Symptoms vary by tree species but generally consist of leaf discoloration, wilt, defoliation, and death. As it grows it clogs the vascular tissue leading to yellowing leaves and defoliation. By attacking mature passion fruit trees, these lesions cause intense defoliation and fruit rot. Severe defoliation over several consecutive years can cause death of trees. Powdery mildew causes defoliation and fruit-drop, but it can be adequately controlled. Extensive defoliation and flooding occurred across northern Vanuatu. However, unless complete defoliation below the waterline occurs, the plants can normally tolerate this damage. In Quintana Roo, Gilbert caused significant defoliation in the jungle. Phasmatodea are recognized as injurious to forest and shade trees by defoliation. One cacao farm saw total defoliation of its trees from strong winds. Affected trees usually suffer total defoliation within 2 to 12 months. The pine processionary caterpillar is responsible for most of the defoliation of southern Europe. Some notodontids cause noticeable defoliation of their hosts. Continuous defoliation over several years often results in the death of the tree. After 6 to 9 years of moderate to heavy defoliation, the trees die.