Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and limber pine. The forests are dominated by lodgepole pine, whitebark pine, subalpine fir, and Engelmann spruce. Rustic furniture is often made from pine, cedar, fir and spruce. Many species of trees inhabit these forests including pine, cedar, fir, and redwood. It is surrounded by thick forests of pine and fir trees. The forests of the taiga are largely coniferous, dominated by larch, spruce, fir and pine. Forests of fir and Engelmann spruce cover the mountainsides in subalpine areas. Trees most at risk are those growing with balsam fir and white spruce. Within wetter areas, maple, spruce, pine, fir, and oak can be found. The zone is made up mainly of beech, spruce, and fir forests. Effects on bird populations after fire in fir and spruce forests varied. In the mountains, spruce, fir, and pine are more common. Higher areas receive more precipitation and are covered in forests of pine, fir, and spruce. The lower elevation consists mainly of western red-cedar, Douglas fir, and western hemlock. Favored substrates include hardwood mulches made of oak, eucalyptus, Douglas fir, and alder.