Cortical inputs to thalamic neurons enable attentional modulation of sensory neurons. Arousal is associated with functional brainstem neuron populations projecting to both thalamic and cortical neurons. The thalamocortical loop starts with oscillatory thalamic cells. The primary motor cortex receives thalamic inputs from different thalamic nuclei. The insula also receives differential cortical and thalamic input along its length. Many of the thalamic nuclei receive inputs from the hippocampal formation. The medial geniculate nucleus is part of the thalamic relay system. Most input comes from collaterals of fibers passing through the thalamic reticular nucleus. The exposure to SHH leads to differentiation of thalamic neurons. These findings imply damage to anterior thalamic nuclei can result in disruptive memory. Pain-temperature fibers are sent to multiple thalamic nuclei. This activity in thalamic nuclei is an integral component of voluntary movement. Information is sent from there to the intradmedian nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei. Isolated RA is associated with a visible thalamic lesion. I axises, from the disinhibited thalamic output.