There were two legal systems of pre-manorial landholding. The word "fee" is derived from fief, meaning a feudal landholding. The government selected members of dominant landholding castes for land grants. Thus, the enfranchised voters and office holders were landholding male church members. However this faced resistance from the landholding upper castes&colon; Rajputs, Brahmins and Bhumibars. The duchy also holds as duchy property, part of the duchy's landholding. These three castes held major landholding and control over education and major professions. Gia Long abolished all large landholding by princes, nobles and high officials. The estate is now a commercial agricultural landholding. These programs, however, were never supported by the landholding families, because they favored the peasants. Similarly each large landholding would consist of scattered patches, not consolidated farms. From trading, they branched out into landleasing, moneylending and later landholding. Their wealth and the size of their landholding varied. Urquhart was born to an old landholding family in Cromarty in northern Scotland. Russian administration restored all the political and landholding rights of Baltic Germans.