question: What town in East Kazakhstan Region was named for the director of the Soviet atomic bomb project
answer: Kurchatov
context: Title: Justus Mühlenpfordt
  Passage: Justus Mühlenpfordt (22 April 1911 in Lübeck – 2 October 2000) was a German nuclear physicist.  He received his doctorate from the "Technische Hochschule Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig", in 1936.  He then worked in Gustav Hertz’s laboratory at Siemens.  In 1945, he was sent to Institute G, near Sukhumi and under the directorship of Hertz, to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project.  Released from Russia, Mühlenpfordt arrived in East Germany in 1955.  He was appointed director of the "Institut für physikalische Stofftrennung" of the Academy of Sciences, in Leipzig.  From 1969 until his retirement in 1974, Mühlenpfordt was director of the "Forschungsbereiches Kern- und Istopentechnik der Akademie".
  Title: Russian Alsos
  Passage: The Soviet Alsos or the Russian Alsos was an operation that took place during 19451946 in Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, and whose objectives were the exploitation of German atomic related facilities, intellectual materials, materiel resources, and scientific personnel for the benefit of the Soviet atomic bomb project.
  Title: Igor Kurchatov
  Passage: Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (Russian: И́горь Васи́льевич Курча́тов ; 8(21) January 1903 – 7 February 1960), was a Soviet nuclear physicist who is widely known as the director of the Soviet atomic bomb project.  Along with Georgy Flyorov and Andrei Sakharov, Kurchatov is widely remembered and dubbed as the "father of the Soviet atomic bomb" and later, "the father of the Soviet Nuclear Missile" for his directorial role in the development of the Soviet nuclear program, in a clandestine program during World War II formed in the wake of the USSR's discovery of the Western Allied efforts to develop nuclear weapons.  After nine years of covert development, the Soviet Union successfully tested its first nuclear weapon, codenamed "First Lightning" at the Semipalatinsk Test Range in 1949.  In 1954 he was awarded the USSR State Prize in physics.
  Title: Munir Ahmad Khan
  Passage: Munir Ahmad Khan (Urdu: ‎ ; b. 20 May 1926 – 22 April 1999; ), was a Pakistani nuclear engineer and a nuclear physicist, who served as the chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) from 1972 to 1991.  He is credited among the persons who are called as "father of the Pakistan's atomic bomb project", for their role in Pakistan's integrated atomic bomb project— the clandestine Cold war program.  Khan was technical director of the programme to develop nuclear weapons, which led to the Chagai-I nuclear testing in May 1998 in Balochistan.
  Title: Max Steenbeck
  Passage: Max Christian Theodor Steenbeck (21 March 1904 in Kiel – 15 December 1981 in East Berlin) was a German physicist who worked at the "Siemens-Schuckertwerke" in his early career, during which time he invented the betatron in 1934.  He was taken to the Soviet Union after World War II, and he contributed to the Soviet atomic bomb project.  In 1955, he returned to East Germany to continue a career in nuclear physics.
  Title: RDS-1
  Passage: The RDS-1 (Russian: РДС-1 ), also known as Izdeliye 501 (device 501) and First Lightning (Первая молния , "Pervaya molniya"), was the nuclear bomb used in the Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test.  The United States assigned it the code-name Joe-1, in reference to Joseph Stalin.  It was detonated on 29 August 1949 at 7:00 a.m., at Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR, after top-secret research and development as part of the Soviet atomic bomb project.
  Title: George Koval
  Passage: George Abramovich Koval (Russian: Жорж (Георгий) Абра́мович Кова́ль ; ] , Zhorzh Abramovich Koval, December 25, 1913 – January 31, 2006) was an American who acted as a Soviet intelligence officer for the Soviet atomic bomb project.  According to Russian sources, Koval's infiltration of the Manhattan Project as a Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye (GRU) agent "drastically reduced the amount of time it took for Russia to develop nuclear weapons."
  Title: Heinz Barwich
  Passage: Heinz Barwich (22 July 1911 in Berlin – 10 April 1966 in Cologne) was a German nuclear physicist.  He was deputy director of the Siemens Research Laboratory II in Berlin.  At the close of World War II, he followed the decision of Gustav Hertz, to go to the Soviet Union for ten years to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project, for which he received the Stalin Prize.  He was director of the "Zentralinstitut für Kernforschung" (Central Institute for Nuclear Research) at Rossendorf near Dresden.  For a few years he was director of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia.  In 1964 he defected to the West.
  Title: History of nuclear weapons
  Passage: Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions.  Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project.  In August 1945, two fission bombs were dropped on Japan, standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat.  The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project, and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as "hydrogen bombs".
  Title: Kurchatov, Kazakhstan
  Passage: Kurchatov (in Kazakh and Russian: Курча́тов) is a town in East Kazakhstan Region in north-east Kazakhstan.  Named after Soviet nuclear physicist Igor Kurchatov, the town was once the centre of operations for the adjoining Semipalatinsk Test Site.  With the cessation of nuclear testing and the decommissioning of the test site, Kurchatov's population has fallen from over 20,000 to around 8,000.  In its heyday Kurchatov (which was known by its postal code Semipalatinsk-21) was a closed city, one of the most secretive and restricted places in the Soviet Union.  The nuclear facilities at Kurchatov are managed by the Kazakhstan Institute of Atomic Energy, a division of the country's National Nuclear Center.  Population: (2009 Census results); (1999 Census results)
citations: Igor Kurchatov Kurchatov, Kazakhstan