She studies language and cognition, focusing on interactions between language, cognition, and perception. Flavell defined metacognition as knowledge about cognition and control of cognition. Reasoning is associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect. Research universities often use HMDs to conduct studies related to vision, balance, cognition and neuroscience. Nevertheless, the relationship between cognition and phenomenal qualia of consciousness is disputed. Personality concerns consistent patterns of behavior, cognition, and emotion in individuals. These include various maladaptations related to mood, behaviour, cognition, and perceptions. Pinker's academic specializations are visual cognition and psycholinguistics. Clark argues that this broadened definition is necessary to an understanding of human cognition. This reflects the roots of the framework in distributed cognition and activity theory. Researchers have found that the effect of multilingualism on better cognition is due to neuroplasticity. Therefore, universals in this view are something which are peculiar to human cognition and language. Social psychologists have become increasingly interested in the influence of culture on social cognition. Part of the difficulty of understanding animal cognition generally, is determining what to measure. A major research topic in social cognition is attribution.