However, this was later refuted and disproven. Numerous media outlets have refuted this assertion. These hypotheses, however, have been conclusively refuted. Both of these notions have been conclusively refuted. This belief persists even though scientific reviews repeatedly refuted this claim. According to one critic, Lowman's book has long since been "refuted and discredited". Some of Diamond's claims have been refuted by colleagues and questioned by critics. These claims have been refuted by planetologists. However, the publishers refuted the allegation. However, those claims have since been refuted. McClain unequivocally refuted Worden's claims. Regardless, Ali refuted these claims, insisting they recognised him as caliph voluntarily. However, those claims were refuted by Russia. Socrates refuted these claims, but was sentenced to death. However, N'Gog refuted the claims.