PACE provided simultaneous conjugate studies of ionospheric and magnetospheric phenomena. The reaction of the thermosphere to a large magnetospheric storm is called thermospheric storm. Additional electric currents are generated by the varying magnetospheric electric convection field. The findings are also relevant to studies of magnetospheric progressions around other planetary bodies. The four spacecraft maneuver into various tetrahedral formations to study the magnetospheric structure and boundaries. TC-2 made a contribution to magnetar science as well as to magnetospheric physics. This interchange of flux tubes is a form of magnetospheric turbulence. The MAG are based on the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission magnetometers. Japan proposed "Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter". He was instrumental in establishing the field of magnetospheric research in space. An alternative explanation involves a magnetospheric event affecting the instruments. For example, the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) studies magnetic reconnection, a 3-D process.