question: What is the birthdate of this American writer and political activist who became an early leader of the Black Panther Party and for whom Maxwell Geismar wrote the introduction to his "Soul on Ice"?
answer: August 31, 1935
context: Title: Ashanti Alston
  Passage: Ashanti Alston Omowali is an anarchist activist, speaker, and writer, and former member of the Black Panther Party.  Even though the party no longer exists, Alston sometimes refers to himself as a Black Panther, and sometimes as "the @narchist Panther", a term he coined in his "@narchist Panther Zine" series.  He was also member of the Black Liberation Army, and spent more than a decade in prison after police captured him and he was convicted of armed robbery.  Alston disputes the moral issues of property and terms his activity in the BLA "bank expropriation".  Alston is the former northeast coordinator for Critical Resistance, a current co-chair of the National Jericho Movement (to free U.S. political prisoners), a member of pro-Zapatista people-of-color U.S.-based Estación Libre, and is on the board of the Institute for Anarchist Studies.  Since 1999, Alston has produced four issues of the zine, "@narchist Panther Zine" (the name being a reference to his current affiliation as an anarchist, and his past membership in the Black Panther Party).  Alston has identified himself as a black anarchist as well as a postmodern anarchist.
  Title: Eldridge Cleaver
  Passage: Leroy Eldridge Cleaver (August 31, 1935 – May 1, 1998) was an American writer and political activist who became an early leader of the Black Panther Party.  His 1968 book, "Soul On Ice", is a collection of essays that, at the time of its publication, was praised by "The New York Times Book Review" as "brilliant and revealing".  In the most controversial part of the book, Cleaver acknowledges committing many acts of rape.
  Title: Maxwell Geismar
  Passage: Maxwell Geismar (August 1, 1909 – July 1979) was an American author who wrote the introduction to Eldridge Cleaver's "Soul on Ice".  He signed the Triple Revolution statement sent to President Lyndon Johnson in 1964.
  Title: Seize the Time (book)
  Passage: Seize The Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton is a 1970 book by political activist Bobby Seale.  It was recorded in San Francisco County Jail between November 1969 and March 1970, by Art Goldberg, a reporter for the San Francisco Bay Guardian.  An advocacy book on the cause and principles of the Black Panther Party, "Seize The Time" is considered a staple in Black Power literature.
  Title: Richard Aoki
  Passage: Richard Masato Aoki ( or ; 20 November 1938 – 15 March 2009) was an American educator and college counselor, best known as a civil rights activist and early member of the Black Panther Party.  He joined the early Black Panther Party and was eventually promoted to the position of Field Marshal.  Although there were several Asian Americans in the Black Panther Party, Aoki was the only one to have a formal leadership position.  Following Aoki's death, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's records on him were obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, showing that, over a period of 15 years, he had been an informant for the government on the activities of the San Francisco area dissident movement.
  Title: Women in the Black Panther Party
  Passage: The Black Panther Party was founded in the 1960s during the Civil Rights Movement as a self-defense group against brutality against the black community.  It was mainly dominated by male leaders, but women played an important part in the behavior of the party.  Women joined the party because they were trying to fight against gender dynamics.  Police killed or incarcerated many male leaders, but did not pay attention to women in the party during the 1970s.  Therefore, women made up two-thirds of the party so the Panthers could continue to meet.  There was a majority of women in the party because men were getting incarcerated by the police and there were not enough men alone to continue the movement.  This is when the role of women became increasingly important to the party.  Their most important role was creating drawings and photographs for the revolutionary cause.  These images shaped the Black Panther Movement by portraying the struggles of black community against police brutality, and showing how to improve the daily life of the black community.  Other roles included leadership positions, implementing programs, and uplifting the black community.  They also called out sexism towards the Black Panther Party, as they were not afraid to speak their minds.
  Title: The Revolutionary Black Panther Party
  Passage: The Revolutionary Black Panther Party or RBPP (coined the continuity of the Black Panther Party, BPP) is a revolutionary black nationalist, Pan-African and socialist (Neo-Afrikan Socialist) group who is a defined as a “Black military” (militia).  The Revolutionary Black Panther Party, claims continuity of the Black Panther Party of the 1960s, their leader Dr. Alli Muhammad MS, PhD, MD (title, Chief-General-In-Command/Commander), was raised a Black Panther in the Black Panther Party of the 1960s-1980s which was dissolved in 1982.  In 1992 the RBPP was officially named and has been carrying on the Black Panther legacy in its view ever since.
  Title: New Black Panther Party
  Passage: The New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (NBPP) is a U.S.-based ethnic political organization founded in Dallas, Texas, in 1989 which promotes Black Nationalism.  Despite its name, the NBPP is not an official successor to the Black Panther Party.  Members of the original Black Panther Party have insisted that the newer party is illegitimate and they have firmly declared, "There is no new Black Panther Party".
citations: Eldridge Cleaver Maxwell Geismar