What war would Lufwaffe fighter Johannes Steinhoff flown the Taktisches Lufwaffengeschwader 73?
World War II
Title: Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 73
Passage: Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader (Tactical Air Force Wing) 73 "Steinhoff", formerly known as Jagdgeschwader 73 (Fighter Wing 73), is a fighter wing of the German Air Force.  The wing is based in north-eastern Germany at Rostock-Laage Airport near Rostock.  Its role includes general air defence as well as training for the Eurofighter Typhoon.
Title: Andrew Higgins
Passage: Andrew Jackson Higgins (28 August 1886 – 1 August 1952) was the founder and owner of Higgins Industries, the New Orleans-based manufacturer of "Higgins boats" (LCVPs) during World War II.  The company started out as a small boat-manufacturing business, but later became one of the biggest industries in the world with upwards of eighty thousand workers and government contracts worth nearly three hundred fifty million dollars.  General Dwight Eisenhower is quoted as saying, "Andrew Higgins ... is the man who won the war for us.  ... If Higgins had not designed and built those LCVPs, we never could have landed over an open beach.  The whole strategy of the war would have been different."  Adolf Hitler recognized his heroic war efforts in ship production and bitterly dubbed him the "New Noah."
Title: 118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF
Passage: The 118th (North Waterloo) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.  In the early months of the war, Canadians rushed to enlist for various reasons - patriotism, adventure, and to oppose German hostility.  Battalions were quickly filled and local communities were proud of their enlisted men.  But as the war progressed Canadian recruitment numbers declined.  By 1916, all Canadian Battalions, not just the local 118th and 111th, were faced with enlistment challenges.  Overseas casualties increased and Canadians began to realize the war would not end soon.  As the war progressed and Waterloo County came under more scrutiny, Waterloo North Member of Parliament William Weichel proposed to Sir Sam Hughes, the Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence, that Waterloo County could raise two overseas battalions.  Colonel A.J. Oliver, commander of the 34th Battalion in nearby Guelph, was one of the few who opposed this idea, realizing that it would be a very difficult undertaking.  Hughes agreed and in December 1915 the creation of two infantry battalions was authorized - one based in Berlin and one in Galt.
Title: Fort Duffield
Passage: Fort Duffield is a Union American Civil War fort located outside West Point, Kentucky.  It saw use in 1862, and was abandoned when it appeared that the war would never come near the fort.  Ironically, John Hunt Morgan would in 1863 lead his Raiders right past the fort and may have been stopped had the fort not been abandoned.
Title: Malta Command
Passage: Malta Command was an independent command of the British Army.  It commanded all army units involved in the defence of Malta.  Once mobilised the Command deployed its headquarters to underground hardened shelters and its combat units were deployed to fixed points in the Maltese countryside, from where they operated from.  This mobilised, but largely static army garrison would be tested by aerial bombardment and naval blockade during the Second World War.  Whilst Malta Command was already a functioning command structure before 1939, it had existed in the Great War and was specifically mentioned in a House of Commons debate of 12 February 1917; the Second World War would see the Command operate as a genuine war-fighting headquarters, albeit in a static defensive role.
Title: German–Soviet Axis talks
Passage: In October and November 1940, German–Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II.  The negotiations, which occurred during the era of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements.  After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940, Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers (Japan, Germany, Soviet Union, Italy).  Hitler, Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland's resources, and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans.  Molotov remained firm, seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans.  Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism.  In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.  These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line.  According to a Columbia University academical source, on 25 November 1940, the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact, but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran.  Germany did not respond, leaving the negotiations unresolved.  Regarding the counterproposal, Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin "demands more and more", "he's a cold-blooded blackmailer" and that "a German victory has become unbearable for Russia" so that "she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible."  Germany broke the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union.
Title: Spirit of 1914
Passage: The Spirit of 1914 (German: Augusterlebnis) was the alleged jubilation in Germany at the outbreak of World War I.  Many individuals remembered that euphoria erupted on 4 August 1914 after all the political parties in the Reichstag, including the previously antimilitarist Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), supported the war credits in a unanimous vote, later referred to as the "Burgfrieden" (literally "castle peace", but more accurately party truce).  Many, particularly those in the middle class, believed Germany had ended its decades of bitter domestic political conflict.  The string of military victories in the following weeks, which demonstrated what Germany could accomplish when unified and suggested that the war would be short, reinforced the ebullience.  Many on the political right accordingly believed, and continued to believe into the Nazi era, that these first weeks of the war were Germany's finest hour, the German equivalent to 1789 in France.  Until the 1990s, most historians took the memory of the Spirit of 1914 at face value and claimed that the enthusiasm in August 1914 was universal.
Title: Richard Boyd Barrett
Passage: Richard Boyd Barrett (born 6 February 1967) an Irish Trotskyist politician who was elected as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dún Laoghaire constituency, at the 2011 general election under the banner of the "AAA-PBP".  The AAA, which was re-branded as "Solidarity" in 2017, is one of the organisations that is affiliated to the Socialist Party.  Boyd Barrett is a former member of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council.  He is chair of the Irish Anti-War Movement and on multiple occasions has been cited on war issues in the Irish media.  He opposed the Iraq War and helped organise protests against it in 2003, amid concerns that the war would lead to thousands of unnecessary deaths.  Domestically, he has campaigned to reverse job losses, supported the Rossport Five and voiced opposition to Ireland's bank-bail outs and the National Asset Management Agency (NAMA) among other issues.
Title: Johannes Steinhoff
Passage: Johannes "Macky" Steinhoff (15 September 1913 – 21 February 1994) was a German general, NATO official and Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II.  He joined the West German government's Rearmament Office as a consultant on military aviation in 1952 and became one of the principal officials tasked with building the German Air Force during the Cold War.  He became the German Military Representative to the NATO Military Committee in 1960, served as Acting Commander Allied Air Forces Central Europe in NATO 1965–1966, as Inspector of the Air Force 1966–1970 and as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee 1971–1974.  In retirement, Steinhoff became a widely read author of books on German military aviation during the Second World War and the experiences of the German people at that time.
Title: Christianity and violence
Passage: Christians have held diverse views towards violence and non-violence through time.  Currently and historically there have been four views and practices within Christianity toward violence and war: non-resistance, Christian pacifism, Just war theory, and the Crusade (Holy or preventive war).  Concepts such as "Holy war", whereby fighting itself might be considered a penitential and spiritually meritorious act, did not emerge before the 11th century.  The concept of "Just war", whereby limited uses of war would be considered acceptable originated by non-Christian Roman and Greek thinkers such Cicero and Plato.  Though this theory was adapted later by Christian thinkers such as St Augustine, the perspective was not based on the New Testament.  The "Just War" concept was widely accepted early on, however, warfare was not regarded as a virtuous activity and expression for concern for the salvation of those who killed enemies in battle, regardless of the cause for which they fought, was common.
Johannes Steinhoff Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 73