question: Mahatma Gandhi led India to independence through nonviolent civil disobedience which was sometimes referred to as what?
answer: obstructive program
context: Title: Stellan Vinthagen
  Passage: Stellan Vinthagen (born October 13, 1964) is a professor of sociology, a scholar-activist, and the Inaugural Endowed Chair in the Study of Nonviolent Direct Action and Civil Resistance at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, where he directs the "Resistance Studies Initiative".  He is also Co-Leader of the Resistance Studies Group at University of Gothenburg and co-founder of the Resistance Studies Network, as well as Editor of the "Journal of Resistance Studies", and a Council Member of War Resisters International (WRI), and academic advisor to the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict (ICNC).  His research is focused on resistance, power, social movements, nonviolent action, conflict transformation and social change.  He has since 1980 been an educator, organizer and activist in several countries, and has participated in more than 30 nonviolent civil disobedience actions, for which he has served in total more than one year in prison.
  Title: List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi
  Passage: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement.  He was the pioneer of "Satyagraha" — the resistance of alleged tyranny through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon "ahimsa" or total nonviolence — which inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.  Gandhi is commonly known in India and across the world with the honorific "Mahatma Gandhi" (Sanskrit: महात्मा "mahātmā" — "Great Soul") and as "Bapu" (Gujarati: બાપુ "bāpu" — "Father").  In India, he is recognised as the Father of the Nation by the political class and 2 October, his birthday, is commemorated each year on Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday and dry day.
  Title: Mahatma Gandhi New Series
  Passage: The Mahatma Gandhi New Series of banknotes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the legal tender of the Indian rupee (), intended to replace the Mahatma Gandhi Series of banknotes.  Announced on November 8, 2016, it followed the demonetisation of 500 and 1000 banknotes of the original Mahatma Gandhi Series.  Similar to the preceding series of banknotes, the obverse of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series banknotes also prominently displays the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi.  The logo of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is also printed on the back of the banknotes of this series.
  Title: Salt March
  Passage: The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha, was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India initiated by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to produce salt from the seawater in the coastal village of Dandi, as was the practice of the local populace until British officials introduced taxation on salt production, deemed their sea-salt reclamation activities illegal, and then repeatedly used force to stop it.  The 24-day march began from 12 March 1930 and continued until 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly, and it gained worldwide attention which gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and started the nationwide non co-operation movement.
  Title: Martin Luther King Jr.
  Passage: Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr., January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement.  He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using the tactics of nonviolence and civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs and inspired by the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi.
  Title: Civil disobedience
  Passage: Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, or of an occupying international power.  Civil disobedience is sometimes defined as having to be nonviolent to be called civil disobedience.  Civil disobedience is sometimes, therefore, equated with nonviolent resistance.
  Title: Mahatma Gandhi
  Passage: Mahātmā Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( ; ] ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule.  Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.  The honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable")—applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa—is now used worldwide.  In India, he is also called Bapu ji (Gujarati: endearment for "father", "papa") and Gandhi ji.  He is unofficially called the "Father of the Nation"
  Title: List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi
  Passage: Mahatma Gandhi Road which is also used in its abbreviated form as M. G. Road, named after Mahatma Gandhi.  M. G. Road is one of the most frequently used road names in India, Agra having two of them.  Several other Indian cities have a road by this name.  In 2010, attempts were made to rename Hillcroft Avenue in Houston, Texas to Mahatma Gandhi Avenue but the proponents were unable to secure signatures from 75% of the property owners.  As a result, the group settled for renaming the areas around Hillcroft Avenue to Mahatma Gandhi district.  In Kolkata, Central Road was renamed Harrison Road in 1892 after Sir Henry Leland Harrison, then the chairman of Calcutta Corporation.  It has recently been renamed yet again to Mahatma Gandhi Road.  In many cities in South India, Mahatma Gandhi Road is popularly known by other names.  In Chennai, it is known as Nungambakkam High Road.  In Coimbatore, Mahatma Gandhi Road is popularly known by Avarampalayam Road.  In other countries, Mahatma Gandhi Road is known by different names (Gandhistraat, Gandhiweg, Gandhiplein).
  Title: Constructive Program
  Passage: Constructive Program (CP) is a term coined by Mahatma Gandhi to describe one of the two branches of his satyagraha, the other being some form on nonviolent resistance, e.g. civil disobedience, sometimes referred to as "obstructive program".  CP is a way of carrying out a struggle through community and self-improvement by building structures, systems, processes, and resources that are alternatives to oppression and promote self-sufficiency and unity in the resisting community.
  Title: Vedaranyam March
  Passage: The Vedaranyam March (also called the Vedaranyam Satyagraha) was a framework of the nonviolent civil disobedience movement in British India.  Modeled on the lines of Dandi March, which was led by Mahatma Gandhi on the western coast of India the month before, it was organised to protest the salt tax imposed by the British Raj in the colonial India.
citations: Mahatma Gandhi Constructive Program