See Path, Connectedness, Distance, Centrality. Emotional phenotype temperaments affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems. CHIME is an abbreviation of Connectedness, Hope and optimism, Identity, Meaning & Purpose and Empowerment. These effects were also mediated by nature connectedness and autonomy. Given its complexity and strong internal connectedness, soil ecologists regard soil as an ecosystem. Another related notion is locally connected, which neither implies nor follows from connectedness. Recent surveys have also indicated a significant emotional connectedness between Singaporeans with their internet access. Additionally, connectedness and path-connectedness are the same for finite topological spaces. Properties and parameters based on the idea of connectedness often involve the word "connectivity". Scholars have drawn associations between the level of technological connectedness and democracy in many nations. Therefore, on the scale of connectedness and complexity, CNNs are on the lower extreme. In 2003, Columbia University conducted an analogous experiment on social connectedness amongst Internet email users. Lack of simple connectedness gives rise to spin representations of the group. This property is inherited by the connectedness locus of real cubic polynomials. Permeability is an expression of the connectedness of the pores.