It consists primarily of grain husks, pericarp, and fragments of endosperm. The kernel comprise endosperm, germ, pericarp, and tip cap. It lies between the pericarp and the hyaline layer of the endosperm. Germ flour is made from the endosperm and germ, excluding the bran. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo. A seed normally contains the nutritive tissue also known as the endosperm and the embryo. Unlike the cells of the starchy endosperm, aleurone cells remain alive at maturity. After lotus seed germination, crude protein and fat levels in the endosperm significantly increase. The starch is obtained from the endosperm of the kernel. The embryo is small and surrounded by copious endosperm. The endosperm of the fruit grows before the embryo. The seeds of the guar bean contain a large endosperm. Durum has a yellow endosperm, which gives pasta its color. The seed are predominantly small-sized, with an underdeveloped embryo and small amount of endosperm. At the time, it was asserted grain millers knew only of bran and endosperm.