Critical treatment of the sources requires palaeography, diplomatics, and criticism. He is considered the founder of the disciplines of palaeography and diplomatics. Alvermann's research focuses on medieval diplomatics, archival studies, history of Pomerania and university history. Archival science emerged from diplomatics, the critical analysis of documents. This was the first instance of modern, scientific diplomatics. She is a noted expert on diplomatics and electronic records. Duranti has published several works in the area of archival diplomatics and archival theory. Diplomatics entails the study of Byzantine documents. Diplomatics is one of the auxiliary sciences of history. Diplomatics has many similar applications in the field of law. The investigation of documents to determine their authenticity is called diplomatics. Diplomatics is often associated with the study of documents of the medieval period.