Formal logic has shown itself extremely useful in formalizing argumentation, philosophical reasoning, and mathematics. This history helps explain why measurement fallacies are informed by informal logic and argumentation theory. See for a description of argumentation schemes for practical reasoning. Formal logic is concerned with such issues as validity, truth, inference, argumentation and proof. Aristotle stated that effective rhetoric is based on argumentation. Logic is also studied in argumentation theory. He distinguishes between argument (that which constitutes belief) and argumentation (that which demonstrates belief). "Coniectura" was also a rhetorical term applied to forms of argumentation, including court cases. This need brings us to the concepts of arguments and argumentation. In the 1970s, significant arguments occurred over whether persuasive argumentation alone accounted for group polarization. Thomas Hobbes likewise made extensive use of theological argumentation. The practice of such argumentation is called "polemics". And the interrogation is scarcely a model of how to conduct balanced rational argumentation. There exists several criteria of equivalence between argumentation frameworks. This leaves each to its specific forms of argumentation and justification.