question: Antonius Andreas was a pupil of which High Middle Ages philosopher?
answer: Duns Scotus
context: Title: Medieval archaeology
  Passage: Medieval archaeology is the study of humankind through its material culture, specialising in the period of the European Middle Ages.  At its broadest, the period stretches from the 5th to the 16th century and refers to post-Roman but pre-modern remains.  The period covers the upheaval caused by the fall of the Roman Empire and cultures such as the Vikings, Saxons, and Franks.  Archaeologists often specialise in studying either the Early Middle Ages (Migration Period) or the High Middle Ages and Late Middle Ages, although many projects and professionals move across these chronological boundaries.  The rich nature of the medieval written record has meant that archaeology has often been seen as the "handmaiden to history", especially in the later medieval period.  Analysis of material culture may enrich or call into question written evidence from the medieval period and the two sources of evidence need to be used together.  Medieval archaeology has examined the development of medieval settlements, particularly the development of medieval towns and castles.  It has also contributed to understanding of the spread and development of Christian monasticism during the medieval period.
  Title: Duns Scotus
  Passage: John Duns, commonly called Duns Scotus ( ; 1266 – 8 November 1308), is generally considered to be one of the three most important philosopher-theologians of the High Middle Ages.  Scotus has had considerable influence on both Catholic and secular thought.  The doctrines for which he is best known are the "univocity of being," that existence is the most abstract concept we have, applicable to everything that exists; the formal distinction, a way of distinguishing between different aspects of the same thing; and the idea of haecceity, the property supposed to be in each individual thing that makes it an individual.  Scotus also developed a complex argument for the existence of God, and argued for the Immaculate Conception of Mary.
  Title: Society of Scotland in the High Middle Ages
  Passage: Scottish Society in the High Middle Ages pertains to Scottish society roughly between 900 and 1286, a period roughly corresponding to the general historical era known as the High Middle Ages.
  Title: High Middle Ages
  Passage: The High Middle Ages or High Medieval Period was the period of European history around the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries ( 10011300).  The High Middle Ages are preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500.
  Title: Economy of Scotland in the High Middle Ages
  Passage: The economy of Scotland in the High Middle Ages for the purposes of this article, is the economic situation in Scotland between 1058 and 1286 AD.  The year 1058 saw the ascension of Malcolm III to the throne of Scotland.  His reign marks a significant cultural, economic, and political shift away from Scandinavia and towards England and the European Continent – most noticeable in his marriage to Margaret, the sister of Edgar Aetheling, who was the primary dynastic rival to William I, Duke of Normandy, for the throne of England following the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.  The end of this period is marked by the death of Alexander III in 1286, which then led indirectly to the Scottish Wars of Independence.  This period corresponds roughly with the High Middle Ages in Europe, which is generally ascribed to the 11th to the 13th centuries and the Medieval Warm Period, which directly affected the Scottish agrarian economy.
  Title: History of schools in Scotland
  Passage: The history of schools in Scotland includes the development of all schools as institutions and buildings in Scotland, from the early Middle Ages to the present day.  From the early Middle Ages there were bardic schools, that trained individuals in the poetic and musical arts.  Monasteries served as major repositories of knowledge and education, often running schools.  In the High Middle Ages, new sources of education arose including choir and grammar schools designed to train priests.  Benedictine and Augustinian foundations probably had charitable almonry schools to educate young boys, who might enter the priesthood.  Some abbeys opened their doors to teach the sons of gentlemen.  By the end of the Middle Ages, grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns.  In rural areas there were petty or reading schools that provided an elementary education.  Private tuition in the families of lords and wealthy burghers sometimes developed into "household schools".  Girls of noble families were taught in nunneries and by the end of the fifteenth century Edinburgh also had schools for girls, sometimes described as "sewing schools".  There is documentary evidence for about 100 schools of these different kinds before the Reformation.  The growing humanist-inspired emphasis on education cumulated with the passing of the Education Act 1496.
  Title: Early Middle Ages
  Passage: The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), lasting from the 5th to the 10th century CE, marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history.  The Early Middle Ages followed the decline of the Western Roman Empire and preceded the High Middle Ages (c. 10th to 13th centuries).  The Early Middle Ages largely overlap with Late Antiquity.  The term "Late Antiquity" is used to emphasize elements of continuity with the Roman Empire, while "Early Middle Ages" is used to emphasize developments characteristic of the later medieval period.
  Title: Friesian horse
  Passage: The Friesian (also Frizian) is a horse breed originating in Friesland, in the Netherlands.  Although the conformation of the breed resembles that of a light draught horse, Friesians are graceful and nimble for their size.  It is believed that during the Middle Ages, ancestors of Friesian horses were in great demand as war horses throughout continental Europe.  Through the Early Middle Ages and High Middle Ages, their size enabled them to carry a knight in armour.  In the Late Middle Ages, heavier, draught type animals were needed.  Though the breed nearly became extinct on more than one occasion, the modern day Friesian horse is growing in numbers and popularity, used both in harness and under saddle.  Most recently, the breed is being introduced to the field of dressage.
  Title: Antonius Andreas
  Passage: Antonius Andreas (born c. 1280, Tauste, Aragon, died 1320) was a Spanish Franciscan theologian, a pupil of Duns Scotus.
citations: Antonius Andreas Duns Scotus