Additionally, galantamine binds to the allosteric sites of nicotinic receptors, which causes a conformational change. Studies have shown how HSP60 binds to incoming proteins and induces conformational and structural changes. The binding typically results in a change of conformational isomerism (conformation) of the target protein. Incoming sweet molecules bind to their receptors, which causes a conformational change in the molecule. The proportion of epitopes that are conformational is unknown. The short timescale of interconversion precludes the separation of conformational isomers in most cases. By reducing conformational flexibility, scientists can constrain the function of certain proteins. These are accomplished by sequential protein and substrate conformational changes. She is interested in conformational change during catalysis. Proteins are not however strictly static objects, but rather populate ensembles of conformational states. Mediator complexes are variable at the evolutionary, compositional and conformational levels. Nonlinear optimization methods are widely used in conformational analysis. Many conformational isomers are diastereomers as well. Nicotinic AChRs may exist in different interconvertible conformational states. PCSK9 degrades LDLR by preventing the hairpin conformational change of LDLR.