Ackroyd uses typical postmodern techniques, such as playfulness, intertextuality, pastiche, metafiction and temporal distortion. The novel is also an example of historiographic metafiction. Like its predecessors, "Against the Day" is an example of historiographic metafiction or metahistorical romance. For example, metafiction and pastiche are often used for irony. These complex and intertwined novels extended Straub's explorations into metafiction and unreliable narrators. This literary trope is characteristic of many late 20th century Western works of metafiction. Atonement is a 2001 British metafiction novel written by Ian McEwan. Both political critique and metafiction are typical features of Magical Realism. O'Nolan's novels have attracted a wide following for their bizarre humour and Modernist metafiction. O'Nolan's novels have attracted a wide following for their bizarre humour and modernist metafiction. Her story-telling incorporates elements of poetry, novel, musical theatre, metafiction, manifesto, and political philosophy. The novel is based on fact and has been described as an "autobiographical metafiction". His works usually contain elements of metafiction, parody, and fantasy. "Quichotte" features a story within a story, making it, similar to Cervantes' novel, a metafiction. This element of metafiction is important to the novel.