question: Social Reform or Revolution was written by the theorist who was of what descent?
answer: Polish-Jewish
context: Title: Lancaster Industrial School for Girls
  Passage: The Lancaster Industrial School for Girls was a reform school in Lancaster, Massachusetts.  It was the country's first state reform school for girls, opening on August 26, 1856.  The facility provided its charges with separate rooms, arranged in three-story cottages with kitchen, dining, and other public facilities on the ground floor, rooms for the girls and a housemother on the second, and space for teachers on the third floor.  This school paved the way of social reform, moving away from child imprisonment towards a correctional paradigm.  This was in part achieved because of the observed benefits of environmental change in children, as well as the importance of education plus the added pressures of having to deal with the rise in child delinquency brought by social changes of the industrial age.
  Title: Rosa Luxemburg
  Passage:    (also "Rozalia Luxenburg"; Polish: "Róża Luksemburg" ; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a German-Polish Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist, anti-war activist, and revolutionary socialist of Polish-Jewish descent who became a naturalized German citizen.  She was, successively, a member of the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
  Title: Hovey Fund
  Passage: The Hovey Fund was created by a bequest from Charles Fox Hovey (1807-1859), a Boston merchant who supported a variety of social reform movements.  Hovey left $50,000 to support abolitionism and other types of social reform, including "women's rights, non-resistance, free trade and temperance."
  Title: Little Circle
  Passage: The Little Circle was a Manchester-based group of Non-conformist Liberals who held a common agenda with regards political and social reform.  The first group met from 1815 onwards to reform political representation and gain social reform in the United Kingdom.  The second group operated from 1830 onwards and was key in creating the popularist movement that resulted in the Reform Act 1832.
  Title: Edith Abbott
  Passage: Edith Abbott (September 26, 1876 – July 28, 1957) was an American economist, social worker, educator, and author.  Abbott was born in Grand Island, Nebraska.  Edith Abbott was a pioneer in the profession of social work with an educational background in economics.  She was a leading activist in social reform with the ideals that humanitarianism needed to be embedded in education.  Abbott was also in charge of implementing social work studies to the graduate level.  Though she was met with resistance on her work with social reform at the University of Chicago, she ultimately was successful and was elected as the school's dean in 1924, making her the first female dean in the United States.  Abbott was foremost an educator and saw her work as a combination of legal studies and humanitarian work which shows in her social security legislation.  She is known as an economist who pursued implementing social work at the graduate level.  Her younger sister was Grace Abbott.
  Title: Social Reform or Revolution
  Passage: Social Reform or Revolution?  (German: "Sozialreform oder Revolution?" )  is an 1899 pamphlet by Polish-German Marxist theorist Rosa Luxemburg.  Luxemburg argues that trade unions, reformist political parties, and the expansion of social democracy, while important to the proletariat's development of class consciousness, cannot create a socialist society, as Eduard Bernstein, among others, argued.  Instead, she argues from a historical materialist perspective that capitalism is economically unsustainable and will eventually collapse, and that a revolution is necessary to transform capitalism into socialism.  The pamphlet was heavily influential in revolutionary socialist circles and, along with Luxemburg's other work, an important precursor to left communist theory.
  Title: Thomas de Treil de Pardailhan
  Passage: Thomas-François de Treil de Pardailhan (1754, Paris - 2 August 1822, Pardailhan) was the eldest of an ennobled Languedocien family, originating in the Saint-Pons-de-Thomières region.  At first an officer in the Maison Militaire du Roi, baron Thomas de Treil de Pardailhan was Maître d'hôtel du Roi at the Court of Versailles at the end of the Ancien Régime.  His writings, however, show him as an opponent of the privileges of aristocracy and in favor of the new ideas.  The French Revolution marks a rupture with his milieu: in support of deep social reform, he was elected député for Paris in 1791 to the Legislative Assembly, but always remained attached to the idea of a constitutional monarchy and was imprisoned as a suspect during the Reign of Terror.  Ruined by bad business dealings under the Directory and by sources of income he had lost in the Revolution, he ended his life at his château at Pardailhan in 1822.
  Title: Unionist Social Reform Committee
  Passage: The Unionist Social Reform Committee was a group within the British Conservative Party dedicated to help formulating a Conservative policy of social reform between 1911 and 1914.  According to E. H. H. Green, the Committee "saw the earliest, detailed discussion of Conservative principles concerning the role of the State in the provision of social welfare".
  Title: Joseph Rowntree (philanthropist)
  Passage: Joseph Rowntree (24 May 1836 – 24 February 1925) was a Quaker philanthropist and businessman from York, England.  Rowntree is perhaps best known for being a champion of social reform, partner and friend of Charles Booth, and his time as a chocolatier at family business "Rowntree's", one of the most important in Britain.  Even as a powerful businessman, he was deeply interested in improving the quality of life of his employees; this led to him becoming a philanthropist, pursuing many charitable causes.  In 1904 he created three trusts, the Joseph Rowntree Village Trust (JRVT) which was originally set up to build and manage the garden village of New Earswick, the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust (JRCT) and the Joseph Rowntree Social Services Trust (JRSST).  The latter two were both set up to effect social reform, the difference between them being that whereas the Charitable Trust was set up as a charity, the Social Services Trust was set up as a limited company so that if necessary it would be able to undertake social and political work not legally allowed by a charitable Trust.  He suggested that only the JRVT would be permanent but in fact all the trusts are still in existence although the Social Services Trust has changed its name to the Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust and with the separation of the Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust from the Village Trust in 1968, there are now four trusts that exist today.
  Title: John A. Ryan
  Passage: John Augustine Ryan (1869–1945) was a leading Catholic priest who was a noted moral theologian, professor, author and advocate of social justice.  Ryan lived during a decisive moment in the development of Catholic social teaching within the United States.  The largest influx of immigrants in America’s history, the emancipation of American slaves, and the industrial revolution had produced a new social climate in the early twentieth century, and the Catholic Church faced increasing pressure to take a stance on questions of social reform.
citations: Rosa Luxemburg Social Reform or Revolution