Pulmonary haemorrhage, pleural effusions, atelectasis, and intrapulmonary shunts also contribute to respiratory difficulty. Leakage of air into the pleural cavity (pneumothorax) also leads to compression atelectasis. Radiographic findings include airway dilation, bronchial wall thickening, and atelectasis. Without pulmonary surfactant, atelectasis is a certainty. Prophylactic indications also include pre and post thoracic surgery to prevent atelectasis and respiratory infections. There was atelectasis and an extra lobe in the left lung. Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis. In acute atelectasis, the lung has recently collapsed and is primarily notable only for airlessness. People with neuromuscular weakness and atelectasis benefit from mechanical insufflation-exsufflation. It is often called a "collapsed lung", although that term may also refer to atelectasis. Some kittens suffer from congenital 'secondary' atelectasis, which presents shortly after birth. The primary treatment for acute massive atelectasis is correction of the underlying cause. Chronic atelectasis is often treated with antibiotics because infection is almost inevitable. Rare cases of COP have induced with lobar cicatricial atelectasis. There have been no reports of kittens born flat (primary atelectasis).