Citizens of British protectorates and mandated territories usually received honorary awards. Lesotho and Swaziland were not Bantustans; they have been independent countries and former British protectorates. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the Northern and Southern Protectorates and Lagos Colony. Gradually French power spread through exploration, the establishment of protectorates, and outright annexations. In 1919, Imam Yahya moved southward to liberate the nine British protectorates. Macedonia and Illyria became Roman protectorates in 168 BC. Indirect rule was established on protectorates and buffer states. These dependencies were often called "protectorates" or "trucial states". In 1919, Imam Yahya hamid ed-Din moved southward to "liberate" the nine British protectorates. Imam Yahya attacked the southern protectorates again in 1922. The Trucial States were protectorates in the Persian Gulf. Two separate protectorates were established in 1884. Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Similar recognition was given by the Foreign Office, which was responsible for Britain's protectorates. In 1891 an Order-in-Council declared Matabeleland and Mashonaland British protectorates.