The nonduality of the Advaita Vedanta is of the identity of Brahman and the Atman. In schools that equate Brahman with Atman, Brahman is the sole, ultimate reality. Adi Shankara held that "satcitananda" is identical with Brahman and Atman. Realization of "atman" (atta) is essential to Hindu "moksha". Brahman, along with Soul/Self (Atman) are part of the ontological premises of Indian philosophy. The text is a treatise on Brahman and Atman. It deals with the non-dual nature of Brahman and Atman. The concept of "jiva" in Jainism is similar to "atman" in Hinduism. The various sub-schools of Vedanta have different views on the relation between "Atman" and "Brahman". The traditions within Hinduism believe in Atman. It signifies the essence of the ultimate reality, consciousness or Atman. It signifies the essence of the ultimate reality, consciousness or "Atman". They denied karma, but upheld the atman. The Aitareya Upanishad (3.4.1) mentions that only the "Atman" (the Self) existed in the beginning. This is the bliss of the Atman.