Donepezil binds and reversibly inactivates the cholinesterases, thus inhibiting hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Glucagon stimulation of PKA also inactivates the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase in hepatocytes. Cdc42 activates PAK, which is a protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates and, therefore, inactivates ADF/cofilin. The dephosphorylation of AMPK through various protein phosphatases completely inactivates catalytic function. The activated AT then inactivates thrombin, factor Xa and other proteases. The activated AT then inactivates factor Xa, thrombin, and other coagulation factors. It stimulates genes that promote cell growth and inactivates growth regulating molecules. This enzyme is a glycosidase that inactivates ribosomes. An addition of the inducer IPTG inactivates the LacI repressor. Cleavage of PARP, by enzymes such as caspases or cathepsins, typically inactivates PARP. The heat also inactivates enzymes which could otherwise degrade NAD. EDTA further inactivates DNase, by binding to metal cations required by this enzyme. This heat treatment also inactivates the "Penicillium roqueforti," inhibiting further fermentation. Another approach is to inhibit the enzyme that inactivates GLP-1 and GIP, DPP-4. This conjugation reaction inactivates the urotoxic compounds to harmless metabolites.