It is divided in Ophthalmology/Optometry, Neurosurgery, ENT, Spine, P&R, Dentistry, Radiotherapy and Gynecology. Optometrists must complete all course work and graduate from an accredited College of Optometry. Juris doctor and Doctors of Medical Practice, Physiotherapy, Dentistry, Optometry and Veterinary Practice. Optometrists are Doctors of Optometry (O.D.) who usually function as primary eye care providers. Sometimes optometry and ophthalmology students work together and co-manage patients. A.M. Skeffington was an American optometrist known to some as "the father of behavioral optometry". The American Academy of Pediatrics is also critical of behavioral optometry. In 2009, three new colleges opened at WesternU&colon; podiatric medicine, optometry, and dentistry. The College also offers pre-professional programs in law, health, optometry, dentistry and medicine, among others. St. Xavier University, Chicago State University, Illinois College of Optometry and Shimer College. Ferris also offers doctoral degrees in Optometry, Pharmacy, and Community College Leadership. Imam Hussain Medical University also has launched Doctor of Optometry Program. The state has nine medical schools, three dental schools, and two optometry schools. The downtown area has several private medical, dental, and optometry clinics. The FOVS also offers MSc and PhD degrees in Optometry.