"The Spirits Book", which sought to distinguish Spiritism from spiritualism. Interest in Mesmerism also contributed to early Spiritism. Other syncretistic beliefs include Spiritism and Curanderismo. The latter being a syncretism of Roman Catholicism, African traditions, Spiritism and Indigenous beliefs. Developed the 19th-century spiritualist philosophical doctrine of Spiritism, popular in Francophone and Latin nations. The Hebrew Bible contains few references to ghosts, associating spiritism with forbidden occult activities cf. Spiritism and theosophical writings were also influential in intellectual circles. This process of merger continued with the introduction of Kardecist spiritism and includes spiritualists. His parents practiced brujeria and were followers of spiritism ("espiritismo"). There are no rituals or dogmas, nor any sort of procedures in conversion to Spiritism. Spiritism is an evolution-affirming doctrine. Allan Kardec's codification of Spiritism occurred between the years 1857 and 1868. The introduction of Spiritism in the twentieth century attracted more participants of all racial backgrounds. During the interwar period a new form of criticism of Spiritism developed. Allan Kardec coined the term Spiritism around 1860.