The "apologia" was a formal speech or explanation to reply to and rebut the charges. He wrote five treatises against Julian, who responded in "peri aphtharsias" and an "apologia". This is quoted from the "Apologia" version of the preface. The "apologia" were essays designed to justify British policies. Intended as Christian apologia it reflects typical 19th century religious sentiments of the day. He grounds image restoration theory on a comprehensive literature review of apologia and accounts theories. So said C. S. Lewis in his autobiographical apologia, "Surprised by Joy". This is known as the "Apologia (A Discourse on Magic)". The "Grammar" was an apologia for faith. The theory of image restoration builds upon theories of apologia and accounts. William Benoit established image repair theory (IRT) based on apologia studies. Halford Ryan advocates that "kategoria" and "apologia" need to be understood as a linked pair. Sarpi then replied in an "Apologia". This is known as the "Apologia". Jacques Almain answered this work, and Cajetan replied in his "Apologia".