Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. This genome reduction is not complete and numerous genes are still present as nonfunctional pseudogenes. Understanding how cells discriminate between functional and nonfunctional proteins. These mutations are thought to result in a misshapen, nonfunctional protein. There are also rudimentary and nonfunctional stigmas in other abdominal segments. These mutations may lead to an abnormally short and nonfunctional protein. GAP works to activate a nonfunctional hydrolytic enzyme. Other mutations lead to the production of an abnormally short, nonfunctional version of the protein. The small, immature and nonfunctional penis protruded on one side of the large, normal penis. They are typically inherited from one's parents through an X chromosome carrying a nonfunctional gene. Sealed cells will sometimes explode violently if safety vents are overwhelmed or nonfunctional. A nonfunctional protein product is produced, leading to the also nonfunctional subunit. This will lead to a severely disrupted ecosystem and a nonfunctional consumer web. This leads to nonfunctional peptide chains. One icefish species, "Neopagetopsis ionah," has a more complete, but still nonfunctional, hemoglobin gene.