TEXT: 's+&& 
  &&&i 
  vjnen:,l 
  f.j& 
  -&&&& 
  &. iB, tP,&&i!&j 
  p&es 
  to f%Ll 
  i8.y seemed that 
  t&era 
  ~u~~~~,~~rn.~f~r.-~~~~- 
  ' 
  .pret%y.well 
  anfihbm 
  but it 
  is am.arqing.how 
  n 
  page& 
  ft1-l: 
  k-q& 
  d&- ali 
  events., 
  I th3nkIIQs* 
  0 
  ui$c$y 
  the 
  , 
  2 you w513Y 
  @ind the excellent 
  artzfcles 
  by.~Qer$zk$$yle$ 
  0; @&itSng' 
  ' 
  end Alan Nickels 
  an t-he Rorse._of gre@J fTZtere&., 
  I' r~@et 
  that 
  there.is 
  no battle 
  repoti: 
  in -t-h&s ~4sue.,‘sfic&a 
  good 
  5O$%,of you have asked for 
  them to be ticluded; 
  by the time 
  T had realised 
  this 
  from the que,sl&nafres, 
  the issue was 
  already 
  f'ulL,This 
  till 
  be a reg@ar 
  fe&u;,ra,,Fn 
  th& future. 
  . 
  - 
  . 
  The other 
  most'~popular-items, 
  accordti 
  to the 
  questionaires, 
  are uniform 
  detabls, 
  military-history, 
  and, 
  articles 
  on rules. 
  Regarding 
  the latter, 
  it 
  is interesting 
  to note that 
  90% of the members either 
  have adapted 
  rules 
  from my original 
  ones in IWar Games", or use my up to date 
  . 
  i
  
  rules. 
  This would appear to indicate 
  that 
  we have a basis 
  for relatively 
  standard 
  rules 
  in any competitions 
  etc., 
  It 
  has also been suggested 
  that 
  the magazine should 
  set 
  tactical 
  problems 
  and have a sale and wants section 
  - the 
  latter 
  will 
  certainly 
  be used as and when anyone wants to 
  advertise 
  anything. 
  There is of no course no charge for 
  aTsjr such advert: 
  Another 
  suggestion 
  is that 
  the Society 
  should 
  spondor 
  a Postal 
  War Game, something 
  I fully 
  favour. 
  I will 
  be 
  endeavouring 
  to set up a Committee to deal with 
  this 
  latef, 
  Naturally 
  ft 
  isn't 
  possible 
  to pack into 
  each issue 
  all 
  that 
  everyone 
  wants, 
  but I hope there 
  will 
  be enough of 
  interest 
  for 
  everyone. 
  I was particularly 
  pleased 
  at the enthusiasm 
  shown 
  in the answers to the questionaire. 
  Judging 
  by these there 
  will 
  be no lack 
  of articles. 
  I hope that 
  all 
  of you will 
  drop me a line 
  from time to ttie 
  commenting on the contents 
  of the magazine. 
  SLINGSHOT differs 
  from the Wsrgamers 
  Newsletter'in 
  that 
  it 
  is the voice 
  of the Society, 
  in 
  other 
  words of you members, end it 
  is therefore 
  you who 
  will 
  shape its 
  policy, 
  not the Editor. 
  Therefore 
  if 
  you 
  have ideas or complaints, 
  do please 
  let 
  me have them. 
  One other 
  point. 
  Several 
  people 
  have suggested 
  that 
  the magazine 
  and the Society 
  should 
  encourage 
  visits 
  between mem'bers, and once again I sm in complete 
  agreement,,More 
  will 
  be done about this 
  later, 
  but may I 
  here andnow 
  extend 
  a very hearty 
  welcome to any member 
  who can'visit 
  the Southampton 
  area to 
  come 
  and 
  see me. 
  If 
  you can come for 
  a week-end, 
  so much the better. 
  well, 
  that's 
  it. 
  Next issue I won'.t take up so much 
  space with 
  the Editorial, 
  I hope. 
  I list 
  below the names 
  and'addresses 
  of those who have actually 
  sent in their 
  subscript$ons 
  to datei 
  If'1 
  haven"t 
  @ready 
  repl%ed 
  personally, 
  please 
  take this 
  as formal 
  acknowledgement; 
  1c 
  will 
  try 
  and write 
  to as many as I can of you, but my time 
  is limited 
  so please 
  don!t.be 
  offended 
  if 
  you don't 
  get a 
  regular 
  letter 
  from me;; 
  * 
  c 
  -. 
  Atwell, 
  J.D. 
  2, Woodv&.e &ad, 
  Sheffield.lO,* 
  ' 
  Barker 
  Phil. 
  99, Brentford 
  Road, Kings 
  Heath 
  Birmingham 
  14 
  Bath, 
  &ny%. 
  11 K%ng,Edward Ave. Millbrook, 
  gouthampton 
  Carlin, 
  John W. 117 Carltan 
  Hill,, 
  %rltt&-No.ttingham 
  Cass, Archie.C: 
  10, ,Avon!&re 
  Road, West Kensington,.,London'W.14 
  Connett, 
  P.D. 64, .Menelik 
  Road, ,London N.W.2, 
  Connor, 
  Harold. 
  73, Olive 
  Grotie, 
  Harrogate,:Yorks 
  Davidson, 
  Mitchell 
  S. 642, Holburn 
  St. Aberdeen 
  Dickinson 
  Netille 
  E. 25, Rutland 
  Way, Bitterne, 
  Southampton 
  Edwards, 
  arry. 
  B 
  1, Central 
  Ave, Aveley, 
  Essex 
  Gerry, 
  H.J.C. 
  7,. Thorpefield 
  Close, 
  St. Albans, 
  Herts. 
  Guyler; 
  Deryck. 
  l80,, Normry 
  Crescent;Norbury, 
  London S.W.16 
  Hill, 
  David.'60, 
  Glenafeoch 
  Road, Carluke,* 
  Lana&shire 
  Morschauser--Joe, 
  12, Drake Road, Scarsdale 
  New York"'U.S& 
  Nickels' 
  Al&n L 
  63 
  Cottenham Park Road 
  W&nbledon, l!~ondon S.W.20 
  palmer~'R&.'an~ 
  '? Khgs 
  Avenue, 
  Gedling,'Notts. 
  Sherlo&,' 
  Keith.'20, 
  Charleston 
  Road, Eastbourne, 
  Sussex 
  Sweet, CharlesA. 
  c/o North'Side.Bsnk 
  & Trust 
  CO. Bristol, 
  Connectiout, 
  ,U.S.A. 
  Webb! Roger Bruce. 
  29, St.' Helena Road, Colchester, 
  Essex 
  Whitmng, Geoffrey. 
  44, Seymour Walk, London S.W.10 
  Woollacott, 
  Peter. 
  17, Jacqueline 
  Close, 
  Church Road 
  Northolt, 
  M$ddlesex 
  Redston, 
  Martin 
  . 
  453 Th.e IVoodlands 
  Esher Surrey 
  . . 
  
  PAINTING 
  FLATS 
  by DERYCK GUYLER 
  The purpose 
  of this 
  article 
  is the art 
  of painting 
  flats 
  and to pass on a few interesting 
  and, 
  I hope, useful 
  hints 
  to those 
  who are interested 
  in doing 
  so. 
  flats 
  It 
  is 
  important 
  to remember, 
  I think, 
  that 
  when painting 
  the use of highlightd 
  and shadows is essential 
  if 
  the 
  figure 
  is really 
  to look 
  its 
  best. 
  I know that 
  it 
  takes 
  natch 
  longer 
  to paint 
  this 
  way and when a whole 
  cohort 
  or troop 
  of horse 
  is to be painted 
  it 
  certainly 
  adds on extra 
  painting 
  time, 
  but 
  I am sure it 
  is worth 
  while, 
  as carefully 
  and 
  beautifully 
  painted 
  flats 
  are a joy 
  to behold 
  and one goes 
  into 
  battle 
  with 
  much more confidence 
  with 
  a well 
  painted 
  regiment. 
  The first 
  consideration 
  is t e choice 
  of oil 
  colours 
  and the correct 
  number to have 6% &one's 
  use. 
  k 
  A gifted 
  painter 
  will 
  make do with 
  five 
  basic 
  colours 
  plus 
  black 
  and 
  white, 
  but 
  colour 
  mixing 
  is a skilled 
  business 
  so, 
  if 
  ,you are 
  like 
  I am, you will 
  certainly 
  need more than these. 
  May I 
  offer 
  the following 
  list 
  of colours 
  (which 
  I use) 
  as a guide. 
  Before 
  enumerating 
  the different 
  colours, 
  however, 
  there 
  is 
  a very 
  good colour 
  mixing 
  chart 
  compiled 
  by vinser 
  & Newton, 
  priced 
  one shilling, 
  which 
  is very 
  useful 
  to have and whioh 
  can be obtained 
  from 
  any art 
  shop. 
  Yau 
  may easily 
  find' 
  that 
  with 
  the help 
  of this 
  chart 
  you will 
  not need as many 
  colours 
  as I have listed. 
  . 
  Here is my suggested 
  list 
  of colours:- 
  IVORY BLACK TITAKIUM WHITE 
  TERRA rZOSA ( this 
  mixed 
  with 
  white 
  gives 
  an excellent 
  flesh 
  colour) 
  BURNT 
  m!EBR, 
  QA,v rn>BV 
  YELXW OCHRE, RAW SIENNA, 
  BURNT 
  SIENXA. 
  ~AN-DYJSEU&O"3T. CADMIUM RED. CADXTUU SCARLET. 
  VERMILION, 
  PRUSSIAN BLUE, PRUSSIA&GREEN, 
  CHROm~GRI& 
  DEEP 
  CADMIUX GREEN P&E, 
  VIRIDIAN, 
  CADIUXI YELLOW, 
  IN&X 
  YELUW and BRO':TN/PINK 
  (a new colour 
  and a very 
  useful 
  one,) 
  made by ROWNEY Bc CO. 
  . 
  Eefare 
  painting 
  I always 
  use an undercoat 
  on my figures. 
  The small 
  tins 
  of matt 
  white 
  made by Humbrol 
  are excellent 
  for 
  this 
  purpose.. 
  Flesh 
  colours 
  are much easier 
  to ap ly 
  if 
  the figure 
  has first 
  been given 
  a WTT surface 
  and & e 
  fact 
  all 
  colours 
  will 
  look 
  much betterif 
  this 
  method 
  is 
  adopted. 
  Adter 
  painting, 
  of-course, 
  the figure 
  can be 
  vsrmished 
  with 
  either 
  a matt 
  or shiny 
  varnish, 
  or a mixture 
  of both'- 
  matt 
  on flesh 
  and clothes 
  etc. 
  Shiny 
  on all 
  metal 
  parts 
  helmets, 
  sword blades 
  or armour. 
  When 
  applying 
  the undercoat 
  I leave 
  unpainted 
  all 
  the metal 
  parts 
  which 
  I then give 
  a "wash I1 of colour 
  allowing 
  the metal 
  to 
  show through. 
  Indian 
  yellow 
  gives 
  a good gold 
  or brass 
  effect, 
  Burnt 
  Sienna 
  gives 
  a bronze 
  and Prussian 
  Blue 
  can'be 
  used for 
  all 
  silver 
  work with 
  the addition 
  of a touch 
  of 
  green for 
  iron. 
  There is also 
  a series 
  of transparent 
  French 
  varnish 
  paints 
  called 
  VmIS 
  GRAS made by LEFRANCE - 
  which 
  really 
  provide 
  the answer 
  to all 
  metal 
  painting. 
  The 
  most useful 
  colours 
  are yellow 
  blue 
  and green. 
  They can 
  be obtained 
  from LECHERTIER B&BE 
  LTD. 95 JERMYN STREET 
  LONDON S.!?.l. 
  These coloured 
  varnishes 
  should 
  be applieq 
  to the metal 
  parts 
  of the figure 
  direct 
  with 
  no undercoat. 
  The idea 
  is that 
  the metal 
  should 
  still 
  show through 
  the 
  paint. 
  There are, 
  of-course, 
  many colours 
  in metallic, 
  powder paints, 
  but personally 
  I find 
  these 
  didficult 
  to use 
  on figures 
  as small 
  as flats, 
  although 
  excellent 
  results 
  can 
  be obtained. 
  A little 
  linseed 
  oil(for 
  thinning) 
  and turps 
  are the 
  only 
  painting 
  mediums I use, 
  but 
  opal 
  medium is very 
  useful 
  
  4. 
  if 
  you require 
  a really 
  dead matt 
  finish. 
  ALSO if 
  you wish 
  to use a medium that 
  will 
  gfve 
  a shiny 
  finish 
  without 
  using 
  varnish 
  after 
  the figure 
  has been paintedC$XZSIZE 
  will 
  answer 
  this 
  purpose. 
  It 
  is, 
  of-course, 
  necessary 
  to finish 
  o 
  off 
  a figure 
  with 
  either 
  matt 
  or shiny 
  varnish 
  if 
  the 
  f%gure 
  is going 
  to be handled, 
  as 
  the V:lr Games are hard on 
  figures. 
  The paint 
  will 
  quickly 
  wear oYf if 
  this 
  is negl- 
  ected. 
  Brushes 
  are most important 
  and I find 
  that 
  the onesmade 
  by Vinser 
  8: Newton 
  Ltd (Series 
  12) are by far 
  the best 
  as 
  they have a short 
  head and a good fine 
  and firm 
  point. 
  One 
  No. mobrush 
  for 
  fine 
  work and one No. 
  1. brush 
  for 
  ordinary 
  work are sufficient, 
  but 
  I also 
  keep two others 
  which 
  I use 
  only 
  for 
  undercoating 
  and varnishing. 
  Small 
  snips 
  of Balsa 
  wood are useful 
  as stands 
  upon which 
  the figures 
  can be stuck 
  whilst 
  painting 
  and cow adhesive 
  is best 
  for 
  this 
  purpose 
  as 
  it 
  is arubber 
  solution. 
  The figure 
  can easily 
  be pulled 
  from the 
  stand 
  after 
  painting. 
  Much of what ,I have written 
  will, 
  T am sure, 
  be familiar 
  to most members, 
  but- I would 
  like 
  in a further 
  article 
  to 
  suggest 
  some colour 
  mixes 
  for 
  armour, 
  leather, 
  wood for 
  seige 
  engines 
  and also 
  the flesh 
  colours 
  for 
  different 
  _ 
  ancient 
  peoples 
  and suggested 
  colours'for 
  horses 
  and 
  animals. 
  THE BATTLE AND CAMPAIGN OF 
  CHAERONEA, 338 B.C. 
  i> The CampaQn 
  In 359 B.C. 
  a certain 
  Philip 
  mountedthe 
  throne 
  of Mace- 
  don. 
  The event 
  caused no stir 
  in the civilised 
  world 
  of 
  Greece: 
  Macedon was a barbarous 
  country 
  little 
  better 
  than 
  Persia, 
  and of very 
  little 
  interest 
  to the Greeks. 
  But it 
  was in fact 
  the 
  first 
  step which 
  was to 'lead to the 
  establi8hment 
  of Greek hegemony over Persia 
  and the Middle 
  East. 
  For several 
  hundred 
  years 
  Greece,had 
  been a conglomera- 
  tion 
  of small 
  city 
  states, 
  8ome of them kingdoms, 
  some 
  republics; 
  and for 
  mo&of 
  that 
  length 
  of time 
  they had 
  quarrelled 
  and fought 
  for 
  supremacy. 
  The Persian 
  menace had 
  brought 
  about 
  a short-lived 
  alliance 
  against 
  the commOn 
  foe - but 
  even on this 
  occasion 
  jealousy 
  caused Thebes to 
  side with 
  the 
  invaders 
  rather 
  than 
  assist 
  the rest 
  of the 
  Greeks,, 
  Once the Persians 
  had been dealt 
  with, 
  the alliance 
  swiftly 
  broke 
  up, 
  and was followed 
  by the 
  struggle 
  for 
  power between 
  the main naval 
  state, 
  Athens, 
  and the main 
  military 
  state, 
  Sparta. 
  This 
  finally 
  ended,with 
  the 
  complete 
  victory 
  of Sparta. 
  Sparta, 
  however, 
  was not the power to unite 
  Greece. 
  Her 
  leaders 
  were 
  narrow 
  and bigoted, 
  her methods 
  tyrannical; 
  and very 
  soon Thebes led 
  a revolt 
  against 
  her. 
  The Spartans 
  marched 
  down confidently 
  to crush 
  the rebels, 
  but at Leuctra 
  their 
  veteran 
  army was completely 
  shattered 
  by the 
  revolutionary 
  tactics 
  of Epaminondas 
  of Thebes - one of 
  the greatest 
  and least-known 
  of military 
  tacticians. 
  Thebes broke 
  the power of Sparta, 
  but 
  aft& 
  the death 
  of'Epaminonda8 
  her power waned, 
  and Greece fell 
  apart 
  once 
  more. 
  The lesson 
  was obvious: 
  Greece could 
  only 
  be united 
  by a foreign 
  power. 
  Now it 
  so happened that 
  at the height 
  of Epaminondas' 
  career, 
  Philip, 
  now King 
  of Macedon, 
  had 
  
  5. 
  been 
  living 
  in 
  Thebes 
  a8 a hOSta@,. 
  and was thus 
  able. to 
  study 
  at first-hand 
  the 
  methods 
  of 
  the 
  master. 
  Philip 
  was a good 
  pupil, 
  and he was iribrdinately 
  ambitirJua, 
  bes;5deabeing 
  an 
  astute 
  polSician.~On 
  becoming 
  King 
  of-Nagedon 
  Be set'about 
  not 
  only 
  civflfsing 
  his 
  rough 
  country, 
  but 
  in buflding 
  an 
  ' 
  army the.like.of 
  whi'ch 
  the 
  wcrrld 
  had 
  never 
  seen.before. 
  \ve 
  will 
  deal 
  with 
  this 
  in part 
  tW.: 
  . 
  Fhilipts 
  first 
  objective 
  was‘ta~rally 
  Greece 
  under 
  his 
  banner, 
  and but 
  for- the 
  efforts 
  of 
  Athens 
  he might 
  posSib1y 
  have 
  succeeded 
  in 
  doing'tI%3& 
  by politfcaX 
  means alone.. 
  Athens, 
  however, 
  under 
  the 
  aegis 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  orator 
  Demosthenes, 
  opposed 
  him.tooth 
  and nail. 
  Finally 
  in 
  340 B.C., 
  the 
  hour 
  struck. 
  Philip, 
  as head 
  of 
  the. Aarph&mn3c 
  Council+ 
  was 
  invited‘into 
  Greece 
  to 
  chast%se..the 
  city 
  of 
  Amphigsa 
  which 
  had transgressed~~agaistthe 
  Temple 
  of 
  Delphi; 
  Athens 
  and. 
  Thebes,,fearing 
  that 
  once 
  he.'came 
  he would 
  come to 
  stay, 
  resolved 
  to 
  oppose,h%m, 
  J c~~ed'outtheir~a&i.es 
  aand sent 
  them north 
  to hold 
  the 
  passes‘ 
  tito~~oeotia. 
  -. 
  - 
  Cn receipt 
  of 
  this 
  news Philip, 
  who had been marching 
  On fLmphisSa, 
  at once 
  ch8nged'direction 
  ta.the 
  east 
  and 
  seized 
  and fortified 
  the 
  city 
  of 
  Elatea, 
  from 
  which 
  he 
  menaced 
  the 
  direct 
  route 
  on Thebes. 
  The Allied 
  forces 
  had 
  barred 
  both 
  the 
  western 
  route 
  from 
  Cyldiwn 
  to &QphiSSa, 
  and the 
  eastern 
  pass 
  of'Parapotamii, 
  between 
  Elatea 
  and 
  Chaeronea. 
  The first 
  route 
  may be likened 
  to the 
  upper 
  stroke 
  of 
  an L, 
  the 
  route 
  from 
  CYt;inium 
  to matea 
  as the 
  lower 
  stroke, 
  and the.prolongation 
  across 
  the 
  pass 
  to * 
  Chaeronea 
  as the 
  upward 
  ftnish 
  ofthe~lowe~? 
  stroke, 
  * Philip 
  now paused,till 
  the 
  spr&tIg 
  of.338 
  B,C. 
  Having,, 
  by occupying 
  ELLatea, 
  made the 
  eastern~route. 
  the 
  most 
  obvious 
  line, 
  and thus 
  lulled 
  the 
  defenders 
  of'the 
  western 
  route, 
  -, 
  he suddenly 
  marched 
  rapidly 
  west 
  through 
  C-jfthium, 
  carried 
  the 
  pass 
  by the 
  very 
  rapidity 
  of 
  his 
  movement, 
  and debauched 
  into 
  Boeotia 
  at Amphissa, 
  from 
  whence.he..Fshed'on 
  to the 
  coast 
  at Naupactus 
  and opened 
  up his 
  sea communications. 
  Since 
  he was now well 
  behindthe:. 
  f&i& 
  of 
  the 
  defenders 
  of 
  the 
  eastern 
  route 
  at iParapotami%;,these~ 
  fel;l: 
  back 
  on' 
  Chaeronea 
  since; 
  ap&rt 
  from1 any threak,to+ 
  their 
  rear;there' 
  didn't 
  seem much poinf:in 
  staying 
  there. 
  The crafty 
  Macedonian,.however, 
  instead 
  af 
  pressing 
  on through 
  + 
  difficult 
  hilly 
  country, 
  had; alreads 
  retracedhis 
  steps,, 
  and now bJ.itKely 
  marched 
  unopposed 
  through 
  Parapotamii 
  into 
  the 
  open 
  plain 
  of 
  Chaeronea, 
  where 
  the 
  Allies 
  perforce 
  drew 
  up to give 
  him battle. 
  , 
  ii) 
  The Macedonian 
  Army. 
  Philip9 
  by reflection 
  and practica&experience, 
  had 
  considerably 
  added 
  to 
  and modified 
  the 
  Theban 
  methods. 
  His. 
  most 
  striking 
  innovations 
  were 
  two-'fol&, 
  firstly, 
  the, new -I 
  Macedonian 
  soldier 
  was not 
  a citizen 
  vlikla: drilled 
  in his, 
  spare 
  time 
  and fought 
  when needed, 
  but 
  a long 
  service 
  professional 
  who fought 
  for 
  pay, 
  and could 
  be subjected 
  to 
  training 
  and discipline 
  far 
  bepnd,that 
  of 
  the 
  citizen- 
  soldier; 
  secondly, 
  the 
  new Macedonian- 
  phalanx 
  was armed 
  with 
  the 
  sarissa, 
  a pike 
  twenty 
  feet 
  long 
  a8 opposed 
  to 
  the 
  standard 
  fourteen 
  feet 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  SpafYtan 
  pike. 
  When 
  the 
  new phalanx 
  was ready 
  to receive 
  a charge, 
  these 
  pike8 
  formed 
  a hedge 
  of 
  points 
  many tfers'deep, 
  The longer 
  and 
  heavier 
  pike8 
  were 
  often 
  managed 
  by t%n men - they 
  were too 
  heavy 
  for 
  one. 
  The weigh-t 
  and rigidity 
  of 
  this 
  phalanx 
  exceeded 
  anything 
  hitherto 
  known. 
  To ride 
  it 
  down or 
  disrupt 
  it 
  by direct 
  assault 
  were 
  practical 
  impossibilities. 
  It 
  could 
  be used 
  defensively 
  to 
  tihol..d" 
  a much larger 
  number 
  of 
  the 
  enemy, 
  and that 
  is what 
  Philip 
  *ted 
  it 
  for. 
  It 
  represented 
  philiprs~improvement 
  on the 
  defensive 
  Section 
  of 
  
  b. 
  Epaminonda~~ line 
  .of battle* 
  The trpunch" of Epminondas 
  Philip 
  ,provided 
  for by 
  specialising 
  another 
  body of men in a contrary~~rection, 
  Kis Hypaspists 
  were light-armed 
  infantry, 
  more mobile 
  than 
  the Spartan 
  phalanx 
  though 
  equipped,for, 
  e$ose combat. Attack 
  was their 
  business. 
  For cavalry 
  Philip 
  retained 
  the 
  backbone of the old Macedonian 
  army 
  the Tompanions 
  of the 
  King"; 
  land-owning 
  gentry, 
  of much the: seme .type as&those 
  who formed the bulk 
  of &pert's 
  &valiers* 
  They were 
  provided 
  with 
  long lances 
  and heavy smrds, 
  and horse as 
  well 
  as man was armoured. 
  . 
  Eut he:d&not 
  stop at these 
  car&I11 
  extensions 
  of 
  the Theban practice. 
  He had archers 
  to break up impregnable 
  formations, 
  and engineers 
  for 
  siege work. 
  The war machines 
  made for Dionysius 
  of Syracuse were copied 
  end p-erhaps 
  improved by Philip. 
  Just 
  as gunpowder,..centuyies.afterward, 
  rendered 
  stone-wall 
  %rtifications.obsol.ete,~ 
  so now these 
  engines 
  of Philip 
  made useless 
  the old brick 
  and timber 
  walls 
  of the Greek cities. 
  How the quarryingand 
  building 
  trades 
  of ancient 
  Greece must:have.b&s-sed.his 
  name!. 
  iii) 
  The.Battle 
  je ..'. 
  The Allies 
  drewup.their 
  line 
  of'battle 
  on the plain 
  of Chaeronea in the standard 
  formatjon 
  of the day, with 
  the Athenian 
  contingent 
  (among whom was,Demosthenes) 
  on 
  the left, 
  a mixture 
  of.lesser 
  alliesY:EXzboeans, 
  Achaians, 
  Corinthians, 
  Megarans etc, 
  in the- centre5 
  and the Thebans, 
  including 
  the flower 
  of the army, the Sacred Band, on the 
  right. 
  The, axmy was ,almcst entirely- 
  infantry, 
  Andy a high 
  proportion 
  of it 
  hoplftes.. 
  On the Macedonien.side,~Philip 
  with 
  the bulk 
  of the,phalanx 
  faced the Athenians; 
  the left,. 
  with 
  the hypaspists 
  and the cavalry, 
  was entrusted 
  to 
  young Alexander,: 
  fighting 
  in his 
  first 
  major battle, 
  Both 
  armies numbered around 35,000 men, 
  me attack 
  was delivered 
  by-the3 AiU.e& 
  along the 
  whole line. 
  On his wing, 
  Philip 
  gave&ground 
  steadily 
  but 
  in exceLlent. 
  orderbefore,.the 
  Athenians, 
  who pressed 
  forward 
  exultantly, 
  their 
  leader, 
  Stratocles, 
  shouting 
  Qnward 
  to Macedonti(,tt 
  On the other,fla?& 
  however, 
  Alexander 
  m&.theX 'Iheban charge with 
  a waXL of iron, 
  ', 
  halted 
  it, 
  swung in his-cavalry 
  and hypasp3sts 
  on fts 
  flank,. 
  and crumpled 
  it 
  like 
  rotten 
  timber. 
  The. Thebans fought 
  hard 
  - the Sacred Band stood and died to a man:in 
  its 
  tracks 
  - 
  but their 
  wing was routed 
  with 
  considerable 
  slaughter. 
  As soon as Philip 
  received 
  news of Alexander's 
  success, he halted 
  his 
  retreat. 
  The Athenian 
  attack 
  broke 
  hopelessly 
  upon the wall 
  af sarfssas,~Alexanderls 
  victorious 
  wing wheeled down upon their 
  flank, 
  and in a few minutes 
  the remnants of the allied 
  army were 
  in frantic 
  flight, 
  with 
  Demosthenes setting 
  a good example. 
  l?or .a battle 
  of 
  this 
  type casualties 
  were heavy, 
  the Athenfan 
  losses 
  in 
  hoplites 
  alone being 
  2,000 and the Thebans very much 
  greater/The 
  victory-gave 
  the whole of Greece to Philip. 
  iv) 
  Chaeronea as a War Game 
  As a campaign Chaeronea can be!worked 
  very'simply. 
  Any reasonably 
  scaled map of Greece will 
  show you the 
  positioning 
  of the towns mentioned 
  above,- and all 
  you have 
  to assume is that 
  the only 
  practical,routes 
  are via 
  Amphissa,and 
  Parapotamii. 
  Phil$p's 
  objective 
  is to reach 
  Chaeronea without 
  fighting, 
  that 
  of the allies 
  to prevent 
  him. An attack 
  by,Philip's 
  whole army will 
  carry 
  either 
  route 
  if 
  it 
  is defended 
  by less than two-thirds 
  of the 
  
  allied 
  army. 
  For the troops 
  needed, 
  the Macedonians 
  should have say 
  six regiments 
  of phalangites, 
  two of hypaspists, 
  the 
  Agema or royal 
  bodyguard, 
  three 
  regiments 
  of archers 
  and 
  javelin 
  men, and three 
  regiments 
  of Companion Cavalry. 
  The Allies 
  would probably 
  have tvm regiments 
  of light 
  troops, 
  with 
  either 
  bows or javelins, 
  the Sacred Band, 
  and four 
  regiments 
  each of Athenian, 
  Theban and lesser 
  city 
  hoplites 
  - the latter 
  being 
  of rather 
  lesser 
  value. 
  *, 
  The terrain 
  would be'an 
  open plain 
  with 
  a few small 
  features 
  perhaps, 
  Any reasonable 
  set o 
  Ancient 
  rule's 
  h 
  would cover the operation, 
  but it 
  must be remembered that 
  in an open battle 
  the Macedonian 
  phalati 
  would be 
  definitely 
  superior 
  to the Allied 
  hoplites, 
  and that 
  at 
  that 
  period 
  the Companion Cavalry 
  %culd have great 
  difficulty 
  in charging 
  unbrokem'hoplites 
  from the front, 
  whereas against 
  broken 
  troops, 
  or from the flank, 
  their 
  charge would be very 
  formitible. 
  Alan Nickels 
  writes: 
  "You haven't 
  told 
  me yet whether 
  it 
  is- intended:to 
  include 
  the mediaeval 
  period, 
  but may 
  I put in a plea 
  for 
  it? 
  Firstly, 
  there 
  is no hard-and- 
  fast 
  line 
  seperating 
  the ancient 
  andmediaeval 
  worlds 
  l&ere 
  war is concerned, 
  The same' arms and tactics 
  apply 
  to both. - the real 
  break'comes 
  about 1500 A-D. 
  when gunpowder takes overthebattlefield'; 
  Secondly, 
  _ 
  about 30, I understand, 
  have so,far 
  written 
  in 
  expressfng 
  an interest.in-the 
  ancient'period. 
  Don't 
  you think 
  quite 
  a few more might be ropedJ in if 
  it 
  were 
  made plain 
  that 
  the Middle 
  Ages are~not 
  excluded? 
  I 
  think 
  quite 
  a number may have an interest 
  in, 
  say, 
  EBglish 
  and:French- 
  at.Grecy 
  and Poftiers 
  who feel 
  Greece and Rome, nbt to mentfon 
  Assyria, 
  a bit 
  too far 
  off 
  and alien; 
  Maybe- a note to that 
  effect 
  fn the 
  Wargamers-.Newsletter 
  cand ,Table Top Talk) 
  m@ht rally 
  ., 
  a few more supporters?tlg, 
  .-::. 
  '..,?,. ~ 
  _. - 
  ,. 
  Now this: 
  i's a *very good'point. 
  I for 
  one agree with 
  , 
  Nick 
  entirely, 
  and 
  since 
  we are trying 
  to cover 
  several 
  thousand 
  years 
  in &he Ancient 
  period, 
  the addition 
  of two 
  or three 
  hundred 
  more wouldn't 
  seem to add to much to our 
  coverage. 
  I've 
  always had difficulty,in 
  deciding 
  just 
  where Ancients 
  stopped 
  and Mediaev,alsbegan 
  - for 
  instance, 
  into 
  which period 
  do Saxons, Danes and Normans fit? 
  But the decision 
  isn't 
  mine to make. As I said in the 
  Editorial, 
  this 
  is YOUEmagazine, 
  and you, the members, 
  must make a policy 
  decisfon 
  such. as this. 
  So will 
  you' 
  please 
  write 
  in and let 
  me have your 
  views 
  on'the 
  subJect. 
  Tf there 
  is a majority 
  in favour 
  of add.- 
  Mediaevals, 
  then I will 
  do as Nick 
  suggests 
  and give 
  it 
  as much 
  publicity 
  as,possible 
  in-other 
  journals. 
  If 
  I don't 
  hear 
  from a person on the subject 
  then I shall 
  take ft -that he 
  is neutral 
  and doesn't 
  much mind either 
  way. 
  T. 'A. B. 
  
  by 
  . 
  .,. 
  Tony Bath 
  Some people 
  may not agree with 
  this, 
  but I personally 
  fin3 
  that 
  some of the most interesting 
  war games are 
  these 
  in which the two opposing 
  armies, 
  though of perhaps 
  equal value, 
  are of a different 
  composition. 
  The differences 
  may be only 
  small - rather 
  more cavalry 
  on.one 
  side, 
  more 
  infantry 
  on the other 
  - or they may be great 
  such as a 
  completely 
  cavairy 
  army fighting 
  one contain& 
  cavalry, 
  * 
  infantry 
  and elephants. 
  However, 
  if 
  you accept this 
  idea, 
  and you also 
  accept .one of my basiq 
  premises 
  in war .gaming? -that, 
  as a 
  general 
  rule, 
  you get a better 
  gameeif 
  both 
  sxdes have 
  reasonably 
  equal 
  strength, 
  then you must obviously 
  set up 
  some sort 
  of system whereby differ&t 
  tykes 
  of troops 
  are 
  graded..for.value 
  , so that 
  you. can evaluate..the.strength 
  of an army and see whether 
  two opposing 
  armies are well 
  matched. 
  Now I'm not claiming 
  to be highly 
  original 
  on this 
  subject. 
  Other people 
  may have come to ~exactly 
  the same 
  conclusions 
  or I may have borrowed 
  ideas 
  tirn 
  others 
  - 
  frankly 
  I wouldn't 
  like 
  to say how-many of the ideas 
  I use 
  today 
  I dreamed up myself 
  and.how many I borrowed 
  from 
  other 
  people 
  years 
  ago. But as its 
  a.system 
  that 
  we'in 
  the 
  Southampton 
  area have used,for 
  years. with 
  great 
  success; 
  it 
  may be of use to some of youat 
  least. 
  I started 
  out with 
  the ba& 
  &mise~that 
  an 
  infantryman 
  was worth 
  one point 
  and a cavalryman 
  two>,Then, 
  since 
  1 wurk in regimental 
  units 
  rather 
  than individuals, 
  and since my regiments 
  are standardised,at 
  20 men for 
  infantry 
  and 15 for 
  cavalry; 
  plus 
  officers, 
  I settled 
  for 
  an infantry 
  regimentbeing 
  worth 
  20 points 
  and, a cavalry 
  regiment 
  30. Now here 
  we run up against 
  a snag-at 
  once. 
  In 
  our period 
  we can get a great 
  varfety 
  among our infantry 
  or cavalry 
  regiments; 
  one may be composed of heavily 
  . 
  armed troops 
  6 
  another 
  of practically 
  naked men just 
  armed 
  with 
  a bow. 
  an we, then, 
  give bath regiments 
  the same 
  points 
  value? 
  . 
  I 
  . . 
  .This is where I expect 
  a lot-of 
  you to disagree 
  with 
  me because I do, give 
  them the same value. 
  My argument 
  is 
  this: 
  they 
  are.worth 
  the same value 
  under 
  certain 
  '. 
  . 
  circumstances, 
  and to get that 
  full 
  value 
  they must be used 
  in the proper 
  circumstances 
  and with 
  the proper 
  tactics. 
  On the face of it 
  a regiment 
  of f'~@ly armed and.armoured 
  hoplite 
  infantry 
  should 
  be worth more than a regime& 
  of 
  half-naked 
  bowmen,, and in close 
  combat this 
  would be 80~ 
  But if 
  the bowmen use their 
  superior 
  mobility 
  to-keep 
  out 
  of close 
  action 
  while 
  they 
  shoot the hoplites 
  down, then 
  in fact 
  the bowmen are probably 
  mrth'more 
  than tke 
  hoplites:.In 
  the same way a'regiment 
  of 1Lght 
  speqen 
  in 
  broken 
  country 
  may be more valuable 
  than one of hoplites, 
  whereas in open country 
  the koplites 
  would be the best bet. 
  Of course, 
  you could 
  if 
  you wished have a sliding 
  scale of values, 
  according 
  to the sort 
  of country 
  you were 
  operating 
  in, 
  but I do not favour 
  this 
  idea. 
  If 
  you are 
  foolish 
  enough to take 
  an unsuitable 
  army into 
  a terrain 
  then you must take the consequences 
  and try 
  to redress 
  ths 
  balance 
  by superior 
  ttzctics. 
  
  w, 
  hav-2~ 
  0ettlea 
  upan 
  +l-re vdlua 
  af 
  an 
  infantry 
  regiment 
  at 20 points 
  and a cavalry 
  regiment 
  at 30 poQxts, 
  I then had 
  to assess the values 
  of other 
  items. 
  For instance, 
  Guard 
  units 
  should 
  obviously 
  have extra 
  value 
  if 
  your rules 
  give 
  them extra 
  virtue 
  - as mine do. I thus value 
  a Guard infantry 
  regiment 
  at 30 and Guard cavalry 
  at 40, whichbis 
  an expression 
  of their 
  superior 
  morale 
  and fighting 
  power. 
  Next in line 
  was the chariot, 
  Since I don't 
  use chariots 
  in specific 
  squadrons 
  they have to be valued 
  seperately. 
  This 
  makes life 
  a little 
  diff;fcult 
  since obviously 
  chariots 
  are 
  increasingly 
  valuable 
  in relation 
  to their 
  mass; but I have 
  assumed for-my 
  purpose 
  that 
  reasonable 
  numbers are available. 
  Here again 
  I have not differentiated 
  between heavy and light 
  chariots 
  for points 
  value, 
  but have given 
  each an arbitrary 
  value 
  of 5 points 
  - the equivalent 
  of 5 infantry 
  or 2& 
  cavalry. 
  The value 
  obviously 
  depends to a great 
  deal on 
  your rules 
  for 
  chariots 
  and how effective 
  you have made 
  them. 
  In my rules, 
  which really 
  are set in about the Greek 
  period 
  rather 
  than the Egyptfan 
  or Assyrian,. 
  the chariot 
  is 
  not too effective 
  a weapon and therefore 
  a value 
  of 5 is 
  about right. 
  (I might 
  add that 
  I have never been satisfied 
  with 
  my chariot 
  rules, 
  which I have changed completely 
  about 4 times, 
  and that 
  I hope shortly 
  to set up a 
  committee 
  to draft 
  some better 
  ones.) 
  F'rom chariots 
  we move to elephants, 
  around whom many 
  arguments have raged. 
  Now I freely 
  admit that 
  I personally 
  am an elephant 
  lover 
  and as such its 
  possible 
  that 
  my rules 
  are biased 
  in their 
  favour. 
  I have looked 
  at this 
  from the 
  viewpoint 
  that 
  I l$ke 
  elephants 
  army, and they 
  were used for 
  qu te 
  1 
  they give 
  variety 
  to an 
  a long period. 
  So, if 
  you are going 
  to use,them, 
  they must be an effective 
  weapon; at the same time 
  the rules 
  must cover 
  their 
  considerable 
  unreliabiliiy 
  - they often 
  did as much 
  damage to their 
  own army as to the enemy. Thus under my 
  rules 
  they 
  stand a good chance of being 
  killed 
  or 
  stampeded during 
  the approach, 
  but if 
  they once break 
  into 
  an infantry 
  formation 
  they 
  are devastating. 
  My esttiate 
  of their 
  points 
  value 
  at 10 apiece 
  reflects 
  this. 
  To be effective 
  you need at least 
  3 elephants 
  - I 
  personally 
  try 
  to have a minimum of 5 - and this 
  means a 
  points 
  total 
  of 30. The loss of all 
  three 
  without 
  achieving 
  anything 
  is therefore 
  a bitter 
  blow but not 
  necessarily 
  a completely 
  disastrous 
  one, while 
  if 
  they do 
  succeed they will 
  certainly 
  do that 
  amount of damage to 
  the enemy. To reduce 
  the points 
  value 
  would make them too 
  expendable 
  and too easy to mass, to increase 
  it 
  M;P3uld 
  make them an expensive 
  luxury. 
  Ve come now to what are loosel$ 
  classed 
  as siege 
  engines 
  or war engines, 
  namely 
  onagers 
  etc. 
  I have simply 
  div i 
  catapults? 
  ballistae, 
  ded these 
  m"co heavy and 
  light 
  weapons, valuing 
  the heavy at 10 and the light 
  at 5 
  points 
  apiece. 
  I personally 
  do not encourage 
  their 
  use in 
  the open field, 
  eycept 
  in an occasional 
  defensive 
  action, 
  so the value 
  is largely 
  for 
  siege operations. 
  The system can be extended 
  to cover baggage trains, 
  supplies, 
  terrain 
  features 
  etc if 
  required 
  but I only 
  use it 
  for 
  one other 
  item - the camel. I use mine in 
  squadrons 
  of 5 and these are valued 
  at 20 points. 
  It 
  can now be seen that 
  with 
  such a points 
  system 
  most interesting 
  battles 
  can be fought 
  on even terms. 
  This 
  is especially 
  true 
  when you have a vistor 
  with 
  whom you are 
  fighting 
  an odd battle 
  rather 
  than a campaign. 
  YOU 
  can 
  let 
  him pick 
  whatever 
  he likes 
  up to a certain 
  points 
  value 
  - 
  and find 
  yourself 
  facing 
  some very wild 
  mixtures! 
  
  THE HORSE 
  by 
  .._ 
  A.'L. 
  Nickels 
  1. THE ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS 
  On the bookshelves 
  of the. author 
  and the Editor 
  alike 
  there 
  reposes 
  a History 
  of Cavalry 
  which treats 
  of that 
  arm 
  from earliest 
  antiquity 
  to the 1870 war - and in all 
  its 
  468 
  pages not one is devoted 
  to the animal 
  ridden 
  by the 
  trooper, 
  while 
  the stirrup 
  gets one mention 
  - "not 
  in use 
  till 
  the 6th century. 
  I* On the one hand, misinformation; 
  on the other, 
  a blank 
  which would lead 
  the unwary reader 
  Wwonder 
  how the ancient 
  civilisations 
  came to neglect 
  the presumeably 
  ubiquitous 
  herds.of 
  magnificent 
  equines, 
  or, 
  later, 
  to mis-use 
  them. 
  As the actual 
  situation 
  seldom seems to be made plain, 
  let 
  us try 
  to reconstmct 
  it 
  from the bits 
  and pieces 
  of 
  information 
  that 
  are now known to be correct, 
  and a few 
  (let 
  us hope) 
  tntelligent 
  guesses. 
  There is no need to go into 
  the pclaeontology 
  of the 
  genus Equus 
  which is sufficiently 
  well 
  known. A reasonable 
  hypothesis 
  1s that 
  the original 
  breeding 
  ground 
  comprised 
  roughly 
  Mongolia, 
  Turkestan, 
  North 
  India, 
  Persia, 
  Syria, 
  and Arabia, 
  and that 
  at the dawn of recorded 
  history 
  it 
  had diverged 
  into 
  two main types 
  the Northern 
  or cold-, 
  blooded, 
  and the Southern, 
  or hokdblooded. 
  Wide-open 
  plains 
  and uplands, 
  whether 
  well-grassed 
  or 
  semi-arid, 
  especially 
  with 
  a limestone 
  soil 
  for bone 
  formatfon, 
  are favourable 
  for 
  the wild 
  horse. 
  A cold 
  climate 
  produces 
  a compact body and short 
  legs 
  for heat- 
  conservation, 
  a hot, 
  dry climate 
  a lean, 
  rangy build 
  with 
  high 
  surface/volume 
  ratio 
  for heat 
  shedding. 
  A hot, 
  moist 
  climate 
  inhibiting 
  sweating 
  is most unsuitable. 
  A heavy 
  build 
  is produced 
  (even by artificial 
  breeding) 
  only 
  in 
  cool, 
  moist 
  cl@nates where the feed is rich 
  and succulent. 
  As regards 
  temperature 
  range, 
  the horse 
  reaches 
  its 
  greatest 
  height 
  and size in temperate 
  climes, 
  excessive' 
  cold or heat reducing 
  it 
  in one or other 
  of the above ways. 
  Stock which has been "up-graded" 
  by cross breeding 
  to a 
  type which cannot normally 
  be supportedby 
  a locality 
  tends always to revert 
  to a type which can, and has to be 
  maintained 
  by constant 
  imports 
  of breeding 
  stallions, 
  frequently 
  every 
  other 
  generation, 
  Now perhaps 
  we can construct 
  a.picture 
  of the equine 
  population 
  of antiquity. 
  North 
  of the Mediterranean, 
  the , 
  Black 
  Sea, and the Caucasus, 
  and stretching 
  across the 
  plains 
  of north 
  Asia 
  are vast herds of the Northern 
  horse, 
  from the "tarpan I* of Europe, 
  whit h only 
  became extinct 
  in 
  1880, to'the 
  surviving 
  wild 
  horse of Mongolia 
  (Przevalski's 
  Horse) 
  share the same characteristics, 
  the short, 
  stocky 
  body and short 
  legs, 
  massive necks and heads, 
  frequently 
  with 
  a Roman nose, 
  thick 
  coat and mane (often 
  upstanding), 
  heavy bone for 
  their 
  size, 
  extremely 
  hardy 
  and enduring, 
  self-reliant 
  and phlegmatic 
  in temperament. 
  In Arabia 
  and 
  Syria 
  is the archtype 
  of the Southern 
  Hornse, the Arab, 
  probably 
  totally 
  domesticated 
  by 3000 B.C. The purity 
  of 
  the breed has been so jealously 
  guarded 
  that 
  any picture 
  of an Arab today 
  will 
  show its 
  appearance 
  then: 
  the 
  graceful 
  build, 
  arched neck and small, 
  concave-profiled 
  
  11. 
  head 
  are well-known, 
  Soundness of wind and limb and great 
  endurance 
  and hardiness 
  are outstanding 
  virtues 
  of the breed, 
  and (before 
  the days of the wlish 
  Thoroughbred) 
  comparatively 
  high 
  speed. In North 
  Africa, 
  including 
  Nubia 
  (Dongola) 
  is its 
  cousin, 
  the Barb, 
  only 
  slightly 
  less 
  spirited, 
  and with 
  a straighter 
  profile. 
  It 
  must be 
  remembered that'the 
  climate 
  of the entire 
  Mediterranean 
  basin 
  has changed for 
  the worse with 
  the destruction 
  of woods 
  by man (and his goats), 
  and nowhere mare than in North 
  Africa, 
  whose forests 
  were felled 
  for 
  shipbrfilding 
  and fuel 
  and' 
  grasslands 
  converted 
  to ;dustbowls 
  to provide 
  corn for Home. 
  In Turkestan 
  and especfally 
  in.Eersia 
  there 
  has been 
  interbreeding 
  and the uplands 
  there 
  have produced 
  tall 
  speedy horses 
  later 
  to be admired, and envied, 
  strong, 
  especial 
  y by 
  I 
  enemies. 
  And Egypt and Mesopotamia? 
  Horses there 
  are none. 
  Climate 
  and conditions 
  - hot, 
  moist, 
  with 
  dense irrigation-cultivation 
  e- 
  forbid 
  it. 
  Horses have never been successfully 
  bred in Egypt, 
  --
  but have had continually 
  to be imported. 
  In Sumeria the most 
  that 
  the kings 
  of the little 
  city-states 
  can rise 
  to is a 
  small cart 
  drawn by a couple of asses. 
  Such is the position 
  circa 
  3000 B.C., 
  with 
  the dynastic 
  wars of the two centres 
  of 
  civilisation 
  carried.on 
  by almost naked archers 
  andctight 
  phalanxes 
  of spearmen tith 
  big wooden or leather 
  shields 
  when upon the mountainous 
  borderlands 
  of Mesopotamia 
  1 
  arr ve 
  those 
  arch-disturbers 
  of peaceful 
  and settled 
  cultivators, 
  the Indo-Europeans, 
  with 
  their 
  flocks 
  and herds, 
  their 
  families 
  in primitive 
  "covered 
  wagonstl (no-one 
  knows when or by whom the 
  wheel was invented), 
  and their 
  horses. 
  By about 
  2700 the Hittites 
  had reached Asia Minor, 
  and 
  we know they had horses 
  with 
  them, for 
  their 
  King Anittas 
  said 
  so in an inscription 
  carved near the modern Angora, 
  though not 
  until 
  1360 B.C. would his fellow-countrymen 
  produce 
  the first 
  surviving 
  literature 
  on the subject, 
  six 
  clay tablets 
  in 
  cuneiform 
  entitled 
  "Handbook 
  for 
  the Treatment 
  of the Horse", 
  dealing 
  with 
  its 
  care for 
  racing 
  chariots 
  and for 
  war. Much 
  raiding 
  by Hittites 
  and other 
  probably 
  &do-European 
  barbarians 
  punctuated 
  the ensuing 
  centuries, 
  culminating 
  in 
  the conquest 
  and rule 
  of Babylon 
  by the Kassites 
  from 1746 to 
  1169 B.C. 
  There 
  can be no doubt thatlongbefore 
  then the 
  horse had been effectively 
  introduced 
  to Mesapotainia, 
  nor 
  that 
  its 
  possibilities 
  had been,noted 
  by the kings 
  of Assyria, 
  which had its 
  humble beginnings 
  about 2400 B.C. 
  ~About 1788 B.C. Egypt began to suffer 
  invasion, 
  culmin- 
  ating 
  in the conquest 
  of most of the land by the Hyksos, 
  a 
  Semitic-speaking 
  confederacy, 
  probably 
  of Syrians 
  and/or 
  Bedouin 
  nomads; it 
  is well-known 
  that 
  they brought 
  the horse 
  to Egypt. 
  As used henceforward 
  by Egypt's 
  armies the type has 
  been clearly 
  depicted: 
  the well-arched 
  heck, 
  the concave nose, 
  the graceful 
  form and eager, 
  fiery 
  air 
  point, 
  as one would 
  expect, 
  unmistakeably.to 
  the Arab. 
  Now for hundreds 
  of years, 
  pairs 
  of them draw light 
  chariots 
  with 
  six-spoked 
  wheels 
  containing 
  driver 
  and-archer, 
  whose steady 
  and impeccable 
  manoeuvring 
  combine with 
  the power of the Egyptian 
  longbow to 
  found and hold 
  their 
  Syrian 
  empire 
  and beat off 
  the challenge 
  of the Hittites. 
  The Hittite 
  chariot 
  is built 
  high 
  and heavy tith 
  solid 
  sides, 
  and holds 
  three 
  men; two horses 
  suffice, 
  which, 
  if 
  they 
  come from the mixed breed of the Persian 
  limestone 
  uplands, 
  is not surprfsing. 
  There is, 
  too, 
  a line 
  relief 
  on a Luxor 
  temple 
  depicting 
  a Hittits 
  riding 
  a horse, 
  which appears to 
  be well 
  up to his weight. 
  Unfortunately 
  no details 
  are 
  shown of reins 
  or saddlecloth, 
  and presumeably 
  horses 
  were cut 
  free 
  from disabled 
  chariots 
  and ridden 
  on occasion; 
  certainly 
  this 
  cannot be taken 
  as evidence 
  of any organised 
  cavalry 
  in 
  
  12. 
  1296 B.C. I?le'seat 
  adopted 
  is the usual 
  early 
  one, with 
  the knees drawn well 
  up,, 
  When we come tothe 
  Assyrians,. 
  however, 
  the progression 
  of the cavalry 
  arm is documented in greater 
  detail.' 
  F-',rstly, 
  the chariots 
  are massive, 
  with 
  eight-spoked 
  -&ee'Ls,. pulled 
  by two horses 
  of the same type as the 
  mttitea 
  with 
  sometimes a spare horse fastened 
  along- 
  side, 
  frequently 
  barded with.thick 
  cloth 
  on head, 
  chest and back. 
  There 
  is a three-man 
  crew, driver, 
  neck, 
  shieldman, 
  and warrior 
  with 
  bow and spear; 
  The next 
  stage apparently 
  occurs 
  in hilly 
  and broken 
  country 
  inaccessible 
  to chariots; 
  their 
  horses 
  are unhitched 
  snd 
  ridden, 
  bareback 
  and with.the 
  large 
  ornamental 
  collar 
  still 
  worm; the driver 
  (presumeably) 
  acting 
  as groom 
  and guiding 
  the warrior's 
  horse by its 
  reins 
  as well 
  as 
  his own, to leave 
  the warrior's 
  hands free 
  to ply 
  the 
  bow. Soon the art 
  of riding 
  progresses 
  to the'point 
  where riders 
  can guide 
  their 
  mounts by pressure 
  of the 
  knees and archers 
  can shoot at the gallop 
  with 
  reins 
  flying; 
  the horses 
  equipped 
  with 
  saddlecloths 
  and some 
  of them barded. 
  The cavalry 
  are divided, 
  and though 
  all 
  wear helmets 
  and cuirasses, 
  half 
  bear short 
  sword 
  and eight-foot 
  spear, 
  the other 
  half 
  sword and short 
  bow. The chariotry 
  remains with 
  undiminished 
  prestige 
  (the king 
  and nobles 
  serve in it) 
  but diminished 
  numbers. 
  JULIUS CAESAR - MAN, SOLDIER AND 
  TYRANT. 
  Not the title 
  of an article, 
  but the title 
  of the 
  latest 
  book by the well-known 
  military 
  historian, 
  Major- 
  General 
  J.F.C. 
  Fuller, 
  published 
  by Eyre and Spottiswoode 
  at 42/-. 
  Having 
  just 
  finished 
  reading 
  this 
  volumet 
  I can most 
  sincerely 
  state 
  that 
  no-one 
  interested 
  in.Anclent 
  history 
  should 
  miss the book. 
  Those. who can afford 
  it 
  will 
  no 
  doubt buy it 
  - others, 
  like 
  me, can obtain 
  it 
  from their' 
  local 
  library. 
  Personally 
  I ,found the. wholebook 
  fascinatsng,,but 
  those whose interests. 
  are exclusively 
  , 
  military 
  may skip the first 
  73 pages and start 
  off 
  with 
  the most excellent 
  chapter 
  on the Roman army. From here 
  the book traces 
  Caesar's 
  exploits 
  through 
  the conquest 
  of Gaul to the civil 
  wars. 
  For his 
  sources Fuller 
  has gone right 
  back to the 
  classical 
  writers,. 
  but many of his 
  interpretations 
  are 
  new and refreshing. 
  He classes 
  Caesar lower 
  than many 
  as a general: 
  "to have to spend over half 
  a long war 
  extricating 
  oneself 
  from difficulties 
  created 
  by the 
  enemy may or may notbe 
  good generalship; 
  but to have 
  to do so because they 
  are due to one's own mistakes 
  is 
  incontestably 
  bad generalship, 
  even when the extrications 
  are brilliant." 
  As a man, ,he sayspllIt 
  is reasonable 
  to 
  suspect 
  that, 
  at times, 
  Caesar was not responsible 
  for 
  his 
  actions, 
  and toward 
  the end of his 
  life 
  not 
  altogether 
  sane." 
  Those of you who are pro-Roman may take 
  exception 
  to Fuller's 
  statement 
  that 
  the Roman army "cannot 
  compare with 
  those of Philip 
  or Alexander 
  of Macedon, 
  or with 
  those of Alexander's 
  immedtate 
  successors.... 
  any one of those 
  armies would have anihilated 
  a 
  numerically 
  equal 
  force 
  of Romans in a.brief 
  morning's 
  engagement.*! 
  But nevertheless 
  you will 
  enjoy 
  the book. 
  
  by 
  Tony Bath 
  The name of Maiden 
  _ 
  readers, 
  If 
  YOU 
  look 
  it up in an encyclopaedia, 
  you might 
  find 
  the entry 
  I've 
  just 
  found in mine: Maiden Castle 
  - 
  Earthwork 
  just 
  outside 
  Dorchester, 
  Dorset. 
  It 
  was formed in 
  the neolithic 
  age and covers 160 acres, 
  being 
  perhaps the 
  largest 
  of its 
  kind 
  in the country. 
  The hill 
  is 430 feet 
  high 
  and is protectedby 
  concentric 
  ramparts 
  of earth," 
  * 
  Which doesn't 
  really 
  convey,all 
  that 
  much, does it? 
  Cdstle 
  may not mean much to some 
  In point 
  of fact, 
  up till 
  1934, this 
  is about all 
  that 
  was known about Maiden Castle, 
  In that 
  year, 
  inspired 
  by aerial 
  surveys, 
  the archaeologists 
  moved in, 
  and soon 
  it 
  was evident 
  that 
  this 
  was a real 
  find. 
  The spade made it 
  very 
  apparent 
  that 
  here was the scene of a violent 
  battle, 
  the storm of a well-defended 
  fortress 
  and the slaughter 
  of 
  its 
  garrison. 
  Noreover, 
  it 
  was evident 
  that 
  the attackers 
  had been Romans, which was fairly 
  effective 
  in fixing 
  the 
  approximate 
  date of the action. 
  In A.D. 43-4 Vespasian 
  marched into 
  South-West 
  England 
  at the head of the 2nd 
  Legion. 
  TWe read that 
  he "reducedztwo 
  very 
  formidable 
  tribes 
  and over twenty 
  fortified 
  native 
  ,towns'l, 
  and it 
  is a good 
  guess that 
  one of the two tribes.was 
  the Durotriges 
  of 
  Dorset, 
  The archaeologists 
  soon reconstructed 
  the main 
  outlines 
  of the earthworks 
  which were very 
  formidable 
  indeed. 
  To the West, the hill 
  was guarded by no less than 
  seven ramparts, 
  while 
  on the East there 
  were similar 
  defences 
  and two gateways 
  which opened on to a crescentic 
  forecourt, 
  The road wound up the hillside 
  Prom the outer 
  court 
  and 
  lower 
  defences, 
  and here the diggers 
  found the iron 
  heads 
  of Roman catapult 
  quarrels. 
  Continuing 
  their 
  search, 
  they 
  found 
  a series 
  of crude graves, 
  with 
  every 
  evidence 
  of 
  hasty 
  burial. 
  From the skeletons 
  it 
  was obvious 
  that 
  their 
  owners had met a vPolent 
  end. The skulls 
  of many were hacked 
  about, 
  one having 
  no less than,nine 
  deep cuts. 
  One skeleton 
  showed the square piercing 
  of a quadrangular 
  Roman ballista- 
  shot, 
  while 
  another 
  had an iron 
  head embedded deeply 
  in its 
  vertebrae. 
  This unhappy warrior, 
  as he lay grieviously 
  wounded,. had been finally 
  despatched 
  by a cut on the head. 
  However, 
  hasty 
  though 
  the burials 
  were, 
  some measure of 
  propriety 
  had been observed; 
  bowls were Pound which had held 
  meat and drink 
  to be used in the atier-life, 
  together 
  with 
  arrows 
  and spears. 
  The dead had therefore 
  been buried 
  by 
  their 
  friends, 
  not by the Romans. 
  Writing 
  on the subject, 
  the eminent British 
  archaeologist, 
  the affair: 
  Sir Mortimer 
  Wheeler, 
  attempted 
  to reconstruct 
  "Before 
  the close 
  fighting 
  began, 
  the regiment 
  of 
  catapults 
  or ballistae, 
  which habitually 
  accompanied 
  a 
  legion 
  on campaign, 
  put down abarrage 
  across the gateway, 
  causing 
  casualties 
  at the outset. 
  Following 
  the barrage, 
  the 
  Roman infantry 
  advanced up the slope 
  cutting 
  its 
  way from 
  rampart 
  to rampart, 
  tower to tower. 
  fh the innermost 
  bay of 
  the entranare, 
  a number of huts had recently 
  been-built; 
  these 
  were set alight, 
  and under 
  the rising 
  smoke the gates were 
  stormed. 
  Resistance 
  was obstinate 
  and the a tack was pushed 
  i 
  home with 
  every 
  sort 
  of savagery. 
  The scene became that 
  of a 
  massacre in which the wounded were not spared. 
  Finally 
  the 
  gates were demolished 
  and the stone works reduced to ruins. 
  
  14. 
  The sequel 
  is easy to imagine. 
  By night 
  the survivors 
  crept 
  forth 
  from their 
  broken 
  stronghold 
  and h the darkness 
  buried 
  their 
  dead as best 
  they could. 
  It 
  was done hastily 
  and 
  without 
  order. 
  Some were thrust 
  into 
  graves 
  in a great 
  hurry 
  without 
  any funeral 
  rites. 
  Some were buried 
  with bowls of 
  food and weapons. Perhaps these were the leaders 
  of the de- 
  fazders 
  or the bravest 
  fighters. 
  Who know~?'~ 
  hsE 
  So much for 
  the history 
  of Maiden Castle. 
  During 
  my 
  3ays this 
  year I resolved 
  to visit 
  the site- and see- 
  just 
  ;;f. us 
  what it 
  was like. 
  So, bright 
  end early 
  one day, 
  five 
  - myself, 
  my wife, 
  our daughterRosemary, 
  my wife's 
  stister 
  and my mother-in-law 
  - set- off 
  by'car 
  for 
  the west. 
  The drive 
  down'from 
  Southampton 
  is very pleasant, 
  so we 
  took our time, 
  and arrived 
  in Dorchester 
  just 
  on 1 p.m. As 
  it 
  was raining 
  at the time we resolved 
  to lunch 
  there, 
  explore-the 
  town and proceed 
  on to Maiden Castle 
  in the 
  afternoon. 
  Dorchester 
  will 
  go down in my:mem&y as the dump that 
  dies at one o'clock, 
  The town contains. 
  two interesting- 
  looking 
  second-hand 
  bookshops, 
  a Toti'!~seum 
  and a Military 
  Museum. Despite 
  the fact 
  that 
  it 
  was market 
  day; on the 
  stroke- of one o'clock 
  all 
  of these promptly 
  shut their 
  doors, 
  so I am unable 
  to tell 
  you anything 
  about them 
  except 
  that 
  the Town Museum charges 2/- 
  .admission! 
  I 
  Fortunately 
  the weather 
  then cleared 
  up and we'went 
  on. From Dorchester 
  you take 
  the Weymouth road, 
  and almost 
  at once fork 
  right 
  for 
  Maiden Castle. 
  The fork 
  is signposted 
  to the Castle, 
  but 
  is easilv 
  missed unless 
  you are 
  expecting 
  it. 
  -After 
  about.13 
  miles 
  the road peters 
  out into 
  a cart 
  track 
  and that's 
  as far 
  as you'can 
  take 
  a car. 
  The 
  rest 
  of the trip 
  must be done ,on'-Shanks puny. 
  Its 
  no walk 
  for 
  the elderly 
  - we left'my 
  mother-in-lax+ 
  sitting 
  in the 
  .car and even my wife 
  and sister-in-law 
  found the trip 
  tiring 
  though 
  well 
  worth the 
  effort. 
  From the.lane 
  where you 1eave"your 
  car you look 
  west 
  and see the 430 feet 
  of the hill 
  frowning 
  down on you with 
  its 
  tiers 
  of ramparts.' 
  The track 
  leads you around the 
  eastern 
  face of the hill, 
  over the meadows, for 
  about half 
  a mile 
  or soj and then 
  starts 
  up the slope, 
  which gradually 
  gets steeper 
  as you climb towards 
  what 710~ ,expect to be the 
  summit,' After 
  crossing 
  a stile.you 
  are confronted 
  by a 
  wooden'hut 
  and a notice 
  .that 
  the site 
  is under the care 
  of the Ministry 
  of Works and that 
  when the hut is closed 
  the superintendant 
  may be found on the hill. 
  The hut was 
  closed 
  and unfortunately 
  we found no trace 
  of the 
  superintendant 
  so we had to explore 
  for 
  ourselves. 
  Above the hut you pass through 
  what must have been 
  the gateway and thankfully 
  reach the crest 
  of the ridge 
  - 
  to find 
  yourself 
  faced by a deep fosse 
  and an even steeper 
  slope beyond. 
  For the less 
  agile 
  the pathway winds on 
  around this 
  toward 
  the s-it; 
  my daughter 
  and I scrtibled 
  down into 
  the fosse 
  and up the other 
  side, 
  to find 
  ourselves 
  confronted 
  by yet another 
  deep ditch 
  and rampart. 
  This 
  process was repeated 
  again 
  and again until 
  at last 
  we 
  found ourselves 
  at the top, 
  on a huge plateau 
  of more or 
  less level 
  ground. 
  Here presumeably 
  the township 
  itself 
  was situated, 
  and from here the view was glorious. 
  A fresh 
  breeze had sprung up, and the air 
  was like 
  wine. 
  To the 
  east, 
  the houses of Dorchester 
  lay 
  spread out-like 
  a toy 
  village; 
  the cars parked'in 
  the lane looked 
  like 
  matchbox models; 
  to the west the land rolled 
  away for 
  miles. 
  It 
  was easy to see what an ideal 
  site-this 
  was for 
  a commanding fortress. 
  
  We spent 
  an hour or so strolling 
  about 
  the top of the 
  hill, 
  enjoying 
  the view 
  and taking 
  photographs. 
  Then my 
  wife 
  and sister-in-law 
  v:ent back the way we had come, while 
  Rosemary and I set off 
  straight 
  down the eastern 
  face. 
  The 
  descent 
  was not 
  as difficult 
  as it 
  looked, 
  a series 
  of 
  hummocks and small 
  paths 
  making 
  a sort 
  of crude 
  staircase; 
  but 
  it 
  must be remembered 
  that 
  we were not burdened 
  by any 
  encumbrances 
  other 
  than 
  a camera. 
  To mount the slope 
  in 
  full 
  equipment, 
  carrying 
  shield, 
  spear and possibly 
  pack, 
  under 
  a hail 
  of missiles, 
  would have been a fearsome 
  undertaking 
  and one that 
  I at least 
  would 
  hesitate 
  at! 
  The amount of mrk 
  that 
  went into 
  Maiden 
  Castle 
  must 
  have been immense. 
  Of course 
  the hill 
  was there 
  to start 
  with, 
  but the labour 
  of digging 
  the ditches 
  and piling 
  up 
  the ramparts 
  was no easy task. 
  When we reached 
  the car my 
  mothef-in-law 
  told 
  us that 
  someone had driven 
  up, 
  looked 
  up at the hill, 
  said 
  disgustedlg 
  "That 
  - a castle?" 
  and 
  driven 
  away again. 
  Well, 
  the name may be slightly 
  misleading, 
  but 
  in my bouk Maiden Castle 
  is well 
  worth 
  a 
  visit? 
  and if 
  I get the chance.of 
  a second trip 
  I shall 
  take 
  it. 
  . 
  ---------------------------------------------------------- 
  ROUND AND ABOUT by the SCOUT 
  T.V. 
  TH? MILLION 
  POUND GRAVX - B.B.C. 
  August 
  1965 
  Excellent 
  account 
  of the discovery 
  in 1939 of thznViking 
  Ship burials 
  at Sutton 
  Hoe Suffolk 
  England. 
  excavated 
  the eleven 
  low mounds yielded 
  wonderful 
  gold 
  ornaments , jewellery 
  including 
  a heavy 
  clasp 
  or buckel, 
  also 
  a magnificient 
  helmet 
  which 
  must have belonged 
  to a 
  Teat 
  king, 
  He is thought 
  to be Anna one of the earliest 
  Viking 
  kings 
  $ho invaded 
  England. 
  A thoroughly 
  enjoyable 
  programme. 
  MAPS 
  Readers might 
  be interested 
  to learn 
  of various 
  maps which 
  can be obtained 
  quite 
  cheaply 
  and which 
  are a 
  ,great help 
  in campaign 
  fighting. 
  They also 
  make very 
  elegant 
  and impressive 
  ITTall coverings. 
  A selection 
  is as follows:- 
  SCOT!LLAND 
  OF OLD 
  By Sir 
  Iain 
  Moncreiffe 
  and Don 
  Pottinger. 
  Map showing 
  areas 
  in vivid 
  colour 
  of 330 
  different 
  highland 
  clans 
  and lowland 
  families. 
  Together 
  with 
  crests 
  and coats 
  of arms. 
  40 ins 
  x 30 ins 
  Coloured 
  7/6d 
  Plain 
  5/- 
  Size 
  : 
  Obtainable 
  from: 
  JOHN BARTHOLOE'IEW & SON LTD 
  12 Duncan Street. 
  XCXNBURGH.9, 
  IRELAND HISTORICAL 'MAP 
  by L.G.Bullock 
  Brightly 
  coloured 
  pictorial 
  map illustrating 
  places 
  . 
  and characters 
  in history. 
  sites 
  of battles 
  castles 
  etc. 
  Coats 
  of arms etc. 
  Size: 
  39 ins x 26 ins. 
  Coloured 
  6s 
  Plain 
  4s 
  Obtainable 
  from 
  JOHNBAT~LOMEW& 
  SONLTD 
  ROMAN BRITAII\T 3rd ?ZDITION 
  - Tex% 4/6s 
  or dearer 
  according 
  to paper. 
  Obtainable 
  from 
  any bookseller 
  (Ordnance 
  Survey 
  Map) 
  A further 
  &ection 
  of maps fill 
  be given 
  at alater 
  date. 
  12 Duncan Street 
  EDINBURGH.9. 
  
  . 
  BOOK REVIEW 
  !I%? ANCIENT FXGINEERSL- L.Sprague 
  De Camp 
  published 
  by Doubleda%. 
  - 408 Pages 
  The author 
  describes 
  the methods 
  used* bi 
  early 
  irrPga$ors.;. 
  ,,' 
  architects, 
  and military 
  engineers 
  tobuild 
  and ma'intati 
  structures 
  ranging 
  from 
  early 
  obelisks 
  to the .clock.-: 
  .-~'.zz' 
  rL:;~ong~t the illustrations 
  are He,ron% 
  crossbow, 
  q&j&; 
  Ci'ossbct:'b.>en, Caesar's 
  bridge 
  across 
  the %$ns;.;Ehe'Castle' 
  - 
  ' 
  of Couc;,, and a hand-gunner 
  of.about 
  1400 firing 
  his 
  piece 
  b:; means of a heated 
  iron 
  bar*, 
  -Excellent 
  reaaing 
  ati 
  reference 
  book. 
  T.V. 
  THE SEVEN SARiUF?AI 
  B.B.C. 
  Screening 
  of film 
  July 
  65 
  Story 
  of small 
  village 
  in ancientJa&nabout 
  to be raided 
  by bandits 
  and who send for 
  seven Samurai 
  warriors 
  to defend 
  them. 
  The battle 
  scenes particularly 
  good. 
  Excellent 
  attention 
  to detail 
  as far 
  as armour 
  is concerned. 
  XJSSEL COATES MUSEUM BOUBNEMXJTH :-.,Amongst 
  a large 
  exhibition 
  of all 
  kinds 
  is a small 
  but 
  authentic 
  display 
  of ancient 
  armour of Japan 
  including 
  swords helmets 
  shields 
  etc. 
  Open during 
  normal 
  hours. 
  ._---._ 
  . . . . 
  The Scout 
  would 
  welcome 
  any reviews 
  of books, 
  plays 
  or 
  visitsmade 
  or other 
  items 
  of interest. 
  Coming shortk 
  - THE AKXEXT 
  c)RC%S!KR,D 
  ---------------------------------- 
  ~"""'-""""""--- 
  BOOK PEVIm 
  A TRAVELLER'S GUIDETO 
  TBE BATTLEFIELDS 
  OF EUROPE edited 
  by-David 
  Chandler 
  Vol.1 
  . 
  V.Bn-ape. 
  30/- 
  :;T 
  Covers : 
  L& 
  Belgium 
  - Eire 
  - France 
  -;Gibraltar 
  - Great 
  Britain 
  - Holland 
  - Portugal 
  - Spain 
  Aimed 
  at battlefields 
  which 
  are readily 
  reached 
  but not 
  necessarily 
  those 
  which 
  are the most interesting. 
  Not a lot 
  of ancient 
  battles 
  are covered 
  in this 
  book but 
  Vol. 
  11. covering 
  Eastern 
  Europe will 
  be more interesting 
  in 
  this 
  respect. 
  . 
  It 
  is quite,puzzling 
  about the choice 
  of battle 
  described 
  and the importance 
  given 
  to them. 
  -For 
  instance, 
  St. 
  Albans 
  is 
  given 
  the full 
  treatment 
  whereas 
  Tow-ton although 
  given 
  the same rating 
  for 
  reachability 
  is dismissed 
  in a few words. 
  Ancient 
  battles 
  are largely 
  dispatched 
  under 
  the heading 
  that 
  information 
  on them is practically 
  unobtainable 
  - which 
  means that 
  the book isonly 
  a rehash 
  of easily 
  obtained 
  facts. 
  Description 
  of several 
  battles 
  is misleading 
  and inaccurate. 
  Nevertheless 
  worth 
  obtaining 
  for 
  general 
  reference. 
  ROME Traditionally 
  the city 
  was founded 
  in 753 B.C. 
  and the first 
  inhabitants 
  were people 
  of a Latin 
  race. 
  A few years 
  later 
  they 
  united 
  themselves 
  with 
  the Sabines 
  and a series 
  of wars made 
  them famed in the region 
  where they 
  lived 
  . 
  Ostia, 
  at the mouth 
  of the Tiber 
  was built 
  and the authority 
  of the state 
  was extended 
  * 
  in other 
  directions. 
  In 529 Tarquin 
  the last 
  of the seven kings 
  was exiled 
  and the city 
  became a republic. 
  ----em 
  ---_-__-____-_______---------------------------- 
  ------ 
  --we- 
  
SOURCE: textdata/thevault/Slingshot/Slingshot 01.pdf