Symptoms on the pine include gall formation, stem swelling, cankers, bushiness, and dieback. Outbreaks of sawfly larvae can defoliate trees and may cause dieback, stunting or death. Canker causes extensive dieback and ultimately kills the tree. Symptoms of infestation include crown dieback and epicormic sprouting. These include chlorosis in the needles as well as dieback of twigs and branches. Additional stem canker and dieback are caused by the pathogen. Symptoms include yellowing of foliage and general dieback. Composted mulch is highly suppressive to phytophthora dieback and can prevent healthy plants getting infected. Jarrah is very vulnerable to dieback caused by the oomycete "Phytophthora cinnamomi". The trees can be defoliated completely and may cause "dieback", stunting or even death. Most "Banksia" species are highly susceptible to "Phytophthora cinnamomi" dieback. Initial symptoms of honey fungus infection include dieback or shortage of leaves in spring. It is susceptible to "Phytophthora cinnamomi" dieback. The threats to this tree include colder temperature, which often result in twig dieback. Prolonged cold and snow cover cause dieback, although the trees resprout from the roots.