With the advent of postmodern, interpretive-hermeneutic thought, structuralist and functionalist theories receded. She is prominent in structuralist and poststructuralist thought. This gives rise to two classes of models&colon; structuralist and functionalist. The materialist/structuralist explanation emphasizes the people's material living conditions. Pragmatics was a reaction to structuralist linguistics as outlined by Ferdinand de Saussure. Binary opposition originated in Saussurean structuralist theory. These established the structuralist framework to literary criticism. Akerman was influenced by European art cinema as well as structuralist film. Indeed, the notion of the author being irrelevant was already a factor of structuralist thinking. Others however stress the continuing importance of Saussure's thought and Structuralist approaches. This defined the biological concept and argued the case for a structuralist view of evolution. This might be best described as the structuralist approach. Biuniqueness is a requirement of classic structuralist phonemics. The initiator of participation in architecture, as part of the structuralist movement, was John Habraken.