Xanthoria parietina is a "foliose", or leafy, lichen. There are species of a variety of different shapes, including foliose, crustose, and filamentous. There are three main types of lichens&colon; crustose, foliose, and fruticose. Placidium is a genus of crustose to squamulose to almost foliose lichens. Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. Peltigera is a genus of approximately 91 species of foliose lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. The reproduction of foliose lichen can occur either asexually or sexually. Pseudevernia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Beneath these kelps, a benthic assemblage of foliose red algae may occur. The fungal partner in most foliose lichen are ascomytes with spores called ascomata. The foliose and plate-like forms tend to be two-sided. The life history strategies of foliose lichens is directly related to their surrounding communities. The majority of Parmeliaceae species have a foliose, fruticose, or subfruticose growth form. Since this time some Caribbean reefs have been overgrown by foliose macroalgae. Foliose lichens may sometimes branch and appear to be fruticose.