These famines cause widespread malnutrition and impoverishment. Disasters are a major cause of impoverishment and can reverse progress towards poverty reduction. He has laid off many of them, and is apparently indifferent to their consequent impoverishment. Emigration was encouraged by political discontent at home, overpopulation and impoverishment. In absolute numbers, the hardest hit by post-famine impoverishment were women and landless agricultural labourers. In general, Arnold's films are characterized by the themes of deprivation and impoverishment. This led to high unemployment rates among black people, making impoverishment almost inescapable. Drunkenness, fighting, domestic abuse and household impoverishment were rampant. Due to poor harvests and subsequent common impoverishment many citizens left for the United States. "Cheaper rice mitigated, but did not reverse the trend towards impoverishment". A key source of impoverishment was the widespread coping strategy of selling assets, including land. The nation had to deal somehow with samurai impoverishment and treasury deficits. Perfect equality would thus lead to impoverishment. This led to further impoverishment of the rural masses. Furthermore, there are no risks related to possible thermal soil impoverishment.