He was involved in many other industries including farming, pawnbroking and logging. His doctorate, which he received in 1972, concentrated on laws of pawnbroking and usury. That often led Jews into peddling, second-hand goods, pawnbroking and moneylending. Modern pawnbroking legislation began with the Pawnbrokers Act of 1800. Pawnbroking laws of Austria-Hungary were similar to those of England. To help make ends meet the family set up a pawnbroking business. Its pawnbroking monopoly was legalized in a Dutch East Indian government decree. Pawnbroking spread to England with the Norman conquest. Three years later, his father established a pawnbroking business with another relative. Cash Converters International Limited is an Australian retail pawnbroking company which also provides payday loans. Pawnbroking had increased greatly from the 1780s to the 1830s. Several savings and loan co-operatives "de facto" also offer pawnbroking services. As the empire spread its culture, pawnbroking went with it. In the west, pawnbroking existed in the Ancient Greek and Roman Empires.