Kyphosis by itself is of several types, including postural kyphosis caused by slouching. Poor posture can lead to injuries such as lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis. Spinal fusion for kyphosis and scoliosis is an extremely invasive surgery. He specializes in spinal reconstruction and the treatment of kyphosis and scoliosis. Postural thoracic kyphosis can often be treated with posture reeducation and focused strengthening exercises. It is a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis. It is found mostly in teenagers and presents a significantly worse deformity than postural kyphosis. Involvement of the vertebrae may lead to spinal cord compression or kyphosis. "Lumbar kyphosis" is an abnormally straight (or in severe cases flexed) lumbar region. Surgery may be recommended for severe idiopathic kyphosis. Kyphosis and weak gluteal muscles can also contribute to the likelihood of quadratus lumborum pain. The degree of kyphosis can be measured by Cobb's angle and sagittal balance. Clinical features include megalocephaly, short limbs, prominent forehead, thoracolumbar kyphosis and mid-face hypoplasia. There are two primary surgical techniques to correct kyphosis&colon; posterior-only fusion and anterior/posterior fusion. Osteoporosis, a potential cause of kyphosis, can be confirmed with a bone density scan.