Many of these hypothalamic hormones act on the pituitary gland. They also regulate many hormones including pituitary, gonadal and hypothalamic hormones as well as insulin. This allows NPY to regulate neuroendocrine release of various hypothalamic hormones such as luteinizing hormone. Tsunematsu and colleagues created transgenic mice that expressed melanopsin in hypothalamic orexin neurons. FSH is subject to oestrogen feed-back from the gonads via the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis. The combination of bupropion and naltrexone acts via hypothalamic POMC neurons to decrease appetite. The fever seen with NMS is believed to be caused by hypothalamic dopamine receptor blockade. Melatonin is thought to act by regulating the hypothalamic pulse activity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone. There are other sources of AVP, beyond the hypothalamic magnocellular neurons. Adipsia can tend to result from lesions to hypothalamic regions involved in thirst regulation. Numerous dysfunctions manifest as a result of hypothalamic disease. An autopsy conducted after his death revealed a hypothalamic tumor. It is not clear how all peptides that influence hypothalamic activity gain the necessary access. Dorsomedial SCN is mainly innervated by the core and also by other hypothalamic areas. Imaging is always helpful in an attempt to diagnose seizures caused by hypothalamic hamartoma.