question: David Buchan, was a Scottish naval officer and Arctic explorer, the Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of which U.S. state, Northern Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia and Sweden?
answer: Alaska
context: Title: Arctic policy of the European Union
  Passage: If the accession of Iceland to the European Union occurs, the EU will increase its Arctic influence and possibly gain permanent observer status in the Arctic Council.  The Northern Dimension of European Union policy, established in the late 1990s, intended to deal with issues concerning western Russia, as well as to increase general cooperation among the EU, Iceland and Norway.  It has since become a multilateral, equal partnership among the EU, Iceland, Norway and Russia.  Canada and the United States are observers to the partnership.  Three Nordic Council members have joined the EU (Denmark in 1973 and Sweden and Finland in 1995).  The European Union’s application to become a “permanent observer” in the Arctic Council was blocked in 2009 by Canada in response to the European Union’s ban on the importation of seal products.
  Title: Greenland Sea
  Passage: The Greenland Sea is a body of water that borders Greenland to the west, the Svalbard archipelago to the east, Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland to the south.  The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the Arctic Ocean, sometimes as part of the Atlantic Ocean.  However, definitions of the Arctic Ocean and its seas tend to be imprecise or arbitrary.  In general usage the term "Arctic Ocean" would exclude the Greenland Sea.  In oceanographic studies the Greenland Sea is considered part of the Nordic Seas, along with the Norwegian Sea.  The Nordic Seas are the main connection between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans and, as such, could be of great significance in a possible shutdown of thermohaline circulation.  In oceanography the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas are often referred to collectively as the "Arctic Mediterranean Sea", a marginal sea of the Atlantic.
  Title: Ilulissat Declaration
  Passage: The Ilulissat Declaration was announced on May 28, 2008 by the five coastal states of the Arctic Ocean (United States, Russia, Canada, Norway and Denmark), meeting at the political level during the Arctic Ocean Conference in Ilulissat, Greenland to discuss the Arctic ocean, climate change, the protection of the marine environment, maritime safety, and division of emergency responsibilities if new shipping routes are opened.
  Title: Arctic cooperation and politics
  Passage: Arctic cooperation and politics are partially coordinated via the Arctic Council, composed of the eight Arctic nations: the United States of America, Canada, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and Denmark with Greenland and the Faroe Islands.  The dominant governmental power in Arctic policy resides within the executive offices, legislative bodies, and implementing agencies of the eight Arctic nations, and to a lesser extent other nations, such as United Kingdom, Germany, European Union and China.  NGOs and Academia play a large part in Arctic policy.  Also important are intergovernmental bodies such as the United Nations (especially as relates to the Law of the Sea Treaty) and NATO.
  Title: Poverty in the Arctic
  Passage: The Arctic is a vast polar region comprising the northern most parts of Canada, Norway, Greenland (Denmark), Sweden, Finland, the United States (Alaska), Iceland and Russia.  In recent years, the Arctic has been at the forefront of political and social issues.  Several matters have risen surrounding the issues of poverty and global warming and their effects on indigenous people in this region.  Indigenous people in the Arctic statistically fall below their nation’s poverty line.
  Title: Territorial claims in the Arctic
  Passage: The Arctic consists of land, internal waters, territorial seas, exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and high seas.  All land, internal waters, territorial seas and EEZs in the Arctic are under the jurisdiction of one of the five Arctic coastal states: Canada, Norway, Russia, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States.  International law regulates this area as with other portions of the Earth.
  Title: David Buchan
  Passage: David Buchan (1780 – after 8 December 1838) was a Scottish naval officer and Arctic explorer.
  Title: Arctic realm
  Passage: The Arctic realm is one of the planet's twelve marine realms, as designated by the WWF and Nature Conservancy.  It includes the coastal regions and continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, including the Arctic Archipelago, Hudson Bay, and the Labrador Sea of northern Canada, the seas surrounding Greenland, the northern and eastern coasts of Iceland, and the eastern Bering Sea.
  Title: Arctic ecology
  Passage: Arctic ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors in the arctic, the region north of the Arctic Circle (66 33’).  This is a region characterized by stressful conditions as a result of extreme cold, low precipitation, a limited growing season (50–90 days) and virtually no sunlight throughout the winter.  The Arctic consists of taiga (or boreal forest) and tundra biomes, which also dominate very high elevations, even in the tropics.  Sensitive ecosystems exist throughout the Arctic region, which are being impacted dramatically by global warming.  The earliest inhabitants of the Arctic were the Neanderthals.  Since then, many indigenous populations have inhabited the region, which continues to this day.  Since the early 1900s, when Vilhjalmur Stefansson led the first major Canadian Arctic Expedition, the Arctic has been a valued area for ecological research.  In 1946, The Arctic Research Laboratory was established in Point Barrow, Alaska under the contract of the Office of Naval Research.  This launched an interest in exploring the Arctic examining animal cycles, permafrost and the interactions between indigenous peoples and the Arctic ecology.  During the Cold War, the Arctic became a place where the United States, Canada, and the Soviet Union performed significant research that has been essential to the study of climate change in recent years.  A major reason why research in the Arctic is essential for the study of climate change is because the effects of climate change will be felt more quickly and more drastically in higher latitudes of the world as above average temperatures are predicted for Northwest Canada and Alaska.  From an anthropological point of view, researchers study the native Inuit peoples of Alaska as they have become extremely accustomed to adapting to ecological and climate variability.
  Title: Arctic
  Passage: The Arctic ( or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth.  The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Northern Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia and Sweden.  Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra.  Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.
citations: Arctic David Buchan