Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought. Ibn Qudama harshly rebuked kalam as one of the worst of all heresies. All divergent beliefs were defined as heresies. The reign of Ivan III and his successor was plagued by numerous heresies and controversies. They followed Nestorius, the Archbishop of Constantinople, who was later excommunicated for heresies. The sect is directly mentioned only in the commentaries on "heresies" by Early Church Fathers. "Refutation of the Thirty-two Heresies". In the fifth book of "Against Heresies", Irenaeus concentrates primarily on eschatology. Irenaeus confirms the existence of such spiritual gifts in his "Against Heresies". During the controversies surrounding Pelagius' heresies a council in Mileve (in Numidia) found against Pelagianism. Particularly influential were his "Hymns Against Heresies". In response, William charged the pope with seventy errors and seven heresies. Some scholars argue against the increasing focus on heresies. Muslims are barely mentioned, except as references to Christian heresies include them. Sometimes error is also used to cover both full heresies and minor errors.