Many of Locke's views were sharply criticized by rationalists and empiricists alike. However, unlike the deists, the theological rationalists believed in the efficacy of prayer to God. He is an Honorary Associate of the New Zealand Association of Rationalists and Humanists. Eighteenth century rationalists judged the Crusaders harshly. However, the number included atheists, rationalists and also those who believed in a higher power. Beginning in the Middle Ages, rationalists and classicists began to advocate cremation. Furthermore, some rationalists also claim metaphysics is knowable in this thesis. Against the philosophical rationalists, Hume argues that the passions, rather than reason, govern human behaviour. Most rationalists agree mathematics is knowable by applying the intuition and deduction. This approach was taken by Maimonides and the other medieval rationalists. The opinions of the English rationalists were disseminated on the Continent by Voltaire and others. Gradually, he became part of the debating circles representing the rationalists. The temperament of rationalists, according to James, led to sticking with logic. Wizards descend from Rationalists ("Rats", "Demons"). A third group involved in English penal reform were the "rationalists" or "utlitarians".