Materialism typically contrasts with dualism, phenomenalism, idealism, vitalism and dual-aspect monism. Michael Ruse has criticized ontological reductionism as an improper argument against vitalism. Above all, the Conservative Revolution drew influences from vitalism and irrationalism, rather than from materialism. Bircher-Benner held pseudoscientific ideas about nutrition, including vitalism. Jain philosophy deals with reality, cosmology, epistemology (study of knowledge) and Vitalism. He was a critic of Darwinism and defended vitalism. Evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr described his views on evolution as a form of vitalism. The event is now generally accepted as indeed disproving the doctrine of vitalism. Gorski described Cousens works as promoting vitalism and other discredited principles. Many demonstrably false beliefs have endured for centuries and even millennia (e.g. vitalism). In the absence of vitalism, the distinction between inorganic and organic chemistry is merely semantic. Driesch's theory was always present in my mind when I thought about vitalism. Ironically, Schwann's work was later seen as being a first step away from vitalism. This being very much inline with the vitalism of his day.