Alternative approach is to use a systematic notation. Global macro strategies can be divided into discretionary and systematic approaches. The validity of a study is dependent on the degree of systematic error. The new systems were more systematic and consistent. An important concept for evaluating an asset's exposure to systematic risk is beta. This is usually done in a rational and systematic manner. Firms practising systematic and advanced competitor profiling may have a significant advantage. Only the Persians engaged in the task of preserving knowledge and writing systematic scholarly works. The land surveys formed the basis for systematic taxation. Test coverage was among the first methods invented for systematic software testing. King began doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University. Nested hierarchies are the organizational schemes behind taxonomies and systematic classifications. Utopian socialism had little to offer in terms of a systematic theory of economic phenomena. It is used primarily as a visual aid for detecting bias or systematic heterogeneity. De Vos and Wagatsuma observe that Japanese society had a systematic and extensive caste system.