question: What engineer was raised in Detroit and has a patented industrial construction technique for reinforcement of buildings?
answer: Kahn
context: Title: Trussed Concrete Steel Company
  Passage: The Trussed Concrete Steel Company was a company founded by Julius Kahn, an engineer and inventor.  The company manufactured prefabricated products for reinforced concrete beams and steel forms for building reinforced concrete floors and walls.  Kahn invented and patented a unique new technology reinforcement system of construction called the Kahn System that was stronger, more economical, and lighter than the existing old school technology used up to that point to construct buildings.  The old method was to use plain straight smooth steel beams or loose rods or stirrups in concrete beams and floors.  Kahn's new technology improved system used 45 degree tab flanges or "wings" permanently attached on steel beams that distributed the tension stress for overall improvement in strength of reinforced concrete.
  Title: Estanislao Tovilla Cortázar
  Passage: Estanisalao Tovilla-Cortazar (1936–1994) was a Mexican Civil Engineer born in February 10, 1936 in Mexico City, Mexico.  He died in Veracruz, Mexico in March 8, 1994.  He is most remembered for his research and development contributions in pier and pile foundations and soil mechanics.  Tovilla-Cortazar's engineering work included the development of new foundation techniques at port sites and large industrial construction sites such as the Veracruz Port and the Steel Company Las Truchas (SICARTSA) in Lazaro Cardenas, Michoacán, Mexico and in SIDOR, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela.  He also developed contract closure procedures and audit for large construction contracts.
  Title: Opus craticum
  Passage: Opus craticum or "craticii" is an ancient Roman construction technique described by Vitruvius in his books "De architectura" as wattlework which is plastered over.  Vitruvius disparaged this building technique as a grave fire risk, likely to have cracked plaster, and not durable.  Surviving examples were found in the archaeological excavations at Pompeii and more so at Herculaneum, buried by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD and excavated beginning in 1929.  Scholarly confusion exists and the term "opus craticium" is also used for the Roman building technique very similar, but not identified as being directly related to half-timbering, a timber framework with the wall infill of stones in mortar called "opus incertum".  An example of this technique is the House of Opus Craticum in Herculaneum, which is a reconstruction of the original building.
  Title: Albert Kahn Associates
  Passage: Albert Kahn Associates is an architectural design firm in Detroit, Michigan with a second office located in São Paulo, Brasil.  It was established in 1895 and is still active today.  It introduced a new technology in industrial building involving a unique reinforced concrete method referred to as the Kahn System of construction using proprietary patented reinforcement steel manufactured by Trussed Concrete Steel Company.  The building of automobile factories and other types of factories were revolutionized from wooden timber framing construction.  Besides being an advanced technology in strength that led to wider open interior spaces, it featured a high degree of fire resistance and larger window space for light.  The firm started by Albert Kahn built factories for Chrysler for over a decade, Ford Automobile for 30 years and Packard Automobile for 35 years.  Other important clients of the firm were Republic Steel and General Motors.  The firm was awarded a $40 million dollar contract to build a tractor factory in Russia in 1928.  The firm's output was over a million dollars worth of work per week by 1929.  By 1939, the firm designed 19 percent of all industrial buildings in the United States and had designed some $800 million of buildings worldwide.  Currently, Albert Kahn Associates is still making history with state-of-the-art projects.  Recent projects include creating the world's largest penguin conservatory,located at the Detroit Zoo, which opened in 2016.
  Title: Kahn System
  Passage: The Kahn System is an industrial construction technique for reinforcement of buildings that was engineered and patented by Julius Kahn.  The Kahn system is an industrial construction design using the Kahn Trussed Bar as the bases.  This steel bar was a new type of reinforcing bar used in concrete and had unique engineered features to distribute stress.
  Title: Tilt up
  Passage: Tilt-up, tilt-slab or tilt-wall is a type of building and a construction technique using concrete.  Though it is a cost-effective technique with a shorter completion time, poor performance in earthquakes has mandated significant seismic retrofit requirements in older buildings.
  Title: Nizar Assaad
  Passage: Nizar Assaad (in Arabic نزار اسعد) is a Canadian construction engineer of Syrian origin residing in Beirut, Lebanon and Dubai, UAE.  He is Founder, Chairman and CEO of LEAD Contracting & Trading Ltd, an industrial construction company operating throughout the Middle East and North Africa.  LEAD is specialised in oil and gas contracting and petrochemical facilities, including treatment plants, power plants, electro-mechanical construction services, pipelines, and large-scale civil construction and engineering projects.  the company is registered in Jebel Ali Free Zone in UAE.  Nizar Assaad is considered to be a leading figure in the Construction and Petrochemical Industry.
  Title: Anchorage in reinforced concrete
  Passage: Reinforced concrete [RC] is concrete in which reinforcement bars ("rebars"), reinforcement grids, plates or fibers are embedded to create bond and thus to strengthen the concrete in tension.  The composite material was invented by French gardener Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867.  Conventionally the term Concrete refers only to concrete that is reinforced with iron or steel.  However, other materials are often used to reinforce concrete e.g. organic and inorganic fibres, composites in different forms.  While compared to its compressive strength, concrete is weak in tension.  Thus adding reinforcement increases the strength in tension.  The other purpose of providing reinforcement in concrete is to hold the tension cracked sections together.
  Title: Julius Kahn (inventor)
  Passage: Kahn was born in Münstereifel, Germany, March 8, 1874.  He was raised in Detroit, Michigan.  Kahn came to Detroit in 1881 from Germany with his family (five brothers and two sisters) when he was six years old, settling first in Baltimore, Maryland in 1880.  His father Joseph (1860–1924) was a rabbi and ran a restaurant.  Kahn helped in his father's restaurant business and sold newspapers.  His mother Rosalie was skilled in music and art.  Kahn went to the Detroit Public Schools where he received his elementary schooling, doing the normal four-year high school in three years.
  Title: Reinforcement (speciation)
  Passage: Reinforcement (sometimes called secondary contact) is a process of speciation where pre-zygotic isolation is enhanced by natural selection against hybrids between two populations.  The idea was originally developed by Alfred Russel Wallace and is still often referred to as the Wallace effect.  The modern concept of reinforcement originates from Theodosius Dobzhansky.  He envisioned a species separated in allopatry, where secondary contact produces hybrids with lower fitness, so natural selection favors enhanced pre-zygotic isolation.  The support for reinforcement has fluctuated since its inception.  Various objections have been raised by evolutionary biologists as to the plausibility of its occurrence.  Since the 1990s, data from theory, experiments, and nature have overcome many of the past objections; rendering reinforcement widely accepted.  However, its ubiquity remains unknown as well as its prevalence in nature.  Furthermore, terminological confusion and term usage over history has led to multiple meanings and complications.
citations: Julius Kahn (inventor) Kahn System