Satiety in the hypothalamus is stimulated by leptin. Grehlin stimulates hunger and the intake of food and leptin acts to signal satiety (fullness). They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety. Leptin signals to the hypothalamus which produces a feeling of satiety. Leptin is important in regulation of appetite and acts as a satiety factor. Other symptoms of gastroparesis include early satiety, fullness, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms include epigastric pain, early satiety, fatigue and weight loss. Yerba mate has been shown to increase satiety by slowing gastric emptying. These carbohydrates offer the most fuel, nutritional value, and satiety. It participates in a number of processes such as digestion, satiety and anxiety. These hormones inhibit further food intake and have thus been dubbed "satiety factors". Insulin also serves as a satiety signal to the brain. The intestines also contain receptors that send satiety signals to the brain. Tachykinins are important contributors to nociceptive processing, satiety, and smooth muscle contraction. This hormone is thought to be a satiety signal to the brain.