It contrasts with syntaxis and hypotaxis. Periodic sentences often rely on hypotaxis, whereas running sentences are typified by parataxis. Syntaxis, depending on the author, may also contrast with or include hypotaxis. Parataxis roughly translates to "arranging side by side", while hypotaxis translates to "arranging under". Because of this, hypotaxis can show relationships of cause and effect, chronology, and comparison.