question:  The Bowland Shale Formation is a Carboniferous geological formation of Asbian (Visean) to Yeadonian (Bashkirian) age, it is an organic-rich shale which, according to which organization, and is the source rock where "oil and gas matured before migration to conventional fields in the East Midlands and the Irish Sea"?
answer: British Geological Survey
context: Title: Organic-rich sedimentary rocks
  Passage: Organic-rich sedimentary rocks are a specific type of sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts (>3%) of organic carbon.  The most common types include coal, lignite, oil shale, or black shale.  The organic material may be disseminated throughout the rock giving it a uniform dark color, and/or may be present as discrete occurrences of tar, bitumen, asphalt, petroleum, coal or carbonaceous material.  Organic-rich sedimentary rocks may act as source rocks which generate hydrocarbons that accumulate in other sedimentary "reservoir" rocks (see oil sands and petroleum geology).  Potential source rocks are any type of sedimentary rock that the ability to dispel available carbon from within it (limestone is a classic example of a source rock).  Good reservoir rocks are any sedimentary rock that has high pore-space availability.  This allows the hydrocarbons to accumulate within the rock and be stored for long periods of time (a sandstone commonly makes a good source rock).  Highly permeable reservoir rocks are also of interest to industry professionals, as they allow for the easy extraction of the hydrocarbons within.  The hydrocarbon reservoir system is not complete however without a "cap rock".  Cap rocks are rock units which have very low porosity and permeability, which trap the hydrocarbons within the units below as they try to migrate upwards.
  Title: Bowland Shale Formation
  Passage: The Bowland Shale Formation is a Carboniferous geological formation of Asbian (Visean) to Yeadonian (Bashkirian) age.  It is known from outcrop and subsurface borehole data in the north of England, the Isle of Man, parts of North Wales and the Midlands.  It is an organic-rich shale which, according to the British Geological Survey, is the source rock where "oil and gas matured before migration to conventional fields in the East Midlands and the Irish Sea", for example, the Formby oil field.
  Title: Macanal Formation
  Passage: The Macanal Formation or Macanal Shale (Spanish: "(Formación) Lutitas de Macanal" , Kilm, K1m) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes.  The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Berriasian to Valanginian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 2935 m .  The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances.  Bivalves, ammonites and fossil flora have been found in the formation.
  Title: Oil shale
  Passage: Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons called shale oil (not to be confused with tight oil—crude oil occurring naturally in shales) can be produced.  Shale oil is a substitute for conventional crude oil; however, extracting shale oil from oil shale is more costly than the production of conventional crude oil both financially and in terms of its environmental impact.  Deposits of oil shale occur around the world, including major deposits in the United States.  A 2016 estimate of global deposits set the total world resources of oil shale equivalent of 6.05 Toilbbl of oil in place.
  Title: Cline Shale
  Passage: As of 2013 the Cline Shale, also referred to as the "Wolfcamp/Cline Shale", the "Lower Wolfcamp Shale,", or the "Spraberry-Wolfcamp shale", or even the "Wolfberry", is a promising Pennsylvanian oil play east of Midland, Texas which underlies 10 counties: Fisher, Nolan, Sterling, Coke, Glasscock, Tom Green, Howard, Mitchell, Borden and Scurry County, Texas.  Exploitation is projected to rely on hydraulic fracturing. an organic rich shale, with Total Organic Content (TOC) of 1-8%, with silt and sand beds mixed in.  It lies in a broad shelf, with minimal relief and has nice light oil of 38-42 gravity with excellent porosity of 6-12% in thickness varying 200 to 550 feet thick.  The total recovery was estimated to 30 billion barrels in 2012, and United States Geological Survey estimated the technically recoverable reserve to 20 billion barrels in 2016, the largest USGS estimate ever and nearly three times larger than that of the 2013 USGS Bakken-Three Forks resource assessment in North Dakota.  The field also seems to contain 16 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.  This is the first assessment of continuous resources in the Wolfcamp shale in the Midland Basin portion of the Permian.  During the 1980s, vertical wells produced oil in the Wolfcamp area.  However, since 2000 in North America, horizontal drilling or porpoising along with hydraulic fracturing have grown tremendously and are tapping the continuous oil reserve.  In Odessa, Chris Schenk, a Denver-based research geologist and assessment team member, told KWES, "This oil has been known there for a long time -- our task is to estimate what we think the volume of recoverable oil is."  According to Morris Burns, a local oil expert and former president of the Permian Basin Petroleum Association, 50% to 60% is recoverable beginning at a price range of $60 to $65 per barrell.  This area is the largest continuous oil discovery in the United States and encompasses the cities of both Lubbock and Midland which are 118 miles apart.
  Title: Bisnorhopane
  Passage: Bisnorhopanes (BNH) are a group of demethylated hopanes found in oil shales across the globe and can be used for understanding depositional conditions of the source rock.  The most common member, 28,30-bisnorhopane, can be found in high concentrations in petroleum source rocks, most notably the Monterey Shale, as well as in oil and tar samples.  28,30-Bisnorhopane was first identified in samples from the Monterey Shale Formation in 1985.  It occurs in abundance throughout the formation and appears in stratigraphically analogous locations along the California coast.  Since its identification and analysis, 28,30-bisnorhopane has been discovered in oil shales around the globe, including lacustrine and offshore deposits of Brazil, silicified shales of the Eocene in Gabon, the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the North Sea, and in Western Australian oil shales.
  Title: East Midlands Oil Province
  Passage: The East Midlands Oil Province, also known as the East Midlands Petroleum Province, covers the petroliferous geological area across the north-eastern part of the East Midlands of England that has a few small oil fields.  The largest field in the province is the Welton oil field, the second largest onshore oil field in the UK.
  Title: Source rock
  Passage: In petroleum geology, source rock refers to rocks from which hydrocarbons have been generated or are capable of being generated.  They form one of the necessary elements of a working petroleum system.  They are organic-rich sediments that may have been deposited in a variety of environments including deep water marine, lacustrine and deltaic.  Oil shale can be regarded as an organic-rich but immature source rock from which little or no oil has been generated and expelled.  Subsurface source rock mapping methodologies make it possible to identify likely zones of petroleum occurrence in sedimentary basins as well as shale gas plays.
  Title: Oil shale geology
  Passage: Oil shale geology is a branch of geologic sciences which studies the formation and composition of oil shales–fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing significant amounts of kerogen, and belonging to the group of sapropel fuels. Oil shale formation takes place in a number of depositional settings and has considerable compositional variation.  Oil shales can be classified by their composition (carbonate minerals such as calcite or detrital minerals such as quartz and clays) or by their depositional environment (large lakes, shallow marine, and lagoon/small lake settings).  Much of the organic matter in oil shale is of algal origin, but may also include remains of vascular land plants.  Three major type of organic matter (macerals) in oil shale are telalginite, lamalginite, and bituminite.  Some oil-shale deposits also contain metals which include vanadium, zinc, copper, uranium.
  Title: Chipaque Formation
  Passage: The Chipaque Formation (Spanish: "Formación Chipaque" , Kcp, Kc) is a geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes.  The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Late Cretaceous period; Cenomanian-Turonian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 1700 m .  The formation, rich in TOC, is an important oil and gas generating unit for the giant oilfields Cupiagua and Cusiana of the Eastern Ranges as well as in the Llanos Orientales.
citations: Bowland Shale Formation East Midlands Oil Province