This is known by several terms, including direct hydrothermal liquefaction, and hydrous pyrolysis. These deformation structures were formed by soil liquefaction. Other sources include biomass, animal fat, biogas, natural gas, and coal liquefaction. Poorly graded soils are more susceptible to soil liquefaction than well graded soils. This is known as indirect coal liquefaction. The chlorine contains oxygen and must often be purified by liquefaction and evaporation. Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occurred. Other costs include the electrolyzer plant, hydrogen compressors or liquefaction, storage and transportation. These methods densify soil and enable buildings to avoid soil liquefaction. The FT synthesis is the basis for indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) technology. The earthquake caused major soil liquefaction in areas in and around Palu. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis may have areas of liquefaction necrosis caused by vasculitis. Sand boils can be a mechanism contributing to liquefaction and levee failure during floods. Such an earthquake also raises the risk for soil liquefaction in the Imperial Valley region. A feature of the quake was the damage caused by soil liquefaction.