Horses that eat walnut leaves may develop laminitis, a hoof ailment. There are many disorders that affect horses, including colic, laminitis, and internal parasites. In 2001, Affirmed was euthanized after falling seriously ill with laminitis, a circulatory hoof disease. His left rear hoof was gradually improving from laminitis. Overfeeding can lead to obesity, and risk of laminitis can be a concern. Epidurals may also be used in hind-limb laminitis. Horses are susceptible to laminitis from exposure to black walnut wood in bedding. The inflammatory molecule histamine has also been hypothesized as a causative agent of laminitis. However, for the same reason, they are also more vulnerable to laminitis and Cushing's syndrome. Complications post-surgery include hypoproteinemia, endotoxic shock, laminitis, and DIC. However, contradictory evidence indicates the role of histamine in laminitis has not been conclusively established. EMS is also implicated in the development of laminitis. This sometimes leads to static laminitis, particularly if the animal is confined in a stall. There are multiple theories as to how laminitis develops. There are various methods for treating laminitis, and opinions vary on which are most useful.