A close relative of coppicing is pollarding. The medieval practice of pollarding could be introduced. Other similar woodland management techniques include pollarding and coppicing. Conservation work includes hedgerow layering, pollarding of willows and cutting for hay. In ancient Rome, Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. Repeated pollarding has shaped the growth patterns of centuries-old trees. Later, the noun "pollard" came to be used as a verb&colon; "pollarding". Pollarding has now largely replaced polling as the verb in the forestry sense. Pollarding began with walled cities in Europe which did not have room for large trees. Pollarding is a similar process carried out at a higher level on the tree.