This approach is often contrasted with mechanistic and reductionist perspectives in psychology. This perspective stands in contrast to the positivist reductionist orientation of the scientific psychology. Primal therapy has also been rejected as dogmatic or overly reductionist. The grid represents a rationalist, reductionist solution to a multifaceted issue. This sets him apart from traditional research, which he argued is individualistic and reductionist. Periodization has been questioned due to it being viewed as reductionist/deterministic. Anthropologists Edward Burnett Tylor and James George Frazer employed some religious reductionist arguments. Fracchia and Lewontin regard memetics as reductionist and inadequate. He was very opposed to reductionist approaches to understanding human behavior. This has been described, notably, as a reductionist rather than eliminativist account of consciousness. Hume was no mathematical reductionist, like Hobbes. A notable family of strong reductionist accounts are the higher-order theories of consciousness. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences. She describes these opposing views as overly reductionist, saying his history is more nuanced. An alternate approach is influenced by personalism, and exists contra-parallel to the reductionist approach.