Deformity of the nasal septum can also result in enlarged turbinates. Nasal turbinates are convoluted structures of thin bone in the nasal cavity. Lateral to the turbinates is the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. Modern mammals have respiratory turbinates, convoluted structures of thin bone in the nasal cavity. Nasal olfactory turbinates are found in all living tetrapods and function in smell. Dogs and other canids possess well-developed nasal turbinates. The bones of nasal turbinates are very fragile and seldom survive as fossils. The turbinates are congested and hypertrophic. Erectile tissue is also found in the nose (turbinates), ear, urethral sponge and perineal sponge. Other studies conclude that nasal turbinates are fragile and seldom found in fossils. In 2014 Jason Bourke and others in "Anatomical Record" reported finding nasal turbinates in pachycephalosaurs. Normally, in dinosaurs these turbinates are not ossified. Risks of reduction of the inferior or middle turbinates include empty nose syndrome. The presence of respiratory turbinates suggests a rapid metabolism and possibly endothermy. In some people, surgery to restore missing or reduced turbinates may be beneficial.