question: Which professor, most famous for his research on diabetes, is the namesake of the award given out for research which contributes to the advancement of knowledge concerning diabetes mellitus?
answer: Oskar Minkowski
context: Title: Regular insulin
  Passage: Regular insulin, also known as neutral insulin and soluble insulin is a type of short acting insulin.  It is used to treat diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetes mellitus type 2, gestational diabetes, and complications of diabetes such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states.  It is also used along with glucose to treat high blood potassium levels.  Typically it is given by injection under the skin, but may also be used by injection into a vein or muscle.  Onset of effect is typically in 30 minutes and they last for 8 hours.
  Title: Neonatal diabetes mellitus
  Passage: Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a monogenic form of diabetes that occurs in the first 6 months of life.  It is a rare disease, occurring in only one in 100,000 to 500,000 live births.  Infants with NDM do not produce enough insulin, leading to an increase in blood glucose.  NDM can be mistaken for the much more common type 1 diabetes, but type 1 diabetes usually occurs later than the first 6 months of life.  In about half of those with NDM, the condition is lifelong and is called permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM).  In the rest of those with NDM, the condition is transient and disappears during infancy but can reappear later in life; this type of NDM is called transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM).  Specific genes that can cause NDM have been identified.
  Title: Diabetes in dogs
  Passage: Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas either stop producing insulin or can no longer produce it in enough quantity for the body's needs.  The condition is commonly divided into two types, depending on the origin of the condition: Type 1 diabetes, sometimes called "juvenile diabetes", is caused by destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas.  The condition is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes, meaning exogenous insulin injections must replace the insulin the pancreas is no longer capable of producing for the body's needs.  Dogs can have insulin-dependent, or Type 1, diabetes; research finds no Type 2 diabetes in dogs.  Because of this, there is no possibility the permanently damaged pancreatic beta cells could re-activate to engender a remission as may be possible with some feline diabetes cases, where the primary type of diabetes is Type 2.  There is another less common form of diabetes, diabetes insipidus, which is a condition of insufficient antidiuretic hormone or resistance to it.
  Title: IDDM11
  Passage: Insulin-dependent (type I)diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a genetic heterogenouse autoimmune disorder, which is triggered by genetic predisposition and environmental factors.  The prevalence of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) among children and young adult from Europe is approximately 0.4%.  Insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is characterized by acute onset and insulin deficiency.  Patients with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are found with gradual loss of the pancreatic islet beta cells and therefore not able to produce insulin.  As a result, they usually need exogenous insulin to maintain their life.
  Title: Hyperinsulinemia
  Passage: Hyperinsulinemia, or hyperinsulinaemia is a condition in which there are excess levels of insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of glucose.  While it is often mistaken for diabetes or hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia can result from a variety of metabolic diseases and conditions.  While hyperinsulinemia is often seen in people with early stage type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is not the cause of the condition and is only one symptom of the disease.  Type 1 diabetes only occurs when pancreatic beta-cell function is impaired.  Hyperinsulinemia can be seen in a variety of conditions including diabetes mellitus type 2, in neonates and in drug induced hyperinsulinemia.  It can also occur in congenital hyperinsulism, including nesidioblastosis.
  Title: Minkowski Prize
  Passage: The Minkowski Prize is given by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), in recognition to research which has been carried out by a person normally residing in Europe, as manifested by publications which contribute to the advancement of knowledge concerning diabetes mellitus.  The Prize honors the name of Oskar Minkowski (1858–1931), a physician and physiologist who was the discoverer of the role of pancreas in the control of glucose metabolism.  It is awarded annually since 1966 and the winner is invited to pronounce a Minkowski Lecture during the EASD Annual Conference.
  Title: Insulin (medication)
  Passage: Insulin is used as a medication to treat high blood sugar.  This includes in diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetes mellitus type 2, gestational diabetes, and complications of diabetes such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states.  It is also used along with glucose to treat high blood potassium levels.  Typically it is given by injection under the skin, but some forms may also be used by injection into a vein or muscle.
  Title: Oskar Minkowski
  Passage: Oskar Minkowski ( ; ] 13 January 1858 – 18 July 1931) held a professorship at the University of Breslau and is most famous for his research on diabetes.  He was the brother of the mathematician Hermann Minkowski and father of astrophysicist Rudolph Minkowski.
  Title: Diabetes management
  Passage: The term "diabetes" includes several different metabolic disorders that all, if left untreated, result in abnormally high concentration of a sugar called glucose in the blood.  Diabetes mellitus type 1 results when the pancreas no longer produces significant amounts of the hormone insulin, usually owing to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.  Diabetes mellitus type 2, in contrast, is now thought to result from autoimmune attacks on the pancreas and/or insulin resistance.  The pancreas of a person with type 2 diabetes may be producing normal or even abnormally large amounts of insulin.  Other forms of diabetes mellitus, such as the various forms of maturity onset diabetes of the young, may represent some combination of insufficient insulin production and insulin resistance.  Some degree of insulin resistance may also be present in a person with type 1 diabetes.
  Title: Diabetes in cats
  Passage: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in cats, whereby either insufficient insulin response or insulin resistance lead to persistently high blood glucose concentrations.  Diabetes could affect up to 1 in 230 cats, and may be becoming increasingly common.  Diabetes mellitus is less common in cats than in dogs.  80-95% of diabetic cats experience something similar to type-2 diabetes, but are generally severely insulin-dependent by the time symptoms are diagnosed.  The condition is treatable, and treated properly, the cat can experience a normal life expectancy.  In type-2 cats, prompt effective treatment may lead to diabetic remission, in which the cat no longer needs injected insulin.  Untreated, the condition leads to increasingly weak legs in cats, and eventually malnutrition, ketoacidosis and/or dehydration, and death.
citations: Minkowski Prize Oskar Minkowski