Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid exothermically reacts with metal carbonates, hydroxides, and oxides. Scaling or precipitation fouling involves crystallization of solid salts, oxides, and hydroxides from solutions. Manganese oxide is any of a variety of manganese oxides and hydroxides. It dissolves in warm alkali hydroxides and in hydrofluoric acid. Calcium hydroxide adopts a polymeric structure, as do all metal hydroxides. TeO is barely soluble in water and soluble in strong acids and alkali metal hydroxides. Oxide minerals are divided into three categories&colon; simple oxides, hydroxides, and multiple oxides. The reaction requires alkali metal hydroxides or alkoxides. Thus, thiolates can be obtained from thiols by treatment with alkali metal hydroxides. On exposure to air, chalcopyrite tarnishes to a variety of oxides, hydroxides, and sulfates. Structurally simplest of the oxides and hydroxides are the triorganotin derivatives. The material is sensitive to moisture, hydrolyzing to hydrated aluminum oxides/hydroxides. The alkali metal hydroxides are the most basic known hydroxides. Tetraalkylated ammonium hydroxides are also strong bases since they dissociate completely in water.