The thermodynamical variables are defined subject to the kinematical requirement of local thermodynamic equilibrium. A non-equilibrium thermodynamical system is modeled by considering macroscopic fluctuations of the local inverse temperature. Entropy is a property of thermodynamical systems. This definition of entropy does not have a clear thermodynamical interpretation. His principle sets fundamental thermodynamical constraints for classical and quantum information processing. A thermodynamical approach to the high energy collisions first proposed by E. Fermi. As thermodynamical objects with non-zero temperature, black holes should emit thermal radiation. This allows us to extract all the thermodynamical quantities of interest. Often the actual voltage needed for electrolysis exceeds the thermodynamical value.