This stems in latitudinal and altitudinal climate gradients in regolith formation. Climate change is expected to lead to latitudinal and altitudinal temperature increases. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Roads in Pudong have no particular longitudinal or latitudinal orientation. In order to maintain strength and durability it employs both longitudinal and latitudinal reinforcing ribs. The base-height range for each level varies depending on the latitudinal geographical zone. Coincidentally, the summit lies almost exactly at the latitudinal and longitudinal centre of Scotland. Many species of whales migrate on a latitudinal basis to move between seasonal habitats. This is often referred to as the latitudinal gradient in species diversity. This will ultimately cause a latitudinal variation in water distribution. Earth's atmosphere includes six latitudinal circulation zones, three in each hemisphere. During solar maximum, they originate from active regions whose latitudinal distribution is more homogeneous. Earth's surface can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate. On the basis of latitudinal extent, the globe is divided into three broad heat zones. The Russian Geographer Nicolay Khanykoff questioned the latitudinal definition of Central Asia.