In what year was the field Montini obtain a doctorate in issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?
1983
Title: Eni Njoku
Passage: Eni Njoku studied botany at the University of Manchester in England. He graduated with a first class honors degree in 1947 and obtained his M.A. degree the following year. In 1954, he obtained his doctorate from the University of London.
Title: Juan Ignacio Arrieta Ochoa de Chinchetru
Passage: Born in Vitoria, Spain in 1951, he was ordained to the priesthood for the Prelature of the Holy Cross (Opus Dei) on 23 August 1977. He received doctorates in Canon Law and jurisprudence and served as professor of canon law, first at the University of Navarra (Spain) and then in Rome and Venice.
Title: Pope Paul VI
Passage: In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest. He was ordained priest on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Holy Mass in Brescia in the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year. Afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. At the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the Secretariat of State in 1922, where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman. Consequently, he spent not a day as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian inspired culture'.
Title: Acta Ornithologica
Passage: Acta Ornithologica is an ornithological scientific periodical published in Poland (two issues per year) by the Polish Academy of Sciences. It is in English with summaries in Polish. It was established in 1933 as "Acta Ornithologica Musei Zoologici Polonici" and obtained its current name in 1953.
Title: Pope Paul VI
Passage: Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization.
Title: Hannington Sengendo
Passage: Sengendo also holds a Bachelor of Arts (BA), degree from Makerere University and the degree of Master of Arts in Human Geography (MA), obtained in 1987, from the University of Leeds. His degree of Doctorate in Urban Planning (PhD), was obtained in 1992, from the University of Nottingham.
Title: Georgetown Environmental Law Review
Passage: The Georgetown Environmental Law Review is a quarterly student-edited law review published at Georgetown University Law Center covering the legal implications of environmental issues including: climate change, renewable energy, and the intersection of the environment and international legal areas such as trade, human rights, security, and technology transfer. It was established in 1988 as the "Georgetown International Environmental Law Review" and obtained its current title in 2015. The first issue of each year's volume is dedicated to international issues. According to the Washington & Lee University law review rankings, the journal has an impact factor of 0.43.
Pope Paul VI