An additional rater may be consulted to resolve any scoring differences between raters. From one rater to a larger number of raters? These tests and analyses of operative conditions are performed by PHIUS raters or verifiers. Even more experienced and trained raters evaluate narcissists more favorably. Data were extracted independently by two raters. The principle of reliability refers to the stability of scores over time and different raters. Note that Cohen's kappa measures agreement between two raters only. The main advantage is the elimination of the variability of rating between different human raters. It retains validity, usefulness and reliability between raters. The scoring may also be influenced by other differences between raters. Mistakes made by raters is a major source of problems in performance appraisal. A set of essays is given to two human raters and an AES program. Because the raters are human, some error will always be present in the data. A Provider Organization helps the project through the process while overseeing the Green Raters. If the raters are in complete agreement then formula 3.