Differential diagnosis includes dengue, leptospirosis, chikungunya, and Zika fever. Examples of zoonoses are Brucellosis, Q fever, leptospirosis, and toxocariasis. In mainland Europe, it is a carrier of trichinosis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and adiaspiromycosis. Untreated exposure to leptospirosis can cause kidney damage, meningitis, and liver failure. Pythons are disease vectors for multiple illness, including Salmonella, Chlamydia, Leptospirosis, Aeromoniasis, Campylobacteriosis, and Zygomycosis. Paired acute and convalescent samples are preferred for serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in animals. They are also of value in spirochaetal infections, such as syphilis, leptospirosis, and Lyme disease. The antibiotic doxycycline is effective in preventing leptospirosis infection. A positive serological sample from an aborted fetus is also diagnostic of leptospirosis. In 2017, several residents were sickened or killed due to a rare outbreak of leptospirosis. It is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of anthrax and Leptospirosis. Bleeding from the lungs associated with leptospirosis is known as "severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome". This disease was later known to be caused by leptospirosis. There are some diseases that can be transmitted by raw sugar-cane, such as Leptospirosis. The pathogenesis of leptospirosis remains poorly understood despite research efforts.