question: Which case happened first, Marbury v. Madison or Smith v. Allwright?
answer: Marbury v. Madison
context: Title: William Marbury
  Passage: William Marbury (November 7, 1762 – March 13, 1835) was a highly successful American businessman and one of the "Midnight Judges" appointed by United States President John Adams the day before he left office.  He was the plaintiff in the landmark 1803 Supreme Court case "Marbury v. Madison".
  Title: Mississippi v. Johnson
  Passage: Mississippi v. Johnson 71 U.S. 475 (1867) was the first suit to be brought against a President of the United States in the United States Supreme Court.  The state of Mississippi attempted to sue President Andrew Johnson for enforcing Reconstruction.  The court decided, based on a previous decision of "Marbury v. Madison" that the President has two kinds of task: ministerial and discretionary.  Discretionary tasks are ones the president can choose to do or not to do.  Ministerial tasks are ones required by his job.  In fact, if he fails to do them, he could be violating the Constitution.  The court ruled that by enforcing Reconstruction, Johnson was acting in an "executive and political" capacity—a discretionary rather than a ministerial one—and so he could not be sued.
  Title: Nixon v. Condon
  Passage: Nixon v. Condon, 286 U.S. 73 (1932), was a voting rights case decided by the United States Supreme Court, which found the all-white Democratic Party primary in Texas unconstitutional.  This was one of four cases brought to challenge the Texas all-white Democratic Party primary.  All challenges were supported by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).  With "Smith v. Allwright," the Supreme Court decisively prohibited the white primary.
  Title: Marbury v. Madison
  Passage: Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) , is a landmark case by the United States Supreme Court which forms the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution.  The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government.
  Title: Smith v. Allwright
  Passage: Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court with regard to voting rights and, by extension, racial desegregation.  It overturned the Texas state law that authorized the Democratic Party to set its internal rules, including the use of white primaries.  The court ruled that it was unconstitutional for the state to delegate its authority over elections to the Democratic Party in order to allow discrimination to be practiced.  This ruling affected all other states where the party used the white primary rule.
  Title: Law of Papua New Guinea
  Passage: The Constitution is "autochthonous" (a constitutional term of art also used in Malaysia and meaning, literally, "aboriginal," indicating that legal continuity with the former metropolitan power was severed and the Constitution enacted by a constitutional convention of the newly independent state — as in the USA after the American Revolution — rather than by an imperial parliament as in the case of the Constitutions of Canada and Australia).  It is "entrenched," meaning that its provisions overbear any ordinary statutory enactments which the courts find to be inconsistent with it, in accordance with the constitutional authority of "Marbury v. Madison", the case which established the principle in the USA, the first modern state to have an entrenched constitution.
  Title: Levi Lincoln Sr.
  Passage: Levi Lincoln Sr. (May 15, 1749 – April 14, 1820) was an American revolutionary, lawyer, and statesman from Massachusetts.  A Democratic-Republican, he most notably served as Thomas Jefferson's first Attorney General, and played a significant role in the events that led to the celebrated "Marbury v. Madison" court case.  He served two terms as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, acting as Governor for the remainder of Governor James Sullivan's term after his death in December 1808.  Lincoln was unsuccessful in his bid to be elected governor in his own right in 1809.
  Title: Stuart v. Laird
  Passage: Stuart v. Laird, 5 U.S. 299 (1803) , was a case decided by the John Marshall-led U.S. Supreme Court, notably a week after the famous "Marbury v. Madison".
  Title: Smith v. California
  Passage: Smith v. California, 361 U.S. 147 (1959), was a U.S. Supreme Court case upholding the freedom of the press.  The decision deemed unconstitutional a city ordinance that made one in possession of obscene books criminally liable because it did not require proof that one had knowledge of the book’s content, and thus violated the freedom of the press guaranteed in the First Amendment.  "Smith v. California" continued the Supreme Court precedent of ruling that questions of freedom of expression were protected by the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from invasion by state action.  It also established that in order for one to be criminally liable for possession of obscene material, there must be proof of one’s knowledge of the material.
  Title: John Williams (Continental Congress)
  Passage: John Williams (March 14, 1731 – October 10, 1799) was a signer of the United States' Articles of Confederation.  He was one of the founders of the University of North Carolina.  During the American Revolutionary War, Williams was a colonel in the North Carolina militia.  In 1777 and 1778, he was a member of the North Carolina House of Commons and served as Speaker of the House.  Williams was a member of the Continental Congress in 1778 and 1779.  He served as a superior court judge both during the colonial era and after the new state of North Carolina was established in 1776.  Sitting alongside other superior court judges as part of a Court of Conference (forerunner to the North Carolina Supreme Court), Williams heard the landmark case, "Bayard v. Singleton", which announced the principle of judicial review on the state level before "Marbury v. Madison" did so on the federal level.
citations: Marbury v. Madison Smith v. Allwright