Multiplication algorithms have been designed that reduce the computation time considerably when multiplying large numbers. The operation of multiplying a vector by a scalar is called "scalar multiplication". Calculating a circuit now reduces to multiplying matrices. The classical method of multiplying two -digit numbers requires digit multiplications. State income tax is calculated by multiplying net income by a flat rate. This differential equation can be solved by multiplying both sides by formula 4 and integrating. This means an algorithm for multiplying two integers can be used to square an integer. Bandwidth is calculated by taking transfers per second and multiplying by eight. See below how to extend this to multiplying arbitrary integers, and then arbitrary rational numbers. This is done by multiplying the corresponding transformation matrices. Changing units is equivalent to multiplying the appropriate variable by a constant wherever it appears. It is calculated by multiplying 2 by 512 bytes for each sector. This differential equation can be solved by multiplying both sides by "dt"/"f"("t") and integrating. We again obtain the entropy of mixing on multiplying by the Boltzmann constant formula 52. By definition, one calculates it by explicitly multiplying each individual term together.