PAP is downregulated by sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine. They were normally observed by an elevation of the sphinganine/sphingosine ratio. Sphingomyelin consists of a phosphocholine head group, a sphingosine, and a fatty acid. These ceramides are synthesized from the acylation of sphingosine. It is formed by the regulated phosphorylation of sphingosine. S1P is formed from ceramide, which is composed of a sphingosine and a fatty acid. A ceramide is composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid. S1P is formed by phosphorylation of sphingosine by sphingosine kinase (SK). The lysosome breaks down the glycosphingolipid to its primary components, fatty acids, sphingosine, and saccharide. FB possibly induces cardiovascular function, because of the elevated sphinganine/sphingosine ratio. Also, the rate of removal of the accumulated sphinganine and sphingosine will affect the detoxification. The sphingosine and fatty acid can collectively be categorized as a ceramide. Finally, ceramide may be broken down by a ceramidase to form sphingosine. This may be dephosphorylated to reform sphingosine.