The females spawn by passing eggs from their oviducts. Hermaphrodites have two ovaries, oviducts, and spermatheca, and a single uterus. The paired oviducts (in females) and suckers without circularis muscles are characteristic of ordinary Oegopsida. A complete ovariohysterectomy may involve removal of the ovaries, uterus, oviducts, and uterine horns. Genital passages are the oviducts of the cat. In placental mammals, fertilization typically occurs inside the female in the oviducts. The polydnavirus replicates in the oviducts of an adult female parasitoid wasp. Like crocodilians, they had two oviducts. An ovum therefore needs only to travel a short distance to the oviducts for fertilization. The ovaries, the uterus, the oviducts, the peritoneum, and the bladder can be bound together. The only female vertebrates to lack oviducts are the jawless fishes. However, females may die from ruptured oviducts from egg pressure. The female can store sperm from multiple males in her oviducts until ovulation. The fertilization usually occurs in the oviducts, but can happen in the uterus itself. In addition, damaged oviducts increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy.