The "gnosis" of the Epistle of Barnabas by no means links it with Gnosticism. He taught and formed groups under the banner of "Universal Gnosticism", or simply gnosis. Perfect "gnosis" (and thus the whole body of Gnostics) is connected with the Anthropos. The name Irfan in Arabic means gnosis, or knowledge of the divine. These various groups emphasised personal spiritual knowledge ("gnosis") over orthodox teachings, traditions, and ecclesiastical authority. Early Christian church leaders used the Greek word "gnosis" (knowledge) to describe "spiritual knowledge". For instance, Sidney, following Aristotle, writes that "praxis" (human action) is tantamount to "gnosis" (knowledge). Philo also refers to the "knowledge" ("gnosis") and "wisdom" ("sophia") of God. It describes Jesus appearing and giving secret knowledge (gnosis) to John the Apostle. Some Satanic groups, such as Luciferians, also seek to gain greater gnosis. It is equated with the Greek term "gnosis". Specifically, Spare developed the use of sigils and the use of gnosis to empower these. In fact his utopia is constructed with three concepts of Gnosis, equality and freedom. The term Gnosis ("knowledge") itself occurs in . Paul distinguishes "knowledge" ("gnosis") and "knowledge falsely so-called" ("pseudonymos gnosis").