From 1875 to 1892 almost all Bordeaux vineyards were ruined by phylloxera infestations. During the 1880s, Cape vineyards had been devastated by a phylloxera epidemic. Their closest relatives are the jumping plant lice, whiteflies, phylloxera bugs and aphids. The vineyards also include some rare ungrafted French vines from before the phylloxera epidemic. Charles Valentine Riley noted that the American species "Vitis labrusca" was resistant to Phylloxera. In 1894 the Jerez region was devastated by the insect phylloxera. They started to cultivate vineyards, but they were destroyed by the grape phylloxera bug. However, the area was devastated by the outbreak of the phylloxera bug. Vineyards affected by phylloxera were also being returned to pasture. The vineyards were affected by oidium from 1886, and then phylloxera from 1887. That was all before the destructive effects on the industry of the phylloxera epidemic. In 1887 the vineyards of the island were hit by the Phylloxera. These plantations have shown resistance to Phylloxera. In the Balkans, where phylloxera had had little impact, the local varieties survived. So far, most Chilean wine has remained phylloxera free.