Theodosius dealt harshly with Arians, heretics and Christian apostates. In his treatise on Abraham, Ambrose warns against intermarriage with pagans, Jews, or heretics. Torture was continued by Protestants during the Renaissance against teachers who they viewed as heretics. Civil authorities burned persons judged to be heretics under the medieval Inquisition. Christians have also engaged in violence against those that they classify as heretics and non-believers. After their conversion he portrayed the Franks as fighting against Arian heretics and barbarians. The war upon the Hussite heretics became the signal for renewed persecution of Jews. Even though the Inquisition had theoretical permission to investigate Orthodox "heretics", it almost never did. In 1199 Pope Innocent III began the practice of proclaiming political crusades against Christian heretics. The papal inquisition developed a number of procedures to discover and prosecute heretics. He was pious, a Nicene Christian heavily influenced by Ambrose, and implacable against heretics. He was also a stern persecutor of heretics. In extreme cases the magistrates have to expel or execute dangerous heretics. Anthony went to preach in Rimini, where the heretics treated him with contempt. Justinian protected the purity of the church by suppressing heretics.