question: Frederick Martin "Fritz" Reiner, was a prominent conductor of opera and symphonic music in the twentieth century, conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert, primary duties of the conductor are what?
answer: to interpret the score created by a composer
context: Title: Victor de Sabata
  Passage: Victor de Sabata (10 April 1892 – 11 December 1967) was an Italian conductor and composer.  He is widely recognized as one of the most distinguished operatic conductors of the twentieth century, especially for his Verdi, Puccini and Wagner.  He is also acclaimed for his interpretations of orchestral music.  Like his near contemporary Wilhelm Furtwängler, de Sabata regarded composition as more important than conducting but achieved more lasting recognition for his conducting than his compositions.  De Sabata has been praised by various authors and critics as a rival to Toscanini for the title of greatest Italian conductor of the twentieth century, and even as "perhaps the greatest conductor in the world".
  Title: David Charles Abell
  Passage: David Charles Abell (born 1958) is a British American orchestral conductor active in symphonic music, opera and musical theatre.  Known for his television appearances worldwide as conductor of the "Les Misérables" and Anniversary concerts, he is recognised as an authoritative interpreter of the musicals of Stephen Sondheim.
  Title: Kenneth Fulton
  Passage: Kenneth Fulton,MME - Ph.D is the Sanders Alumni Professor of Choral Studies and Chair of the Division of Ensembles and Conducting at Louisiana State University (LSU)'s College of Music and Dramatic Arts.  He is conductor of the LSU A Cappella Choir and teaches choral music.  Internationally recognized as a conductor and clinician, Fulton has appeared professionally in 32 different states.  Dr. Fulton's choirs have given 18 invitational performances for national audiences of the American Choral Directors Association and the Music Educators National Conference, the College Music Society, the Sonneck Society, and the American Musicological Society, as well as numerous regional performances.  He was also chorus master for the Baton Rouge Symphony Chorus for fifteen years and Artistic Director/Conductor for the Linz International Choral Festival in Linz, Austria, where he annually conducted performances with the Festival Orchestra and Chorus.  Dr. Fulton is known as one of the most respected university choral conductors in America.
  Title: Conducting
  Passage: Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert.  The primary duties of the conductor are to interpret the score created by a composer in a manner which is reflective of those specific indications within that score, set the tempo, ensure correct entries by various members of the ensemble, and to "shape" the phrasing where appropriate.  To convey their ideas and interpretation, conductors communicate with their musicians primarily through hand gestures, typically though not invariably with the aid of a baton, and may use other gestures or signals, such as eye contact with relevant performers.  A conductor's directions will almost invariably be supplemented or reinforced by verbal instructions or suggestions to their musicians in rehearsal prior to a performance.
  Title: Alessandro Siciliani
  Passage: Alessandro Siciliani is an Italian conductor of opera and symphonic music.  He is also a composer of symphonic music.  Siciliani was born in Florence, Italy in 1952, the son of Ambra and Francesco Siciliani, the celebrated opera impresario.  Siciliani currently resides in Columbus, Ohio where he was the Music Director of the Columbus Symphony Orchestra from 1992 to 2004.
  Title: William Dehning
  Passage: Dr. William John Dehning (August 13, 1942 - June 23, 2017) was an American conductor, teacher, and author who spent almost his entire career in the collegiate realm.  He was known primarily for his work as conductor of the University of Southern California Thornton Chamber Choir and as author of the book, "Chorus Confidential: Decoding the Secrets of the Choral Art", published in 2003.  Under his leadership, the Thornton Chamber Choir won seven prizes in international European competitions, including Grand Prizes in Varna, Bulgaria and Tours, France.  After winning the choral competition with the USC Chamber Choir in Bulgaria, Dehning was awarded the Judges' Conducting Prize by a panel of ten judges in 1999.  During his tenure, the ensemble also appeared at American Choral Directors Association (ACDA) conventions six times, including nationals in 2001 and 2005.  They also completed a tour of East Asia in 2006, performing at the National Concert Hall in Taipei.  While at Northern Michigan University from 1970–1972, Dehning was the founder of the Marquette Choral Society, which is still active.  Later, he was from 1985-1995 the founder/conductor of the California Choral Company, a semi-professional chamber chorus that attained a reputation in Europe as well as in the United States.  As Chairman of the USC Department of Choral Music (now retired), Dehning was awarded the first annual Dean’s Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching, and he was also the 2007 recipient of the Thornton School's Ramo Award.  Dehning was one of four founding members of the National Collegiate Choral Organization (NCCO), which held its first national conference in San Antonio in 2006.
  Title: Fritz Reiner
  Passage: Frederick Martin "Fritz" Reiner (December 19, 1888 – November 15, 1963) was a prominent conductor of opera and symphonic music in the twentieth century.  Hungarian born and trained, he emigrated to the United States in 1922, where he rose to prominence as a conductor with several orchestras.  He reached the pinnacle of his career while music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in the 1950s and early 1960s.
  Title: Leonard Ratzlaff
  Passage: Leonard Peter Ratzlaff, CM, AOE (born January 27, 1949) is the choral conductor for Edmonton's Richard Eaton Singers.  Born in Swalwell, Alberta, he obtained his graduate degree in choral conducting from the University of Iowa, and his doctoral dissertation on Anton Bruckner's "Te Deum" earned him the American Choral Directors Association Julius Herford Dissertation Prize.  A professor of Choral Music at the University of Alberta since 1981, he also conducts the University of Alberta Madrigal Singers, and co-supervises the largest graduate program in choral conducting in Canada.  His honors include induction into the City of Edmonton Hall of Fame, the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal, the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for distinguished service to Canadian choral music, induction into the Alberta Order of Excellence, induction as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and being named to the Order of Canada.  In 2011, he and RES celebrated 30 years of his leadership as conductor.
  Title: Joan Catoni Conlon
  Passage: Joan Catoni Conlon is Professor and Director of Graduate Choral Research Emerita for the University of Colorado at Boulder, where she conducted the University Singers.  She received her BA, MA and DMA degrees from the University of Washington where she was Professor of Choral Music and Conducting (1972–95).  From 1971 to 1995 she was the conductor of the Northwest Chamber Chorus in Seattle, Washington, and was the chair of the Research and Publications Committee of the American Choral Directors Association.  Her scholarship specializes in the choral music of Georg Philipp Telemann and Claudio Monteverdi.  She published "Performing Monteverdi: A Conductor’s Guide" (ISBN  ).  She has also studied the Hindustani classical vocal music of India.  In 2009 she edited and contributed to 'Wisdom, Wit and Will: Women Choral Conductors On their Art' ISBN  .]  -- a collection of essays relating to conducting choral literature and professional development.
  Title: Adrian Partington
  Passage: Adrian Frederick Partington {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 1 October 1958) is an English conductor, chorus master, organist and pianist.  He is director of music at Gloucester Cathedral, joint conductor of the Three Choirs Festival and artistic director for the Gloucester festival years, director of the BBC National Chorus of Wales, conductor of Gloucester Choral Society, and former conductor of Bristol Choral Society and leader of the postgraduate choral conducting course at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama.
citations: Conducting Fritz Reiner