Physiologically, this occurs by a combination of hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients. SGK1 is upregulated by osmotic and isotonic cell shrinkage. Sodium ions for transport and osmotic balance are provided by sodium chloride. Glucose, like mannitol, is a sugar that can behave as an osmotic diuretic. This is usually a result of osmotic diuresis. Natural peptides form nano-scale channels in the bacterial cell membranes, which causes osmotic collapse. Water absorption at the colon typically proceeds against a transmucosal osmotic pressure gradient. The pressure exerted by the osmotic flow of water is called turgidity. In particular, the maintenance of precise osmotic gradients of electrolytes is important. Water transportation by plants is another important ecophysiological process affected by osmotic pressure gradients. The recovery can be aided nonsurgically by bandaging with an osmotic saline solution. A fall in osmotic pressure occurs in nephrotic syndrome and liver failure. There is risk of too rapid correction of hyponatremia causing fatal osmotic demyelination syndrome. However, the basic mechanism involves regulation of osmotic pressure. It is typically determined by measurements of the osmotic pressure of the polymer.