Fano can be observed with photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Excited-state ionization energies can be measured by photoelectron spectroscopy. Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy (2PPE) are important extensions to photoemission spectroscopy. This has been confirmed by photoelectron spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can be performed at beamlines equipped with a photoelectron analyzer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an example. However, it is possible to distinguish between the two scenarios using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The resulting "three-over-one" bonding scheme is consistent with photoelectron spectroscopic measurements. The relative ranges of photoelectron primaries and Auger electrons depend on their respective energies. Unfortunately, hardmask layers tend to increase photoelectron emission, degrading the depth of focus. The MO diagram correlates with the experimental photoelectron spectrum for nitrogen. Simulations suggest that photoelectron generation from the gold substrate may affect dissolution rates. The binding energy of a photoelectron can be calculated by the formula below. The lifetime of a photohole, however, does not correlate with that of a photoelectron.