Thermal resistance is the inverse of thermal conductance. The composition results in low thermal and electrical conductivity. Also possible is transfer of heat by a combination of conduction and thermal radiation. The effect of temperature on thermal conductivity is different for metals and nonmetals. They are generally piston engines with combustion chamber parts lined with ceramic thermal barrier coatings. The convection is likely some combination of thermal and compositional convection. The PEF temperatures are below that of the temperatures used in thermal processing. Energy production comes from conventional thermal and hydropower, as well as wind and solar energy. Perms may be applied using thermal or chemical means. It is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor. This is typically achieved using a form of thermal oxidation. Insulators must meet demanding physical properties beyond their thermal transfer retardant properties. This is the mechanism of fluorescence and thermal emission. Mould components are often designed with materials of various coefficients of thermal expansion. Vacuum caused by condensation from thermal shock can also cause a steam hammer.