"Kermes" are native to the Mediterranean region, living on the sap of the kermes oak. Dyestuffs including carmine (cochineal), shellac, and kermes have been made from the bodies of insects. Others produce commercially valuable substances including carmine and kermes dyes, and shellac lacquer. The female kermes scale causes galls to grow on kermes oak. Other dyes used in Byzantine silk workshops were madder, kermes, indigo, weld, and sappanwood. Kermes oaks and pines also grow there. The open landscape of the garrigue is punctuated by dense thickets of Kermes oak. It is often composed of kermes oak, lavender, thyme, and white cistus. Both the red colour-names crimson and scarlet derive from kermes products. Kermes oak species grow in dry, sunny slopes. The kermes dye is a rich red, a crimson. Kermes dyes have been found in burial wrappings in Anglo-Scandinavian York. Bee Eater Blue, Kermes, and Squirrel. "Kirmiz" is not to be confused with dyer's kermes, which was derived from another insect. He says that the colour is similar to "scolecium", probably the kermes insect.