Such ideologies include the Protestant work ethic and belief in meritocracy. In contrast to historical aristocracies, Plato's resembles a meritocracy or proto-technocracy of sorts. The union also championed individualist values and meritocracy. Equality of opportunity is often seen as a major aspect of a meritocracy. This is different from representative democracy, or meritocracy. As a result, she opposes affirmative action in favour of "republican meritocracy". In 1972, Noam Chomsky questioned Herrnstein's idea that society was developing towards a meritocracy. He wants to explains the rise of the meritocracy in a socialist essay. One of the primary concerns with meritocracy is the unclear definition of "merit". The Party itself is a meritocracy, not hereditary. Questions of lesbianism, religion and critiques of meritocracy are discussed. John Rawls rejects the ideal of meritocracy. This system concealed and neglected individual talent and academic meritocracy. Equal opportunity is central to the concept of meritocracy. Although the concept has existed for centuries, the term "meritocracy" is relatively new.