Interferons can also suppress angiogenesis by down regulation of angiogenic stimuli deriving from tumor cells. This chemokine stimulates the chemotaxis of neutrophils possessing angiogenic properties. The in-growth of new blood vessels is mediated by the upregulation of angiogenic cytokines. Implicit in this generalized endothelial dysfunction may be an imbalance of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. The angiogenic switch leads to tumor expression of pro-angiogenic factors and increased tumor vascularization. MK appears to enhance the angiogenic and proliferative activities of cancer cells. These gene products may include proteins such as glycolytic enzymes and angiogenic growth factors. Moreover, nicotine induces changes that mimic the effects of angiogenic growth factors. Angiogenic stimulators are then released by the tumor cells. Furthermore, it plays a key role in immune and angiogenic responses. In particular, FGF2 and HGF are potent angiogenic factors. Research efforts are focused on new angiogenic treatment modalities and various (adult) stem-cell therapies. NGF is known to have insulinotropic, angiogenic, and antioxidant properties. Right, analysis quantifying the angiogenic effect.