Before 1910, dietary fats in industrialized nations consisted mostly of butterfat, beef tallow, and lard. It is similar to lard, tallow and schmaltz. In general lard is similar to tallow in its composition. It was covered in silk paper and made from deer tallow, castor oil, and beeswax. A mixture of tallow and other fats was saponified by an alkali. Typically the melted fat would be suet that has been rendered into tallow. For this purpose, a mixture of about half tallow and half beeswax is best. Contaminants include hydraulic oils, tallow and particulate solids. It was made from natural wax, oil, soda ash and tallow. Biodiesel produced from beef tallow and palm oil tends to gel at around and respectively. It consists of natural wax, oil and tallow. European candles of antiquity were made from various forms of natural fat, tallow, and wax. Another important ingredient in some formulations is the surfactant polyethoxylated tallow amine. Cattle ranching for meat, tallow, and leather were also important. It was boiled in great caldrons, together with tar, tallow and oak bark.