question: When was the  sixteenth century King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania died?
answer: 7 July 1572
context: Title: Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84)
  Passage: The Lithuanian Civil War of 1381–1384 was the first struggle for power between the cousins Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania and later King of Poland, and Vytautas the Great.  It began after Jogaila signed the Treaty of Dovydiškės with the Teutonic Knights which was aimed against his uncle Kęstutis, father of Vytautas.  Kęstutis briefly seized power in the Grand Duchy, but was betrayed by adherents of Jogaila primarily from Vilnius.  During negotiations for a truce Kęstutis and Vytautas were arrested and transported to the Kreva Castle.  Kęstutis died there a week later but Vytautas managed to escape and then sought an alliance with the Teutonic Knights.  Subsequently their joint forces raided Lithuanian lands.  Eventually the cousins were reconciled as Jogaila needed internal stability in anticipation of negotiations with the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Kingdom of Poland regarding the possible Christianization of Lithuania.  The war did not settle the power struggle; it continued during the next Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) which was resolved by the signing of the Ostrów Agreement.  After more than ten years of struggle, Vytautas finally became the Grand Duke of Lithuania and ruled the country for thirty-eight years.
  Title: Music in early modern Scotland
  Passage: Music in early modern Scotland includes all forms of musical production in Scotland between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century.  In this period the court followed the European trend for instrumental accompaniment and playing.  Scottish monarchs of the sixteenth century were patrons of religious and secular music, and some were accomplished musicians.  In the sixteenth century the playing of a musical instrument and singing became an expected accomplishment of noble men and women.  The departure of James VI to rule in London at the Union of Crowns in 1603, meant that the Chapel Royal, Stirling Castle largely fell into disrepair and the major source of patronage was removed from the country.  Important composers of the early sixteenth century included Robert Carver and David Peebles.  The Lutheranism of the early Reformation was sympathetic to the incorporation of Catholic musical traditions and vernacular songs into worship, exemplified by "The Gude and Godlie Ballatis" (1567).  However, the Calvinism that came to dominate Scottish Protestantism led to the closure of song schools, disbanding of choirs, removal of organs and the destruction of music books and manuscripts.  An emphasis was placed on the Psalms, resulting in the production of a series of Psalters and the creation of a tradition of unaccompanied singing.
  Title: Sigismund II Augustus
  Passage: Sigismund II Augustus (Polish: "Zygmunt II August" , Ruthenian: "Żygimont II Awgust", Lithuanian: "Žygimantas II Augustas" , German: "Sigismund II.  August" ) (1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572) was the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the only son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548.  Married three times, the last of the Jagiellons remained childless, and through the Union of Lublin introduced a free elective monarchy.
  Title: VI High School – King Sigismund Augustus
  Passage: VI High School – King Sigismund Augustus is a secondary school in the Bojary district of the city of Białystok in Poland.  The school was founded in 1915 and its alumni include the inventor of Esperanto .  The school is named after the sixteenth century King Sigismund II Augustus.
  Title: Andrei of Polotsk
  Passage: Andrei of Polotsk (Belarusian: Андрэй Альгердавіч , Lithuanian: "Andrius Algirdaitis" Polish: "Andrzej Olgierdowic" , ca. 1325 – 12 August 1399, in the Battle of the Vorskla River) was the eldest son of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his first wife Maria of Vitebsk.  He was Duke of Pskov (through his deputy Yuri, 1342–1348) and Polotsk (1342–1387).  As the eldest son of the Grand Duke, Andrei claimed his right to the throne after his father's death in 1377.  Algirdas left Jogaila, his eldest son with his second wife Uliana of Tver, as the rightful heir.  Andrei's rivalry with Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania and later King of Poland, eventually led to his demise.
  Title: Lithuanian Civil War (1389–92)
  Passage: The Lithuanian Civil War of 1389–92 was the second civil conflict between Jogaila, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his cousin Vytautas.  At issue was control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, then the largest state in Europe.  Jogaila had been crowned King of Poland in 1386; he installed his brother Skirgaila as ruler of Lithuania.  Skirgaila proved unpopular and Vytautas attempted to depose him.  When his first attempt to take the capital city of Vilnius failed, Vytautas forged an alliance with the Teutonic Knights, their common enemy – just as both cousins had done during the Lithuanian Civil War between 1381 and 1384.  Vytautas and the Knights unsuccessfully besieged Vilnius in 1390.  Over the next two years it became clear that neither side could achieve a quick victory, and Jogaila proposed a compromise: Vytautas would become Grand Duke and Jogaila would remain Superior Duke.  This proposal was formalized in the Ostrów Agreement of 1392, and Vytautas turned against the Knights.  He went on to reign as Grand Duke of Lithuania for 38 years, and the cousins remained at peace.
  Title: Union of Horodło
  Passage: The Union of Horodło or Pact of Horodło was a set of three acts signed in the town of Horodło on 2 October 1413.  The first act was signed by Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, and Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania.  The second and third acts were composed by the Polish nobility (szlachta) and Lithuanian boyars respectively.  The union amended the earlier Polish–Lithuanian unions of Krewo and Vilnius–Radom.  Politically, Lithuania received more autonomy as, after the death of Vytautas, the Lithuanian nobles could choose another Grand Duke instead of passing the title to Władysław II Jagiełło or his heir.  However, culturally, Lithuania and Poland grew closer.  Lithuania adopted Polish institutions of castellans and voivodes. Catholic Lithuanian nobles and church officials were granted equal rights with the Polish nobles and clergy.  Forty-seven selected Lithuanian nobles were adopted by Polish families and granted Polish coats of arm.  Thus the union signified the beginnings of Polonization of Lithuanian culture and the rise of the Lithuanian nobility.  It was one of the major steps towards the modernization and Europeanization of Lithuania.
  Title: Władysław II Jagiełło
  Passage: Jogaila, later Władysław II Jagiełło (] ) (c. 1352/1362 – 1 June 1434) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1434) and then the King of Poland (1386–1434), first alongside his wife Jadwiga until 1399, and then sole King of Poland.  He ruled in Lithuania from 1377.  Born a pagan, in 1386 he converted to Catholicism and was baptized as Władysław in Kraków, married the young Queen Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło.  In 1387 he converted Lithuania to Christianity.  His own reign in Poland started in 1399, upon the death of Queen Jadwiga, and lasted a further thirty-five years and laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish–Lithuanian union.  He was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland that bears his name and was previously also known as the Gediminid dynasty in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.  The dynasty ruled both states until 1572, and became one of the most influential dynasties in late medieval and early modern Central and Eastern Europe.  During his reign, the Polish-Lithuanian state was the largest state in the Christian world.
  Title: War of the Polish Succession (1587–88)
  Passage: The War of the Polish Succession or the Habsburg-Polish War took place from 1587 to 1588 over the election of monarch after the death of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory.  The war was fought between factions of Sigismund III Vasa and Maximilian III, with Sigismund eventually being crowned King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.  Two major battles of this conflict included the Siege of Kraków, in which Maximilian III failed to capture the capital of the Commonwealth, and the Battle of Byczyna, in which Maximilian was forced to surrender.  Sigismund's victory was significantly the doing of Chancellor and Hetman Jan Zamoyski, who stood behind both the political intrigue and the military victories of this conflict.
  Title: Sophia of Halshany
  Passage: Sophia of Halshany or Sonka Olshanskaya (Belarusian: Соф'я Гальшанская, "Sofja Halšanskaja" ; Lithuanian: "Sofija Alšėniškė" ; Polish: "Zofia Holszańska" ;  1405 – September 21, 1461 in Kraków) was a Grand Duchy of Lithuania princess of Halshany.  As the fourth and last wife of Jogaila, King of Poland and Supreme Duke of Lithuania, she was Queen consort of Poland (1422–1434).  As the mother of Władysław III, King of Poland and Hungary, and Casimir IV, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, she was the founder of the Jagiellon dynasty.
citations: Sigismund II Augustus VI High School – King Sigismund Augustus