Ferns have proved resistant to phytophagous insects. Unlike the strictly phytophagous adults, juveniles also feed on invertebrates. All jewel bugs feed on plants (phytophagous). The larvae are almost exclusively phytophagous on nonwoody plants. Parasitica also contains groups of phytophagous hymenopterans such as the Cynipoidea (gall wasps). First instar larvae are phytophagous and gregarious, and there are five instars altold. Most of the recent phytophagous species of Coleoptera feed on flowering plants or angiosperms. The larvae initially feed on dead insects, then become phytophagous. Many phytophagous species that are dependent on seasonal plant resources are univoltine. Little is known about its behavior, but it is phytophagous. The larvae of almost all Tephritidae are phytophagous. Most species are phytophagous, feeding on flowers. About 75% of beetle species are phytophagous in both the larval and adult stages. The adults are typically nocturnal and phytophagous, but only some are of economic importance. All species are phytophagous, many occurring on various grasses.