The upper sandstone member is known as the Big Clifty Sandstone. Their geological composition includes, among others, sandstone and limestone, and also coal. Sinkholes also occur in sandstone and quartzite terrains. There are important deposits of granite, marble, sandstone and obsidian. There are also Old Red Sandstone deposits and granite intrusions. It is very common in sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale. It is entirely constructed from Rajasthani pink sandstone and Italian Carrara marble. Paragneiss is gneiss derived from sedimentary rock (such as sandstone). Chimney Rock consists primarily of Brule clay interlayered with volcanic ash and Arikaree sandstone. It was built using red sandstone and marble. Starved Rock is known for its outcrops of St. Peter Sandstone. The shale is overlain by the thicker Valtos Sandstone which contains concretions. Many are lined with flat sandstone slabs. The fifth is of marble and sandstone. The substratum is made of Pliocene deposits including sandstone, marl and various conglomerates.