In particular, fascism opposes liberalism for its materialism, rationalism, individualism and utilitarianism. The theme was based on revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and liberal democracy. The theme was based on a revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and democracy. George Berkeley was a philosopher who was against rationalism and "classical" empiricism. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism. Shinto eventually assumed an intellectual form as shaped by neo-Confucian rationalism and materialism. Jefferson was most comfortable with Deism, rational religion, Theistic rationalism, and Unitarianism. Economic liberalism is also called economic rationalism in Australia. Scientific realism is related to much older philosophical positions including rationalism and metaphysical realism. It reflected the ideals of Romanticism and was opposed to Enlightenment rationalism. Liberal theology grew out of Enlightenment rationalism and romanticism of the 18th and 19th centuries. Popper contrasts instrumentalism with the above mentioned essentialism and his own "critical rationalism". It is one of several views of epistemology, along with rationalism and skepticism. The Romantics rejected rationalism and religious intellect. At times, empiricists tend to be opting skepticism as an option of rationalism.