Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter is another indication. Colchicine is effective for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. MMP9 levels increase with the progression of idiopathic atrial fibrillation. Digoxin is a medication used for heart failure or atrial fibrillation. Postoperative pericardial effusion is also suspected to be the cause of atrial fibrillation. For atrial fibrillation calcium channel blockers or beta blockers may be used. Warfarin is used if atrial fibrillation is present. He had a history of arrhythmia and persistent atrial fibrillation. Several medications are associated with an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation. Some types of arrhythmia such as atrial fibrillation increase the long term risk of stroke. Acute alcohol consumption can directly trigger an episode of atrial fibrillation. Sepsis also increases the risk of developing new-onset atrial fibrillation. Heightened pulse pressure is also a risk factor for the development of atrial fibrillation. Medicare is now covering home testing for patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. It is also contraindicated in people with atrial flutter or fibrillation.