question: The Penn Center provided critical educational facilities to Gullah slaves, who are are the descendants of enslaved Africans in what US states?
answer: Georgia and South Carolina
context: Title: Penn Center (Saint Helena Island, South Carolina)
  Passage: The Penn Center, formerly the Penn School, is an African-American cultural and educational center near Frogmore, South Carolina, on Saint Helena Island.  Founded in 1862 by missionaries from Pennsylvania, it was the first school founded in the Southern United States specifically for the education of African-Americans.  It provided critical educational facilities to Gullah slaves freed after plantation owners fled the island, and continues to fulfill an educational mission.  The campus was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1974.  Darrah Hall and Brick Baptist Church on the campus were declared part of Reconstruction Era National Monument in January 2017.
  Title: Danish slave trade
  Passage: Danish slave trade occurred separately in two different periods.  During the Viking Age, thralls (Norse slaves) were an important part of the economy and one of the main reasons for the raids on England where slaves were captured.  This practice was abolished once Denmark became Christian.  Trading black slaves was part of the transatlantic slave trade by Denmark-Norway around 1671, when the Danish West India Company was chartered, to 1802, when the Dano-Norwegian regent Prince Frederick carried out a ban on the country's participation in the trade.  As of 1778, it was estimated that the Dano-Norwegians shipped about 3,000 Africans to the Danish West Indies annually to be sold as slaves.  The country's ships transported approximately 100,000 enslaved Africans, about 2% of the total number the early 19th century.
  Title: Black Carib
  Passage: Black Caribs are indigenous people from the island of St. Vincent, formed by the mixture between Island Caribs and enslaved Africans produced in the 18th century.  This population retains Caribbean culture and makes up a very small population in the archipelago, representing the 2.0% of the current population of St. Vincent and Grenadines.  There are also black Caribs in Dominica and Trinidad.  The history of the Black Caribs is known thanks to reports that the British governor William Young sent to the British crown, in which he explained that the Black Caribs were a mix of Caribs and enslaved Africans from Spanish ships wrecked near its shores.  These reports were read and taken as reference by many chroniclers and later historians.  However, researchers of history and Garifuna language (the Garifunas are descendants of Black Caribs in the mainland of Central America) of the 20th and 21st centuries, such as Itarala, have their own conception of the origin of the Black Caribs.  According to them, the African ancestors of the Black Caribs come from other Caribbean islands and migrated to Saint Vincent as refugees to escape slavery and as slaves bought by the Carib Amerindians.  The Black Caribs are the people who originated the Garifuna people, when part of their community was expelled from St. Vincent in 1797 and exported to the island of Roatán, Honduras, from where they migrated to the coast of the mainland of Central America, spread as far as Belize and Nicaragua.
  Title: Slave name
  Passage: A slave name is the personal name given by others to an enslaved person, or a name inherited from enslaved ancestors.  Modern use of the term applies mostly to African-Americans and West Indians descended from enslaved Africans who retain the name given to their ancestors by the enslavers.
  Title: Slave narrative
  Passage: The slave narrative is a type of literary work that is made up of the written accounts of enslaved Africans in Great Britain and its colonies, including the later United States, Canada, and Caribbean nations.  Some six thousand former slaves from North America and the Caribbean gave accounts of their lives during the 18th and 19th centuries, with about 150 narratives published as separate books or pamphlets.  In the U.S. during the Great Depression (1930s), more than 2,300 additional oral histories on life during slavery were collected by writers sponsored and published by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration.  Most of the 26 audio-recorded interviews are held by the Library of Congress.
  Title: Mechanic Institute
  Passage: The Mechanic Institute is a historic educational building at 44-56 Congress Street in downtown Rumford, Maine.  This handsome four-story brick building was built in 1910 by the Rumford Falls Power Company to provide educational facilities for its workers and their children.  It is now owned by the city, and the former educational facilities have been repurposed into a community center.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
  Title: Landship (Barbados)
  Passage: The Barbados Landship is a cultural movement and organisation, known for its entertaining parades, performances and dances.  Members are said to mimic the British Navy, dressed in naval uniforms and marching and performing to the music of the Tuk Band.  However, it is a lot more than entertainment.  The organisation was started in the island of Barbados after Emancipation, by the earliest plantation workers of African Descent to help them develop socially and economically.  The Barbados Landship Association is the umbrella body and is essentially a Friendly Society.  Each community had a Landship.  It is based on a cooperative system, operating within communities and providing common services to them.  The Landship, as it is locally known, has been an oral tradition handed down from members to members from the time of its establishment in 1863.  It is held among the ranks of Barbados' cultural symbols such as the "Mudda Sally" and the "Shaggy Bear", but in much more esteem as a "cultural icon unique to Barbados".  It is thought that the Landship existed long before it became officially established and that the ways of the Landship were practised within the plantation communities of African slaves long before emancipation.  This would account for the interpretation of Landship manoeuvres as re-enactments of the Middle Passage, an experience that would have been embedded into the minds of the first shipments of enslaved Africans to Barbados.  During the latter part of slavery, slaves were bred and the plantations had very little need for imported slaves.
  Title: Lewis Tappan
  Passage: Lewis Tappan (1788–1873) was a New York abolitionist who worked to achieve the freedom of the illegally enslaved Africans of the "Amistad".  Contacted by Connecticut abolitionists soon after the "Amistad" arrived in port, Tappan focused extensively on the captive Africans.  He ensured the acquisition of high-quality lawyers for the captives, which led to their being set free after the case went to the United States Supreme Court.  With his brother Arthur, Tappan not only gained legal help and acquittal for the Africans, but also managed to increase public support and fundraising.  Finally, he organized the return trip home to Africa for surviving members of the group.
  Title: Gullah
  Passage: The Gullah are the descendants of enslaved Africans from various people who lived in the Lowcountry regions of the U.S. states of Georgia and South Carolina, in the area of both the coastal plain and the Sea Islands.  They developed a creole ethnicity and language that is distinctive among African Americans.
  Title: Education Facilities Clearinghouse
  Passage: The Education Facilities Clearinghouse (EFC) is a program of the United States Department of Education (DoED) which provides support to educational facilities "on issues related to planning, design, financing, construction, improvement, operation, and maintenance" through technical assistance and training as well as dissemination of research on these issues.  The program was established in 1998 and in the past has been implemented as the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities (1998–2010) and the American Clearinghouse on Educational Facilities (2010–2013).  As of 2014 it is administered by the George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development and is funded through a competitive grant sponsored by the DoED.
citations: Gullah Penn Center (Saint Helena Island, South Carolina)