Second, the potential for divergence or conflict of interest between the signaler and receiver. The responder has some good which can be transferred to the signaler or not. There are two individuals, the "signaler" and the "responder". However, it supposed that the signaler and responder are related by some degree "r". Costly signals are ones that require intense effort for the signaler to send. The signaler can send a signal or not. If the signaler receives the good, his fitness will be 1. He was awarded Tarjei Vesaas' debutantpris for his first book, "Signaler", in 1973. Scattering for emergency rendezvous locations, the unit's signaler, was not seen again. The signaler can be in one of two states, "healthy" or "needy".