Dropped packets or packet retransmissions as well as protocol overhead are excluded. Packet filters act by inspecting packets transferred between computers. A routing node discards packets that fail a header checksum test. Layer-2 protocols encapsulate audio data in standard Ethernet packets. This is different from the forwarding of IP packets. This is fulfilled through the use of multicast packets. Sources use the group address as the IP destination address in their data packets. The payload from the packets described above are MAVLink messages. Transit agreements however would typically cater for just such outbound packets. AH also guarantees the data origin by authenticating IP packets. SCTP bundles the chunks into SCTP packets. Their greater payload makes retransmissions of larger packets take longer. Duplicate acknowledgements are sent to both these packets. There are many queuing disciplines used for determining which packets to drop. The bandwidth is estimated by properly low-pass filtering the rate of returning acknowledgment packets.