Until 1914, Italian nationalists and revolutionary syndicalists with nationalist leanings remained apart. Battling bureaucracy and reformism within the labor movement was a major theme for syndicalists. I was seen by both Italian nationalists and syndicalists as a national affair. He also linked Gandhian principled nonviolence with the pragmatic nonviolent direct action of the syndicalists. Syndicalists had long opposed nationalism and militarism. The pro-war syndicalists saw Italian participation in the war as the completion of nationhood. However, Salazar adopted many of the traits he criticized the National Syndicalists for. In 1934, Salazar banned the National Syndicalists. They passed information on the situation in Germany to their fellow syndicalists abroad. The final step towards revolution, according to syndicalists, would be a general strike. Most syndicalists who had not been arrested gave up at this point. This was the first major international gathering of syndicalists since the end of the war.