Hindu thought generally discusses Atman and Brahman through a monistic or dualistic framework. They range from dualistic devotional theism to monistic meditative discovery of Shiva within oneself. Valentinian Gnosticism may have been monistic rather than dualistic. Visistadvaita is a synthetic philosophy bridging the monistic Advaita and theistic Dvaita systems of Vedanta. Gnosticism is an imprecise label, covering monistic as well as dualistic conceptions. The Bhairava Shastras are monistic Tantra texts, while Shiva Shastras are dualistic. This view can be defined as acosmic monistic panentheism. This theme has led scholars to call the "Gita" as panentheistic, theistic and monistic. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic concept of God. Advaita literally means non-duality, and it is a monistic system of thought. Mantramarga had both theistic and monistic themes, which co-evolved and influenced each other. He explained history, society and humanity according to a monistic worldview. This tradition combined monistic ideas with tantric practices. The Chaitanya school also rejects outright any monistic interpretation of the purana. The theology of Ayyavazhi differs considerably from other monistic religions.