Determinism and indeterminism are examined in "Causality and Chance in Modern Physics" by David Bohm. The opposite of determinism is some kind of indeterminism (otherwise called nondeterminism) or randomness. Both determinism and indeterminism are threats to such freedom. Henosis, or primordial unity, is rational and deterministic, emanating from indeterminism an uncaused cause. Alternatively, libertarian view points based upon indeterminism have been proposed without the assumption of naturalism. Branching space-time is a theory uniting indeterminism and the special theory of relativity. Yet some philosophers have argued that indeterminism and unpredictability are synonymous. They either rely upon a world that is not causally closed, or physical indeterminism. For Popper, metaphysical and historical indeterminism go hand in hand. The Japanese theoretical population geneticist Motoo Kimura emphasises the role of indeterminism in evolution. Deliberative indeterminism has been referenced by Daniel Dennett and John Martin Fischer. This supertask, proposed by J. P. Laraudogoitia, is an example of indeterminism in Newtonian mechanics. The physicist-chemist Ilya Prigogine argued for indeterminism in complex systems. His topic was Scientific Indeterminism and Human Freedom. Kane admits his basic failure is his location of indeterminism in the decision process itself.