Salicylic acid is biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine. Methyl salicylate can be produced by esterifying salicylic acid with methanol. The salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates. Blackberries contain numerous phytochemicals including polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, and fiber. It is the methyl ester of salicylic acid. The triethanolamine neutralizes the acidity of the salicylic acid. Some varieties contain dyes, flavor, fragrance, phenol, salicylic acid, and sunscreen. Small amounts of salicylic acid are also hydroxylated to gentisic acid. However, salicylic acid can inhibit pyocyanin production. SAR involves the production of chemical messengers, such as salicylic acid or jasmonic acid. As a derivative of salicylic acid, bismuth subsalicylate displays anti-inflammatory and bactericidal action. Some people are hypersensitive to salicylic acid and related compounds. They are often combined with keratolytic agents, such as salicylic acid and urea. Alder bark contains the anti-inflammatory salicin, which is metabolized into salicylic acid in the body. As much as 80% of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid is metabolized in the liver.