Deictics, words such as "here" and "there", reference locations between the speaker and addressee. The noun heads have plurals, locatives, deictics, ergatives, reflexives and other generally word-final case markings. Three deictics (-s-, -t- and -n-) are used for spatio-pragmatic and temporal-modal reference in nominals. Deictics use the same cases as nouns. The Warayan substratum is characterized by Baybayanon's more Waray-like deictics, and various other features. Closed classes are adjectives, deictics, quantifiers, aspectual markers, linkers, adverbs, and question words. The non-selective deictics are unstressed whereas the selective ones (demonstratives) are stressed.