Basic procedures often include fillings, periodontics, endodontics, and oral surgery. The Restorative Dentistry Department is composed of three units&colon; Endodontics, Periodontology and Prosthodontics. EGTA is often employed in dentistry and endodontics for the removal of the smear layer. In the dental specialty of endodontics, periradicular surgery is surgery to the external root surface. Endodontics nearly vanished from American dental education. In Australia, endodontics is recognized as one of the thirteen registered dental specialties. Regenerative endodontics is the extension of root canal therapy. Closely related to the field of regenerative endodontics, are the clinical procedures apexification and apexogenesis. Treatment usually involves endodontics or extraction. Regenerative endodontics instead seeks to replace live tissue in the pulp chamber. Regenerative endodontics is founded by the seminal work by Dr. Ostby in the early 1960s. In 2011, an important demonstration in the field of regenerative endodontics was found. Dr. Schilder was a very influential scholar and educator in endodontics. Successful completion of board certification results in Diplomate status in the American Board of Endodontics. Torabinejad is the author of many highly cited papers in the field of endodontics.