question: The heroine of France, who was featured in the episode of the Hundred Years' War, was known by what nickname?
answer: The Maid of Orléans
context: Title: Second Hundred Years' War
  Passage: The Second Hundred Years' War (c. 1689 - c. 1815) is a periodization or historical era term used by some historians to describe the series of military conflicts between Great Britain and France that occurred from about 1689 (or some say 1714) to 1815.  The Second Hundred Years' War is named after the Hundred Years War, when the England-France rivalry began in the 14th century.  The term appears to have been coined by J. R. Seeley in his influential work "The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures" (1883).
  Title: Shetland literature
  Passage: Shetland literature reflects the history of Shetland: five hundred years of Norse rule, followed by five hundred years of Scottish and British - this, in very simple terms, is the political reality of the last millennium.  Before the Norse, millennia of mysterious peoples and an immediately precedent Christian Celtic period; prior to and into the British age, three hundred years of Hanseatic trade with "Dutchies" (usually Dutch, sometimes, Germans).  All of these aspects of history have inspired and influenced Shetland's writers - just as the unchanging landscape of the 'Auld Rock', its weather, seasons, its flora and fauna, have provided a touchstone in the midst of sometimes tumultuous change; as the land itself is refuge from that other great favourite subject - the sea.
  Title: Hundred Years' War (1415–53)
  Passage: The Lancastrian War was the third phase of the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War.  It lasted from 1415, when Henry V of England invaded Normandy, to 1453 when the English lost Bordeaux.  It followed a long period of peace from the end of the Caroline War in 1389.  The phase was named after the House of Lancaster, the ruling house of the Kingdom of England, to which Henry V belonged.  After the invasion of 1419, Henry V and, after his death, his brother John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, brought the English to the height of their power in France, with an English king crowned in Paris.  However, by that time, with charismatic leaders such as Joan of Arc and La Hire, and with England losing its main allies, strong French counterattacks had started to win back all English continental territories, except the Pale of Calais (which was only captured in 1558).  Charles VII of France was crowned in Notre-Dame de Reims in 1429.  The Battle of Castillon (1453) was the last battle of the Hundred Years' War, but France and England remained formally at war until the Treaty of Picquigny in 1475.  English, and later British, monarchs would continue to nominally claim the French throne until 1801, though they would never again seriously pursue it.
  Title: Gandiva
  Passage: Gandiva (IAST: Gāṇḍīva; Sanskrit: गाण्डीव ) is the bow of Arjuna, the hero of the Hindu epic "Mahabharata".  The bow was created by Brahma, (the Creator of universe) to protect Dharma Then give it to lord Shiva.  Lord Shiva held it first for a thousand years, then Prajapati held it for five hundred and three years, Indra, for five hundred and eighty years, and Soma for five hundred years.  After that Varuna held it for a hundred years before handing it to Arjuna along with a Kapi/ Hanuman bannered chariot, and two inexhaustible quivers, as requested by Agni during the "Khandava-daha Parva".  The bow was decorated with hundreds of gold bosses, and had radiant ends.  The bow was worshiped by Devas, Gandharvas and Danavas.  Arjuna used it in Kurukshetra war and he was invincible.  No ordinary person could wield the Gandiva bow.  When fired, the bow made the sound of thunder.  It has special qualities like being indestructible, having 108 bow strings, etc.  Which always gave the wielder a heavy advantage over his opponent.  After the war, in Svargarohanika Parva, Agni reappears before Arjuna and asks him to return Gandiva along with the quivers to Varuna.
  Title: Joan of Arc
  Passage: Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc , ] ; 6 January c. 1412 – 30 May 1431), nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" (French: "La Pucelle d'Orléans" ), is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.  Joan of Arc was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée, a peasant family, at Domrémy in north-east France.  Joan said she received visions of the Archangel Michael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine of Alexandria instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War.  The uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission.  She gained prominence after the siege was lifted only nine days later.  Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims.  This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory.
  Title: Christopher Allmand
  Passage: Christopher Thomas Allmand (born 1936) is an English medieval historian, with a special focus on the Late Middle Ages in England and France, and the Hundred Years' War.  He was Professor of Medieval History at the University of Liverpool until his retirement in 1998, and is now Honorary Senior Fellow at the university.  He has written a much-used monograph on the Hundred Years' War, a biography of King Henry V of England, and he has edited the seventh and final volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History.
  Title: Chronique de la Pucelle
  Passage: The Chronique de la Pucelle or Chronique de Cousinot was composed by Guillaume Cousinot (1400-1484), seigneur de Montreuil, the son of Guillaume Cousinot (d. circa 1442) who was chancellor to Louis I, Duke of Orléans.  The younger Cousinot is a major contemporary source for the episode of the Hundred Years' War that featured the career of Joan of Arc.
  Title: Ransom of King John II of France
  Passage: The ransom of King John II of France was an incident during the Hundred Years War between France and England.  Following the English capture of the French king during the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, John was held for ransom by the English crown.  The incident had serious consequences for later events in the Hundred Years War.
  Title: Timeline of the Hundred Years' War
  Passage: This is a timeline of the Hundred Years' War between England and France from 1337 to 1453 as well as some of the events leading up to the war.  (The Hundred Years' War actually spanned for 116 years.)
citations: Joan of Arc Chronique de la Pucelle