Some pseudo-sciences such as physiognomy, phrenology and palmistry rely on surface anatomy. He often included elements of popular pseudosciences such as phrenology and physiognomy. Combining phrenology with typology and graphology, he coined a global approach known as psychognomy. Proponents of phrenology used both death masks and life masks for pseudoscientific purposes. Munro's lectures included vehement opposition to George Combe's daringly materialist ideas of phrenology. The Roots released "Phrenology" (named after the pseudoscience of the same name) in 2002. It was Gall's collaborator Johann Gaspar Spurzheim who would popularize the term "phrenology". In 1808, Franz Joseph Gall studied and published work on phrenology. Pseudo-scientific lectures on phrenology were popular, although countered by doctors. It was Spurzheim who would give the name phrenology to Gall's theories. Vyvyan held interests in natural philosophy, phrenology, and Lamarckian evolution. Voisin believed along with others the accuracy of phrenology in diagnosing criminal tendencies. Gender stereotyping was also common with phrenology. Phrenology and face reading evoke its principles. In part phrenology's success was due to George Combe tailoring phrenology for the middle class.