Endometrial cancer forms when there are errors in normal endometrial cell growth. COC decreased the risk of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and colorectal cancer. Uterine perforation may occur during a D&C or an endometrial biopsy. Hastened ovarian aging has been observed after endometrial ablation. Endometriosis is unrelated to endometrial cancer. Progestin receptors function as tumor suppressors in endometrial cancer cells. Serous carcinomas are thought to develop from endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma. These tumors frequently co-occur with endometriosis or endometrial cancer. This action is associated with an increased incidence of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. COCPs work to suppress the growth of the extra-uterine endometrial tissue. Vaginal intracavity brachytherapy (VBT) is used to treat endometrial, vaginal and cervical cancer. It has been also implicated to play role in hepatocellular and endometrial carcinoma-induced angiogenesis. Those with a history of endometrial cancer should discontinue routine Pap tests after hysterectomy. Research into hormonal treatments for endometrial stromal sarcomas is ongoing as well. Vaginal bleeding or spotting in women after menopause occurs in 90% of endometrial cancer.