Payroll can also be outsourced to a full-service payroll processing company. In smaller companies, the IR function is often outsourced to independent investor relations firms. Cleaning is one of the most commonly outsourced services. There were also periods when they outsourced distribution to other companies. Sega initially outsourced programming to an unnamed external company. Over time, more clearance jobs are being outsourced to contractors. In 1999, Nortel outsourced several of its manufacturing operations to North American contractors. In 2005, Sears Card financial services were outsourced to JPMorgan Chase. And since the IT architecture gets simplified and centralised, it can also be outsourced. Inbound call centres can be outsourced or managed in-house. Continuing cutbacks in 2006, the company outsourced 81 information technology positions to India. SOC work can be outsourced, for instance, by using a managed security service. Japanese companies outsourced to China, particularly to formerly Japanese-occupied cities. Since , the airline's baggage-handling operations have been outsourced to Menzies Aviation. Back in 1941, Packard had outsourced its bodies to Briggs Manufacturing Company.