The only pupil of Empedocles who is mentioned is the sophist and rhetorician Gorgias. In modern usage sophist and sophistry are redefined and used disparagingly. In modern usage, "sophism", "sophist" and "sophistry" are used disparagingly. W. K. C. Guthrie classified Socrates as a sophist in his "History of Greek Philosophy". The main argument is between Socrates and the elderly Protagoras, a celebrated sophist and philosopher. Gorgias, a Sophist who preceded Aristotle, was interested in the orator's emotional appeal as well. Aelius Aristides the orator, Polemo the sophist, and Cuspius Rufinus the Consul. However, in "The Clouds", Aristophanes portrays Socrates as running a Sophist school with Chaerephon. Before Plato, the word "sophist" could be used as either a respectful or contemptuous title. In his dialogue "Protagoras", Plato credits him with inventing the role of the professional sophist. In Rhodes he listened to the sophist philosophers and gave them money. Similar statements can also be found in Plato's dialogues ("Cratylus" 385b2, "Sophist" 263b). In his "Sophist", Plato speaks of two kinds of image-making. This born sophist once merely dared to deconstruct sexiness. This was a reaction to the Sophist emphasis on rhetoric.