QB3 scientists tend to be bioengineers, biophysicists, or pharmaceutical or computational biologists. The scope of Biophysical Journal aims at reaching a broad community of biophysicists. In 1948 he led the formation of a group of biophysicists at Yale. Iranian biophysicists, especially molecular biophysicists, have gained international reputations since the 1990s. There are four methods that cell biologists and biophysicists use to fuse cells. The society currently offers eight Society Awards each year to distinguished biophysicists in different categories. Biophysicists have commented that living things function on negative entropy. Biophysicists deliberately flew aircraft through nuclear clouds to determine radiation hazards.