What are both IQ 151 and Digi-Comp I?
computer
Title: IQ and the Wealth of Nations
Passage: IQ and the Wealth of Nations is a 2002 book by Richard Lynn, Professor of Psychology, and Tatu Vanhanen, Professor of Political Science.  The authors argue that differences in national income (in the form of per capita gross domestic product) are correlated with differences in the average national intelligence quotient (IQ).  They further argue that differences in average national IQs constitute one important factor, but not the only one, contributing to differences in national wealth and rates of economic growth.  Critical responses have included questioning of the methodology and of the incompleteness of the data, as well as of the conclusions.  The 2006 book "IQ and Global Inequality" is a follow-up to "IQ and the Wealth of Nations" by the same authors.
Title: Digi-Comp I
Passage: The Digi-Comp I was a functioning, mechanical digital computer sold in kit form.  It was originally manufactured from polystyrene parts by E.S.R., Inc. starting in 1963 and sold as an educational toy for US$4.99.
Title: Maryland Route 151
Passage: Maryland Route 151 (MD 151) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland.  Known for most of its length as North Point Boulevard, the state highway runs 10.80 mi from 7th Street in Sparrows Point north to U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Baltimore.  MD 151 is a four- to six-lane divided highway that connects the communities of Edgemere and Dundalk on the Patapsco River Neck peninsula of southeastern Baltimore County with industrial areas in Sparrows Point and East Baltimore.  MD 151 was originally constructed in the early 1920s from Sparrows Point to Edgemere.  The highway was connected to Baltimore by the Baltimore County portion of MD 20, a number also assigned to the highway from Rock Hall to Chestertown in Kent County.  During World War II, MD 151 was extended north through Dundalk on a new divided highway parallel to MD 20 and through East Baltimore on an expanded Erdman Avenue to connect the Bethlehem Steel complex at Sparrows Point with MD 150 and US 40.  In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Interstate 695 (I-695) was constructed parallel to MD 151 between Edgemere and MD 157 in Dundalk.
Title: IQ and Global Inequality
Passage: IQ and Global Inequality is a 2006 book by psychologist Richard Lynn and political scientist Tatu Vanhanen.  "IQ and Global Inequality" is follow-up to their 2002 book "IQ and the Wealth of Nations", an expansion of the argument that international differences in current economic development are due in part to differences in average national intelligence as indicated by national IQ estimates, and a response to critics.  The book was published by the controversial Washington Summit Publishers.
Title: Intelligence quotient
Passage: An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence.  The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term "Intelligenzquotient", his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of Breslau he advocated in a 1912 book.  Historically, IQ is a score obtained by dividing a person’s mental age score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person’s chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months.  The resulting fraction is multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score.  When current IQ tests were developed, the median raw score of the norming sample is defined as IQ 100 and scores each standard deviation (SD) up or down are defined as 15 IQ points greater or less, although this was not always so historically.  By this definition, approximately two-thirds of the population scores are between IQ 85 and IQ 115.  About 5 percent of the population scores above 125, and 5 percent below 75.
Title: Fertility and intelligence
Passage: The relationship between fertility and intelligence has been investigated in many demographic studies, with contradicting evidence that on a population level, intelligence is negatively correlated with fertility rate, and positively correlated with survival rate of offspring.  The combined net effect of these two forces on ultimate population intelligence is not well studied and is unclear.  It is theorized that if an inverse correlation of IQ with fertility rate were stronger than the correlation of survival rate, and if heritable factors involved in IQ were consistently expressed in populations with different fertility rates, and if this continued over a significant number of generations, it could lead to a decrease in population IQ scores.  The Flynn effect demonstrates an increase in phenotypic IQ scores over time, but confounding environmental factors during the same period of time preclude any conclusion concerning underlying change in genotypic IQ.  Other correlates of IQ include income and educational attainment, which are also fertility factors that are inversely correlated with fertility rate, and are to some degree heritable.  It should also be noted that while fertility measures offspring per woman, if one needs to predict population-level changes, the average age of motherhood also needs to be considered, with lower age of motherhood potentially having a greater effect than fertility rate.  (For example, a subpopulation with fertility rate of 4 with average age of reproduction at 40 years old, generally speaking, will have relatively less genotypical growth than a subpopulation with fertility rate of 3 but average age of reproduction at 20 years old.)
Title: P'iq'iñ Q'ara (Loayza)
Passage: P'iq'iñ Q'ara (Aymara "p'iq'iña" head, "q'ara" bare, bald, "p'iq'iña q'ara" bald, "baldheaded", also spelled "Phequen Khara") or P'iq'iñ Qala (Aymara "qala" stone, "bare stone", also spelled "Pekhen Khala") is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia which reaches a height of approximately 4960 m .  It is located in the La Paz Department, Loayza Province, Malla Municipality, north of Malla.  The Malla Jawira flows along its eastern slopes.
Title: IQ 151
Passage: The IQ 151 was a personal computer produced by ZPA Nový Bor in the former Czechoslovakia.
Title: P'iq'iñ Q'ara Punta
Passage: P'iq'iñ Q'ara Punta (Aymara "p'iq'iña" head, "q'ara" bare, bald, "p'iq'iña q'ara" bald, also spelled "Pheken Khara Punta") is a 4551 m mountain in the Bolivian Andes.  It is located in the Cochabamba Department, Tapacari Province.  P'iq'iñ Q'ara Punta lies west of the village of Machaqa Marka "(Machacamarca)".
Title: Heritability of IQ
Passage: Research on heritability of IQ infers, from the similarity of IQ in closely related persons, the proportion of variance of IQ among individuals in a study population that is associated with genetic variation within that population.  This provides a maximum estimate of genetic versus environmental influence for phenotypic variation in IQ in that population. " Heritability", in this sense, "refers to the genetic contribution to variance within a population and in a specific environment".  In other words, heritability is a mathematical estimate that indicates how much of a trait’s variation can be attributed to genes.  There has been significant controversy in the academic community about the heritability of IQ since research on the issue began in the late nineteenth century.  Intelligence in the normal range is a polygenic trait, meaning that it is influenced by more than one gene.
IQ 151 Digi-Comp I