French syndicalism and American industrial unionism influenced the rise of syndicalism elsewhere. Darlington proposes that syndicalism be defined as "revolutionary trade unionism". The IWW cooperated with many other unions, encouraging industrial unionism and militancy. A central debate concerned the relation between anarchism and syndicalism (or trade unionism). A central debate concerned the relation between anarchism and trade unionism. He alarmed conservatives by supporting trade unionism and "Australian socialism". Osugi Sakae argued for individual freedom using the principles of anarchism and unionism. He also continued to assist with trade unions seminars teaching the history of trade unionism. It eschewed political entanglements for revolutionary industrial unionism. Technically, the IWW is described as a union that practices "revolutionary industrial unionism". It represented the confluence between unionism and anti-Stalinist intelligentsia. Chamberlain already regarded tariff reform as an issue that could revitalise support for Unionism. It was structured as an alternative to Communist-led unionism in Brazil. Some early Social Democrats were also skeptical of trade unionism. In 2005 he introduced Voluntary Student Unionism.