Vinyl cations have been observed as reactive intermediates during solvolysis reactions. Winstein equation, concerning solvolysis rates. Its intermediacy is implicated in the solvolysis of 1. The elimination occurs 10 faster than the solvolysis of anti-7-norbornyl "p"-toluenesulfonate. The facile solvolysis of 1 suggests that the cation is stabilized. However, some experimental studies failed to observe this stabilization in solvolysis reactions. The ion pair concept explains stereochemistry in solvolysis. This generally occurs in highly polar solvents through a process called solvolysis. Thus, after only a few percent solvolysis of an enantiospecific substrate, it becomes racemic. For certain nucleophiles, solvolysis reaction are classified. Cyclic alkenes also exhibit 1,2-methyl shifts upon solvolysis as well. With alcohols, partial solvolysis may occur. Recently, vinyl cation reactive intermediates have been generated in photochemical solvolysis reactions. The salt decomposes when dissolved in polar solvents, due to solvolysis. Together with H. H. Zeiss, he proposed the Doering-Zeiss mechanistic hypothesis for solvolysis reactions.