Fearing imminent devaluation many depositors withdrew funds from U.S. banks. Banks serve as intermediaries between depositors and borrowers. Fractional-reserve banking allows banks to provide credit, which represent immediate liquidity to depositors. He asked why senior bondholders had to be treated in the same way as depositors. The proposal was amended the following day to affect only uninsured depositors and creditors. Subordinated debt is debt that ranks lower than ordinary depositors of the bank. As a result, banks usually invest the majority of the funds received from depositors. The bank paid its depositors and ownership returned to its owners. Lower costs generate stronger profits, more stability, and more confidence among depositors, investors, and regulators. Claims by Ohio S&L depositors drained the state's deposit insurance funds. Additionally, large depositors began withdrawing funds. Some worried depositors began to withdraw money. About 90% of all depositors held less than this amount in their bank accounts. Many savings and loan associations were also mutual companies, owned by their depositors. The Ibrahim family was among the bank's largest depositors.