The classical symptoms of the syndrome are spasmodic torticollis and dystonia. Synonyms are "intermittent torticollis", "cervical dystonia" or "idiopathic cervical dystonia", depending on cause. Initial symptoms of spasmodic torticollis are usually mild. The underlying anatomical distortion causing torticollis is a shortened sternocleidomastoid muscle. An increase in neurotransmitters causes spasms to occur in the neck, resulting in spasmodic torticollis. This type of spasmodic torticollis is usually inherited. The most common treatment for spasmodic torticollis is the use of botulinum toxin type A. The cause of congenital muscular torticollis is unclear. Sensory tricks offer only temporary and often partial relief of spasmodic torticollis. The pathophysiology of spasmodic torticollis is still relatively unknown. A rough categorization discerns between congenital torticollis and acquired torticollis. This technique is currently being trialed in patients with spasmodic torticollis. It has also shown promise for Tourette syndrome, torticollis, and tardive dyskinesia. The average onset age of spasmodic torticollis is 41. Combinations of these treatments have been used to control spasmodic torticollis.