With the advent of postmodern, interpretive-hermeneutic thought, structuralist and functionalist theories receded. It is vital to both functionalist and interactionist understandings of society. Unlike Chomsky, Greenberg's method was functionalist, rather than formalist. Historical institutionalist works tend to reject functionalist accounts of institutions. This gives rise to two classes of models&colon; structuralist and functionalist. The interactionist definition of "role" pre-dates the functionalist one. He was in many ways the first true sociological functionalist. Furthermore, Durkheim favoured a radical form of guild socialism along with functionalist explanations. His approach drew on the work of classic functionalist anthropologists Edward Evans-Pritchard and Lucy Mair. According to standard functionalist theories, mental states correspond to functional roles. Darwin's work inspired William James's functionalist approach to psychology. Gray disagreed with the functionalist theory of consciousness. Parsons was not a functionalist per se, but an action theorist. Robert K. Merton made important refinements to functionalist thought. The first formulation of such a functionalist theory was put forth by Putnam himself.