Additionally, proximal diabetic neuropathy causes painful muscle atrophy and weakness. Brain changes such as cerebral atrophy may occur. ALS is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective loss of motor neurons causing muscle atrophy. Associated hippocampal atrophy and gliosis is common. They can suffer from several types of retinal atrophy. The kidney failure can recover completely or lead to atrophy and fibrosis. MR imaging helps to consolidate the diagnosis of neurogenic muscle atrophy. Nusinersen is used to treat spinal muscular atrophy. The Australian Cattle Dog is one of the dog breeds affected by progressive retinal atrophy. A controversy exists as to the presence of progressive retinal atrophy in the breed. Resistance exercise has been shown to be beneficial in reducing muscle atrophy in older adults. Leukoplakia is more likely to develop in areas of epithelial atrophy. During menopause, hormone levels decrease, which causes changes in the vulva known as vulvovaginal atrophy. This causes testicular atrophy, among other things. The association between the thenar muscle atrophy and compression was noted in 1914.