Severe environmental problems include deforestation, soil erosion, overgrazing, and overfishing. Scholars have argued that the settlers caused soil erosion through extensive deforestation and overgrazing. Mongolia is an area affected by desertification due to overgrazing. As deforestation for agriculture and overgrazing continues, the remaining forest becomes increasingly fragmented. Overuse, overgrazing, and overcutting have been the main causes of desertification. The main reasons of deforestation are urbanization, farming, overgrazing, and tourism development. Land development, application of pesticides, overgrazing and deforestation also contributed to the decrease in biodiversity. Some areas, especially dry grasslands, have suffered overgrazing and soil erosion. Other issues Asmara faces are soil erosion and overgrazing. The result was overgrazing, which led to soil erosion. The species is highly endangered through habitat fragmentation and destruction, overgrazing, fire and water stress. The Barbary macaque is threatened by habitat loss, overgrazing and illegal capture. Overgrazing and erosion have removed much of the topsoil from the island. However, overgrazing and land mismanagement are growing problems. This has been attributed to the overgrazing of livestock.