question: the book Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race follows the lives of which African american mathematician born in 1910 ?
answer: Dorothy Vaughan
context: Title: Hidden Figures
  Passage: Hidden Figures is a 2016 American biographical drama film directed by Theodore Melfi and written by Melfi and Allison Schroeder, based on the non-fiction book of the same name by Margot Lee Shetterly about black female mathematicians who worked at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) during the Space Race.  The film stars Taraji P. Henson as Katherine Johnson, a mathematician who calculated flight trajectories for Project Mercury and other missions.  The film also features Octavia Spencer as NASA supervisor Dorothy Vaughan and Janelle Monáe as NASA engineer Mary Jackson, with Kevin Costner, Kirsten Dunst, Jim Parsons, Glen Powell, and Mahershala Ali in supporting roles.
  Title: Margot Lee Shetterly
  Passage: Margot Lee Shetterly (born 1969) is an American nonfiction writer who has also worked in investment banking and media startups.  Her first book, "Hidden Figures: The Story of the African-American Women Who Helped Win the Space Race" (2016), is about African-American women mathematicians working at NASA who were instrumental to the success of the United States space program.  She sold the movie rights while still working on the book, and it was adapted as a feature film of the same name, "Hidden Figures" (2016).  For several years Shetterly and her husband lived and worked in Mexico, where they founded and published "Inside Mexico," a magazine directed to English-speaking expats.
  Title: Patrick K. O'Donnell
  Passage: Patrick K. O’Donnell is an American author who has written ten books on military history.  His most recent book is "Washington's Immortals: The Untold Story of an Elite Regiment Who Changed the Course of the Revolution".  He received the Colby Circle Award for Outstanding Military History for his best-selling book, "Beyond Valour".  His other works include "First SEALs: The Untold Story of the Forging of America's Most Elite Unit";"Into the Rising Sun"; "Operatives, Spies, and Saboteurs"; "We Were One: Shoulder to Shoulder With the Marines Who Took Fallujah"; "The Brenner Assignment: The Untold Story of the Most Daring Spy Mission of WWII"; "They Dared Return"; "Give Me Tomorrow: The Korean War’s Greatest Untold Story – The Epic Stand Of The Marines Of George Company"; and "Dog Company: Boys of Pointe Du Hoc Rangers Who Landed at D-Day and Fought Across Europe".
  Title: Delores S. Williams
  Passage: Delores S. Williams is a theologian notable for her formative role in the development of womanist theology and best known for her book "Sisters in the Wilderness".  Her writings over the years have discussed the role intersecting oppressions of race, gender, and class have played in the situation of black women.  As opposed to feminist theology as it was predominately practiced by white women and black theology as predominately practiced by black men, Williams argues that black women's oppression deepens the analysis of oppression in theology.  In "Sisters in the Wilderness," Williams' primarily develops a rereading of the biblical figure, Hagar, to illuminate the importance of issues of reproduction and surrogacy in black women's oppression.  According to Aaron McEmrys, "Williams offers a theological response to the defilement of black women... Womanism is an approach to ethics, theology and life rooted in the experiences of African-American women".  The term "Womanism" was coined by a contemporary of Williams, Alice Walker, used in her 1979 short story "Coming Apart" and again in her 1983 essay collection "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens".  Williams wrote the eighth chapter of "Transforming the Faiths of our Fathers: Women who Changed American Religion" (2004), edited by Ann Braude.
  Title: Hidden Figures (book)
  Passage: Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race is a 2016 non-fiction book written by Margot Lee Shetterly.  The biographical text follows the lives of Human Computers such as Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, three mathematicians
  Title: Alpha Suffrage Club
  Passage: The Alpha Suffrage Club is believed to be the first black women's suffrage association in the United States.  It began in Chicago, Illinois in 1913 under the initiative of Ida B. Wells-Barnett and her white colleague, Belle Squire.  The Club aimed to reinforce African American involvement in the struggle for women's suffrage, due to African American women being unable to be involved in the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA).  The Alpha Suffrage Club was established to partially give a voice to women who could not represent their selves individually, and worked specifically towards giving a voice to black women, as well as to “politicize” black women into the government system.  In 1916, the club had nearly 200 members, including well-known female suffrage activists Mary E. Jackson, Viola Hill, Vera Wesley Green, and Sadie L. Adams.  Within the next three years the group burgeoned into the thousands.  The women were motivated by and sought to put an end to the countless lynchings of African Americans.
  Title: Dorothy Vaughan
  Passage: Dorothy Johnson Vaughan (September 20, 1910 – November 10, 2008) was an African American mathematician and human computer who worked for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and NASA, at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.  In 1949, she became acting supervisor of the West Area Computers, the first African-American woman to supervise a group of staff at the center.
  Title: Jessie Redmon Fauset
  Passage: Jessie Redmon Fauset (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an African American editor, poet, essayist, novelist, and educator.  Fauset’s literary work helped sculpt African American literature in the 1920s as she focused on portraying a true image of African American life and history.  Her black fictional characters were working professionals which was an inconceivable concept to American society during this time Her story lines related to themes of racial discrimination, “passing,” and feminism.  From 1919-1926, Fauset’s position as literary editor of "The Crisis," a NAACP magazine, allowed her to contribute to the Harlem Renaissance by promoting literary work that related to the social movements of this era.  Through her work as a literary editor and reviewer, she discouraged black writers from lessening the racial qualities of the characters in their work, and encouraged them to write honestly and openly about the African American race.  She wanted a realistic and positive representation of the African American community in literature that had never before been as prominently displayed.  Before and after working on "The Crisis," she worked for decades as a French teacher in public schools in Washington, DC and New York City.  She published four novels during the 1920s and 1930s, exploring the lives of the black middle-class.  She also was the editor and co-author of the African-American children's magazine "The Brownies' Book."  She is known for discovering and mentoring other African American writers such as Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Countee Cullen, and Claude McKay.
  Title: Multiple Jeopardy
  Passage: Multiple Jeopardy a term used by scholars such as Deborah K. King and Patricia Hill Collins describes the way in which oppressive barriers that individuals face contribute to the level of oppression faced due to these factors culminating together to cause further and greater oppression. “The modifier ‘multiple’ refers not only to several, simultaneous oppressions but to the multiplicative relationships among them as well.  In other words, the equivalent formulation is racism multiplied by sexism multiplied by classism."  - Deborah K. King Multiple Jeopardy stems off the term double jeopardy, which when used from a sociological perspective, refers to the additional obstacles individuals face when exposed to multiple disadvantages due to their unique being.  When considering double jeopardy, often times there is an emphasis on just two aspects such as race and gender.  An example of this would be the rights observed by black women.  Not only are these individuals oppressed because they are female, but also because they are black.  These women are a part of a dual oppressive system and are not only hindered by one trait, but by two.  “Not only are colored women . . . handicapped on account of their sex, but they are almost everywhere baffled and mocked because of their race.  Not only because they are women, but because they are colored women."  – Mary Church Terrell“As blacks they suffer all the burdens of prejudice and mistreatment that fall on anyone with dark skin.  As women they bear the additional burden of having to cope with white and black men."  -Frances M. BealMultiple jeopardy differs from double jeopardy, by the fact that instead of just two factors playing into the disadvantages of individuals, there are multiple.  Three common factors that are often observed are the factors of race, class, and gender.  In Deborah King’s article, "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology", she recounts the ill treatment of black women during the slavery era.  During the slavery time period in America, all black people were subjected to demanding physical labor and harsh brutal punishments; this was due to their race and their class, or their position in society.  However, what sets black women slaves apart is the fact that they often endured struggles that were only subjected to women, namely rape (King).  As Angela Davis put it in her book "Women, Race, and Class", “If the most violent punishments of men consisted in floggings and mutilations, women were flogged and mutilated, as well as raped."  In this scenario, black women could not identify with black males due to their gender and sexuality, nor could they identify with the sexual oppression of white women due to their race and class.
  Title: Arthur Harold Stone
  Passage: Arthur Harold Stone (30 September 1916 – 6 August 2000) was a British mathematician born in London, who worked mostly in topology.  His wife was American mathematician Dorothy Maharam.  His first paper dealt with squaring the square, he proved the Erdős–Stone theorem with Paul Erdős and is credited with the discovery of the first flexagon, a trihexaflexagon while he was a student at Princeton University in the USA in 1939.  The Stone's metrization theorem has been named after him, and he was a member of a group of mathematicians who published pseudonymously as Blanche Descartes.  He is not to be confused with American mathematician Marshall Harvey Stone.
citations: Dorothy Vaughan Hidden Figures (book)