Wiccan theology largely revolves around ontological dualism. Other forms of epistemological pluralist dualism include psychophysical parallelism and epiphenomenalism. Spinoza's monism is contrasted with Descartes' dualism and Leibniz's pluralism. In contrast to dualism, monism does not accept any fundamental divisions. Descartes was therefore a dualist, but very much in opposition to traditional Aristotelian dualism. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. David Chalmers describes panpsychism as an alternative to both materialism and dualism. Philip Goff similarly describes panpsychism as an alternative to both physicalism and substance dualism. She proposed a notion of "dualism" rather than "duality of structure". This is ""societas"", the resolution of the dialectic between the dualism of "communitas" and structure. Pious self-deprivation was a part of the dualism and mysticism in these ascetic groups. Older viewpoints included dualism and idealism, which considered the mind somehow non-physical. She combined realist ontology and called her methodology "analytical dualism". The belief in soul dualism is found throughout most Austronesian shamanistic traditions. This is Descartes' substance dualism.