukovar sustained significant damage due to the JNA's artillery and rocket barrages. The anti-aircraft artillery barrages over the city were heavy. March, Lima Site 85 was subjected to a series of artillery barrages. Shrapnel was the usual ammunition used by the British Army in its barrages. Since the 1940s, dams, barrages and irrigation works have been constructed on the river Indus. Life in the south under rocket barrages had become unbearable. Many governments have been reluctant in recent times to grant approval for tidal barrages. The same acoustic concerns apply to tidal barrages. Soviet submarines had broken through the mine barrages in the Gulf of Finland in 1942. Decisions over practice barrages and machine-gun barrages were left to the corps commanders.