The term "featherbedding" originally referred to any person who is pampered, coddled, or excessively rewarded. Nevertheless, despite relatively close relationships between employers and unions, featherbedding is almost unknown in Sweden. In nations where trade union activities are legally defined, legal definitions of featherbedding exist. Others see certain kinds of featherbedding as a corrective for market failures. In the U.S., the Taft-Hartley Act defines and outlaws featherbedding. Since the mid-19th century, "featherbedding" has been most commonly used in the labor relations field. The term "make-work" is sometimes used as a synonym for featherbedding. In 1959, Pevler wrote a 12-page pamphlet on Featherbedding titled "The Changing Railroad Picture". In post-war Japan, featherbedding is uncommon. Management claimed that it helped featherbedding and reduced the competitiveness of the American steel industry. Management claimed that this constituted featherbedding and reduced the competitiveness of the American steel industry. Featherbedding also arises where market forces fail and organizations are permitted to be noncompetitive. In the United Kingdom, featherbedding is also referred to as "overmanning". In Brazil, featherbedding is considered endemic in government-owned and private-sector industries. Under this analysis, featherbedding is a response by unions to their weakness, not strength.