question: Pre-Madonna was a collection of demos by the singer who was a leading presence during the emergence of what network?
answer: MTV
context: Title: Madonna (entertainer)
  Passage: Madonna Louise Ciccone ( ; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman.  A leading presence during the emergence of MTV in the 1980s, Madonna is known for pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music, as well as visual imagery in music videos and on stage.  She has also frequently reinvented both her music and image while maintaining autonomy within the recording industry.  Besides sparking controversy, her works have been acclaimed by music critics.  Referred to as the "Queen of Pop", Madonna is widely cited as an influence by other artists.
  Title: Pre-Madonna
  Passage: Pre-Madonna is a collection of demos by American singer Madonna.  The album was released in 1997 by Stephen Bray, who was the producer of the songs when they were recorded, and was distributed by Soultone.  It was released as In the Beginning in European countries.  Madonna met up with Bray, her former boyfriend, in 1980 when she was trying to establish her music career.  She had left the band Breakfast Club and enlisted Bray's help to further her career.  Together they started writing songs and recorded them at New York's Music Building studio.  The songs recorded at that time—seven of which were written solely by Madonna—were released in "Pre-Madonna".
  Title: Nanaerobe
  Passage: Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from the presence of nanomolar concentrations of oxygen (e.g. "Bacteroides fragilis").  Like other anaerobes, these organisms do not require oxygen for growth.  This growth benefit requires the expression of an oxygen respiratory chain that is typically associated with microaerophilic respiration.  Recent studies suggest that respiration in low concentrations of oxygen is an ancient process which predates the emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis.
citations: Madonna (entertainer) Pre-Madonna