question: What was the birth year of the founder of the spiritualistic philosophy codified in the 19th century?
answer: 1795
context: Title: Canadian contract law
  Passage: Canadian contract law has its foundation in the English legal tradition of the 19th and early 20th century.  It remains largely rooted in the old English common law and equity.  Individual provinces have codified many of the principles in a "Sale of Goods Act", which was also modeled on early English versions.  Quebec, being a civil law jurisdiction, does not have contract law, but rather has its own law of obligations that is codified in the Quebec Civil Code.
  Title: Alrashed Sahoubah
  Passage: Alrashid Bin-Hafeth Kaleematun Sahoubah ( Shuba ) (1827–1912) was a Yemenite rabbi of the 19th and early 20th centuries.  He founded the Jewish/gypsy pseudo-tribe Bani Sahoubah which flourished under Taharid Rule of Central Yemen.  Bani Sahoubah was well known as skilled in the arts, crafts and cosmetics and as influential mystics of Lurianic Kabbalah.  Alrashed became the object of much ridicule by the Dor Dai movement in Judaism, which was intended to combat the influence of the Zohar and restore the rational approach of Maimonides and the Jewish law as codified by him.  Alrashed Sahoubah served as sheik in the 19th century and died in 1912.  Rabbi Sahoubah has one son that was born in 1879 who was heir to his vast empire.  His son Saeed Sohoubah was born in 1879 and died in the 1960s in a small village outside of Rada'.  His tribe survives today ruled by his great grandson.  The current Rabbani of the Bani-Sahoubah is Ibrahim Abdo Said Alrashid Sohoubah (Abraham Shuba).  On the gypsy side the last chieftain of the Zootis is Husan Sharif, a descendant of legendary Zooti Geddi Sharif.
  Title: History of ecology
  Passage: Ecology is a new science and considered as an important branch of biological science, having only become prominent during the second half of the 20th century.  Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics.  Its history stems all the way back to the 4th century.  One of the first ecologists whose writings survive may have been Aristotle or perhaps his student, Theophrastus, both of whom had interest in many species of animals and plants.  Theophrastus described interrelationships between animals and their environment as early as the 4th century BC.  Ecology developed substantially in the 18th and 19th century.  It began with Carl Linnaeus and his work with the economy of nature.  Soon after came Alexander von Humboldt and his work with botanical geography.  Alfred Russel Wallace and Karl Möbius then contributed with the notion of biocoenosis.  Eugenius Warming’s work with ecological plant geography led to the founding of ecology as a discipline.  Charles Darwin’s work also contributed to the science of ecology, and Darwin is often attributed with progressing the discipline more than anyone else in its young history.  Ecological thought expanded even more in the early 20th century.  Major contributions included: Eduard Suess’ and Vladimir Vernadsky’s work with the biosphere, Arthur Tansley’s ecosystem, Charles Elton's "Animal Ecology", and Henry Cowles ecological succession.  Ecology influenced the social sciences and humanities.  Human ecology began in the early 20th century and it recognized humans as an ecological factor.  Later James Lovelock advanced views on earth as a macro-organism with the Gaia hypothesis.  Conservation stemmed from the science of ecology.  Important figures and movements include Shelford and the ESA, National Environmental Policy act, George Perkins Marsh, Theodore Roosevelt, Stephen A. Forbes, and post-Dust Bowl conservation.  Later in the 20th century world governments collaborated on man’s effects on the biosphere and Earth’s environment.
  Title: Amélie Gabrielle Boudet
  Passage: Amélie Boudet (21 November 1795 – 21 January 1883) was a French teacher and artist, and wife of Allan Kardec, the founder of Spiritism.  After his death, she became the world's leading authority on Spiritism.
  Title: Spiritism
  Passage: Spiritism is a spiritualistic philosophy codified in the 19th century by the French educator Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail, under the codename Allan Kardec; it proposed the study of "the nature, origin, and destiny of spirits, and their relation with the corporeal world".  Spiritism soon spread to other countries, having today 35 countries represented in the International Spiritist Council.
  Title: Bert Mosselmans
  Passage: Bert Mosselmans (born 1969) is a professor of economics and philosophy and Dean of Vesalius College, Brussels, Belgium.  And professor of economics and philosophy at University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, the Netherlands.  He received a MSc in Business Engineering (1992), a MA in philosophy (1994) and a PhD in economics (1999) from the Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium.  His research focuses on the history of economic thought, mainly the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, and with a special interest in the history of microeconomics and industrial organization.  He has published extensively on the history of economic thought and the history of philosophy, most notably on William Stanley Jevons, a 19th-century British philosopher and economist.  His research appeared in journals such as The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought and History of Political Economy.
  Title: Andrew Montour
  Passage: Andrew Montour (c. 1720–1772), also known as Sattelihu, Eghnisara and Henry was an important Métis interpreter and negotiator in the Virginia and Pennsylvania backcountry in the latter half of the 18th century.  He was of Oneida and Algonquin ancestry, with a French grandfather.  Historian James Merrell estimated his birth year as 1720.  Likely born in his mother's village of Otstonwakin (near current Montoursville, Pennsylvania), he later led the village in the 18th century before settling further west.
  Title: Anthony Tol
  Passage: Dr. Anthony "Tony" Tol (11 May 1943, Boskoop - 2 July 2014) served in the Documentation Center of the VU University in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, as an archivist for the collection of materials assembled there for 19th Century historical developments in that country.  Tol did his undergraduate studies at Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan, and then received his PhD in philosophy under D. H. Th.  Vollenhoven, professor of philosophy at VU.  Tony Tol became an active proponent of a method for study of the history of Western philosophy and its systematics, the method which Vollenhoven had empirically built-up by studying 16,000 individual philosophers over the course of theoretical thought in the West.  Called by Vollenhoven the Consequent Problem-Historical Method (CPHM), the approach proved fascinating to Tol, who became one of its prime users in his own philosophical research and a theorizer of the development of the philosophical movement which had given it birth.  The movement gave rise to the school of thought known as Reformational philosophy, founded by Vollenhoven and his colleague at VU University, professor of law Herman Dooyeweerd.
  Title: Car
  Passage: A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation.  Most definitions of "car" say they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four tires, and mainly transport people rather than goods.  Cars came into global use during the 20th century, and developed economies depend on them.  The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car, when German inventor Karl Benz built his Benz Patent-Motorwagen.  Cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century.  One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company.  Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other parts of the world.
  Title: Alice Lounsberry
  Passage: Alice Lounsberry (6 November 1873 in New York City – 1949) was an American botanist and author active in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  (Some sources give her birth year as 1872.)  She worked closely with the Australian botanical artist Ellis Rowan, publishing three books with her as illustrator.
citations: Amélie Gabrielle Boudet Spiritism