query: Baahubali: The Beginning was released in 2015.

document: Baahubali : The Beginning -LRB- stylized as bãhubali ; The One with Strong Arms -RRB- is a 2015 Indian epic historical fiction film directed by S. S. Rajamouli . The film was produced by Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni and was simultaneously shot in Telugu and Tamil . The film stars Prabhas , Rana Daggubati , Anushka Shetty and Tamannaah in the lead roles , with Ramya Krishnan , Sathyaraj , and Nassar in supporting roles . The first of two cinematic parts , The Beginning is a tale of the lost rightful heir of the fictional kingdom of Mahishmati , who learns about his true identity while falling in love with a rebellious warrior , who -LRB- among with her group -RRB- intends to rescue the former queen of Mahismati .   The film was conceived by Rajamouli 's father K. V. Vijayendra Prasad , who randomly told him a story about Sivagami , a woman who carries a baby in her hand while crossing a river , and a few years later about Kattapa , which intrigued Rajamouli . His fascination with mythology and the tales of Amar Chitra Katha comics further fueled his interest in the story . However , it took the writers three months to finalise the final draft . The soundtrack and background score were composed by M. M. Keeravani while the cinematography , production design , and VFX were handled by K. K. Senthil Kumar , Sabu Cyril and V. Srinivas Mohan respectively .   The film was made on a budget of 1.8 billion , making it the most expensive Indian film at its time of release . The film opened worldwide on 10 July 2015 , garnering critical acclaim and record breaking box office success . With the worldwide box office gross of 6.5 billion , it became the highest grossing film in India and the third-highest grossing Indian film worldwide , and the highest-grossing South Indian film at the time of its release . Its Hindi dubbed version also broke several records by becoming the highest grossing dubbed film in India . Both budget and box office records since has been surpassed by its sequel , Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion . The Beginning is the highest grossing Indian film of 2015 and the fourth highest grossing Indian film of all time .   It received several accolades . It won the National Film Award for Best Special Effects and Best Feature Film , becoming the first Telugu film to win the award . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards South , the Telugu version won five awards from ten nominations , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan . The Beginning became the first Indian film to be nominated for Saturn Awards , receiving five nominations at the 42nd ceremony , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actress for Tamannaah . The film 's second and final cinematic part was released on 28 April 2017 .


query: Sade (singer) sold more than 50 million units.

document: Helen Folasade Adu , OBE -LRB- Fọláṣadé Adú -LSB- fɔ̄láʃādé ādú -RSB- born 16 January 1959 -RRB- , known professionally as Sade Adu or simply Sade -LRB- -LSB- ʃɑːˈdeɪ -RSB- -RRB- , is a Nigerian-born British singer-songwriter , composer , arranger , and record producer . With members Paul S. Denman , Andrew Hale , and Stuart Matthewman , she gained worldwide fame as the lead vocalist of the English band Sade . Following a brief stint as a fashion designer of men 's clothing and part-time model , Adu began backup singing for the band Pride . Growing attention from record labels led her , along with other fellow band members , to separate from Pride and form the band Sade . Following a record deal with Epic Records the band released their debut album Diamond Life -LRB- 1984 -RRB- . The album sold over six million copies , becoming one of the top-selling debut recordings of the 1980s , and the best-selling debut ever by a British female vocalist .   Following the release of the band 's debut album , they went on to release a string of multi-platinum selling albums . Their follow-up Promise was released in 1985 and peaked at number-one in the UK Albums Chart , the US Billboard 200 , and went on to sell four million copies in the US . Sade would later go on to make her acting debut in the British film , Absolute Beginners -LRB- 1986 -RRB- , before the release of the band 's albums , Stronger Than Pride -LRB- 1988 -RRB- and Love Deluxe -LRB- 1992 -RRB- . After the release of the fifth album , Lovers Rock -LRB- 2000 -RRB- , the band embarked on a ten-year hiatus in which Sade raised her daughter . Following the hiatus , the band returned with their sixth album , Soldier of Love -LRB- 2010 -RRB- which became a commercial success and won a Grammy Award .   Sade 's US certified sales so far stand at 23.5 million units according to Recording Industry Association of America -LRB- RIAA -RRB- website and have sold more than 50 million units worldwide to date . The band was ranked at number 50 on VH1 's list of the `` 100 greatest artists of all time '' . In 2002 , Adu was awarded an OBE for services to music , and stated her award was `` a great gesture to me and all black women in England '' . In 2010 , The Sunday Times described her as the most successful solo British female artist in history . In 2012 , Sade was listed at number 30 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Women In Music '' .


query: Janet Jackson is a recording artist from the United States.

document: Janet Damita Jo Jackson -LRB- born May 16 , 1966 -RRB- is an American singer , songwriter , dancer and actress . Known for sonically innovative , socially conscious , and sexually provocative records , elaborate stage shows , and high-profile television and film roles , she has been a prominent figure in popular culture for over 30 years .   The youngest child of the Jackson family , she began her career with the variety television series The Jacksons in 1976 and went on to appear in other television shows throughout the 1970s and early 1980s , including Good Times and Fame . After signing a recording contract with A&M Records in 1982 , she became a pop icon following the release of her third studio album Control -LRB- 1986 -RRB- . Her collaborations with record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis incorporated elements of rhythm and blues , funk , disco , rap , and industrial beats , which led to crossover success in popular music .   In 1991 Jackson signed the first of two record-breaking multimillion-dollar contracts with Virgin Records , establishing her as one of the highest paid artists in the industry . Her debut album under the label , Janet -LRB- 1993 -RRB- , saw her develop a public image as a sex symbol as she began to explore sexuality in her work . That same year , she appeared in her first starring film role in Poetic Justice ; she has continued to act in feature films . By the end of the 1990s , she was the second most successful recording artist of the decade . The release of her seventh studio album All for You -LRB- 2001 -RRB- coincided with a celebration of her impact on popular music as the inaugural MTV Icon . After parting ways with Virgin she released her tenth studio album , Discipline -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , her first and only album with Island Records . In 2015 she partnered with BMG Rights Management to launch her own record label , Rhythm Nation , and released her eleventh studio album Unbreakable the same year .   Having sold over 100 million records , Jackson is one of the best-selling artists in the history of contemporary music . She has amassed an extensive catalog , with singles such as `` Nasty '' , `` Rhythm Nation '' , `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' , `` Together Again '' and `` All for You '' ; she holds the record for the most consecutive top 10 hits on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart by a female artist with 18 . In 2016 , Billboard placed her number seven on its list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists , and in 2010 ranked her fifth among the `` Top 50 R&B / Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years '' . In December 2016 , the magazine named her the second most successful dance club artist of all-time . One of the world 's most awarded artists , her longevity , records and achievements reflect her influence in shaping and redefining the scope of popular music . She has been cited as an inspiration among numerous performers .


query: The Hobbit series has three films.

document: The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey is a 2012 epic high fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson . It is the first installment in a three-part film adaptation based on the 1937 novel The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien . It is followed by The Desolation of Smaug -LRB- 2013 -RRB- and The Battle of the Five Armies -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , and together they act as a prequel to Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . The film 's screenplay was written by Peter Jackson , his longtime collaborators Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens , and Guillermo del Toro , who was originally chosen to direct the film before leaving the project in 2010 .   The story is set in Middle-earth sixty years before the events of The Lord of the Rings , and portions of the film are adapted from the appendices to Tolkien 's The Return of the King . An Unexpected Journey tells the tale of Bilbo Baggins -LRB- Martin Freeman -RRB- , who is convinced by the wizard Gandalf -LRB- Ian McKellen -RRB- to accompany thirteen Dwarves , led by Thorin Oakenshield -LRB- Richard Armitage -RRB- , on a quest to reclaim the Lonely Mountain from the dragon Smaug . The ensemble cast also includes James Nesbitt , Ken Stott , Cate Blanchett , Ian Holm , Christopher Lee , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood and Andy Serkis , and features Sylvester McCoy , Barry Humphries and Manu Bennett .   An Unexpected Journey premiered on 28 November 2012 in New Zealand and was released internationally on 12 December 2012 . The film has grossed over $ 1 billion at the box office , surpassing both The Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers nominally , becoming the fourth highest-grossing film of 2012 and the 26th highest-grossing film of all time . Receiving mixed to positive reviews from critics , the film was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects , Best Production Design , and Best Makeup and Hairstyling . It was also nominated for three British Academy Film Awards .


query: Steve Coogan starred in a movie.

document: Stephen John Coogan -LRB- born 14 October 1965 -RRB- is an Irish-English actor , stand-up comedian , impressionist , screenwriter , and producer . He began his career in the 1980s , working as a voice artist on the satirical puppet show Spitting Image and providing voiceovers for television advertisements . In the early 1990s , he began creating original comic characters , leading him to win the Perrier Award at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe . In 1999 , he co-founded the production company Baby Cow Productions .   While working with Armando Iannucci on On the Hour and The Day Today , Coogan created his most developed and popular character : Alan Partridge , a socially awkward and politically incorrect regional media personality . He featured in several television series , which earned him three BAFTA nominations and two wins for Best Comedy Performance . A feature-length film , Alan Partridge : Alpha Papa , was released in 2013 , and opened at number one at the British box office .   Coogan grew in prominence within the film industry in 2002 , after starring in The Parole Officer and 24 Hour Party People . He portrayed Phileas Fogg in the 2004 remake Around the World in 80 Days and co-starred in The Other Guys , Tropic Thunder , In the Loop , Hamlet 2 , Our Idiot Brother , Ruby Sparks and the Night at the Museum films , as well as collaborating with Rob Brydon in The Trip and A Cock and Bull Story . He was also a voice actor in the animated comedy films Despicable Me 2 and its prequel Minions , and played Hades in Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief .   Coogan has also branched out into more dramatic roles , with What Maisie Knew , and portrayed Paul Raymond in the biopic The Look of Love . He co-wrote , produced , and starred in the film adaptation Philomena , which earned him a Golden Globe and BAFTA nomination , and two Academy Award nominations -LRB- for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture -RRB- . He has been cast in the lead role for the ABC television pilot Doubt and the Showtime drama Happyish .   On 22 November 2011 , Coogan , along with Hugh Grant , gave evidence to the Leveson Inquiry on phone hacking , favouring regulation of the press .


query: Tony Blair is the Prime Minister.

document: Anthony Charles Lynton Blair -LRB- born 6 May 1953 -RRB- is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007 . He remains the most recent Labour Party leader to have won a general election .   From 1983 to 2007 , Blair was the Member of Parliament -LRB- MP -RRB- for Sedgefield . He was elected Labour Party leader in July 1994 , following the sudden death of his predecessor , John Smith , who together with his predecessor , Neil Kinnock , had started to move the party closer to the political centre , in the hope of winning power . Under Blair 's leadership , the party used the phrase `` New Labour '' , to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism . Blair declared support for a new conception that he referred to as `` social-ism '' , involving politics that recognised individuals as socially interdependent , and advocated social justice , cohesion , the equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity , also referred to as the Third Way . Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism and accepting capitalism . Supporters , including the party 's public opinion pollster Philip Gould , stated that after four consecutive general election defeats , from 1979 to 1992 , the Labour Party had to demonstrate that it had made a decisive break from its left-wing past , in order to win an election again .   In May 1997 , the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory , the largest in its history , allowing Blair , at 43 years old , to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812 . In September 1997 , Blair attained early personal popularity , receiving a 93 % public approval rating , after his public response to the death of Princess Diana . The Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership : in 2001 , in which it won another landslide victory , and in 2005 , with a reduced majority . In the first years of the New Labour government , Blair 's government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act , Human Rights Act , and Freedom of Information Act . Blair 's government also devolved power , establishing the Scottish Parliament , the National Assembly for Wales , and the Northern Ireland Assembly . In Northern Ireland , Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement .   Blair strongly supported the foreign policy of the Bush administration , and ensured that the British Armed Forces participated in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and , more controversially , the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq , including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression . In 2016 , the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified and unnecessary . Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone .   Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007 . On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister , he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East , an office which he held until May 2015 . He now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name , including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation .


query: Sarah Paulson acted in an ABC comedy-drama series.

document: Sarah Catharine Paulson -LRB- born December 17 , 1974 -RRB- is an American actress . After beginning her acting career on stage , she starred in the 1990s television series American Gothic -LRB- 1995 -- 96 -RRB- and Jack & Jill -LRB- 1999 -- 2001 -RRB- . Paulson later appeared in comedy films such as What Women Want -LRB- 2000 -RRB- and Down with Love -LRB- 2003 -RRB- , and had dramatic roles in films such as Path to War -LRB- 2002 -RRB- and The Notorious Bettie Page -LRB- 2005 -RRB- . From 2006 to 2007 , Paulson played the role of Harriet Hayes in the NBC comedy-drama series Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip , for which she received her first Golden Globe Award nomination . In 2008 , she starred as Ellen Dolan in the superhero noir film The Spirit .   Paulson has appeared on Broadway in the plays The Glass Menagerie -LRB- 2005 -RRB- and Collected Stories -LRB- 2010 -RRB- . She also starred in a number of independent films , and had a leading role on the ABC comedy series Cupid in 2009 . She later starred in the independent drama Martha Marcy May Marlene -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , and received Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for her performance as Nicolle Wallace in the HBO film Game Change -LRB- 2012 -RRB- . Paulson starred as Mary Epps in the 2013 historical drama film 12 Years a Slave and as Abby Gerhard in the 2015 drama film Carol . Both films received widespread critical acclaim and were nominated for multiple Academy Awards .   In 2011 , Paulson began starring in the FX anthology series American Horror Story , playing different characters in each of the show 's six seasons . For her work throughout the series , she has been nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards -LRB- 2013 -- 16 -RRB- and won two Critics ' Choice Television Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie/Miniseries -LRB- 2013 and 2015 -RRB- . In 2016 , Paulson portrayed real life prosecutor Marcia Clark in the first season of the anthology series American Crime Story , subtitled The People v. O. J. Simpson . For her work in the series , she has been awarded the Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries , Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie , TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama , and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film as well as the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie .   According to Time magazine , she is one of the 100 most influential people of the year 2017 .


query: Zach Galifianakis starred in Masterminds.

document: Zachary Knight Galifianakis -LRB- -LSB- ˌgælᵻfəˈnækᵻs -RSB- born October 1 , 1969 -RRB- is an American actor , writer and comedian . He came to prominence with his Comedy Central Presents special in 2001 and presented his own show called Late World with Zach on VH1 the following year . He has also starred in films , such as The Hangover trilogy -LRB- 2009 -- 2013 -RRB- , Due Date -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , The Campaign -LRB- 2012 -RRB- , Birdman or -LRB- The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance -RRB- -LRB- 2014 -RRB- , Puss in Boots -LRB- 2011 -RRB- , Masterminds -LRB- 2016 -RRB- and The Lego Batman Movie -LRB- 2017 -RRB- .   He currently hosts the Emmy Award-winning talk show Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis on the Funny or Die website and executive produces , writes , and stars in the dark comedy series Baskets on FX .


query: The Crown (TV series) starred Claire Foy.

document: The Crown is a biographical drama television series , created and written by Peter Morgan and produced by Left Bank Pictures and Sony Pictures Television for Netflix . The show is a biographical story about the reign of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom . The first season covers the period between the Queen 's marriage to Philip , Duke of Edinburgh in 1947 to the disintegration of her sister Princess Margaret 's engagement to Peter Townsend in 1955 . A second season has been commissioned , which is intended to cover the Suez Crisis in 1956 through the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 following the Profumo affair political scandal .   The Crown evolved out of Morgan 's 2006 film The Queen and 2013 stage play The Audience . The series is intended to last 60 episodes over six seasons , with 10 one-hour episodes per season , covering the Queen 's entire life , and with new actors being cast every two seasons . Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the first two seasons , alongside Matt Smith as Prince Philip and Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret . Filming for the series takes place at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with location shooting at various locations throughout the United Kingdom .   The entire first season was released on Netflix November 4 , 2016 . Its reception was overwhelmingly positive , with critics praising cast performances , direction , writing , cinematography , production values , and the relatively accurate historical accounts of Queen Elizabeth 's reign . Significant praise was directed towards the performances of Foy in the leading role and John Lithgow as Winston Churchill , and Foy received the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress and Lithgow the Best Actor at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards , among other accolades , including at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards .


query: Winona Ryder is an actress.

document: Winona Ryder -LRB- born Winona Laura Horowitz ; October 29 , 1971 -RRB- is an American actress . One of the most profitable and iconic actresses of the 1990s , she made her film debut in the 1986 film Lucas . As Lydia Deetz , a goth teenager in Tim Burton 's Beetlejuice -LRB- 1988 -RRB- , she won critical acclaim and widespread recognition . After appearances in film and on television , Ryder continued her acting career with the cult film Heathers -LRB- 1988 -RRB- , a controversial satire of teenage suicide and high school life that has since become a landmark teen film . She later appeared in the coming of age drama Mermaids -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , earning a Golden Globe nomination , and in the same year appeared alongside Johnny Depp in Burton 's dark fairy-tale Edward Scissorhands -LRB- 1990 -RRB- , and shortly thereafter with Keanu Reeves in Francis Ford Coppola 's gothic romance Bram Stoker 's Dracula -LRB- 1992 -RRB- .   Having played diverse roles in many well-received films in the mid to late 1980s and early 1990s , Ryder won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and an Academy Award nomination in the same category for her role in The Age of Innocence in 1993 , as well as another Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for her role in the literary adaptation of Little Women the following year . She later appeared in the Generation X hit Reality Bites -LRB- 1994 -RRB- , Alien : Resurrection -LRB- 1997 -RRB- , the Woody Allen comedy Celebrity -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , and Girl , Interrupted -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , which she also executive-produced . In 2000 , Ryder received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , honoring her legacy in the film industry .   Ryder 's personal life has attracted significant media attention . Her relationship with Johnny Depp in the early 1990s and a 2001 arrest for shoplifting were constant subjects of tabloid journalism . She has been open about her personal struggles with anxiety and depression .   In 2002 , she appeared in the box office hit Mr. Deeds alongside Adam Sandler . In 2006 , Ryder returned to the screen after a brief hiatus , appearing in high-profile films such as Star Trek . In 2010 , she was nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Awards : as the lead actress in When Love Is Not Enough : The Lois Wilson Story and as part of the cast of Black Swan . She also reunited with Burton for Frankenweenie -LRB- 2012 -RRB- . Since 2016 , she has starred as Joyce Byers in the Netflix supernatural-horror series Stranger Things , for which she has garnered Golden Globe and SAG nominations .


query: Vacation (2015 film) earned $104.9 million dollars.

document: Vacation is a 2015 American comedy film written and directed by Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley -LRB- in their directorial debuts -RRB- . It stars Ed Helms , Christina Applegate , Skyler Gisondo , Steele Stebbins , Leslie Mann , Chris Hemsworth , Beverly D'Angelo , and Chevy Chase . It is the fifth installment of the Vacation film series serving as both a modernized reboot and a sequel to the original four films . It is also the second not to carry the National Lampoon name after Vegas Vacation , and was released by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. on July 29 , 2015 . the film has received negative reviews from critics but it was a box office success , earning $ 104.9 million on a $ 31 million budget .


query: Italy's natives are an ethic group.

document: Italy -LRB- Italia -LSB- iˈtaːlja -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Italian Republic -LRB- -LSB- Repubblica italiana , links = no -RSB- -RRB- , is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe.The Italian peninsula is geographically located in Southern Europe , while North Italy can be placed partly or totally in Central Europe . Due to cultural , political and historical reasons , Italy is a Western European country . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea , Italy shares open land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , San Marino and Vatican City . Italy covers an area of 301338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate . Due to its shape , it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale -LRB- the Boot -RRB- . With 61 million inhabitants , it is the fourth most populous EU member state .   Since classical times , ancient Phoenicians , Carthaginians and Greeks established settlements in the south of Italy , with Etruscans and Celts inhabiting the centre and north of Italy respectively and various different ancient Italian tribes and Italic peoples dispersed throughout the Italian Peninsula and insular Italy . The Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom , which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations . Rome ultimately emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean basin , conquering much of the ancient world and becoming the leading cultural , political and religious centre of Western civilisation . The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the global distribution of civilian law , republican governments , Christianity and the Latin script .   During the Middle Ages , Italy suffered sociopolitical collapse amid calamitous barbarian invasions , but by the 11th century numerous rival city-states and maritime republics rose to great prosperity through shipping , commerce and banking , laying down the groundwork for modern capitalism . These independent statelets , acting as Europe 's main trading hubs with Asia and the Near East , often enjoyed a greater degree of democracy and wealth in comparison to the larger feudal monarchies that were consolidating throughout Europe at the time , though much of central Italy remained under the control of the theocratic Papal States , while Southern Italy remained largely feudal until the 19th century , partially as a result of a succession of Byzantine , Arab , Norman , Spanish and Bourbon conquests of the region .   The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe , bringing a renewed interest in humanism , science , exploration and art . Italian culture flourished at this time , producing famous scholars , artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci , Galileo , Michelangelo and Machiavelli . Italian explorers such as Marco Polo , Christopher Columbus , Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World , helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery . Nevertheless , Italy 's commercial and political power significantly waned with the opening of the Atlantic trade route and the route to the Indian Ocean via the Cape of Good Hope , which bypassed the Mediterranean . Furthermore , the Italian city-states constantly engaged one another in bloody warfare , culminating in the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries that left them exhausted , with no one emerging as a dominant power . The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France , Spain and Austria .   By the mid-19th century , a rising movement in support of Italian nationalism and independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval known as the Risorgimento , which sought the formation of a unified nation-state . After various unsuccessful attempts , the Italian Wars of Independence and the Expedition of the Thousand resulted in the eventual unification of the country in 1861 , now a great power after centuries of foreign domination and political division . From the late 19th century to the early 20th century , the new Kingdom of Italy rapidly industrialised , although mainly in the north , and acquired a colonial empire , while the south remained largely impoverished and excluded from industrialisation , fuelling a large and influential diaspora . Despite being one of the main victors in World War I , Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil , leading the way to the rise of a fascist dictatorship in 1922 . The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in military defeat , economic destruction and an Italian civil war . Following the liberation of Italy and the rise of the resistance , the country abolished the monarchy , reinstated democracy , enjoyed a prolonged economic boom and , despite periods of sociopolitical turmoil -LRB- e.g. Anni di piombo , Mani pulite , the Second Mafia War , the Maxi Trial and subsequent assassinations of anti-mafia officials -RRB- , became a major developed country .   Today , Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth largest in the world . It has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy . The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic , military , cultural and diplomatic affairs , and it is both a regional power and a great power . Italy is a founding and leading member of the European Union and the member of numerous international institutions , including the UN , NATO , the OECD , the OSCE , the WTO , the G7/G8 , G20 , the Union for the Mediterranean , the Council of Europe , Uniting for Consensus and many more . As a reflection of its cultural wealth , Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites , the most in the world , and is the fifth most visited country .


query: Brown bears are mammals.

document: The brown bear -LRB- Ursus arctos -RRB- is a large bear with the widest distribution of any living ursid . The species is distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America . It is one of the two largest terrestrial carnivorans alive today , rivaled in body size only by its close cousin , the polar bear -LRB- Ursus maritimus -RRB- , which is much less variable in size and averages larger due to this . There are several recognized subspecies , many of which are quite well-known within their native ranges , found in the brown bear species .   The brown bear 's principal range includes parts of Russia , Central Asia , China , Canada , the United States -LRB- mostly Alaska -RRB- , Scandinavia and the Carpathian region -LRB- especially Romania -RRB- , Anatolia , and Caucasus . The brown bear is recognized as a national and state animal in several European countries .   While the brown bear 's range has shrunk and it has faced local extinctions , it remains listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature -LRB- IUCN -RRB- with a total population of approximately 200,000 . As of 2012 , this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN . However , the Californian , North African -LRB- Atlas bear -RRB- , and Mexican subspecies were hunted to extinction in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , and many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered . One of the smaller-bodied subspecies , the Himalayan brown bear , is critically endangered , occupying only 2 % of its former range and threatened by uncontrolled poaching for its parts . The Marsican brown bear , one of several currently isolated populations of the main Eurasian brown bear race , in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 30 to 40 bears .


query: One of the leads in Transformers: Age of Extinction is an American rapper.

document: Transformers : Age of Extinction is a 2014 American science fiction action film based on the Transformers franchise . It is the fourth installment of the live-action Transformers film series and a stand-alone sequel to 2011 's Transformers : Dark of the Moon , taking place five years after its events . Like its predecessors , it was directed by Michael Bay and written by Ehren Kruger , with Steven Spielberg and Bay as executive producers . It stars Mark Wahlberg , with Peter Cullen reprising his role as the voice of Optimus Prime , as the lead roles . It is the first film in the series to not feature the original human characters from the first three films , but features a new cast of human characters and many new Transformers including : the Dinobots , Lockdown , Stinger , Junkheap , Hound , Crosshairs and Drift . Returning Transformers include : Optimus Prime , Bumblebee , Ratchet , Leadfoot , Brains and Megatron -LRB- now known as Galvatron -RRB- . The film was released on June 27 , 2014 , in IMAX and 3D .   Transformers : Age of Extinction was panned by critics , many of whom considered it poorly directed , badly acted , and terribly written . According to Rotten Tomatoes , it is the worst reviewed film in the series , holding an 18 % approval rating . It also received seven nominations at the 35th Golden Raspberry Awards , including Worst Picture and Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip-off or Sequel , with Bay and Kelsey Grammer winning the awards for Worst Director and Worst Supporting Actor respectively . The film grossed over $ 1.104 billion worldwide , making it the highest-grossing film of 2014 , the second highest-grossing film in the Transformers series , the 19th film to gross over $ 1 billion , and the 16th highest-grossing film of all time . It was the only film to gross over $ 1 billion in 2014 .   A sequel , Transformers : The Last Knight , is set to be released on June 21 , 2017 , with Cullen , Tucci , and Wahlberg returning , and Bay directing .


query: Final Fantasy XII came out earlier than November 2009.

document: is a fantasy role-playing video game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 2 home video console . Released in 2006 , it is the twelfth title in the mainline Final Fantasy series . The game introduced several innovations to the series : an open world split into zones , a seamless battle system , a controllable camera , a customizable `` gambit '' system which lets the player control the artificial intelligence -LRB- AI -RRB- of characters in battle ; and a `` license '' system that determines which abilities and equipment are used by characters . Final Fantasy XII also includes elements from previous games in the series , such as Chocobos and Moogles .   The game takes place in the fictional land of Ivalice , where the empires of Archadia and Rozarria are waging an endless war . Dalmasca , a small kingdom , is caught between the warring nations . When Dalmasca is annexed by Archadia , its princess , Ashe , creates a resistance movement . During the struggle , she meets Vaan , a young adventurer who dreams of becoming a sky pirate in command of an airship . They are quickly joined by a band of allies ; together , they rally against the tyranny of the Archadian Empire .   Final Fantasy XII received critical acclaim , earning numerous `` Game of the Year '' awards in various categories from noted video game publications . Selling more than two million copies in Japan , it became the fourth best-selling PlayStation 2 game of 2006 worldwide . By November 2009 , over 6 million copies of the game were sold worldwide . A sequel , Final Fantasy XII : Revenant Wings , was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007 . A high-definition remaster of the International Zodiac Job System version , subtitled The Zodiac Age , will be released worldwide for the PlayStation 4 in July 2017 .


query: Batman v Superman: Dawn is a film.

document: Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is a 2016 American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman . Directed by Zack Snyder and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures , the film is the second installment in the DC Extended Universe following 2013 's Man of Steel . It was written by Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer , and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Jesse Eisenberg , Diane Lane , Laurence Fishburne , Jeremy Irons , Holly Hunter and Gal Gadot . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice is the first live-action film to feature Batman and Superman together , as well as the first live-action cinematic portrayal of Wonder Woman , Aquaman , The Flash and Cyborg . In the film , criminal mastermind Lex Luthor manipulates Batman into a preemptive battle with Superman , whom Luthor is obsessed with defeating .   The film was announced at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International , after the release of Man of Steel . Snyder stated that the film would take inspiration from the Batman comic book series The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller , but clarified that it would follow an original premise . The incarnation of Batman in the film would also be different from the character 's previous portrayal in The Dark Knight Trilogy , serving as a cinematic reboot of the character . The film is also inspired by narrative elements from the `` Death of Superman '' story arc . Pre-production began at East Los Angeles College in October 2013 , with principal photography starting in May 2014 in Detroit , Michigan . Additional filming also took place in Chicago .   Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice premiered at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City on March 19 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on March 25 , 2016 , in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D , 4DX , premium large formats and 70 mm prints . Following a strong debut that set new box office records , the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend and never recovered . Despite turning a profit , it was deemed a box office disappointment and received generally unfavorable reviews from critics for its tone , screenplay and pacing , though some praised the visual style and acting performances . A director 's cut , dubbed the `` Ultimate Edition '' and features 30 minutes of additional footage , was released digitally on June 28 , 2016 , and on Blu-ray and DVD on July 19 , 2016 . A follow-up , Justice League , is set to be released in November 2017 , and a standalone Superman sequel is currently in development .


query: Saw VI was distributed by a corporation.

document: Saw is a 2009 American horror film directed by Kevin Greutert from a screenplay written by Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan . It is the sixth installment in the seven -- part Saw franchise and stars Tobin Bell , Costas Mandylor , Betsy Russell , Mark Rolston , Peter Outerbridge , and Shawnee Smith . It was produced by Mark Burg and Oren Koules of Twisted Pictures and distributed by Lionsgate .   Saw continues the franchise 's focus on the posthumous effects of the Jigsaw Killer and the progression of his successor , Mark Hoffman . In this film , Hoffman sets a series of traps for an insurance executive , William Easton , and his employees . Meanwhile , the FBI trails Peter Strahm , now suspected of being Jigsaw 's last accomplice , and Hoffman is drawn into motion to protect his secret identity .   Greutert , who served as editor for all the previous Saw films , made his directorial debut with Saw . Melton and Dunstan , the writers for both Saw and Saw , returned to write the screenplay and Charlie Clouser , who provided the score for all previous Saw films , composed the score . Filming took place in Toronto from March to May 2009 with a budget of $ 11 million .   The film was released in New Zealand and Australia on October 22 , 2009 , and October 23 , 2009 in the United States and Canada . In Spain it was the first film to receive a Película X rating for violence -LRB- a rating usually reserved for pornographic films -RRB- ; the rating restricted screenings to eight select theaters in that country . It was released almost a year later on October 8 , 2010 in Spain with an `` 18 '' rating , after the producers had the offensive content edited out , according to the rating board . With gross receipts of $ 14 million in its opening weekend , Saw placed second to Paranormal Activity $ 21 million . Saw went on to gross over $ 68 million worldwide , the lowest-grossing Saw film to date , but still a financial success compared to its small budget . Reviews were mixed , with some criticizing the acting and others praising Greutert 's directing .


query: The Hangover Part III includes Ed Helms.

document: The Hangover Part III is a 2013 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . It is the third and final installment in The Hangover trilogy . The film stars Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , Justin Bartha , and Ken Jeong . The supporting cast includes Jeffrey Tambor , Heather Graham , Mike Epps , Melissa McCarthy and John Goodman with Todd Phillips directing a screenplay written by himself and Craig Mazin . The film follows the `` Wolfpack '' -LRB- Phil , Stu , Doug , and Alan -RRB- as they try to get Alan the help he needs after facing a personal crisis . However , things go awry when an incident from the original film comes back to haunt them .   The Hangover Part III was announced days before the release of The Hangover Part II and Mazin , who co-wrote Part II , was brought on board . In January 2012 , the principal actors re-signed to star . In March 2012 , Warner Bros. announced a U.S. Memorial Weekend release . The supporting roles were cast between June and September 2012 . Principal photography began in September 2012 in Los Angeles , California before moving to Nogales , Arizona and Las Vegas , Nevada . The film was released on May 23 , 2013 .


query: Beautiful People is a work.

document: Beautiful People was a British comedy drama television series based on the memoirs of Barneys creative director Simon Doonan . The series takes place in Reading , Berkshire , in 1997 , where thirteen-year-old Simon Doonan and his best friend Kylie dream of escaping their dreary suburban surroundings and moving to cosmopolitan London `` to live amongst the beautiful people '' . The first episode aired on BBC Two on 2 October 2008 and recorded overnight ratings of 1.5 million viewers and positive critical reaction . Episodes are self-contained , but do follow a loose story arc throughout the course of each series . The second and final series finished airing on 18 December 2009 .


query: Chris Froome lived in a country.

document: Christopher Clive Froome , -LRB- born 20 May 1985 -RRB- is a British professional road racing cyclist for UCI ProTeam , who competed for Kenya until 2008 . A three-time winner of the Tour de France , and three-time runner-up in the Vuelta a España , he is seen as one of the most successful stage-racing riders of the recent era . Froome , who was brought up in Kenya and South Africa , has ridden under a British licence since 2008 on the basis that both his parents are British .   In 2007 , at the age of 22 , Froome turned professional with Team Konica Minolta . He moved to Europe to further his career , joining team . In 2010 , he moved to and has become one of the team 's key cyclists . Froome made his breakthrough as a Grand Tour contender during the 2011 Vuelta a España where he finished second overall .   At the 2012 Tour de France , riding as a super-domestique for Bradley Wiggins , Froome won stage seven and finished second overall , behind only Wiggins in the same race as the best British performance in the race 's history . In the same year , he also won the bronze medal in the time trial event at the Olympic Games and finished fourth in the Vuelta a España . His first multi-stage race win came in 2013 , in the Tour of Oman , followed by wins in the Critérium International , the Tour de Romandie , the Critérium du Dauphiné , and the Tour de France .   As a defending champion , he began 2014 by again winning the Tour of Oman , followed by a repeat victory in the Tour de Romandie . After retiring from the 2014 Tour de France , he came back to place second in the Vuelta a España . In 2015 , he won his second Critérium du Dauphiné and his second Tour de France . In 2016 , he won a third Tour title , and became the first man since Miguel Indurain in 1995 to defend his title .


query: Inhumans's main character's full name is Blackagar Boltagon.

document: Marvel 's Inhumans , or simply Inhumans , is an upcoming American television series developed for ABC , based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe -LRB- MCU -RRB- , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The series is produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television , with IMAX Corporation as a financing partner and Scott Buck serving as showrunner .   The series is centered around Black Bolt , with Anson Mount in the role , and other members of the Inhuman Royal Family . A film from Marvel Studios based on the Inhumans began development in 2011 , before being announced in October 2014 for a November 2018 release as part of their Phase Three slate of films . The species was first introduced to the MCU in the second season of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and the film was subsequently removed from Marvel Studios ' release schedule in April 2016 . Inhumans was announced in November , to be partly filmed on IMAX digital cameras and to be the first live-action television series to debut on IMAX screens . Buck joined the series the next month . Mount was cast in February 2017 , with Iwan Rheon , Serinda Swan , Eme Ikwuakor , Isabelle Cornish , Ken Leung , Ellen Woglom , Sonya Balmores , and Mike Moh also starring in the series . Filming began in March 2017 , at the former Naval Air Station Barbers Point airfield in Kalaeloa , Hawaii .   Inhumans is set to debut on IMAX screens on September 1 , 2017 , and run for two weeks , before premiering on ABC on September 22 , and airing eight episodes .


query: A singer from the United States created the album Diana.

document: `` Upside Down '' is a song written and produced by Chic members Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards . It was recorded by American singer Diana Ross . The song was issued as a single through the Motown label in 1980 , as the lead single from her self-titled tenth studio album , diana . `` Upside Down '' hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on September 6 , 1980 . It also hit number one on the Billboard Disco and Soul charts . The single was released a full four weeks after the album was released . It held down the number one spot for four weeks .   `` Upside Down '' was also a big hit internationally , topping the singles charts in Sweden , Italy , Norway , and Switzerland , while reaching number five in Canada . It also rose to number two on the UK Singles Chart , marking the highest peak performance from Ross as a solo artist since `` I 'm Still Waiting '' in 1971 . It also earned her a British Phonographic Industry silver disc award for sales in excess of 250,000 copies .   `` Upside Down '' is listed at number 62 on Billboard 's `` Greatest Songs of All Time . ''


query: Daniel Craig went to a music and dramatic arts school.

document: Daniel Wroughton Craig -LRB- born 2 March 1968 -RRB- is an English actor . He trained at the National Youth Theatre and graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in 1991 , before beginning his career on stage . His film debut was in the drama The Power of One -LRB- 1992 -RRB- . Other early appearances were in the Disney family film A Kid in King Arthur 's Court -LRB- 1995 -RRB- and the biographical film Elizabeth -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , as well as in the historical war drama television series Sharpe 's Eagle -LRB- 1993 -RRB- and the action-adventure drama series Zorro . Cast as the fictional British secret agent James Bond in October 2005 , his first film in the role , Casino Royale , was released internationally in November 2006 .   Craig 's appearances in the British television film Love Is the Devil : Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon -LRB- 1998 -RRB- , the indie war film The Trench -LRB- 1999 -RRB- , and the drama Some Voices -LRB- 2000 -RRB- attracted the film industry 's attention . This led to roles in bigger productions such as the action film Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -LRB- 2001 -RRB- , the crime thriller Road to Perdition -LRB- 2002 -RRB- , the crime thriller Layer Cake -LRB- 2004 -RRB- , and the Steven Spielberg historical drama Munich -LRB- 2005 -RRB- . Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play the role of Ian Fleming 's James Bond in the official film series , taking over from Pierce Brosnan in 2005 . Although his casting was initially greeted with scepticism , his debut was highly acclaimed and earned him a BAFTA award nomination , with Casino Royale becoming the highest-grossing in the series at the time . Quantum of Solace followed two years later .   Craig 's third Bond film , Skyfall , premiered in 2012 and is currently the highest-grossing film in the series , was the highest-grossing film in the UK until 2015 and the fifteenth highest-grossing film of all time . Craig 's fourth Bond film , Spectre , premiered in 2015 . In 2006 , he joined the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Since taking the role of Bond , he has continued to star in other films , including the World War II film Defiance -LRB- 2008 -RRB- , science fiction Western Cowboys & Aliens -LRB- 2010 -RRB- , and the English-language adaptation of Stieg Larsson 's mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo -LRB- 2011 -RRB- . Craig also made a guest appearance as Bond in the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games , alongside Queen Elizabeth II . As of 20 February 2017 , Craig is the second longest serving James Bond , surpassed only by Roger Moore .


query: Moses Malone was on an NBA team.

document: The Milwaukee Bucks are an American professional basketball franchise based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . The Bucks compete in the National Basketball Association -LRB- NBA -RRB- as a member club of the league 's Eastern Conference Central Division . The team was founded in 1968 as an expansion team , and play at the Bradley Center . Former U.S. Senator Herb Kohl was the long-time owner of the team , with John Hammond as general manager ; as of April 16 , 2014 a group led by billionaire hedge fund managers Wesley Edens and Marc Lasry agreed to purchase a majority interest in the team from Kohl , a sale which was approved by the owners of the NBA and its Board of Governors a month later on May 16 . The team is currently valued at $ 675 million according to Forbes , ranking fourth-to-last in the league .   The Bucks have won one league title -LRB- 1971 -RRB- , two conference titles -LRB- 1971 and 1974 -RRB- , and 13 division titles -LRB- 1971 -- 74 , 1976 , 1980 -- 86 , 2001 -RRB- . They have featured such notable players as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , Sidney Moncrief , Oscar Robertson , Bob Dandridge , Bob Lanier , Glenn `` Big Dog '' Robinson , Ray Allen , Sam Cassell , Junior Bridgeman , Michael Redd , Terry Cummings , Vin Baker , Jon McGlocklin , Marques Johnson , and Brian Winters .


query: Singapore became independent from the UK in 1963.

document: Singapore -LRB- -LSB- ˈsɪŋgəpɔr -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Singapore , sometimes referred to as the Lion City , the Garden City or the Little Red Dot , is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia . It lies one degree -LRB- 137 km -RRB- north of the equator , at the southern tip of peninsular Malaysia , with Indonesia 's Riau Islands to the south . Singapore 's territory consists of one main island along with 62 other islets . Since independence , extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23 % -LRB- 130 km2 -RRB- , and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora , parks and gardens .   Stamford Raffles founded colonial Singapore in 1819 as a trading post of the East India Company ; after its collapse and the eventual establishment of the British Raj , the islands were ceded to Britain and became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826 . During the Second World War , Singapore was occupied by Japan . It gained independence from the UK in 1963 by federating with other former British territories to form Malaysia , but separated two years later over ideological differences , becoming a sovereign nation in 1965 . After early years of turbulence , and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland , the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy , based on external trade and its workforce .   Singapore is a global commerce , finance and transport hub . Its standings include : the most `` technology-ready '' nation -LRB- WEF -RRB- , top International-meetings city -LRB- UIA -RRB- , city with `` best investment potential '' -LRB- BERI -RRB- , second-most competitive country , third-largest foreign exchange market , third-largest financial centre , third-largest oil refining and trading centre , and the second-busiest container port . The country has also been identified as a tax haven .   Singapore ranks 5th on the UN Human Development Index and the 3rd highest GDP per capita . It is ranked highly in education , healthcare , life expectancy , quality of life , personal safety , and housing . Although income inequality is high , 90 % of homes are owner-occupied . 38 % of Singapore 's 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals . There are four official languages : English -LRB- common and first language -RRB- , Malay , Mandarin , Tamil ; almost all Singaporeans are bilingual .   Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic , with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government . The People 's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959 . The dominance of the PAP , coupled with a low level of press freedom and restrictions on civil liberties and political rights , has led to Singapore being classified by some as a semi-authoritarian regime . One of the five founding members of the ASEAN , Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation -LRB- APEC -RRB- Secretariat , and a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , and the Commonwealth of Nations .


query: Nepal is a developing nation.

document: fi     Nepal -LRB- -LSB- Nepālhelp = no -RSB- -RCB- -RCB- -LSB- neˈpal -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal , is a landlocked central Himalayan country in South Asia . Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 75 districts and 744 local units including 4 metropolises , 13 sub-metropolises , 246 municipal councils and 481 villages . It has a population of 26.4 million and is the 93rd largest country by area . Bordering China in the north and India in the south , east , and west , it is the largest sovereign Himalayan state . Nepal does not border Bangladesh , which is located within only 27 km -LRB- 17 mi -RRB- of its southeastern tip . Neither does it border Bhutan due to the Indian state of Sikkim being located in between . Nepal has a diverse geography , including fertile plains , subalpine forested hills , and eight of the world 's ten tallest mountains , including Mount Everest , the highest point on Earth . Kathmandu is the nation 's capital and largest city . It is a multiethnic nation with Nepali as the official language .   The territory of Nepal has a recorded history since the Neolithic age . The name `` Nepal '' is first recorded in texts from the Vedic Age , the era which founded Hinduism , the predominant religion of the country . In the middle of the first millennium BCE , Gautama Buddha , the founder of Buddhism , was born in southern Nepal . Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet . The Kathmandu Valley in central Nepal became known as Nepal proper because of its complex urban civilisation . It was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala . The Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley 's traders . The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture . By the 18th century , the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal . The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire , under its Rana dynasty of premiers . The country was never colonised but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and Colonial India . In the 20th century , Nepal ended its isolation and forged strong ties with regional powers . Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951 , but was twice suspended by Nepalese monarchs in 1960 and 2005 . The Nepalese Civil War resulted in the proclamation of a republic in 2008 , ending the reign of the world 's last Hindu monarchy .   Modern Nepal is a federal secular parliamentary republic . It has seven states . Nepal is a developing nation , ranking 144th on the Human Development Index -LRB- HDI -RRB- in 2016 . The country struggles with the transition from a monarchy to a republic . It also suffers from high levels of hunger and poverty . Despite these challenges , Nepal is making steady progress , with the government declaring its commitment to elevate the nation from least developed country status by 2022 . Nepal also has a vast potential to generate hydropower for export .   Nepal 's foreign relations expanded after the Anglo-Nepal Treaty of 1923 , which was recognised by the League of Nations . After a Soviet veto in 1949 , Nepal was admitted to the United Nations in 1955 . Friendship treaties were signed with the Dominion of India in 1950 and the People 's Republic of China in 1960 . Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation -LRB- SAARC -RRB- , of which it is a founding member . Nepal is also a member of the Non Aligned Movement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative . The military of Nepal is the fifth largest in South Asia and is notable for its Gurkha history , particularly during the world wars , and has been a significant contributor to United Nations peacekeeping operations .


query: Borussia Dortmund is a soccer team.

document: Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e.V. Dortmund , commonly known as Borussia Dortmund -LSB- boˈʁʊsi̯aː ˈdɔʁtmʊnt -RSB- , BVB , or simply Dortmund , is a German sports club based in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia -LRB- Borussia is the Latin equivalent of Prussia -RRB- . The football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members , making BVB the second largest sports club by membership in Germany . Dortmund plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . Dortmund is one of the most successful clubs in German football history .   Borussia Dortmund was founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund . Borussia Dortmund have won eight German championships , four DFB-Pokals , five DFL-Supercups , one UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and one Intercontinental Cup . Their Cup Winners ' Cup win in 1966 made them the first German club to win a European title .   Since 1974 , Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion , named after its home region of Westphalia . The stadium is the largest in Germany and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world . Borussia Dortmund 's colours are black and yellow , giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben . Dortmund holds a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04 , known as the Revierderby . In terms of Deloitte 's annual Football Money League , Dortmund is the second biggest sports club in Germany and the 11th biggest football team in the world .


query: Rob Lowe was in the cast of the television series The West Wing.

document: Robert Hepler Lowe -LRB- -LSB- ˈloʊ -RSB- born March 17 , 1964 -RRB- is an American actor . He came to prominence in the 1980s , playing teen and young adult roles in films such as The Outsiders -LRB- 1983 -RRB- , Oxford Blues -LRB- 1984 -RRB- , St. Elmo 's Fire -LRB- 1985 -RRB- , and About Last Night ... -LRB- 1986 -RRB- . However , he continued acting in less prominent film roles , and went on to high-profile roles in television series such as The West Wing -LRB- 1999 -- 2003 -RRB- , Brothers & Sisters -LRB- 2006 -- 2010 -RRB- , and Parks and Recreation -LRB- 2010 -- 2014 -RRB- .   In addition to receiving an Emmy Award nomination in 2001 for his work on The West Wing , Lowe has been nominated for six Golden Globe Awards ; his nominations span four of the seven categories for male actors .


query: Andrew Jackson went back to Tennessee.

document: Andrew Jackson -LRB- March 15 , 1767 -- June 8 , 1845 -RRB- was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party . Before being elected to the presidency , Jackson served in Congress and gained fame as a general in the United States Army . As president , Jackson sought to advance the rights of the `` common man '' against a `` corrupt aristocracy '' and to preserve the Union .   He became a practicing lawyer in Tennessee and in 1791 he married Rachel Donelson Robards . Jackson served briefly in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate . Upon returning to Tennessee , he was appointed a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court , serving from 1798 until 1804 . In 1801 , Jackson was appointed colonel in the Tennessee militia , and was elected its commander the following year . He led Tennessee militia and U.S. Army regulars during the Creek War of 1813 -- 1814 , winning a major victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend . The subsequent Treaty of Fort Jackson required the Creek surrender of vast lands in present-day Alabama and Georgia . Jackson won a decisive victory in the War of 1812 over the British army at the Battle of New Orleans , making him a national hero . Following the conclusion of the War of 1812 , Jackson led U.S. forces in the First Seminole War , which helped produce the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 and the transfer of Florida from Spain to the United States . Following the ratification of the treaty , Jackson briefly served as Florida 's first territorial governor before winning election as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee .   Jackson was a candidate for president in 1824 but , lacking a majority of electoral votes , lost the election in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams . In reaction to a `` corrupt bargain '' between opponents Adams and Henry Clay , Jackson 's supporters founded the Democratic Party . He ran again for president in 1828 against Adams and won in a landslide . As president , Jackson faced a threat of secession by South Carolina over the `` Tariff of Abominations '' enacted under Adams . The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of military force if South Carolina attempted to secede . Congress , led by Clay , attempted to reauthorize the Second Bank of the United States ; Jackson regarded the Bank as a corrupt institution and vetoed the renewal of its charter . After a lengthy struggle , Jackson and the congressional Democrats thoroughly dismantled the Bank . In 1835 , Jackson became the only president to completely pay off the national debt , fulfilling a longtime goal .   In foreign affairs , Jackson 's administration concluded a `` most favored nation '' treaty with Great Britain , settled U.S. claims of damages by France from the Napoleonic Wars , and recognized the Republic of Texas . His presidency marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the `` spoils system '' in American politics . In 1830 , Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act , which relocated most members of the Native American tribes in the South to Indian Territory -LRB- now Oklahoma -RRB- . The relocation process dispossessed the Indians and resulted in widespread death and sickness . In his retirement , Jackson remained active in Democratic Party politics , supporting the presidencies of Martin Van Buren and James K. Polk .   Jackson was widely revered in the United States , but his reputation has declined since the mid-20th century , largely due to his role in Indian removal and support for slavery . Surveys of historians and scholars have ranked Jackson between 6th and 18th most successful among United States presidents .


query: Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine.

document: Bilirubin -LRB- formerly referred to as haematoidin and discovered by Rudolf Virchow in 1847 -RRB- is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates . This catabolism is a necessary process in the body 's clearance of waste products that arise from the destruction of aged red blood cells . First the hemoglobin gets stripped of the heme molecule which thereafter passes through various processes of porphyrin catabolism , depending on the part of the body in which the breakdown occurs . For example , the molecules excreted in the urine differ from those in the feces . The production of biliverdin from heme is the first major step in the catabolic pathway , after which the enzyme biliverdin reductase performs the second step , producing bilirubin from biliverdin .   Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine , and elevated levels may indicate certain diseases . It is responsible for the yellow color of bruises and the yellow discoloration in jaundice . Its subsequent breakdown products , such as stercobilin , cause the brown color of feces . A different breakdown product , urobilin , is the main component of the straw-yellow color in urine .   It has also been found in plants .


query: Sherlock (TV series) is on a media format.

document: Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc -LRB- BD -RRB- is a digital optical disc data storage format . It was designed to supersede the DVD format , in that it is capable of storing high-definition -LRB- 720p and 1080p -RRB- and ultra high-definition video resolution -LRB- 2160p -RRB- . The plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick , the same size as DVDs and CDs . Conventional -LRB- pre-BD-XL -RRB- Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer , with dual layer discs -LRB- 50 GB -RRB- being the industry standard for feature-length video discs . Triple-layer discs -LRB- 100 GB -RRB- and quadruple layers -LRB- 128 GB -RRB- are available for BD-XL re-writer drives . The name `` Blu-ray '' refers to the blue laser -LRB- specifically , a violet laser -RRB- used to read the disc , which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs . The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as feature films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . Besides the hardware specifications , Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats .   High-definition video may be stored on Blu-ray discs with up to 2160p resolution -LRB- 3840 × 2160 pixels -RRB- , at up to 60 frames per second . DVD discs had been limited to a maximum resolution of 480p -LRB- NTSC , 720 × 480 pixels -RRB- or 576p -LRB- PAL , 720 × 576 pixels -RRB- . The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association , a group representing makers of consumer electronics , computer hardware , and motion pictures . Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000 , and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan . Afterwards , it continued to be developed until its official release in June 2006 . During the high definition optical disc format war , Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format . Toshiba , the main company that supported HD DVD , conceded in February 2008 , releasing its own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009 . According to Media Research , high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales . Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand and the continued sale of DVDs . As of January 2016 , 44 % of U.S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player .


query: The Weeknd has a debut album called Kiss Land.

document: The Weeknd -LRB- born Abel Makkonen Tesfaye ; February 16 , 1990 -RRB- is a Canadian singer , songwriter , and record producer . The Weeknd initially gained recognition after anonymously uploading several songs to YouTube in late 2010 . This allowed him to release of his debut mixtape , House of Balloons , in early 2011 . He released two further independent projects later that year , Thursday and Echoes of Silence , before signing to Republic Records in September 2012 .   The three mixtapes received widespread critical acclaim upon release , and proceeded the release of the compilation album Trilogy . In 2013 , he released his debut studio album Kiss Land , which debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 . It was later confirmed to have sold over 273,000 copies in the United States .   The Weeknd released his second album , Beauty Behind the Madness , in 2015 , breaking chart records in the process . It saw him become the first ever artist to have simultaneously held the top three spots on the Billboard Hot R&B Songs chart , with `` Earned It '' , `` The Hills '' , and `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' . It also became his first number one album on the US Billboard 200 , and saw triple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America -LRB- RIAA -RRB- . The album additionally oversaw his first Grammy Award win for Best Urban Contemporary Album , as well as `` Earned It '' winning Best R&B Performance . He won both awards at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony in 2016 .   He released his third studio album , Starboy , in 2016 to generally positive critical reception . The album 's title track topped the chart in several countries , including the U.S. , the UK and Canada , and became The Weeknd 's third number-one single . It gave him his second consecutive number one album , which also later saw platinum certification .   Alongside his Grammy Award wins , The Weeknd has won nine Juno Awards and two American Music Awards . He has also founded the record label XO , and is a producer under both his given and stage names .


query: Psychological findings link to research and perspectives from an academic discipline.

document: Psychology is the science of behavior and mind , embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought . It is an academic discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases .   In this field , a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social , behavioral , or cognitive scientist . Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior , while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors .   Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes , including perception , cognition , attention , emotion -LRB- affect -RRB- , intelligence , phenomenology , motivation -LRB- conation -RRB- , brain functioning , and personality . This extends to interaction between people , such as interpersonal relationships , including psychological resilience , family resilience , and other areas . Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind . Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables . In addition , or in opposition , to employing empirical and deductive methods , some -- especially clinical and counseling psychologists -- at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques . Psychology has been described as a `` hub science '' , with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences , natural sciences , medicine , humanities , and philosophy .   While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems , it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in several spheres of human activity . By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society . The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role , practicing in clinical , counseling , or school settings . Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior , and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings -LRB- e.g. , medical schools , hospitals -RRB- . Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings , or in other areas such as human development and aging , sports , health , and the media , as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law .


query: Donald Trump began his presidential campaign in the fall of 2015.

document: Donald John Trump -LRB- born June 14 , 1946 -RRB- is the 45th and current President of the United States . Before entering politics , he was a businessman and television personality .   Trump was born and raised in Queens , New York City , and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School . He then took charge of The Trump Organization , the real estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother , which he ran for 45 years until 2016 . During his real estate career , Trump built , renovated , and managed numerous office towers , hotels , casinos , and golf courses . Besides real estate , he started several side ventures and has licensed the use of his name for the branding of various products and properties , including Trump Entertainment Resorts , Trump Steaks , and Trump Vodka . He was the founder of Trump University . He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015 , and he produced and hosted The Apprentice , a reality television series on NBC , from 2004 to 2015 . His net worth was estimated to be $ 3.5 billion , making him the 544th richest person in the world .   Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for political office in 1987 . He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000 , but withdrew his candidacy early on . In June 2015 , he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among seventeen candidates in the Republican primaries . His remaining opponents all suspended their campaigns by the end of May 2016 , and in July he was formally nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate . Many of his campaign statements were controversial or false , generating much free media coverage .   Trump won the general election on November 8 , 2016 , in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton and commenced his presidency on January 20 , 2017 . He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency , the first without prior military or government service , and the fifth to have won the election while losing the popular vote . His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist , protectionist , and nationalist .


query: One city in Indonesia is Jakarta.

document: Indonesia -LRB- -LSB- ɪndəˈniːʒə -RSB- or -LSB- ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə -RSB- ; Indonesian : -LSB- ɪndonesia -RSB- -RRB- , officially the Republic of Indonesia -LRB- -LSB- rɛpublik ɪndonesia -RSB- -RRB- , is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania . Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans , it is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands . At 1,904,569 km2 , Indonesia is the world 's 14th-largest country in terms of land area and world 's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area . It has an estimated population of over 260 million people and is the world 's fourth most populous country , the most populous Austronesian nation , as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . The world 's most populous island , Java , contains more than half of the country 's population .   Indonesia 's republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president . Indonesia has 34 provinces , of which five have Special Administrative status . Its capital and country 's most populous city is Jakarta , which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world 's second highest level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , tin , copper and gold . Agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices and rubber . Indonesia 's major trading partners are Japan , United States , China and the surrounding countries of Singapore , Malaysia and Australia .   The Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century , when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India . Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural , religious and political models from the early centuries CE , and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished . Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources . Muslim traders and Sufi scholars brought the now-dominant Islam , while European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery . Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism starting from Amboina and Batavia , and eventually all of the archipelago including Timor and Western New Guinea , at times interrupted by Portuguese , French and British rule , Indonesia secured its independence after World War II .   Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups , with the largest -- and politically dominant -- ethnic group being the Javanese . The population is unevenly spread throughout the islands within a variety of habitats and levels of development , ranging from the megalopolis of Jakarta to uncontacted tribes in the east . A shared identity has developed , defined by a national language , ethnic diversity , religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population , and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it . Indonesia 's national motto , `` Bhinneka Tunggal Ika '' -LRB- `` Unity in Diversity '' literally , `` many , yet one '' -RRB- , articulates the diversity that shapes the country . Indonesia 's economy is the world 's 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP , the largest in Southeast Asia , and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country . Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950 . Indonesia was an organizer of the Bandung Conference and was the founder of Non-Aligned Movement ; and also the founding member of Association of Southeast Asian Nations , Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation , East Asia Summit , and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization .


query: Travis Barker is part of the American rock band Blink-182.

document: Travis Landon Barker -LRB- born November 14 , 1975 -RRB- is an American musician and producer , and the drummer for the rock band Blink-182 . Barker has also performed as a frequent collaborator with hip-hop artists , and with the alternative rock band +44 , the rap rock group the Transplants , the alternative rock band Box Car Racer , and most recently with Antemasque . He was a frequent collaborator with the late DJ AM , and together they formed TRV$ DJAM .   After the split of his first band , Feeble , Barker began playing for the Aquabats in 1996 as the Baron Von Tito . He recorded one album with them , The Fury of The Aquabats ! , in 1997 . His career rose when he joined Blink-182 in 1998 . Barker has since established himself as a versatile drummer , producing and making guest appearances in music projects of numerous music genres including hip hop , alternative rock , pop and country . He has gained significant acceptance within the hip-hop community in particular and often collaborates with artists to compose rock-tinged remixes to their songs . Barker collaborated with artists -LRB- including Game , Yelawolf , Tom Morello , Corey Taylor , Slaughterhouse , Raekwon , Busta Rhymes , RZA , Slash , and other musicians -RRB- for his solo debut album , Give the Drummer Some , which was released on March 15 , 2011 .   In 2011 , he worked with Steve Aoki and Kid Cudi in Aoki 's hit single Cudi the Kid , as part of his album Wonderland , with Barker as lead drummer .   Aside from drumming , he founded clothing company Famous Stars and Straps in 1999 and LaSalle Records in 2004 . Companies such as DC Shoes and Zildjian cymbals have co-designed products in his name . Rolling Stone referred to him as `` punk 's first superstar drummer . ''


query: The Doctor has the gift of regeneration into new lives.

document: The Doctor is the title character and protagonist in the long-running BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who . The character has also been featured in one made-for-television film , and a vast range of spin-off novels , audio dramas and comic strips . In the programme , `` the Doctor '' is the alias assumed by a centuries-old alien -- a Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey -- who travels through space and time in his TARDIS , frequently with companions .   Since the show 's inception in 1963 , the character has been portrayed by twelve lead actors . The transition to each succeeding actor is explained within the show 's narrative through the plot device of `` regeneration '' , a biological function of his race that allows their change of cellular structure and appearance with recovery following a potentially fatal injury . The incumbent Doctor is the Twelfth Doctor , played by Peter Capaldi , who succeeded Matt Smith in the role in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' after he was granted a new `` cycle '' of regenerations by the Time Lords . The War Doctor and an aborted regeneration are counted in his previous cycle of twelve regenerations . A number of other actors have played the character in stage and audio plays , as well as in various film and television productions . The character has been generally well received by the public , with his enduring popularity leading The Daily Telegraph to dub him `` Britain 's favourite alien '' . On 30 January 2017 , Capaldi confirmed that the tenth series would be his last .


query: Hacksaw Ridge came out in America in November.

document: Hacksaw Ridge is a 2016 biographical war drama film about the World War II experiences of Desmond Doss , an American pacifist combat medic who was a Seventh-day Adventist Christian , refusing to carry or use a firearm or weapons of any kind . Doss became the first conscientious objector to be awarded the Medal of Honor , for service above and beyond the call of duty during the Battle of Okinawa .   The film was directed by Mel Gibson and written by Andrew Knight and Robert Schenkkan , based on a 2004 documentary about Doss , and stars Andrew Garfield as Doss , with Sam Worthington , Luke Bracey , Teresa Palmer , Hugo Weaving , Rachel Griffiths and Vince Vaughn in supporting roles . It was released in the United States on November 4 , 2016 , received positive reviews and grossed $ 175.3 million worldwide .   Hacksaw Ridge was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of its top ten Movies of the Year , and has received numerous awards and nominations . The film received six Oscar nominations at the 89th Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Garfield and Best Sound Editing , winning the awards for Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing . It also received Golden Globe nominations for Best Picture , Best Director and Best Actor , and 12 AACTA Awards nominations , winning the majority , including Best Film , Best Direction , Best Original Screenplay , Best Actor for Garfield , and Best Supporting Actor for Weaving .


query: Large numbers of civilians were put to death during the French Revolution.

document: The French Revolution -LRB- Révolution française -LSB- ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz -RSB- -RRB- was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799 , and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire . The Revolution overthrew the monarchy , established a republic , experienced violent periods of political turmoil , and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond . Inspired by liberal and radical ideas , the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history , triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies . Through the Revolutionary Wars , it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East . Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history .   The causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians . Following the Seven Years ' War and the American Revolutionary War , the French government was deeply in debt and attempted to restore its financial status through unpopular taxation schemes . Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy . Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789 . The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate taking control , the assault on the Bastille in July , the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August , and a women 's march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October . A central event of the first stage , in August 1789 , was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime . The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms . The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792 after the French victory at Valmy . In a momentous event that led to international condemnation , Louis XVI was executed in January 1793 .   External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution . The Revolutionary Wars beginning in 1792 ultimately featured French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian Peninsula , the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine -- achievements that had eluded previous French governments for centuries . Internally , popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly , culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins . The dictatorship imposed by the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror , from 1793 until 1794 , established price controls on food and other items , abolished slavery in French colonies abroad , dechristianised society through the creation of a new calendar and the expulsion of religious figures , and secured the borders of the new republic from its enemies . Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror , with estimates ranging from 16,000 to 40,000 . After the Thermidorian Reaction , an executive council known as the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795 . The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections , debt repudiations , financial instability , persecutions against the Catholic clergy , and significant military conquests abroad . Dogged by charges of corruption , the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799 . Napoleon , who became the hero of the Revolution through his popular military campaigns , went on to establish the Consulate and later the First Empire , setting the stage for a wider array of global conflicts in the Napoleonic Wars .   The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution . Almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the Revolution as their predecessor . Its central phrases and cultural symbols , such as La Marseillaise and Liberté , égalité , fraternité , became the clarion call for other major upheavals in modern history , including the Russian Revolution over a century later .   The values and institutions of the Revolution dominate French politics to this day . The Revolution resulted in the suppression of the feudal system , the emancipation of the individual , the greater division of landed property , the abolition of the privileges of noble birth and the establishment of equality . The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national , for it aimed at benefiting all humanity .   Globally , the Revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies . It became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies , leading to the spread of liberalism , radicalism , nationalism , socialism , feminism , and secularism , among many others . The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France and the lives of its citizens towards the objective of military conquest . Some of its central documents , like the Declaration of the Rights of Man , expanded the arena of human rights to include women and slaves , leading to movements for abolitionism and universal suffrage in the next century .


query: Stanley Kubrick was a screenwriter.

document: Stanley Kubrick -LRB- -LSB- ˈkuːbrɪk -RSB- July 26 , 1928 -- March 7 , 1999 -RRB- was an American film director , screenwriter , producer , cinematographer , editor , and photographer . He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history . His films , which are mostly adaptations of novels or short stories , cover a wide range of genres , and are noted for their realism , dark humor , unique cinematography , extensive set designs , and evocative use of music .   Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx , New York City , and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945 . Although he only received average grades , Kubrick displayed a keen interest in literature , photography , and film from a young age , and taught himself all aspects of film production and directing after graduating from high school . After working as a photographer for Look magazine in the late 1940s and early 1950s , he began making short films on a shoestring budget , and made his first major Hollywood film , The Killing , for United Artists in 1956 . This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas , the war picture Paths of Glory -LRB- 1957 -RRB- and the historical epic Spartacus -LRB- 1960 -RRB- . His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew , and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks -LRB- 1961 -RRB- , though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself .   Creative differences arising from his work with Douglas and the film studios , a dislike of Hollywood , and a growing concern about crime in America prompted Kubrick to move to the United Kingdom in 1961 , where he spent most of the remainder of his life and career . His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire , which he shared with his wife Christiane , became his workplace , where he did his writing , research , editing , and management of production details . This allowed him to have almost complete artistic control over his films , but with the rare advantage of having financial support from major Hollywood studios . His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers , Lolita -LRB- 1962 -RRB- and Dr. Strangelove -LRB- 1964 -RRB- .   A demanding perfectionist , Kubrick assumed control over most aspects of the filmmaking process , from direction and writing to editing , and took painstaking care with researching his films and staging scenes , working in close coordination with his actors and other collaborators . He often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie , which resulted in many conflicts with his casts . Despite the resulting notoriety among actors , many of Kubrick 's films broke new ground in cinematography . The scientific realism and innovative special effects of 2001 : A Space Odyssey -LRB- 1968 -RRB- were without precedent in the history of cinema , and the film earned him his only personal Oscar , for Best Visual Effects . Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generation 's `` big bang '' , and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made . For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon -LRB- 1975 -RRB- , Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA , to film scenes under natural candlelight . With The Shining -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots . While many of Kubrick 's films were controversial and initially received mixed reviews upon release -- particularly A Clockwork Orange -LRB- 1971 -RRB- , which Kubrick pulled from circulation in the UK following a mass media frenzy -- most were nominated for Oscars , Golden Globes , or BAFTA Awards , and underwent critical reevaluations . His last film , Eyes Wide Shut , was completed shortly before his death in 1999 at the age of 70 .


query: Mark Hamill acted as Luke Skywalker.

document: Mark Richard Hamill -LRB- born September 25 , 1951 -RRB- is an American actor , voice actor , producer and writer . He is best known for playing Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars film series . His other works include Corvette Summer -LRB- 1978 -RRB- and The Big Red One -LRB- 1980 -RRB- , among other television shows and movies . Hamill has also appeared on stage in several theater productions , primarily during the 1980s .   Hamill is a prolific voice actor who has voiced characters in many animated television shows , movies , and video games since the 1970s . He is known for his long-standing role as DC Comics ' the Joker , commencing with Batman : The Animated Series in 1992 .


query: Solange Knowles released an album.

document: Solange Piaget Knowles -LRB- -LSB- soʊˈlɑːnʒ -RSB- born June 24 , 1986 -RRB- is an American singer , songwriter , dancer , model and actress . Expressing an interest in music from an early age , Knowles had several temporary stints in Destiny 's Child , before signing with her father Mathew Knowles 's Music World Entertainment label . At age 16 , Knowles released her first studio album Solo Star -LRB- 2002 -RRB- . Between 2005 and 2007 , Knowles had several minor acting roles , including the direct-to-video Bring It On : All or Nothing -LRB- 2006 -RRB- and continued writing music for her older sister Beyoncé Knowles-Carter and for ex-Destiny 's Child group members Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams .   In 2007 , Knowles began to record music again . Her second studio album Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams -LRB- 2008 -RRB- deviated from the pop-oriented music of her debut to the Motown Sound of the 1960s and 1970s . It peaked at number nine on US Billboard 200 and received positive reviews from critics . She followed this up with the 1980s pop and R&B -- inspired extended play True -LRB- 2012 -RRB- on Columbia Records and her imprint Saint Records . Her third studio album , A Seat at the Table -LRB- 2016 -RRB- became her first number-one album in the United States . The album 's first single , `` Cranes in the Sky '' won the Grammy for Best R&B Performance . In December 2016 , Billboard magazine ranked her as the 100th most successful dance artist of all-time .   Knowles is heavily influenced by Motown girl groups and says that her first passion is songwriting . She is frequently compared by the media to her sister , Beyoncé , but Solange insists they have different aspirations and are musically different . Her other ventures include an endorsement deal with Rimmel London and a line of hip-hop-oriented merchandise for young children . On November 16 , 2014 , Knowles married music video director Alan Ferguson in New Orleans , Louisiana .