The presence of a toxin in locoweed was demonstrated in 1909. A few species are known to produce swainsonine, a phytotoxin harmful to livestock (see Locoweed). In livestock alpha-mannosidosis is caused by chronic poisoning with swainsonine from locoweed. Together, the scientists assembled a grazing management scheme to help farmers avoid the poisonous locoweed. The biosynthetic pathway of swainsonine has also been investigated in the Diablo locoweed. Some of these species are known collectively under the common names "goat's thorn" and "locoweed". In plants, it sometimes occurs in toxic amounts as forage, e.g. locoweed. Endemic species include the Eureka Dune Grass, the Eureka Evening Primrose and the Shining Locoweed. Bob theorizes that Marshall ate locoweed and went crazy. Purple Locoweed "(Oxytropis lambertii)" is known to be found in parts of the river valley. Some references may list "Datura stramonium" as locoweed. The other locoweed genus is the closely related "Astragalus". Some species of "Astragalus" (milkvetch) are also referred to as locoweed. "Locoweed" is a compound of "loco" and "weed". Locoweed is relatively palatable to livestock, and some individual animals will seek it out.