Like variance, mean squared error has the disadvantage of heavily weighting outliers. Certain fundamental factors are also used in generic factor weighting indices. Also, let formula 183 denote a causal frequency weighting transfer function. Dosimetry attempts to factor in this effect with radiation weighting factors. Below is sample of common index weighting methods. Certain problems in machine learning have more structure than an arbitrary weighting function formula 4. The "weighting" is the ions relative permeability across the membrane. Open University modules are often assessed using an equal weighting of examinations and coursework. Each weighting function or "kernel" has its own characteristics. The weighting of the final exam also varies. Dawkins thinks the use of "cause" as a statistical weighting is acceptable in common usage. This signal noise is commonly measured using A-weighting or ITU-R 468 weighting. With a 0.73% stake, it is currently the company with the lowest index weighting. The choice of weighting function will be discussed later. A common version of capitalization weighting is the "free-float" weighting.