question: Which war in United States history between the United States and the United Kingdom was the last war in which hispanic naval officers could reach a rank no higher than Commodore?
answer: War of 1812
context: Title: Confiscation of Alcohol (Young Persons) Act 1997
  Passage: The Confiscation of Alcohol (Young Persons) Act 1997 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.  The purpose of the Act was to empower police officers to confiscate alcohol from the possession of any minors under the age of 18.  Previously only the purchase of alcohol was illegal by minors, and officers could take no action against a minor in possession of alcohol unless they were committing another offence.  The Act was introduced to close this loophole and allow officers to seize alcohol in a minor's possession and create an offence for any person who fails to comply with a request to confiscate.  The Act can also be applied to a person over 18 if the officer believes that the person intends to supply a minor with alcohol in their possession.
  Title: List of United States Navy enlisted rates
  Passage: A United States Navy enlisted rate indicates where an enlisted Sailor stands within the chain of command, and also defines one's pay grade.  An enlisted sailor's rate is similar conceptually to a naval officer's rank.  Only Naval Officers carry the term "rank".  The word "rate" refers to an enlisted sailor's pay grade, while the word "rating" refers to one's area of occupational specialization within the enlisted Navy.  Associated with the enlisted pay grades is a numbering system from the most junior enlisted sailor ("E-1") to the most senior enlisted sailor ("E-9").  This enlisted numbering system is the same across all five branches of the U.S. Military.  All E-1 through E-3 are known as Seamen.  E-4 through E-6 are called Petty Officers.  All E-7s are called Chief Petty Officer, E-8s Senior Chief Petty Officer, and E-9s Master Chief Petty Officer.  Rates are displayed on a rating badge, which is a combination of rate and rating.  E-2s and E-3s have color-coded group rate marks based on their career field.  Personnel in pay grade E-1, since 1996, do not have an insignia to wear.
  Title: James F. McNulty (rear admiral)
  Passage: James F. McNulty (September 30, 1929 – November 14, 2006) was a United States Maritime Service (USMS) rear admiral (USMS), a U.S Navy captain, and a U.S. Naval Officers and Merchant Marine Officers educator.  He began his naval career in 1953 after graduating from the Massachusetts Maritime Academy.  He served as a Navy Surface Warfare Officer for twenty-two years, and was a veteran of the Korean War and the Vietnam War.  McNulty retired from the U.S. Navy in 1977, after serving as Chief of Staff of the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.  As a firm believer in "giving back", he went on to serve in the United States Maritime Service, as Dean of Maine Maritime Academy, Head of the Marine Transportation Department at Texas A&M University Maritime Academy, and ultimately as Superintendent of the Great Lakes Maritime Academy.
  Title: War of 1812
  Passage: The War of 1812 (18121815) was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies.  Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theater of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right.
  Title: Hispanic Admirals in the United States Navy
  Passage: Hispanic Admirals in the United States Navy can trace their tradition of naval military service to the Hispanic sailors, who have served in the Navy during every war and conflict since the American Revolution.  Prior to the Civil War, the highest rank reached by a Hispanic-American in the U.S. Navy was Commodore.  Such was the case of Commodore Uriah Phillips Levy (1792–1862), a Sephardic Jew of Hispanic descent and great grandson of Dr. Samuel Nunez, who served in the War of 1812.  During the American Civil War, the government of the United States recognized that the rapid expanding Navy was in need of admirals therefore, Congress proceeded to authorize the appointment of nine officers the rank of rear admiral.  On July 16, 1862, Flag Officer David Glasgow Farragut became the first Hispanic-American to be appointed to the rank of rear admiral.  Two years later (1864), Farragut became a vice admiral, and in 1866 the Navy's first full admiral.  During World War I, Robert Lopez, the first Hispanic graduate of the United States Naval Academy, served with the rank of commodore in command of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, and during World War II five Hispanics served with the ranks of rear admiral or above in either the European or Pacific Theater's of the war.  As of April 2007, twenty-two Hispanic-Americans have reached the rank of admiral, and of this number thirteen were graduates of the USNA.
  Title: Alfred Winsor Brown
  Passage: Alfred Winsor Brown (November 6, 1885 – September 7, 1938) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 31st Naval Governor of Guam.  He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1907, serving aboard a number of ships in many different capacities soon after.  He returned to the Academy on staff before serving as the first commanding officer of USS "Tingey" .  From 1924 to 1926, he served as Guamanian governor before attending the Naval War College and serving on the staff of a number of high-ranking naval officers.  He then served as commanding officer of USS "Whitney" and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard.  Soon after assuming command of USS "Arizona" , Brown died of a heart attack.
  Title: Field sobriety testing
  Passage: Field sobriety tests are a battery of tests used by police officers to determine if a person suspected of impaired driving is intoxicated with alcohol or drugs.  The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) began research in 1975 on how to test suspects for impaired driving.  The NHTSA developed a series of tests that police officers could use when evaluating suspected impaired drivers.  By 1981, officers in the United States began using the organization's battery of standardized sobriety tests to help make decisions about whether to arrest suspected impaired drivers.  The tests were designed to indicate intoxication associated with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.10%.
  Title: Uriah P. Levy
  Passage: Uriah Phillips Levy (April 22, 1792 – March 26, 1862) was a naval officer, real estate investor, and philanthropist.  He was a veteran of the War of 1812 and the first Jewish Commodore of the United States Navy.  He was instrumental in helping to end the Navy's practice of flogging, and during his half-century-long service prevailed against the antisemitism he faced among some of his fellow naval officers.
  Title: Lewis Henry Douglass
  Passage: Lewis Henry Douglass (1840–1908) was the oldest son of Frederick Douglass and his first wife Anna Murray Douglass.  He was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts.  Douglass was well educated and as a boy apprenticed, in Rochester, New York, as a typesetter for his father's newspapers "The North Star" and "Douglass' Weekly".  He joined the Union Army on March 25, 1863, only two months after the Emancipation Proclamation allowed African Americans to see combat in the Union Army.  He fought for one of the first official African American units in the United States during the Civil War, the famed 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.  Shortly after joining the army, Douglass attained the rank of Sergeant Major, the highest rank a black man could reach.  He took part in the Battle of James Island, the Battle of Olustee, the Second Battle of Fort Wagner.  At the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, half of his regiment was killed, but this battle turned the public's attention toward the sacrifices made by African Americans in the war.  Douglass addressed the bravery of the African American troops in a letter to his future wife Helen Amelia Loguen:
  Title: Schlesinger v. Ballard
  Passage: Schlesinger v. Ballard, 419 U.S. 498 (1975) , was a United States Supreme Court case that upheld a federal statute granting female Naval officers four more years of commissioned service before mandatory discharge than male Naval officers.
citations: Hispanic Admirals in the United States Navy War of 1812