The estimated standard deviation will be grossly inflated by the large outlier. Most currently included algorithms belong to clustering, outlier detection and database indexes. Instance hardness provides a continuous value for determining if an instance is an outlier instance. This would suggest that the figure is not a significant outlier nationwide. Repeated measurements can be averaged and any outlier measurements discarded. We hypothesize that 0.167 is an outlier. The result is that the modest outlier looks relatively normal. Therefore, it also can be interpreted as an outlier detection method. Historically, Ashland has been something of a political outlier in southwest Oregon. He was considered an outlier for asking too many questions. This allows for the identification of outlier loci that may be under selection. There are various methods of outlier detection. Politically, Grant County is a massive outlier in West Virginia. Cambodia, Vietnam and the Chinese island Hainan serve as the northwest geographic outlier. It is simply a measure of the outlier, 999 in this example.