question: Petre Paul Negulescu (October 18, 1870 – September 28, 1951) was a Romanian philosopher and conservative politician, known as a disciple and continuator of Titu Maiorescu, Affiliated with Maiorescu's "Junimea" society from his early twenties, he debuted as a positivist and monist, attempting to reconcile art for art's sake, with which philosophy of culture, that was a common 19th century belief that organisms inherently improve themselves through progressive inherited change over time (orthogenesis), and increase in complexity through evolution?
answer: Evolutionism
context: Title: Evolutionism
  Passage: Evolutionism was a common 19th century belief that organisms inherently improve themselves through progressive inherited change over time (orthogenesis), and increase in complexity through evolution.  The belief went on to include cultural evolution and social evolution.  In the 1970s the term Neo-Evolutionism was used to describe the idea "that human beings sought to preserve a familiar style of life unless change was forced on them by factors that were beyond their control".
  Title: Petre P. Negulescu
  Passage: Petre Paul Negulescu (October 18, 1870 – September 28, 1951) was a Romanian philosopher and conservative politician, known as a disciple and continuator of Titu Maiorescu.  Affiliated with Maiorescu's "Junimea" society from his early twenties, he debuted as a positivist and monist, attempting to reconcile art for art's sake with an evolutionist philosophy of culture.  He was a lecturer and tenured professor at the University of Iași, where he promoted the "Junimist" lobby against left-wing competitors, and formalized his links with the Conservative Party in 1901.  From 1910, he taught at the University of Bucharest, publishing works on Renaissance philosophy and other historical retrospectives.
  Title: Panait Cerna
  Passage: Panait Cerna (] ; Bulgarian: Панайот Черна, "Panayot Cherna", born Panayot Stanchov or Panait Staciov; August 26 or September 25, 1881 – March 26, 1913) was a Romanian poet, philosopher, literary critic and translator.  A native speaker of Bulgarian, Cerna nonetheless wrote in Romanian, and developed a traditionalist style which was connected with Classicism and Neoclassicism.  Praised by the conservative literary society "Junimea", he was promoted by its leader Titu Maiorescu, as well as by Maiorescu's disciples Mihail Dragomirescu and Simion Mehedinţi.  Cerna became the group's main representative during its decline, contributing to both major Junimist magazines, "Convorbiri Literare" and "Convorbiri Critice".  He also contributed pieces to the traditionalist magazine "Sămănătorul", and was briefly affiliated with other literary journals.
  Title: Petre P. Carp
  Passage: Petre P. Carp (] ; also Petrache Carp, Francized "Pierre Carp", occasionally "Comte Carpe"; June 28 or 29, 1837 – June 19, 1919) was a Moldavian, later Romanian statesman, political scientist and culture critic, one of the major representatives of Romanian liberal conservatism, and twice the country's Prime Minister (1900–1901, 1910–1912).  His youth was intertwined with the activity of "Junimea" club, which he co-founded with critic Titu Maiorescu as a literary society, and then helped transform it into a political club.  He left behind a budding career as "Junimea"' s polemicist and cultural journalist, joining the state bureaucracy of the United Principalities, the Romanian diplomatic corps, and ultimately electoral politics.  A speaker for aristocratic sentiment and the Romanian gentry, Carp helped create the Conservative Party from the various "White" conservative clubs (1880), but also led a "Junimist" dissident wing against the Conservative mainstream leaders Lascăr Catargiu and Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino.  He was a contributor to the "Junimea" platform "Convorbiri Literare", and founder of the newspapers "Térra" (1868) and "Moldova" (1915).
  Title: Nicolae Xenopol
  Passage: Nicolae Dimitrie Xenopol (] ] , also Nicu Xenopol; Francized "Nicolas Xenopol"; October 11, 1858 – December 1917) was a Romanian politician, diplomat, economist and writer, the younger brother of historian Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol and, like him, a member of "Junimea" society.  Initially inspired by "Junimea" leader Titu Maiorescu, he was later a dissident of "Junimism", a Positivist and a supporter of literary realism.  Politically, Xenopol also moved away from conservatism and was embraced by the liberal current, serving as editor of two liberal newspapers: "Românul" and "Voința Națională".  He had a successful career in electoral politics, which began within the National Liberal Party and later saw him joining the Conservative-Democratic Party.  In 1912, he was Minister of Commerce, and helped create an Academy of Economic Studies.
  Title: Radu Rosetti
  Passage: Radu Rosetti (Francized "Rodolphe Rosetti"; September 14, 1853 – February 12, 1926) was a Moldavian, later Romanian politician, historian and novelist, father of General Radu R. Rosetti and a prominent member of the Rosetti family.  From beginnings in traditionalist conservatism, he adopted progressive agrarian stances, and experimented with modernizing his estate in Căiuți.  A Moldavian regionalist sitting on the left of the Conservative Party, he collaborated more or less formally with the National Liberal opposition during his tenure as prefect of Roman, Brăila, and Bacău.  Also serving two terms in the Assembly of Deputies and briefly employed as general director of prisons, Rosetti adopted an anti-elitist and reformist discourse.  This pitted him against Conservative chiefs such as Nicolae Filipescu and Titu Maiorescu, but he was protected by Lascăr Catargiu and, later, by Petre P. Carp.
  Title: Zigu Ornea
  Passage: Zigu Ornea (] ; born Zigu Orenstein or Ornstein and commonly known as Z. Ornea; August 28, 1930 – November 14, 2001) was a Romanian cultural historian, literary critic, biographer and book publisher.  The author of several monographs focusing on the evolution of Romanian culture in general and Romanian literature in particular, he chronicled the debates and meeting points between conservatism, nationalism, and socialism.  His main early works are primarily dedicated to the 19th and early 20th century cultural and political currents heralded by "Junimea", by the left-wing ideologues of Poporanism and by the "Sămănătorul" circle, followed independently or in relation to one another.  Written as expansions of this study were Ornea's biographical essays on some of the period's leading theorists: Titu Maiorescu, Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea and Constantin Stere.
  Title: Mihai Eminescu
  Passage: Mihai Eminescu (] ; born Mihail Eminovici; 15 January 1850 – 15 June 1889) was a Romantic poet, novelist and journalist, often regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet.  Eminescu was an active member of the Junimea literary society and worked as an editor for the newspaper "Timpul" ("The Time"), the official newspaper of the Conservative Party (1880–1918).  His poetry was first published when he was 16 and he went to Vienna to study when he was 19.  The poet's Manuscripts, containing 46 volumes and approximately 14,000 pages, were offered by Titu Maiorescu as a gift to the Romanian Academy during the meeting that was held on 25 January 1902.  Notable works include "Luceafărul" ("The Vesper/The Evening Star/The Lucifer/The Daystar"), "Odă în metru antic" ("Ode in Ancient Meter"), and the five "Letters" ("Epistles/Satires").  In his poems he frequently used metaphysical, mythological and historical subjects.
  Title: Mircea Florian
  Passage: Mircea Florian (] ; April 1, 1888 – October 31, 1960) was a Romanian philosopher and translator.  Active mainly during the interwar period, he was noted as one of the leading proponents of rationalism, opposing it to the "Trăirist" philosophy of Nae Ionescu.  His work, comprising some 20 books, shows Florian as a disciple of centrists and rationalists such as Constantin Rădulescu-Motru and Titu Maiorescu.
  Title: Junimea
  Passage: Junimea was a Romanian literary society founded in Iaşi in 1863, through the initiative of several foreign-educated personalities led by Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti and Iacob Negruzzi.  The foremost personality and mentor of the society was Maiorescu, who, through the means of scientific papers and essays, helped establish the basis of the modern Romanian culture.  Junimea was the most influential intellectual and political association from Romania in the 19th century.
citations: Evolutionism Petre P. Negulescu