Simone Courvoisier conducted behavioural tests and found chlorpromazine produced indifference to aversive stimuli in rats. An averse stimuli is sometimes referred to as a punisher or simply an aversive. Insular cortex processes aversive somatosensory information and is crucial for threat learning. Fear conditioning is a behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to predict aversive events. The individual engages in the behavior to escape aversive socially mediated attention. There is considerable evidence that dopamine participates in both reinforcement and aversive learning. The individual engages in the behavior because it produces a decrease in aversive stimulation. Therapists may feel intense disgust and aversive reactions. The person's response to aversive details of traumatic event involves intense fear, helplessness or horror. Aversive conditioning deters bears by modifying their behaviour. The individual engages in the behavior to escape aversive tasks or demands. Self-consciousness was characterized as an aversive psychological state. Persuade the user by removing an aversive stimulus. In college, Duncan co-authored a chapter in the social psychology book "Aversive Interpersonal Behaviors". Collectively, these implicit attitude measures provide a strong means of identifying aversive racism.