Macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts. Deflation may also aggravate recessions and lead to a deflationary spiral. Bank crisis caused the serious deflationary pressures. Deflationary measures were implemented against the backdrop of the recession of 1980/81. Decreasing prices in electronics easily disprove the notion that deflationary prices indicate economic depression. Conventional economists said governments should pursue deflationary policies. In Japan, official government policy was deflationary and the opposite of Keynesian spending. Its value was enhanced as it accumulated during a deflationary economic period. Banks built up their capital reserves and made fewer loans, which intensified deflationary pressures. Economists cannot be certain as to the extent of the benefits of the deflationary policies. Another reason is to end a deflationary spiral. The Great Depression was regarded by some as a deflationary spiral. Then a deflationary spiral started in 1931. Quine interpreted Tarski's theory as essentially deflationary. John Maynard Keynes, citing deflationary dangers, argued against resumption of the gold standard.