It applies to the cosmological and astrophysical realm, including astronomy. The model is in agreement with recent astrophysical measurements using gravitational lensing. Possibilities for planetary, astrophysical and exoplanet science along the way are also being investigated. This is usually not the case in fusion, space and astrophysical plasmas. Fred Hoyle may have invoked anthropic reasoning to predict an astrophysical phenomenon. Spectroscopy lies at the heart of astrophysical inference. Gamma radiation is produced by sub-atomic particle interactions, including those in some astrophysical processes. An ionization chamber with full track reconstruction capabilities for studying reactions of astrophysical importance. Langley was the founder of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The majority of astrophysical observations are made using the electromagnetic spectrum. He compares his Singularity to that of a mathematical or astrophysical singularity. Frenkel's work, however, was ignored by the astronomical and astrophysical community. The module also carried instruments for X-ray and ultraviolet astrophysical observations. Axion-like bosons could have a signature in astrophysical settings. Results are confirmed by data of astrophysical supervision and space researches.