Inositol trisphosphates act on the inositol triphosphate receptor to release calcium into the cytoplasm. These enzymes are regulated by inositol and choline, both of which are phospholipid precursors. It also contains taurine, caffeine, inositol, and guarana seed extract. Examples of second messenger molecules include cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium. It contains water, cane sugar, caffeine, taurine, inositol and B-vitamins. The pulp also contains glucose, fructose, sucrose, inositol, citric acid, and succinic acid. This effect has been suggested to be further enhanced with an inositol triphosphate reuptake inhibitor. In "Dictyostelium", phospholipase D has been found to intervene in inositol phosphate pathways. Heroin is commonly cut with quinine, caffeine, dimethocaine, procaine, lactose, inositol, dextrose, mannitol, and starch. This leads to lower levels of inositol triphosphate, created by decomposition of PIP. This leads to the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacyl glycerol. Dietary supplement products can be immediate or slow release, the latter including inositol hexanicotinate. The intermediate is then hydrolyzed to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP). Inositol pretreatment could reverse these effects. Other closely related compounds are epi-inositol and inositol and lipoxin and epilipoxin.