A 2017 study found that the ACA reduced socioeconomic disparities in health care access. However, these reforms have also caused a rise in income inequality and gender disparities. Along with the socioeconomic factor of health disparities, race is another key factor. Regional disparities and income inequality are a feature of the Mexican economy. Huge disparities in under-5 mortality rates exist. Some studies have argued for smaller racial disparities in violent crime in recent times. These racial disparities were particularly pronounced for young men. Residential segregation also leads to generational wealth disparities. New collaborative projects include initiatives on health disparities and the environmental impacts of metropolitan growth. Gender disparities in learning opportunities, and earnings, are a cause for concern. These sorts of disparities and barriers exist worldwide as well. Unequal conversational patterns are therefore reflective of larger power disparities between men and women. There continue to be significant disparities in enrollment between rural and urban areas. Its role in affecting public health disparities has also been suggested. As a result, they are vulnerable to high rates of HIV and other health disparities.