Karma transfer raises questions similar to those with substitutionary atonement and vicarious punishment. The plaintiffs alleged direct, vicarious, and contributory infringement. This act is considered a form of vicarious atonement. The idea of vicarious atonement flows from Judaism. Kitsch is vicarious experience and faked sensations. Vicarious trauma affects workers who witness their clients' trauma. There are many ways of addressing vicarious traumatization. Blood phobia is often caused by direct or vicarious trauma in childhood or adolescence. The viewer identifies with the ejaculating men, experiencing a sense of vicarious pleasure. This is due to a phenomenon referred to as vicarious nostalgia. People who rate themselves as more empathic are more likely to experience vicarious embarrassment. People who have more empathy are more likely to be susceptible to vicarious embarrassment. The Gemara reconciled apparently discordant verses touching on vicarious responsibility. This leads to his account of what he terms "vicarious causality". One may also differentiate between (for example) physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, vicarious and virtual experience(s).