It synthesizes Daoist and Buddhist theories of psychology, cosmology, ontology, and teleology. Primitivism is a utopian idea that is distinctive for its reverse teleology. But using teleology as an explanatory style, in particular within evolutionary biology, is still controversial. Kant's argument from teleology is widely taken to be problematic. Kant, however, according to Puls, rejects this position in his teleology for meta-ethical reasons. There are various reasons for discomfort with teleology among biologists. Book Four deals with teleology and the interpretation of the scriptures. It is however usually possible to rewrite such sentences to avoid the apparent teleology. Usually, it is possible to rewrite such sentences to avoid the apparent teleology. Arbitrary actions are closely related to teleology, the study of purpose. Sometimes it is possible or useful to rewrite such sentences so as to avoid teleology. A strong teleology, or drive towards a climax, has been detected in the poem. Liberal thought provides another possible teleology of the state. Their critique of technology, totality, teleology and (occasionally) civilization is an influence on anarcho-primitivism. Anaxagoras, however, did not employ teleology.