question: What is the name of the 2015 civil rights case that caused Kimberly Jean Davis to be jailed after denying same-sex marriage?
answer: Obergefell v. Hodges
context: Title: Miller v. Davis
  Passage: Miller v. Davis is a federal lawsuit in the United States regarding the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples.  After the U.S. Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage nationwide on June 26, 2015, the county clerk of Rowan County, Kentucky, Kim Davis, refused to issue marriage licenses to any couple to avoid issuing them to same-sex couples, citing her religious beliefs.  She also refused to allow her deputies to issue the licenses, as they would still bear her title and name.  On August 12, 2015, U.S. District Judge David L. Bunning ordered Davis to issue marriage licenses to all couples.  He stayed his ruling until August 31, at her request, while she sought a stay pending appeal.  A federal appeals court denied the stay, followed by the Supreme Court who also refused to stay the ruling.  On September 3, Judge Bunning ordered Davis jailed for contempt of court until she complies with the order.  Davis was released on September 8, following her deputy clerks issuing marriage licenses to the plaintiffs during her jailing.  On September 14, Davis returned to work where she is not standing in the way of her clerks issuing licenses, though she questions their validity.  The case was dismissed as moot on April 19, 2016.
  Title: Same-sex marriage by Circuit Court
  Passage: Prior to the landmark ruling "United States v. Windsor", the constitutionality of banning same-sex marriage was upheld by the Eighth Circuit in "Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning".  After the "Windsor" ruling, many same-sex marriage bans were struck down by lower courts.  The Tenth, Fourth, Seventh, and Ninth circuits all ruled that same-sex marriage bans were unconstitutional.  The cases that made it to these circuit courts originated in district courts which for the most part also struck down same-sex marriage bans.  When a circuit court struck down a state's same-sex marriage ban, it did not directly strike down same-sex marriage bans in other states within the circuit.  However, it paved the way for same-sex marriage bans to be struck down in the entire circuit due to the precedent it set for district courts within the circuit to follow.  In some states, same-sex marriage was already legal before a federal circuit court ruled on the matter.  The Sixth Circuit ruled that same-sex marriage bans were not unconstitutional and reversed the district court rulings that struck down same-sex marriage bans.  Since this was the only circuit court to rule this way post-"Windsor", this created a circuit split which ultimately led to the Supreme Court of the United States deciding to resolve the issue once and for all.  They ruled that same-sex marriage bans violate the constitution in the landmark ruling "Obergefell v. Hodges" which was the consolidated case that covered each state in the Sixth Circuit.  Some circuit courts have not ruled on the constitutionality of same-sex marriage bans at all.  Many circuit courts had pending same-sex marriage cases, but decided to hold off on litigation until the Supreme Court ruled on the matter.
  Title: Marriage in England and Wales
  Passage: Marriage in England and Wales is legally recognised in the forms of both civil, and religious marriage for opposite sex couples only, and same sex marriage in register offices or an approved venue.  Same-sex marriages cannot be solemnised in the Church of England, due to the church's doctrine and views on marriage.  Canon laws forbid such from taking place.  Marriage laws in England and Wales have historically evolved separately from marriage laws in other jurisdictions in the United Kingdom.  There is a distinction between religious marriages, conducted by an authorised religious celebrant, civil marriages, conducted by a state registrar and same sex marriages, also conducted by a state registrar.  The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 (c. 30) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which legalised same-sex marriage in England and Wales.  The legal minimum age to enter into a marriage in England and Wales is sixteen years, although this requires parental consent if a participant is under eighteen.  Certain relatives are not allowed to marry.  For foreign nationals, there are also residency conditions that have to be met before people can be married.  Same-sex marriage was introduced under the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act in March 2014.  Prior to this, civil partnerships had been made available to same-sex couples in the United Kingdom in 2005, granting rights and responsibilities virtually identical to civil marriage.  Civil partnerships remain to be available to only same-sex couples, despite a call by Peter Tatchell for there to be an equal status regarding such civil unions.  The Isle of Man is the only part of the British Isles where civil partnership are available to all irrespective of gender.
  Title: Obergefell v. Hodges
  Passage: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015) ( ), is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in a 5–4 decision.
  Title: Same-sex marriage in Canada
  Passage: Same-sex marriage in Canada was progressively introduced in several provinces by court decisions beginning in 2003 before being legally recognized nationwide with the enactment of the "Civil Marriage Act" on July 20, 2005.  On June 10, 2003, the Court of Appeal for Ontario issued a decision immediately legalizing same-sex marriage in Ontario, thereby becoming the first province it was legal.  The introduction of a federal gender-neutral marriage definition made Canada the fourth country in the world, and the first country outside Europe, to legally recognize same-sex marriage throughout its borders.  Before the federal recognition of same-sex marriage, court decisions had already introduced it in eight out of ten provinces and one of three territories, whose residents collectively made up about 90% of Canada's population.  More than 3,000 same-sex couples had already married in those areas before the "Civil Marriage Act" was introduced.  Most legal benefits commonly associated with marriage had been extended to cohabiting same-sex couples since 1999.
  Title: Same-sex marriage in the Sixth Circuit
  Passage: On April 28, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States heard oral arguments for "Obergefell v. Hodges" (Ohio), which was consolidated with three other same-sex marriage cases from the other states in the Sixth Circuit: "Tanco v. Haslam" (Tennessee), "DeBoer v. Snyder" (Michigan), "Bourke v. Beshear" (Kentucky).  On June 26, 2015 the Supreme Court reversed the Sixth Circuit's decision, paving the way for same-sex marriage to become legal in those states, and setting a precedent for the entire nation.  All four states complied with the ruling the same day it was issued before the mandate was actually issued.  Every state in the circuit had a district court ruling against their states' ban, but they were eventually stayed pending appeal.  The Sixth Circuit consists of Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee.  On August 6, 2014, the Sixth Circuit heard oral arguments for same-sex marriage cases from each state within the circuit.  On November 6, 2014, the Sixth Circuit in a split 2-1 decision, upheld the states' same-sex marriage bans, reversing the district courts' rulings that struck them down.  The Sixth Circuit was the first and only circuit court since the landmark ruling "United States v. Windsor" to uphold the constitutionality of states' same-sex marriage bans which caused a circuit split.
  Title: LGBT rights in Europe
  Passage: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country.  Thirteen out of the twenty one countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe; a further thirteen European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of recognition for same-sex couples.  Austria and Switzerland are considering legislation to introduce same-sex marriage.  Same-sex marriage was enacted in Finland by March 2017.  Slovenia has carried out a referendum to legalise same-sex marriage in December 2015 which failed to succeed.  In July 2017, both Malta and Germany passed laws on same-sex marriage and went into effect a couple of months later.  Both Armenia and Estonia are the only two countries within Europe that recognises legally performed same-sex marriages overseas, but does not perform them.  Constitutions of Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine recognizes marriage only as a union of one man and one woman.
  Title: Same-sex marriage in New Mexico
  Passage: Same-sex marriage became legally recognized statewide in New Mexico through a ruling by the New Mexico Supreme Court on December 19, 2013, requiring all county clerks to issue marriage licenses to qualified couples seeking marriage regardless of gender.  Until then, same-sex couples could only obtain marriage licenses in certain counties of the state.  Eight of 33 counties, covering 58% of the state's population, had begun issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in August and September 2013.  New Mexico's marriage statute is not specific as to gender.  It is the only state lacking a state statute or constitutional provision explicitly addressing same-sex marriage.  Lacking a state law or judicial ruling concerning same-sex marriage prior to December 19, 2013, policy for the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was determined at the county level at the discretion of local issuing authorities.  That is, some counties recognized same-sex marriage and issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples, while others did not.  Despite the ruling by the New Mexico Supreme Court allowing same-sex marriages in the state, some of New Mexico's Native American tribes (most notably the Navajo Nation) continue to prohibit same-sex marriages within their jurisdictions and do not recognize same-sex marriages performed elsewhere.
  Title: Same-sex marriage in Utah
  Passage: Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Utah since December 20, 2013, when the state began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples as the result of Judge Robert J. Shelby of the U.S. District Court for Utah ruling in the case of "Kitchen v. Herbert", which found that barring same-sex couples from marriage violated the U.S. Constitution.  The issuance of those licenses was halted during the period of January 6, 2014 until October 6, 2014, following the resolution of a lawsuit challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage.  On that day, following the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to hear an appeal in a case that found Utah's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the state to recognize same-sex marriage.
  Title: Kim Davis
  Passage: Kimberly Jean Davis (née Bailey; born September 17, 1965) is the county clerk for Rowan County, Kentucky, who gained international attention in August 2015 when she defied a U.S. federal court order to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, following the June 26, 2015, U.S. Supreme Court decision in "Obergefell v. Hodges".  Davis reacted to the decision by denying marriage licenses to all couples, saying she was acting "under God's authority".  Her defiance led to her being jailed, while both supporters and detractors hotly debated her stance in the national media.  Marriage licenses in Rowan County are now being issued to all citizens as required by law.
citations: Kim Davis Obergefell v. Hodges