Individual members of the intelligentsia are known as intellectuals. During this time, thousands of Russian intellectuals, members of the "intelligentsia", emigrated to Europe. Polish elites were decimated and over half of the Polish intelligentsia were murdered. More to the left was a radicalized, impoverished intelligentsia. Kurdish politicians, human-rights activists, journalists, teachers and other members of intelligentsia were among the victims. The earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives of the populace and intelligentsia. Hizbul also murdered several of the pro-independence intelligentsia with JKLF leanings. It represented the confluence between unionism and anti-Stalinist intelligentsia. Some members of the Russian intelligentsia saw defeat as a pressure to modernise their society. However the Kadets were hurt by abstention amongst urban intelligentsia voters. However, a "peasant intelligentsia" was never mentioned. The Medvedevs were regarded at the time as a Soviet intelligentsia family. It became a universal reference work for the Soviet intelligentsia. This includes music composed by city intelligentsia and professional composers in a folkloric manner. The exile of the Decembrists led to the permanent implantation of an intelligentsia in Siberia.