In the second study, a subsample (n = 334) completed a self-report empathy questionnaire. In this sample some groups may be necessarily absent from this subsample. In a rarefied sample a random subsample "n" in chosen from the total "N" items. It also carries out detailed spectroscopy of a subsample of distant supernovae. The mean of these subsample means is then the grand mean. The mean of the measures from each lot constitutes the subsample mean. Subsample size is some constant fraction formula 88 of the size of the training set.