Texture is created through Fragonard's loose, but energetic and gestural brushstrokes. She painted on unprimed canvas or white ground with gestural, sometimes violent brushwork. He began to make large, gestural paintings which combined figurative and abstract imagery. This graphic style was more gestural and calligraphic than the geometric abstraction of "December 1952". Semiotic modes can include visual, verbal, written, gestural and musical resources for communication. An important question for this gestural theory is what caused the shift to vocalization. The important question for gestural theories is why there was a shift to vocalization. They develop a gestural language they use to communicate. This is similar to what has been observed in the gestural actions of chimpanzees. These were not true "sign languages", however, but well-developed systems of gestural communication. More recent studies of deaf children's gestural systems show systematicity and productivity.