question: What spiritual force is a conception of universal, or supreme being, prevalent among some native Americans and first nation cultures, gave the land, when the world was created, to the natives?
answer: Great Spirit
context: Title: Pimachiowin Aki
  Passage: Pimachiowin Aki (which means "Land that gives life" in Ojibwe, ᐱᒪᒋᐅᐃᐧᓂᐊᑭ) is a large proposed UNESCO biosphere reserve and World Heritage Site located in the Boreal Forest that covers parts of Manitoba and Ontario.  The proposed project area includes over 43,000 km2 is in similar size to the area of Denmark and would mean that it would be larger than 100 other countries in the world.  The project is also supported by five First Nations reserves including Poplar River First Nation, Little Grand Rapids First Nation, Pauingassi First Nation, Pikangikum First Nation, and Bloodvein First Nation.  The area also includes the Manitoba Provincial Wilderness Park of Atikaki Provincial Park and the Ontario Woodland Caribou Provincial Park.  The proposed World Heritage Site all started with the signing of the Protected Areas and First Nation Resource Stewardship in 2002 by the First Nations of Little Grand Rapids, Pauingassi, Poplar River and Pikangikum.
  Title: Indigenous languages of Arizona
  Passage: Arizona, a state in the southwestern region of the United States of America, is known for its high population of Native Americans.  Arizona has the third highest number (and the sixth highest percentage) of Native Americans of any state in the Union (See Demographics of Arizona).  Out of the entire US population of 2.9 million Native Americans, roughly 286,680 live in Arizona, representing 10% of the country's total Native American population.  Only California and Oklahoma have more Native Americans than Arizona by number.  Arizona also has the highest proportion of land allocated to Native American reservations, at 28%.  Arizona has five of the twelve largest Indian reservations in the United States, including the largest, the Navajo Nation, and the third-largest, the Tohono O'odham Nation.  Also, Arizona has the largest number of Native American language speakers in the United States.
  Title: Liard River First Nation
  Passage: The Liard River First Nation, also known as the Liard First Nation (pronounced "lee-ahrd") is a First Nation in the southeastern Yukon in Canada.  Its main centres are Upper Liard, Yukon and Watson Lake, Yukon along the Alaska Highway.  The language originally spoken by the people of this First Nation was Kaska and the First Nation is a member of the Kaska Tribal Council which is pursuing land claims in the Yukon and northern British Columbia.  Their Indian and Northern Affairs Canada band number is 502.
  Title: Glooscap First Nation
  Passage: Glooscap First Nation is a Canadian Mi'kmaq aboriginal community in Kings County, Nova Scotia.  Also known as Pesikitk', its reserve is located approximately 6.4 km from the Town of Hantsport.  Created in 1907 as Horton 35, the reserve encompasses some 171.1 ha of rolling, mainly forested land.  Forest management is practiced by the band.  There is a variety store, gas bar, cafe, pawn shop and a small gaming centre.  There is also a health centre, youth centre and chapel.  The Glooscap Landing Business Park is also owned by Glooscap First Nation which houses a second gas bar and cafe.  The 2016 population was 373 people of whom approximately 94 lived on the reserve, making Glooscap the second smallest First Nation community in Nova Scotia after Bear River First Nation.
  Title: Smith (surname)
  Passage: Smith is a surname originating in England.  It is the most prevalent surname in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States, the second most common surname in Canada, and the fifth most common surname in the Republic of Ireland.  The surname Smith is particularly prevalent among those of English, Scottish and Irish descent, but is also a common surname among African Americans, which can be attributed to black slaves being forced to adopt the name during slavery and never changing the name upon the end of the era of slavery and after the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.  2,376,206 Americans shared the surname Smith during the 2000 census, and more than 500,000 people share it in the United Kingdom.  At the turn of the 20th century, the surname was sufficiently prevalent in England to have prompted the statement: "Common to every village in England, north, south, east and west"; and sufficiently common on the (European) continent (in various forms) to be "common in most countries of Europe".
  Title: Alcohol and Native Americans
  Passage: Native Americans in the United States have historically had extreme difficulty with the use of alcohol.  Problems continue among contemporary Native Americans; 12% of the deaths among Native Americans and Alaska Natives are alcohol-related.  Use of alcohol varies by age, gender and tribe with women, and older women in particular, being least likely to be regular drinkers.  Native Americans, particularly women, are more likely to abstain entirely from alcohol than the general US population.  Frequency of use among Native Americans is generally less than the general population, but the quantity consumed when it is consumed is generally greater.
  Title: First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun
  Passage: The First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun (English: "First Nation of the Big River People") is a First Nation band government in Yukon, Canada.  Its main population centre is in Mayo, Yukon, but many of its members live across Canada and the United States.  The language originally spoken by the people of this First Nation is Northern Tutchone.  The First Nation members are still very traditional, as they continue to live off the land and continue to pursue their traditional lifestyles.  Most also hold employment positions where ever they reside.
  Title: Manitou
  Passage: Manitou is the spiritual and fundamental life force among Algonquian groups in the Native American mythology.  It is omnipresent and manifests everywhere: organisms, the environment, events, etc. "Aashaa monetoo" means "good spirit", while "otshee monetoo" means "bad spirit".  The Great Spirit, "Aasha Monetoo", gave the land, when the world was created, to the Natives (in particular, the Shawnee).
  Title: Odinani
  Passage: Odinani (Igbo: "ọ̀dị̀nànị̀" ) comprises the traditional religious practices and cultural beliefs of the Igbo people of southern Nigeria.  Odinani has monotheistic and panentheistic attributes, having a single God as the source of all things.  Although a pantheon of spirits exists, these are lesser spirits prevalent in Odinani expressly serving as elements of Chineke (or Chukwu), the supreme being or high god.  Chineke is a compound word encompassing the concept of "chí" is the creator ("nà") is a verb meaning 'that' while "ékè" means create.  Chineke therefore means the Creator or the God that created all things.  The concept of "Chúkwú" ('supreme chi') was largely propagated by the Aro-Igbo of Arochukwu in eastern Igboland who wielded much spiritual force over the eastern Niger Delta in the 18th century due to their operating of the Ibini Ukpabi oracle.
  Title: Great Spirit
  Passage: The Great Spirit, called Wakan Tanka among the Sioux, and Gitche Manitou in Algonquian, is a conception of universal spiritual force, or supreme being, prevalent among some Native Americans and First Nation cultures.  According to Lakota activist Russell Means, a better translation of Wakan Tanka is the Great Mystery.
citations: Manitou Great Spirit