Experiments have compared the inferences people make from counterfactual conditionals and indicative conditionals. A "third conditional" sentence expresses a hypothetical (usually counterfactual) circumstance in the past. The subjunctive was the Indo-European "irrealis", used for hypothetical or counterfactual situations. Though solutions differ, they all pinpoint semantic issues concerned with counterfactual reasoning. Taleb also argues for the use of counterfactual reasoning when considering risk. These include the (mentioned above) regularity, probabilistic, counterfactual, mechanistic, and manipulationist views. A more recent definition of confounding invokes the notion of "counterfactual" effects. Technically, counterfactual definiteness is lacking. This construction is used in the consequence of past counterfactual conditional sentences. Matthew 11&colon;23 contains what is commonly called a counterfactual of creaturely freedom. The functional theory looks at how counterfactual thinking and its cognitive processes benefit people. Different designs require different estimation methods to measure changes in well-being from the counterfactual. The direction of the counterfactual statement is also indicative of which function may be used. Counterfactualism is the view that dispositions are a type of counterfactual property. Perfectionists are another group for whom counterfactual thinking may not be functional.