Studies have suggested that fluid is superior to air for distending gastric balloons. Treatment is focused on reducing stroke episodes and damage from a distending artery. Individual cytolethal distending toxins are named for the bacterial species that they are isolated from. This finding was also confirmed for other cytolethal distending toxins in subsequent studies. Cytolethal distending toxins are produced by gram-negative pathogenic bacteria from the phylum "Proteobacteria".