Alternatives include enteral administration (in nasogastric feeding) and intravenous (in parenteral nutrition). It is potentially fatal, and can occur whether receiving enteral or parenteral nutrition. ESPEN was formally established in 1980 as the European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) is a US..-based professional organization. Enteral administration is food or drug administration via the human gastrointestinal tract. Other gastric impactions are often resolves with enteral fluids. Enteral nutrition (tube feeding) is often needed. In patients with grade I or II encephalopathy, enteral feeding should be initiated early. Enteral feeding, or through mouth via tube, is the preferred method, unless contraindicated. In such cases, continuing aggressive enteral feeding causes a risk of perforating the gut. Enteral medications are therefore often preferred in the treatment of chronic disease. Once enteral nutrition is capable of providing all nutritional needs, PN can be discontinued. Lipid-soluble drugs are less absorbed than water-soluble drugs, especially when they are enteral. It is ideal to commence enteral nutrition as early as possible following transplantation. For those with full function, enteral nutritional autonomy is high.