Ion thrusters are categorized as either electrostatic or electromagnetic. Most are electrostatic or planar magnetic designs. Other interactions that induce leaching are electrostatic and ionic interactions. The shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields, and electrostatic fields. Particulates can be removed with electrostatic precipitators. These are examples of electrostatic and electrodynamic inductive coupling. These devices confine ions using electrostatic fields. The stability results from the dual electrostatic and electrochemical storage principles. Airborne particles become charged as they attract charged ions from the ioniser by electrostatic attraction. Both electrostatic and magnetic lenses may be used. The bond process as a combination of electrostatic and electrochemical process starts. The ability of a fluid to retain an electrostatic charge depends on its electrical conductivity. Such energy barriers can be due to steric or electrostatic repulsions. Ions are subject to two main forces, diffusion and electrostatic repulsion. The fly ash is removed by fabric bag filters in baghouses or electrostatic precipitators.