Later orthographic divergence has resulted in standardised pluricentristic orthographies. These tengwar orthographies are usually called "modes". A system for transliterating foreign orthographies was published in 1940. Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages. This loosely corresponds to "shallow" orthographies in alphabetic writing systems. In addition to Japanese, sokuon is used in Okinawan katakana orthographies. In French and Italian orthographies the sound is represented by the digraph . Various orthographies have been used to transcribe the Berber languages. Dai language orthographies (Such as Zhuang). Meroitic Cursive is written horizontally, and reads from right to left like all Semitic orthographies. It was similarly adopted for the standardised orthographies of modern Ukrainian and Belarusian. This usage originated in the orthographies created by Christian missionaries to transcribe these languages. In the Irish and Scottish Gaelic orthographies, it represents before a slender consonant. Some of there groups have established their own orthographies and standardised languages. These in turn relate to fundamental decisions regarding orthographies of African languages.