The protein appears to be required for fusion of peroxisomal and vacuolar membranes. Further experiments on the Characean cells support of the Goldstein model for vacuolar fluid flow. Acetylcholine transport utilizes a proton gradient established by a vacuolar ATPase. Process follows by pich of the vesicle into the lysosomal/vacuolar lumen. LPS enters the cytosol through intracellular infection of vacuolar Gram-negative bacteria. In molecular biology, vps23 (vacuolar protein sorting) is a protein domain. New data indicates that ActA plays a role also in vacuolar disruption. Currently, there are two main pathways proposed, cytosolic and vacuolar. They both discovered a "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" VMA1 in a precursor of a vacuolar H-ATPase enzyme. Vacuolar and alkaline serine proteases have been implicated as the major allergenic proteins. I membrane glycoprotein in the vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (Vps10p) family of sorting receptors. Similarly to the vacuolar pathway, antigens are taken into the cell through endocytosis. Vacuolar K (VK) channels are activated by elevation in the intracellular calcium concentration. This pattern of non-lethal injury is sometimes called hydropic change or vacuolar degeneration. Vascuolar K (VK) channels and fast vacuolar channels can mediate K release from vacuoles.