Mating involves direct copulation, rather than the deposition of a spermatophore. Internal fertilization takes place after insemination of a female by a male through copulation. Vocalizations that are made prior to copulation are named mating calls. Both sexes also may engage in kakking during copulation. She covers female menstruation, virginity, and female sexuality including copulation, marriage, motherhood, and prostitution. Males may use deceptive alarm calls to disrupt extrapair copulation attempts toward their mates. The female is ready for copulation and fertilization. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Post copulation genital grooming has also been observed. Male butterflies are able to transfer sodium to females during copulation. Thomas Aquinas emphasized that acts other than copulation destroy virginity as well. Male tail bending (following successful copulation). The pair does several bouts of chasing and mutual licking before copulation. Copulation and reproduction are separate processes in earthworms. The mounted male arches his back to facilitate the copulation.