Prior to 1988, there was no surcharging of cardholders by ATM owners in the U.S. This necessitated the surcharging of stamps to reflect this change. Additional 5b stamps were produced by surcharging older stamps. Provisional stamps are usually made by overprinting, surcharging and occasionally by bisecting pre-existing stamps. By creating the incentive for customers to choose lower-cost cards, surcharging reduces transaction costs overall.