Wundt extrapolated this empirically founded volitional psychology to a metaphysical voluntarism. But his principal philosophies were voluntarism, self-help, and rugged individualism. Novelists fictionalised ideal societies that were based not on coercion but voluntarism. Political voluntarism, or voluntaryism, is the view that understands political authority to be will-based. A proponent of metaphysical voluntarism is 19th-century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer developed a system called metaphysical voluntarism. Khrushchev's policies were criticized as voluntarism, and the Brezhnev period saw the rise of neo-Stalinism. Azizzadeh has won accolades for his voluntarism and humanitarian efforts. In the balance between compulsion and voluntarism, the British relied successfully on voluntarism. A 20th-century theologian of voluntarism was James Luther Adams. The federation turned the UBRE down in accord with the voluntarism principle. Voluntarism is thus non-existent in such communities. He labels the notion of voluntarism "ecopolitics without struggle". He labels the notion on voluntarism "ecopolitics without struggle". Wundt called his school of psychology voluntarism.