Changes that predate magnetic observatories are recorded in archaeological and geological materials. Geologists found evidence of a succession of geological ages with changes in climate. They are found among various climatic, geological, and topographical situations. Geologists try to decrease the uncertainties by collecting geological and paleomagnetical data. Many of these anomalies are associated with either geological or topographic features. Balancing Rocks are geological formations all over Zimbabwe. The coast of the North Sea presents a diversity of geological and geographical features. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. Earthquakes can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. The Paleozoic was a time of dramatic geological, climatic, and evolutionary change. Earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological faults. Hypermapping frequently applies to layering of geographical and geological information overlays. Famous examples of redox conditions affecting geological processes include uranium deposits and Moqui marbles. Big History frames human history in terms of cosmic, geological, and biological history. This is aided by isotopic dating and modeling of the geological history.