Unlike France, the American civil religion was never anticlerical or militantly secular. He always was a moderate and refused all political and anticlerical extremisms. He promoted a republican, bourgeois, and anticlerical view of the revolution. To avoid antagonizing Catholics, he avoided enforcement of anticlerical laws. Historian John Robinson notes this fact in reaching the conclusion that Freemasonry is not anticlerical. The Constitution of 1917 had several anticlerical restrictions. Calles was determined to enforce the anticlerical articles of the Constitution. The Portuguese Republic established in 1910 had adopted severely anticlerical policies. He passed a couple of anticlerical laws. Catholic and anticlerical groups turned to terrorism. Alxinger also wrote poetry based on anticlerical ideas. The question of whether Freemasonry is Anticlerical is the subject of debate. The political refugees were mostly anticlerical and against slavery. In February 2019 the Wiosna party was founded as a left wing anticlerical party. He was very anticlerical and an opponent of capital punishment.