Typical catalysts are sulfated oxides of titanium and zirconium or specially treated alumina or zeolites. These conversions are catalyzed by zeolites as heterogeneous catalysts. Inorganic materials called zeolites also exhibit ion-exchange properties. Under the term zeolites, molecular sieves are used for a wide range of catalytic applications. Gangue minerals included calcite, quartz, epidote, chlorite, and various zeolites. Hydrous minerals such as amphibole, zeolites, chlorite etc. Sodium aluminate solutions are intermediates in the production of zeolites. TEOS is also used as the silica source for synthesis of some zeolites. In nature it is frequently altered to zeolites (especially natrolite), sodalite, kaolin, or compact muscovite. Examples of substrates include activated carbon, and zeolites. It occurs with other zeolites, olivine, augite and nepheline. Synthetic zeolites hold some key advantages over their natural analogues. These conversions are catalyzed by zeolites. Examples include feldspars (the most abundant minerals on the Earth), zeolites, and ultramarines. Typical reagents for this transformation are triethylamine/sulfur dioxide, zeolites, or sulfuryl chloride.