Only magnetic dipoles have been observed, although some theories predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. Many methods developed in studying instantons have also been applied to monopoles. Therefore, the ordinary phenomena of magnetism and magnets have nothing to do with magnetic monopoles. Ground waves propagate in vertical polarization so vertical antennas (monopoles) are required. Elementary magnetic monopoles remain hypothetical and unobserved, however. Nevertheless, some theoretical physics models predict the existence of these magnetic monopoles. High energy particle colliders have been used to try to create magnetic monopoles. Many grand unified theories predict the existence of both magnetic monopoles and dyons. There have been many searches for preexisting magnetic monopoles. He also studied monopoles on hyperbolic space. It is equivalent to the statement that magnetic monopoles do not exist. To date there has not been any reproducible evidence for the existence of magnetic monopoles. The detection of magnetic monopoles is an open problem in experimental physics. Some GUTs, such as the Pati-Salam model, predict the existence of magnetic monopoles. In addition, it accounts for the observed flatness and absence of magnetic monopoles.