<P> The eventual disillusionment of those who migrated to the North and frustrations of struggling to cope with urban life set the scene for the back - to - Africa movement of the 1920s , established by Marcus Garvey although there were earlier attempts at resettlement such as that by Chief Alfred Sam in 1913 - 15 . Those who migrated to the Northern States from the South found that , although they were financially better off , they remained at the bottom both economically and socially . </P>
which african american led the back to africa movement during the early 20th century
Marcus Garvey