Known child adoptions (adoption by relatives, stepparents or carers) are a form of local adoptions. Stepparents often face significant difficulties when interacting with the paternal parent. The constant stream of marriage and divorces led to children being mistreated by stepparents. Neglect is also discussed as a qualifying method of child abuse by stepparents in general. Lizzie has had numerous stepparents in her life. Phillip was content to have Justin and Jackie as stepparents and became close to both.