This number does not include option income funds, tactical shorting and leveraged indexed funds. It turned out that JPMorgan was shorting the index by making huge trades. Along with this, although more dangerous, is shorting overvalued stocks. Traders recognize these signals and make money shorting the metals alongside JPMorgan. Common complaints include plug separating from the cord, transformer shorting, and pin springs losing elasticity. Hedge funds began shorting that ABX index in early 2006 at par. To avoid shorting together different interconnection layers, thin insulating cards were placed between them. A more serious problem arose when the magnetic coils started shorting out. The IMF said there was no strong evidence that stock prices fell because of shorting. The alligator clips may be covered in insulation to prevent inadvertent shorting. This was widely viewed as a warning to curb shorting of its currency the yuan. The practice of naked shorting is illegal in most (but not all) stock markets. Middlemen made profits by shorting supplies to the Indians or giving them poor-quality food. Additionally, Minkow made $50,000 from shorting Herbalife stock. Before 2008, regulators had generally downplayed the extent of naked shorting in the US.