in the pre-founding era of psychology, scholars often faced a snub from the broader scientific community, their work obscured by a lack of formal recognition and regulation. yet, this did not deter them; instead, it spurred a collective ambition to reinvent the discipline from scratch. through tenacity and innovation, these pioneers navigated through the obscured past, laying the groundwork for a field that would eventually flourish beyond their wildest dreams, positively impacting countless lives worldwide.