question: Disconnection is a tenet in the belief system started by what author?
answer: L. Ron Hubbard
context: Title: Cynicism (contemporary)
  Passage: Cynicism is an attitude or state of mind characterized by a general distrust of others' motives.  A cynic may have a general lack of faith or hope in the human species or people motivated by ambition, desire, greed, gratification, materialism, goals, and opinions that a cynic perceives as vain, unobtainable, or ultimately meaningless and therefore deserving of ridicule or admonishment.  A common misapplication of this attitude involves its attribution to individuals who emote well-thought-out expressions of skepticism.  Such miscategorization may occur as the result of either inexperience or a belief system in which the innate goodness of man is considered an important tenet or even an irrefutable fact.  Thus, contemporary usage incorporates both a form of jaded prudence and (when misapplied) realistic criticism or skepticism.  The term originally derives from the ancient Greek philosophers, the Cynics, who rejected all conventions, whether of religion, manners, housing, dress, or decency, instead advocating the pursuit of virtue in accordance with a simple and idealistic way of life.
  Title: Proto-Indo-European religion
  Passage: Proto-Indo-European religion is the belief system adhered to by the Proto-Indo-Europeans.  Although this belief system is not directly attested, it has been reconstructed by scholars of comparative mythology based on the similarities in the belief systems of various Indo-European peoples.
  Title: Deprogramming
  Passage: Deprogramming refers to measures that claim to assist a person who holds a controversial belief system in changing those beliefs and abandon allegiance to the religious, political, economic, or social group associated with the belief system.  The dictionary definition of deprogramming is "to free" or "to retrain" someone from specific beliefs, some controversial methods and practices of self-identified "deprogrammers" have involved kidnapping, false imprisonment, and coercion, which have sometimes resulted in criminal convictions of the deprogrammers.  Some deprogramming regimens are designed for individuals taken against their will, which has led to controversies over freedom of religion, kidnapping, and civil rights, as well as the violence which is sometimes involved.
  Title: Scientology
  Passage: Scientology is a body of religious beliefs and practices developed in 1954 by American author L. Ron Hubbard (1911–86).  Hubbard initially developed a program of ideas called Dianetics, which was distributed through the Dianetics Foundation.  The foundation soon entered bankruptcy, and Hubbard lost the rights to his seminal publication "" in 1952.  He then recharacterized the subject as a religion and renamed it Scientology, retaining the terminology, doctrines, the E-meter, and the practice of auditing.  Within a year, he regained the rights to Dianetics and retained both subjects under the umbrella of the Church of Scientology.
  Title: Message design logic
  Passage: Message design logic is a communication theory that makes the claim that individuals possess implicit theories of communication within themselves, called message design logics.  Referred to as a “theory of theories,” Message Design Logic offers three different fundamental premises in reasoning about communication.  As author Barbara O’Keefe describes, Message Design Logic is “the kind of communication-constituting belief system the message producer relies on in reasoning from the goals sought to the message design used.”  These three premises — Expressive Logic, Conventional Logic, and Rhetorical Logic — are belief systems that communicators might utilize when designing messages.  The message design logics, therefore, represent “internally consistent and developmentally ordered stages in the acquisition of working knowledge about the systematic properties of verbal messages.”  As O’Keefe describes further, each premise is “associated with a constellation of related beliefs: a communication-constituting concept, a conception of the functional possibilities of communication, unit formation procedures, and principles of coherence.”  The underlying idea behind O’Keefe’s work is that “communication is not necessarily a uniform process.”
  Title: Disconnection
  Passage: Disconnection is the severance of all ties between a Scientologist and a friend, colleague, or family member deemed to be antagonistic towards Scientology.  The practice of disconnection is a form of shunning.  Among Scientologists, disconnection is viewed as an important method of removing obstacles to one's spiritual growth.  In some circumstances, disconnection has ended marriages and separated children from their parents.  The Church of Scientology has repeatedly denied that such a policy exists, though as of February 2012 its website acknowledged the practice and described it as a human right.  In the United States, the Church has tried to argue in court that disconnection is a constitutionally protected religious practice.  However, this argument was rejected because the pressure put on individual Scientologists to disconnect means it is not voluntary.
  Title: Parody religion
  Passage: A parody religion or mock religion is a belief system that challenges spiritual convictions of others, often through humor, satire, or burlesque (literary ridicule).  Often created to achieve a specific purpose related to another belief system, a parody religion can be a parody of several religions, sects, gurus, cults, or new religious movements at the same time or even a parody of no particular religion, instead parodying the concept of religious belief itself.  In some parody religions, emphasis is on having fun and being a convenient excuse for pleasant social interaction among the like-minded (e.g., the Church of the SubGenius).  Other parody religions target a specific religion, sect, cult, or new religious movement.
  Title: Momolianism
  Passage: The Kadazan-Dusun of Sabah, formerly North Borneo, are natives of the land who share the same indigenous peoples's view shared globally that the land is a gift from the creator, the earth is a centre of the universe and the land connects them to the past, present and future.  This view has given rise to a belief system, known as Momolianism.  This system of belief, inherited from the ancestors, was passed down through the Bobohizan, (Kadazan term) or Bobolian (Dusun term) priestesses, and has guided and ensured the survival of the Kadazan-Dusun people, throughout their social evolution from small community of settlers in what was said to be a 10 household longhouse at Nunuk Ragang to the present population of more than half a million individuals(2010 Malaysian Census figure).  The term Momolianism itself is derived from word Bobolian.
  Title: Magical thinking
  Passage: Magical thinking is a term used in anthropology and psychology, denoting the fallacious attribution of causal relationships between actions and events, with subtle differences in meaning between the two fields.  In anthropology, it denotes the attribution of causality between entities grouped with one another (coincidence) or similar to one another.  In psychology, the entities between which a causal relation has to be posited are more strictly delineated; here it denotes the belief that one's thoughts by themselves can bring about effects in the world or that thinking something corresponds with doing it.  In both cases, the belief can cause a person to experience fear, seemingly not rationally justifiable to an observer outside the belief system, of performing certain acts or having certain thoughts because of an assumed correlation between doing so and threatening calamities.
  Title: Christianity in Ahka Villages
  Passage: The Akha people migrated from Tibet to the mountainous region of Laos, China, Burma and Thailand.  The Akha Villages traditionally practice Akhazah, which is a religious as well as cultural belief system.  Ahkazah is an animistic belief system with various rituals, festivals and spirits that permeate everyday life.
citations: Scientology Disconnection