What genus does the chimpanzee that the has a similar mating system to early humans, according to the authors of "Sex at Dawn", make up?
Pan
Title: Sex at Dawn
Passage: Sex at Dawn: The Prehistoric Origins of Modern Sexuality is a book dealing with the evolution of monogamy in humans and human mating systems.  First published in 2010, it was co-authored by Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá (] ).  In opposition to what the authors see as the 'standard narrative' of human sexual evolution, they contend having multiple sexual partners was common and accepted in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness.  Mobile self-contained groups of hunter gatherers are posited as the human norm before agriculture led to high population density.  According to the authors, before agriculture, sex was relatively promiscuous, and paternity was not a concern, in a similar way to the mating system of Bonobos.  According to the book, sexual interactions strengthened the bond of trust in the groups; far from causing jealousy, social equilibrium and reciprocal obligation was strengthened by playful sexual interactions.
Title: Polygynandry
Passage: Polygynandry is a mating system in which both males and females have multiple mating partners during a breeding season.  In sexually reproducing diploid animals, different mating strategies are employed by males and females because the cost of gamete production is a lot lower for males than it is for females.  The different mating tactics employed by males and females are thought to be the outcome of stochastic reproductive conflicts both ecologically and socially.  Reproductive conflicts in animal societies may arise because individuals are not genetically identical and they have different optimal strategies for maximizing their fitness; and often times it is found that reproductive conflicts generally arise due to dominance hierarchy in which all or a major part of reproduction is monopolized by only one individual (wasp).  In the Polistes carolina, the dominant queen amongst female wasps is determined by whoever arrives at the nest first rather than the largest foundress, who is expected to be the best at fighting (wasp).  In a study of Prunella collaris, the close proximity and sharing of ranges on the mountain tops of the French Pyrenees led to a polygynandrous mating system, where two to four males would mate with a range of two to four females within the same vicinity.  Polygynandry is another way to describe a multi-male and multi-female polygamous mating system.  When females have multiple mating partners, it is known as polyandry and when males have multiple mating partners, it is known as polygyny; and each sex has their benefits in being promiscuous.  Females, especially those with genetically 'inferior' social partners, have the chance to increase the genetic quality of their offspring.  While males are able to fertilize the eggs of many other mates.  Essentially the ideal mating behavior for males is to be promiscuous rather than monogamous—when they only have one mating partner because this leads to multiple offspring and these males monopolize their female partners by physically preventing them from copulating with other males.  On the other hand, females benefit through polyandry as they have more sired offspring.
Title: Alternative mating strategy
Passage: An alternative mating strategy is a mating strategy used by males or females that differs from the prevailing strategy of the sex.  The mating strategies of animals are diverse and variable both across and within species.  Animal sexual behavior and mate choice directly affect social structure and relationships in many different mating systems, whether monogamous, polygamous, polyandrous, or polygynous.  Though males and females in a given population typically employ a predominant reproductive strategy based on the overarching mating system, there is still significant variation in behavior among individuals of the same sex.  Alternative strategies provide animals of certain phenotypes with a different means for obtaining mates.  The study of alternative mating strategies is critical to correctly characterizing the diverse sexual behavior practiced by animals in a population and understanding the strength of selection on these individuals.
Title: Challenge hypothesis
Passage: The challenge hypothesis outlines the dynamic relationship between testosterone and aggression in mating contexts.  It proposes that testosterone promotes aggression when it would be beneficial for reproduction, such as mate guarding, or strategies designed to prevent the encroachment of intrasexual rivals.  The challenge hypothesis predicts that seasonal patterns in testosterone levels are a function of mating system (monogamy versus polygyny), paternal care, and male-male aggression in seasonal breeders.
Title: Golden-headed lion tamarin
Passage: The golden-headed lion tamarin ("Leontopithecus chrysomelas"), also the golden-headed tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to Brazil.  It is found only in the lowland and premontane tropical forest fragments in the state of Bahia, and therefore is considered to be an endangered species.  It lives at heights of 3 - .  Its preferred habitat is within mature forest, but with habitat destruction this is not always the case.  Several sources seem to have different information on the number of individuals within a group, and the type of social system that may be apparent.  The golden-headed lion tamarin lives within group sizes ranging from 2 to 11 individuals, with the average size ranging from 4 to 7.  According to various sources, the group may consist of two adult males, one adult female, and any immature individuals, one male and one female and any immature individuals, or there may be one producing pair and a varying number of other group members, usually offspring from previous generations.  There is not much known on its mating system, but according to different sources, and information on the possible social groups, it can be assumed that some may practice monogamous mating systems, and some may practice polyandrous mating systems.  Both males and females invest energy in caring for the young, and all members of the group also help with juvenile care.
Title: Polyandry in fish
Passage: Polyandry in fish is a mating system where females mate with multiple males within one mating season.  This type of mating exists in a variety of animal species.  Polyandry has been found in both oviparous and viviparous bony fish and sharks. General examples of polyandry occur in fish species, such as green swordtails and Trinidadian guppies.  Specific types of polyandry have also been classified, such as classical polyandry in pipefish cooperative polyandry in cichlids and convenience polyandry in sharks.
Title: Laccaria
Passage: Laccaria is a genus around 75 species of fungus found in both temperate and tropical regions of the world.  They are mycorrhizal.  The type species is "Laccaria laccata", commonly known as the deceiver.  Other notable species include "L. bicolor", and the amethyst deceiver ("L. amethystina"), sometimes incorrectly written as "L. amethystea".  Because some "Laccaria" species have the ability to grow vegetatively and/or germinate from basidiospores in culture, they are often used as experimental systems for studies of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes.  They have a "tetrapolar mating system", meaning that there are 4 mating types, any two of which can fertilize each other.  Recently, the genome of "L. bicolor" has been sequenced.
Title: Polygyny in animals
Passage: Polygyny ( ; from Neo-Greek πολυγυνία from - "poly-" "many", and "gyne" "woman" or "wife") is a mating system in which one male lives and mates with multiple females, but each female only mates with a single male.  Systems where several females mate with several males are defined either as promiscuity or polygynandry.  Lek mating is frequently regarded as a form of polygyny because one male mates with many females, but lek-based mating systems differ in that the male has no attachment to the females with whom he mates, and that mating females lack attachment to one another.
Title: Mixed mating model
Passage: The mixed mating model is a mathematical model that describes the mating system of a plant population in terms of the degree of self-fertilisation present.  It is a fairly simplistic model, employing several simplifying assumptions, most notably the assumption that every fertilisation event may be classed as either self-fertilisation, or outcrossing with a completely random mate.  Thus the only model parameter to be estimated is the probability of self-fertilisation.
Title: Bonobo
Passage: The bonobo ( or ; "Pan paniscus"), formerly called the pygmy chimpanzee and less often, the dwarf or gracile chimpanzee, is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus "Pan"; the other is "Pan troglodytes", or the common chimpanzee.  Although the name "chimpanzee" is sometimes used to refer to both species together, it is usually understood as referring to the common chimpanzee, whereas "Pan paniscus" is usually referred to as the bonobo.
Sex at Dawn Bonobo