Two-sided messages present both counterarguments and refutations of those counterarguments. Popper dedicated his "Conjectures and Refutations" to Hayek. Much scholarly criticism does not provide truly spectacular proofs or refutations. Wittgenstein also sketched novel refutations of philosophical skepticism in various guises. Aristotle's "Sophistical Refutations" ("De Sophisticis Elenchis") identifies thirteen fallacies. It is one of the thirteen fallacies originally identified by Aristotle in "Sophistical Refutations". The last four speeches of the debate are reserved for refutations of arguments already made. But much of Pennant's assumptions here have been subjected to corrections and refutations. The Mahayana tradition based some of its scriptures on (refutations of) the Sarvastivadin Abhidharma texts. Ockham and Scotus wrote commentaries on the "Categories" and "Sophistical Refutations". Despite his refutations and excuses, he could not clear himself. These refutations are indirect sources of Charvaka philosophy. Most of these refutations are not documented. Medieval interest may have been inspired by a passage in the "Sophistical Refutations" of Aristotle. Blanchard published in London no fewer than three refutations.