Risk factors include gallbladder dysfunction and gastric or duodenal dysmotility. About half of cases are due to peptic ulcer disease (gastric or duodenal ulcers). Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum through duodenal papillae. GAVE results in intestinal bleeding similar to duodenal ulcers and portal hypertension. This is more common in duodenal and oesophageal atresia. An acidic environment at the antrum causes metaplasia of the duodenal cells, causing duodenal ulcers. Morgan had throughout his life suffered with a chronic duodenal ulcer. Truncal vagotomy is a treatment option for chronic duodenal ulcers. "Helicobacter pylori" harms the stomach and duodenal linings by several mechanisms. Peptones stimulate duodenal G cells to secrete gastrin. It starts at the duodenal bulb and ends at the suspensory muscle of duodenum. The diagnosis of duodenal atresia is usually confirmed by radiography. It is also used for the treatment of pancreatic or duodenal trauma, or chronic pancreatitis. This may be associated with duodenal atresia. Attlee went into hospital to be treated for a duodenal ulcer on 21 March.