Many workhouses were also converted into hospitals. Bentham advocated "Pauper Management" which involved the creation of a chain of large workhouses. Institutions such as children's homes and workhouses were also run by matrons. Its use in hospitals was borrowed from workhouses. Conditions were poor; the mill employed child labour bought from workhouses in Birmingham and London. Voluntary relief efforts were inadequate, and the unemployed workers refused to go to workhouses. Although outdoor relief was cheaper than building workhouses, the numbers claiming outdoor relief increased. PLUs did not conform to county boundaries, but consisted of catchment areas for workhouses. This aid generally came in the form of establishing more workhouses as indoor relief. Conditions in workhouses were to be made harsh to discourage people from claiming. The first of the deterrent workhouses in this period was at Bingham, Nottinghamshire. The building of different types of workhouses was expensive.