There are several different "torii" and gates located on both the causeway and shrine grounds. Commoners had to steer their boats through the "torii" before approaching the shrine. This discovery was made by Japanese geochemists Tetsuya Torii and Joyo Ossaka. In the past "torii" must have been used also at the entrance of Buddhist temples. The "shinmei torii" and its variants are characterized by straight upper lintels. This type of "torii" is present at the tombs of all Emperors of Japan. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. Torii was born in Okazaki, the son of Torii Tadayoshi. Remembered for his "torii" raising from the waters, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This is the largest bronze "torii" in Japan. The function of a "torii" is to mark the entrance to a sacred space. The major bases are Futenma, Kadena, Hansen, Torii, Schwab, Foster, and Kinser. Finally, the possibility that "torii" are a Japanese invention cannot be discounted. Immediately following the "Daini Torii" is the . The is a "shinmei torii" built with unbarked wood.