The decrease can be counteracted by increasing carbon input. Magnesium overdose can be counteracted by administering calcium gluconate. This characteristic immobility could be counteracted by the pre-administration of prazosin. Additionally, Elaine Pownall's paralysis is gradually being counteracted by Ryn's mermaid stem cells. Thus, frequency-selective fading and phase distortion can be easily counteracted. Ecological effects of biodiversity are usually counteracted by its loss. Any tendency to touch a wingtip to the ground while moving must be quickly counteracted. This phenomenon is called fiber birefringence and can be counteracted by polarization-maintaining optical fiber. Reductions in efficiency may be counteracted with an engine control unit using lean burn techniques. This offset is counteracted by water inside larger ballast tanks. In compositions intended for production of metal by aluminothermic reaction, these effects can be counteracted. This is then counteracted, or opposed, by the second, drug-opposite effect (the opponent process). They must be counteracted by maneuvers to keep the spacecraft in the desired orbit. This can be counteracted through mechanical counter-pressure from a suitably designed garment. This view however, has been counteracted by conservatives.