Hopantenic acid is a homologue of pantothenic acid. Pantetheine is the cysteamine amide analog of pantothenic acid (vitamin B). The degradation of dietary intake of pantothenic acid is considered to be 78 percent. The intermediate pantetheine is broken down into cysteamine and pantothenic acid. This enzyme participates in coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis from pantothenic acid. Only the dextrorotatory (D) isomer of pantothenic acid possesses biologic activity. Some are better known by name than number&colon; niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin and folate. Deficiency in pantothenic acid can also cause hypoglycemia, or an increased sensitivity to insulin. Pantothenic acid is extremely hygroscopic, that is, it binds water effectively. Pantetheinase, an intestinal enzyme, then hydrolyzes pantetheine into free pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid was discovered by Roger J. Williams in 1933. Carbohydrates, fat, protein, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, caffeine, taurine. Pantothenic acid deficiency is exceptionally rare and has not been thoroughly studied. Pantothenic acid is used in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA). During the following twelve years he spent there, he discovered pantothenic acid.