Deletions consist of "beheadments", "curtailments", and "internal deletions". Some partial deletions and partial duplications produce birth defects. Mutations consist of replacements, duplications, deletions or shortenings in the CFTR gene. Structural variation includes copy-number variation and results from deletions, inversions, insertions and duplications. This results in deletions and duplications of dosage sensitive genes. These individuals present with deletions, translocations, and missense mutations. This technique allows abnormalities such as deletions and duplications to be revealed. Frame shifts include insertions, deletions, and mutations. Various mutations such as substitutions, deletions, and inversions are listed. Other sequence variations are single base exchanges, deletions and insertions. RNA-Seq captures DNA variation, including single nucleotide variants, small insertions/deletions. They are also associated with deletions of chromosome 16p. SSM events can result in either insertions or deletions. Microsatellites are used for assessing chromosomal DNA deletions in cancer diagnosis. This allows efficient transmission of files which differ by insertions and deletions.