Garcia's term introduced the inti, which worsened inflation into hyperinflation. Heterodox economist Michael Hudson predicted that the bailout would cause hyperinflation and dollar collapse. During the 1970s, fears were economic collapse, hyperinflation, and famine. Over the course of the five-year span of hyperinflation, the inflation rate fluctuated greatly. When Menem began his presidency, the country was suffering from massive hyperinflation and a recession. The economy has collapsed, causing shortages of basics goods, economic downturn and hyperinflation since 2017. The currency helped Poland to control the massive hyperinflation. Yugoslavia went through a period of hyperinflation and subsequent currency reforms from 1989 to 1994. It is considered by mainstream analysis to cause [[inflation]], and often [[hyperinflation]]. The Syrian economy suffered from conflict-related hyperinflation. In 2009, another currency reform was initiated to tackle hyperinflation and black market activities. The political theorist Roger Griffin warns against the "hyperinflation of clerical fascism". From 1991 until 2003 Iraq underwent hyperinflation, increased poverty and malnutrition. The hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic of Germany is a notable example. The means used to finance the budget deficit have caused hyperinflation.