question: Jan Julius Lodewijk Duyvendak translated The Book of Lord Shang which is attributed to which major Qin reformer?
answer: Shang Yang
context: Title: Qin dynasty
  Passage: The Qin dynasty () was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC.  Named for its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Gansu and Shaanxi, the dynasty was founded by the Qin state and its founding emperor took the title Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin.  The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the "Legalist" reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC, during the Warring States period.  In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin state carried out a series of swift conquests, first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty, and eventually conquering the other six of the Seven Warring States.  It is the shortest major dynasty in Chinese history, lasting only 15 years with two emperors, but the imperial system it inaugurated lasted, with interruptions and adaptation, until 1911.
  Title: Shang Yang
  Passage: Gongsun Yang (Pinyin) or Kung-Sun Yang (Wades-Gilles) 390–338 BCE, titles Shang Yang (), or Wei Yang of his birth state the State of Wei) was an important Chinese statesman of the State of Qin during the Warring States period.  His policies laid the foundation that enabled Qin to conquer all of China, uniting the country for the first time and ushering in the Qin dynasty.  He and his followers contributed to the Book of Lord Shang strain of what has modernly been termed Chinese Legalism.
  Title: London Youlan Qin Society
  Passage: The London Youlan Qin Society (; often abbreviated to LYQS) is a London-based qin society serving guqin players in the UK.  Of the three major qin societies of the West (the other two being the North American Guqin Association and the New York Qin Society), this society was the most informal but still the most active in terms of regular events and yajis.
  Title: The Book of Lord Shang
  Passage: The Book of Lord Shang () is an ancient Chinese text from the 3rd century BC, regarded as a foundational work of "Chinese Legalism".  The earliest surviving of such texts (the second being the Han Feizi), it is named for and to some extent attributed to major Qin reformer Shang Yang, who served as minister to Duke Xiao of Qin (r. 361338) from 359 until his death in 338 and is generally considered to be the father of that state's "legalism".
  Title: North American Guqin Association
  Passage: The North American Guqin Association (; often abbreviated to NAGA) is a guqin society based in the State of California, in the United States, which serves "guqin" players on the West Coast of the United States.  Of the three major qin societies of the West (the other two being the London Youlan Qin Society and the New York Qin Society), this society is the world's largest English speaking online community for the "guqin" and has the most connections and scope of activities.
  Title: J.J.L. Duyvendak
  Passage: Jan Julius Lodewijk Duyvendak (28 June 18899 July 1954) was a Dutch sinologist and professor of Chinese at Leiden University.  He is known for his translation of "The Book of Lord Shang" and his studies of the "Dao De Jing".  He was co-editor of the renowned sinology journal "T'oung Pao" with French scholar Paul Pelliot for several decades.
  Title: Li Si
  Passage: Li Si (; c. 280 BCSeptember or October 208 BC) was a Chinese politician of the Qin dynasty.  He served as the Chancellor (or Prime Minister) of the Qin dynasty from 246–208 BC, well known Legalist writer and politician, and notable calligrapher.  He served under two rulers: Qin Shi Huang, the king of the Qin state and later the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty; and Qin Er Shi, Qin Shi Huang's youngest son and the Second Emperor.  Concerning administrative methods, Li "indicated that he admired and utilized the ideas of Shen Pu-hai", repeatedly referring to the technique of Shen and Han Fei, but regarding law followed Shang Yang.
  Title: Duke Xiao of Qin
  Passage: Duke Xiao of Qin (, 381–338 BC), given name Quliang (), was the ruler of the Qin state from 361 to 338 BC during the Warring States period of Chinese history.  Duke Xiao is best known for employing the Legalist statesman Shang Yang from the State of Wei (衛), and authorizing him to conduct a series of ground breaking political, military and economic reforms in Qin.  Although the reforms were controversial and drew violent opposition from many Qin politicians, Duke Xiao supported Shang Yang fully and the reforms did help to transform Qin into a dominant superpower among the Seven Warring States.
  Title: Qin Shi Huang
  Passage: Qin Shi Huang ( ; 18 February 25910 September 210) was the founder of the Qin dynasty (秦朝 ) and was the first emperor of a unified China.  He was born Ying Zheng (嬴政 ) or Zhao Zheng (趙政 ), a prince of the state of Qin.  He became the King Zheng of Qin (秦王政 ) when he was thirteen, then China's first emperor when he was 38 after the Qin had conquered all of the other Warring States and unified all of China in 221 BC.  Rather than maintain the title of "king" borne by the previous Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor (始皇帝 ) of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC.  His self-invented title "emperor" (皇帝 , "  "), as indicated by his use of the word "First", would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia.
  Title: New York Qin Society
  Passage: The New York Qin Society (; sometimes abbreviated as NYQS) is a guqin society based in New York, New York in America, serving guqin players on the East Coast of the United States.  Of the three major qin societies in the West (the other two being the North American Guqin Association and the London Youlan Qin Society), this society is the most formally structured with a formal agreement of rules and a more learned society approach to selecting members.
citations: The Book of Lord Shang J.J.L. Duyvendak