The estate was driven through villeinage. There are of land in villeinage which render 49s 8d. On 20 December 1782 villeinage was abolished in Anterior Austria. A variety of kinds of villeinage existed in Europe in the Middle Ages. Throughout New France, several thousand estates in villeinage were developed. Immediately below the level of free socage was that of the villeinage ("roture"). Villeinage, a form of semi-serfdom, was legally recognized but long obsolete. The entry records that "Virgates in villeinage are valued at 9 shilling per annum". In the 18th century, the villeinage held the lands. The josephinism with compulsory schooling, end of villeinage, reform of justice etc. Villeinage was not always an involuntary arrangement. Different times and countries dealt with villeinage in slightly different ways. Villeinage was not a purely exploitative relationship. Villeinage continued in France until the revolution in 1789. Many villeins were in villeinage because of the land they held, rather than by birth.