Aortic valve stenosis and mitral valve dysplasia are heart diseases. Increased afterload may be found in aortic stenosis and arterial hypertension. A narrow pulse pressure is also caused by aortic valve stenosis and cardiac tamponade. In cases of symptomatic severe aortic stenosis, AVR is warranted. Aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis are the most common examples. Syncope (fainting spells) from aortic valve stenosis is usually exertional. Heart problems may include pulmonary valve stenosis. Most people with mild to moderate aortic stenosis do not have symptoms. The standard for diagnosis of aortic stenosis is non-invasive testing with echocardiography. Another way is systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt in cases associated with pulmonary stenosis. S2 becomes softer in aortic stenosis. Another genetic problem is subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS). Symptoms related to aortic stenosis depend on the degree of stenosis. This inflammation leads to arterial stenosis, thrombosis, and aneurysms. Vertiflex principally developed treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis.