The municipality's topography is undulating with many glacially scoured rock outcroppings. It is a glacial lake, formed in a glacially 'over-deepened' valley. Decomposed granite accumulations are often shallow deposits within glacially scoured basins. In the high mountains, the major rivers have their headwaters in alpine glacially carved cirques. Broken Top is a glacially eroded complex stratovolcano. The ridge is primarily composed of the windblown glacially derived sediment known as loess. This is a glacially eroded limestone gorge of much beauty. Extending outward from the mountains are the glacially altered river valleys. Overdeepening is exhibited across the range of glacially eroded geologic features. Most of Cape Cod is composed of glacially derived rocks, sands, and gravels. Labrador Hollow sits within a glacially carved valley with steep walls. These tillites and glacially derived sediments are designated the Gondwanas series. Lake Pend Oreille was glacially formed during the ice age. The mountain rises above the glacially formed Dove Lake (), Lake Wilks and Crater Lake. Three miles north of Grassington, at Kilnsey, is the glacially carved overhang of Kilnsey Crag.