question: In which year was this experiment in student-run alternative education and co-operative living in Toronto, Ontario, founded by Howard Adelman initiated?
answer: 1968
context: Title: Howard Adelman
  Passage: Howard Adelman {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born January 7, 1938) is a Canadian philosopher and former university professor.  He retired as Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at York University in 2003.  Adelman was one of the founders of Rochdale College, as well as the founder and director of York's Centre for Refugee Studies.  He was editor of "Refuge" for ten years, and since his retirement he has received several honorary university and governmental appointments in Canada and abroad.  Adelman was the recipient of numerous awards and grants, and presented the inaugural lecture in a series named in his honor at York University in 2008.
  Title: The Lincoln Center for Family and Youth
  Passage: The Lincoln Center for Family and Youth (TLC), headquartered in Audubon, Pennsylvania, is a nonprofit alternative education and social services agency that provides supportive interventions for at-risk students and families.  TLC was established in 1970 as a community-based services division of the Eagleville Hospital in Eagleville, Pennsylvania.  In 1976, TLC opened its first alternative school to serve at-risk public school students.  TLC incorporated in 1983 and became an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit educational organization.  Today, TLC provides an experiential problem-based learning alternative education program for students in grades 7-12, in-school individual counseling services for public school students, and at-home counseling services (e.g., mental health, drug and alcohol prevention, victim abuse) for students and their families.
  Title: Triangle Program
  Passage: The Triangle Program is an alternative education program in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, designed for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender students who are at risk of dropping out or committing suicide because of homophobic and transphobic harassment in regular schools.  It is also open to anyone who has been affected by homophobia or transphobia.
  Title: Rochdale College
  Passage: Opened in 1968, Rochdale College was an experiment in student-run alternative education and co-operative living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  It provided space for 840 residents in a co-operative living space.  It was also a free university where students and teachers would live together and share knowledge.  The project ultimately failed when it could not cover its financing and neighbours complained that it had become a haven for drugs and crime.  It was closed in 1975.
  Title: School of Experiential Education
  Passage: School of Experiential Education (SEE) is a small alternative high school located in Toronto's west end of Etobicoke.  SEE's take on alternative education includes small class sizes, discussion-based courses, thematic English courses, as well as opportunities for independent and project-based learning.  SEE delivers all courses required for the completion of the Ontario Secondary School Diploma.  In addition, SEE offers opportunities to participate in media, technology, and photography courses, with equipment such as cameras, two computer labs, recording equipment and a dark room available for student use.  SEE has a full curriculum that includes the arts, math, humanities and sciences, as well as physical education, technology and business.  SEE is a semestered school.
  Title: Campus Co-operative Residence Incorporated
  Passage: Campus Co-operative Residence Incorporated, often abbreviated to Campus Co-op or CCRI, is a non-profit student housing cooperative located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  Founded in 1936, it is the oldest co-operative residence in Canada.  The co-operative currently has five divisions, which are located in different areas of the city of Toronto.
  Title: Holistic education
  Passage: Holistic education is a philosophy of education based on the premise that each person finds identity, meaning, and purpose in life through connections to the community, to the natural world, and to humanitarian values such as compassion and peace.  Holistic education aims to call forth from people an intrinsic reverence for life and a passionate love of learning.  This is the definition given by Ron Miller, founder of the journal "Holistic Education Review" (now entitled "").  The term holistic education is often used to refer to the more democratic and humanistic types of alternative education.  Robin Ann Martin described this further by stating, "At its most general level, what distinguishes holistic education from other forms of education are its goals, its attention to experiential learning, and the significance that it places on relationships and primary human values within the learning environment."
  Title: Spectrum Alternative School
  Passage: Spectrum Alternative School is an alternative education middle school of Toronto's Mount Pleasant west district that was established in 1978.  Its original teachers included Ellen Dorfman, Brian Taylor, and David Clyne who all came from Deer Park Senior Public school in a program called Spectrum.  It was the first alternative school for grade 7 and 8 students.  The school was proposed in 1978 but was strongly opposed by the Toronto Area 6 superintendent.  Due to intense parental lobbying of the TDSB the school was later created.
  Title: Hampshire College
  Passage: Hampshire College is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States.  It was opened in 1970 as an experiment in alternative education, in association with four other colleges in the Pioneer Valley: Amherst College, Smith College, Mount Holyoke College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.  Together they are now known as the Five Colleges, or the Five College Consortium.
  Title: Forum on Early Warning and Early Response
  Passage: The Forum on Early Warning and Early Response (FEWER) was established in 1997 as a non-profit organization in response to the Rwandan genocide in 1994.  Focusing on conflict early warning, the brainchild of Kumar Rupesinghe, Howard Adelman, and Sharon Rusu, became a network of 35 organisations worldwide and catalysed the creation of early warning and response networks in the Caucasus (led by EAWARN/Russian Academy of Sciences), the Great Lakes region of Africa (led by the Africa Peace Forum), and west Africa (led by West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP).
citations: Rochdale College Howard Adelman