question: Peter J. Ratcliffe is a part of the Fellow of the Royal Society which is an award for what?
answer: award granted to individuals that the Royal Society judges to have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science
context: Title: Thomas Snow Beck
  Passage: Thomas Snow Beck FRS FRCS (1814 – 6 January 1877) was a British doctor and surgeon.  He qualified as a doctor in London.  In 1845, he was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal for his unpublished paper entitled "On the nerves of the uterus".  The paper was later published, but the award was disputed by the London-resident Scottish surgeon Robert Lee, who had published an earlier paper on the subject and reached different conclusions.  This controversy led to reform of the award process for the Royal Medal, and is thought to have contributed to the resignation of both the President and Secretary of the Royal Society.  Beck also carried out other work on nerves, including work in 1846 on differentiation between white and gray rami.  He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1851.
  Title: H. Basil S. Cooke
  Passage: Herbert Basil Sutton Cooke {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (born 17 October 1915) is a Canadian geologist and palaeontologist, and Emeritus Professor at Dalhousie University.  Born in Johannesburg, South Africa, he was educated at King Edward VII School before earning a B.A. (1936) and M.A. (1940) at Cambridge University, and M.Sc.  (1940) and D.Sc.  (1947) at the University of the Witwatersrand.  He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa in 1948 for his contributions to Quaternary geology.  He is known for his studies of fossil pigs and other even-toed ungulates of Africa.  A "festschrift" in honor of his life and contributions was published in "Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa" in 2006.  He received the Canadian Centennial Medal (1967) and Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal (2002) for his contributions to education.  Other honors include being a Life Fellow of the Geological Society of South Africa, an honorary Life Member of the Palaeontological Society of Southern Africa, past president and Life Member of both the South African Geographical Society and the South African Archaeological Society, and past vice-president of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science.  His books include "Geology for South African Students", co-written with G. N. G. Hamilton and published in five editions since 1939, and "The Evolution of African Mammals" (1978), co-edited with V. J. Maglio.  He turned 100 in October 2015.
  Title: Fellow of the Royal Society
  Passage: Fellowship of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS and HonFRS) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society judges to have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science".
  Title: Peter J. Cutino Award
  Passage: The Peter J. Cutino Award, named after former college water polo player and UC Berkeley coach Peter J. Cutino, is considered the most prestigious individual award in American collegiate water polo.  It is given annually to the top male and female player in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
  Title: Peter Edwards (chemist)
  Passage: Peter Philip Edwards FRSC FRS (born 1949, Liverpool) is Professor of Inorganic Chemistry and former Head of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of St Catherine's College, Oxford.  Edwards is the recipient of the Corday-Morgan Medal (1985), the Tilden Lectureship (1993–94) and Liversidge Award (1999) of the Royal Society of Chemistry.  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1996 and was awarded the 2003 Hughes Medal of the Royal Society "for his distinguished work as a solid state chemist.  He has made seminal contributions to fields including superconductivity and the behaviour of metal nanoparticles, and has greatly advanced our understanding of the phenomenology of the metal-insulator transition".  In 2009 Edwards was elected to the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, and he was elected Einstein Professor for 2011 by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.  In 2012 he was awarded the Bakerian Lecture by the Royal Society "in recognition of decisive contributions to the physics, chemistry and materials science of condensed matter, including work on the metal-insulator transition".  In the spring of 2012 he was elected International Member of the American Philosophical Society; one of only four people from the UK in that year to be awarded this honour across all subjects and disciplines.  Later in 2012 he was awarded the Worshipful Company of Armourers and Brasiers Materials Science Venture Prize for his work on new, low-cost, high-performance conducting oxide coatings for solar cells and optoelectronic materials.  In the Autumn of 2013 he was elected Member of Academia Europaea, and he was elected as a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2014.
  Title: Peter Leithart
  Passage: Peter J. Leithart (born 1959) is an American author, minister, theologian and president of Theopolis Institute for Biblical, Liturgical, & Cultural Studies in Birmingham, Alabama.  Leithart blogs at "Peter J. Leithart", which is hosted by the journal "First Things".  He previously served as Senior Fellow of Theology and Literature as well as Dean of Graduate Studies at New Saint Andrews College.  He was selected by the Association of Reformed Institutions of Higher Education to be one of the organization's 2010-2012 Lecturers.  He is the author of commentaries on the Book of Kings and the Book of Samuel, as well as a Survey of the Old Testament.  Other works include books on topics such as Dante's "Inferno", Shakespeare, and Jane Austen.  He is also the author of a book of children's bedtime stories titled "Wise Words" based on the Book of Proverbs.
  Title: Peter J. Ratcliffe
  Passage: Sir Peter John Ratcliffe FRS (born 1954) is a British doctor and cell and molecular biologist best known for his work on cellular reactions to hypoxia.  He is a practicing clinician at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford and has been Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine and head of the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford since 2004.  In 2009 he was awarded the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine.
  Title: Royal Fellow of the Royal Society
  Passage: A Royal Fellow of the Royal Society is a member of the British Royal Family who has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.  The council of the Royal Society recommends members of the Royal Family to be elected and then the existing Fellows vote by a secret ballot whether to accept them.  The ballots have only a box to tick supporting the measure; those opposing have to write "no" or otherwise mark or spoil the paper.  s of 2016 the Patron was Queen Elizabeth II, and Royal Fellows were:
  Title: Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society
  Passage: The Royal Society presents numerous awards, lectures and medals to recognise scientific achievement.  The oldest is the Croonian Lecture, created in 1701 at the request of the widow of William Croone, one of the founding members of the Royal Society.  The Croonian Lecture is still awarded on an annual basis, and is considered the most important Royal Society prize for the biological sciences.  Although the Croonian Lecture was created in 1701, it was first awarded in 1738, seven years after the Copley Medal which is the oldest Royal Society medal still in use and is awarded for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science"
  Title: Frederick S. Boas
  Passage: Frederick Samuel Boas, (1862–1957) was an English scholar of early modern drama.  He was born on 24 July 1862, the eldest son of Hermann Boas of Belfast.  He attended Clifton College as a scholar and went up to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1881.  During his time at Balliol his tutor was (later Professor) David George Ritchie.  He held college Open and Jenkyns Scholarships and took a First in Classical Moderations in 1882, followed by a 1st in Literae Humaniores in 1885 and a 1st in Modern History and BA in 1886, which last he converted to MA in 1888.  His subsequent career was: Oxford University Extension Lecturer 1887-1901; Professor of English Literature, Queen's College, Belfast, and Fellow of the Royal University of Ireland 1901-1905, Librarian 1903-1905; Clark Lecturer, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1904; Inspector of English, London County Council Education Department 1905-1927; First Honorary General Secretary of the English Association 1906-1909 and later President; Honorary LLD, University of St Andrews, 1909; President, Elizabethan Literature Society; Fellow and Professor of the Royal Society of Literature; Visiting Professor of English, Columbia University, 1934; Hon D. Litt. , Belfast, 1935; broadcast talk 13 July 1939, on Benjamin Jowett, Master of Balliol; Shakespeare Lecture, British Academy, 1943; President, English Association, 1944; Vice-President, Royal Society of Literature, 1945.  He was awarded the Royal Society of Literature Benson Medal in 1952 and an OBE in 1953.
citations: Peter J. Ratcliffe Fellow of the Royal Society