These restorationist threads are sometimes regarded critically as being Judaizers in the Ebionite tradition. Some have speculated these represent Ebionite views. The identity of Symmachus as an Ebionite has been questioned in recent scholarship. Despite this assertion, he expresses reservations that the material is genuinely Ebionite in origin. John Arendzen (Catholic Encyclopedia article "Ebionites" 1909) classifies the Ebionite writings into four groups.