For example, Nazism and Italian Fascism were expansionist and irredentist. Nationalist and irredentist sentiments were strong and were encouraged by Russia and her agents. Typically, irredentist demands are at first made by members of non-state nationalist movements. Mussolini became an ally with the irredentist politician and journalist Cesare Battisti. The territory corresponds to Kurdish irredentist claims. Such views have been seen by Macedonian historians to represent irredentist motives on Macedonian territory. The Annexation of Crimea has been partially explained as an irredentist claim. In Tsarist Russian circles, pan-Turkism was considered a political, irredentist and aggressive idea. However, irredentist disputes over Pakistan's Pashtun lands have continued. This linguistic dispute became politically relevant for the Italian irredentist movement. The term is typically rejected by most Albanians for its irredentist associations. Nevertheless, these geographical references have been variously criticized as irredentist or misleading. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements. This is a list of irredentist claims or disputes.