He saw western Europe as torn by antagonisms engendered by economic rivalry and commercial selfishness. The situation was exacerbated by land claims, paramilitary violence and ethnic antagonisms on all sides. Social struggle also occurs within fields hierarchically nested under the economic antagonisms between social classes. With multiple nationalities living in the same territory, ethnic antagonisms developed over the years. Fundamentally, the Protestant Dutch had strong antagonisms to both the Catholics and the Muslims. The inter-group dynamic in pre-colonial Burundi was not one rooted in deep antagonisms. On the other hand, many "socii" remained loyal, motivated primarily by antagonisms with neighbouring rebels. National antagonisms increased and the state saw nine different governments. During this time, predictable patriotic antagonisms quickly develop. Some early commentators on al-Masudi indicate the influence of religious antagonisms. There were personal antagonisms between Souphanouvong and Katay. As the journey continued, personal antagonisms emerged.