Stamnostoma is an extinct genus of seed ferns based on cupules with seeds. A cave containing several swordfish and cupules pictographs is located here. Petroglyphs are often accompanied by carved divots ("cupules") in the rock. At Piralimattam there are many concave cupules and grinding surfaces, both completed and in-completed. The ovules were located inside fleshy cupules with tough outer cuticle. Caytoniales had fertile branches with seed-bearing cupules . Surprisingly little is definitely known about the purpose or significance of cupules. In pre-Hispanic times this area belonged to the chieftainship of Cupules. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area belonged to the chieftainship of Cupules. Umkomasia has helmet like cupules around ovules born in complex large branching structures. More than 300 cupules have been documented in the rockshelter. Umkomasiaceae have helmet-like cupules around ovules born in complex large branching structures ("Umkomasia"). Typically cupules were created by direct percussion, i.e. using hand-held hammer-stones.