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  WEREWOLVES 
  A HUNTER’S GUIDE
  GRAEME DAVIS
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  Contents
  Introduction	
  4
  Viral	Werewolves	
  6
  Shamanic	Werewolves	
  17
  Sorcerous	Werewolves	
  25
  Cursed	Werewolves	
  32
  Obsessive	Werewolves	
  39
  Werewolf	Society	
  45
  Werewolves	at	War	
  53
  Other	Were-Creatures	
  64
  Werewolf	Hunters	
  70
  Further	Reading,	Watching,	Gaming		
  78
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  4
  Introduction
  In 2013, I received an email from Joseph McCullough, the author of Zombies: 
  A Hunter’s Guide. During the course of writing his book, Joe had been granted 
  unprecedented access to the US Army’s 34th Specialist Regiment, nicknamed 
  the Nightmen, and had been approached to compile an official unit history of 
  this remarkable group of men and women. Impressed by what he had seen of 
  my research into the Knights Templar, Joe invited me to collaborate with him 
  on the Nightmen project. Both flattered and intrigued, I agreed and began 
  working on background research.
  It was while I was researching the 34th’s operations in World War II – in 
  particular, their encounters with the Werwolf guerillas of SS Obergruppenführer 
  Hans-Adolf Prützmann in Cologne and elsewhere – that I first heard of the 
  Tyana Institute. I began with orthodox sources, and made a number of 
  inquiries through contacts in various European universities, but this initial 
  research hit a dead end.
  In the interests of the Nightmen project, I should probably have moved 
  on. However, the few snippets of information I had unearthed on the Tyana 
  Institute convinced me that there was more to find. I turned to less orthodox 
  avenues of inquiry, and what I found fully bore out my first instincts. There 
  was a story here, I knew – though what I could not have anticipated was just 
  how many stories there were, and how many different groups were involved. 
  I called Joe, and after looking at my initial findings he agreed to give me time 
  to continue this line of research.
  Werewolves are far from unknown. From the Big Bad Wolf of nursery tales 
  to the computer-generated beasts of the movies, they have earned a prominent 
  place in popular culture. Everyone knows that one bite from a werewolf is 
  enough to pass the curse of lycanthropy on to the victim; that the full moon 
  forces them to change shape and surrender their human reason to savage 
  animal passions; that wolfsbane and silver are their only weaknesses. Almost 
  no one knows that there are many forms of lycanthropy, and not all of them 
  are occult in nature.
  The following pages tell a few of the stories I have uncovered. There is 
  much work still to be done, many facts to be verified and many more leads 
  and sidetracks to be followed. A definitive treatment of the subject may take 
  a lifetime – perhaps more than one lifetime – and the deeper one delves, the 
  more elusive hard information becomes.
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  5
  I still hope, one day, to return to the history of the Nightmen. Of course, 
  there is always the chance that when I do, I will stumble upon yet another 
  irresistible side-track. Until then, I offer my thanks to Joe for the email that 
  began this whole journey, to the personnel of the 34th who were unfailingly 
  patient and helpful in answering my questions, and to others – many others – 
  who for various reasons prefer to remain anonymous.
  The 17th-century painting Jupiter 
  and Lycaon by Jan Cossiers. In 
  the ancient Greek myth, Lycaon 
  decided to test the god Zeus 
  (called Jupiter by the Romans) 
  by serving him human flesh. 
  Zeus punished Lycaon by turning 
  him into a wolf. Many believe 
  that Lycaon was the father of all 
  werewolves and that the original 
  virus can be traced back to him. 
  Others think he is just one more 
  example of a man cursed by dark 
  sorcery.
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  6
  Viral Werewolves
  The viral werewolf is sometimes called the “true” or “classic” werewolf. 
  This is the werewolf of movies and literature: active around the full moon; 
  vulnerable to silver; capable of transforming into beast or “wolf man” form; 
  and able to pass on its condition through a bite or scratch. While viral 
  werewolves are not the only werewolves, they are by far the best-known 
  type.
  Based on reports dating back to Classical antiquity, scientists believe 
  that viral werewolves originated somewhere in southeastern Europe, in 
  the heavily wooded, mountainous country now occupied by Romania, 
  Hungary, Slovakia, and eastern Austria, and stretching southward into the 
  Balkans, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and northern Greece.
  In ancient times this form of lycanthropy was mostly confined within 
  the borders of that region, known then as Moesia and Dacia, owing to 
  its remoteness and the lack of significant outside trade. The region’s evil 
  reputation as a haunt of werewolves, vampires, witches, and other monsters 
  also contributed to its isolation.
  The area lay largely outside the bounds of the Roman and Byzantine 
  empires, so Classical writers like Pausanias and Pliny the Elder record only 
  occasional rumors of lycanthropy in the area. They make no distinction 
  between these viral lycanthropes and the werewolf cults of southern Greece 
  and Anatolia; to them, all werewolves were alike. However, a few documents 
  from the Roman provinces of Moesia and Dacia contain hints of the truth.
  Crassus the Younger, the grandson of Octavian’s colleague-turned-
  rival, conquered Moesia for Rome in 29–27 BC, subduing an area that 
  covers present-day Serbia, Macedonia, and adjoining parts of Romania and 
  Bulgaria. However, the emperor Augustus denied him the usual honors and 
  titles due to the conqueror of a new province, and it was only after some 
  persuasion that he was even permitted a triumphal procession on his return 
  to Rome. It was rumored that he had become unpredictable following a 
  wound received on the battlefield; the poet Catullus, ever a thorn in the 
  emperor’s side, published a scurrilous verse that had Crassus urinating 
  on his own doorpost and sniffing the backsides of every woman he met. 
  Crude as these images are, they strongly suggest that Crassus had contracted 
  lycanthropy in Moesia. Also interesting is the fact that he produced no 
  natural heirs, adopting the son of the old but declining Piso family.
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  It was more than a century before the Roman Empire regarded Moesia as 
  stable. In AD 87, the emperor Trajan used it as a springboard for his Dacian 
  campaign, which is recorded on Trajan’s Column in Rome. The Dacian Wars 
  dragged on for almost 20 years, and Dacia remained a battleground until it was 
  finally abandoned in AD 275.
  Roman exploitation brought Roman administrators, Roman tax-collectors, 
  and Roman merchants into the area, creating more vectors for the spread of 
  lycanthropy across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. In AD 193, 
  the emperor Pertinax used the Praetorian Guard to suppress a cult of Selene 
  Sanguinea (“the Blood Moon”) which had arisen in Rome, citing “the great 
  violence of its rites and its profaning of the Lupercalia” (a very ancient Roman 
  festival honoring the she-wolf who had suckled Romulus and Remus). His 
  enemies claimed the move was political, since his predecessor, the notorious 
  While most werewolves spend 
  a majority of their time in either 
  human or wolf form, it is the rarer 
  wolf man form that has caught 
  the popular imagination thanks 
  to modern media. Illustration by 
  Hauke Kock.
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  Commodus, had been an initiate of the cult, but documents in the Vatican’s 
  secret archives record a full-blown outbreak of lycanthropy in Rome between 
  AD 190 and 192. Pertinax was murdered shortly after ordering the suppression 
  of the Blood Moon cult, apparently by Praetorians who were secretly members 
  – and very possibly lycanthropes – themselves.
  After the fall of Rome, Moesia and Dacia were occupied by the expanding 
  Goths and Huns. Some writers believe that it was through the Goths – originally 
  from the region of Götland in modern Sweden – that lycanthropy reached 
  Scandinavia and gave rise to the famous berserkers and ulfhednar of the Viking 
  Age. The Goths were followed by a succession of short-lived states until the 
  Ottoman Empire conquered the area in the 14th century, setting the stage for 
  an eastward spread of lycanthropy.
  In 1542, the area around Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was so overrun 
  with werewolves that the Ottoman emperor Suleiman the Magnificent was 
  forced to take action. In one hunt alone, according to contemporary writers, 
  Suleiman and his janissaries killed 150 of the creatures who were “prowling the 
  streets and lanes of the city.”
  By now, lycanthropy was well established across Europe and the Middle East, 
  and with the dawning of the Age of Exploration its worldwide spread became 
  inevitable. As early as 1693, a settlement on Cape Ann in the Massachusetts 
  colony had gained the local name “Dogtown” along with a reputation as a haunt 
  of witches and shapeshifters. Since then, werewolves have been reported across 
  North America as well as in their older European haunts.
  Case	Studies
  Châlus,	12th	century
  The 12th-century English writer Gervase of Tilbury tells of one Calcevayra, who 
  was active around the town of Châlus in western France. At the full moon this 
  individual “was wont to go apart to a distant spot and there stripping himself 
  mother-naked… he rolled to and fro in the sand until he rose up in the form of 
  a wolf, raging with a wolf’s fierce appetites. With gaping jaws and lolling tongue 
  he rushed violently upon his prey.” Unfortunately Gervase neglected to record 
  how this Calcevayra first became a werewolf, or what became of him when his 
  nature was discovered.
  Wyoming,	1906
  Celebrity encounters with werewolves are very rare indeed, but in 1906 William 
  F. Cody, the showman known the world over as Buffalo Bill, had a desperate 
  encounter with a creature that he described as a werewolf.
  The story has been dismissed by some scholars as another piece of the 
  self-promoting fiction with which Cody habitually surrounded himself, and the 
  body of the supposed werewolf was never recovered. However, the archives of 
  OPPOSITE:
  In the 12th through 16th 
  centuries, werewolf incidents 
  were especially common in 
  France and Germany. These 
  werewolves preyed on livestock, 
  children, and occasionally lone 
  women. Some lycanthropes lived 
  undetected for decades and 
  confessed to scores of killings at 
  their trials.
  Werewolf detection was in its 
  infancy at this time. Most arrests 
  depended upon the reports 
  of neighbors, which could be 
  unreliable. The surest proof was 
  when a local person showed 
  identical wounds to those inflicted 
  on an attacking wolf.
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  the Tyana Institute contain a letter to Senator (and former Wyoming governor) 
  Francis E. Warren from respected Wyoming academic Grace Raymond Hebard 
  in which she states that “I have personally interviewed several people from Wolf 
  River Canyon and the surrounding area (transcripts enclosed) and see no reason 
  to suppose that Cody’s tale is false.” Frustratingly, the transcripts referred to in 
  the letter seem to have gone missing.
  Wolf River Canyon takes its name from an Arapahoe tradition, and 
  despite some evidence to the contrary, it seems possible that the creature Cody 
  encountered may have been a skinwalker rather than a werewolf of the European 
  type. The Tyana Institute sent an expedition to the area in 1908 under cover of 
  a survey for the Shoshone Dam project, but it failed to trace any local traditions 
  of either werewolves or skinwalkers, and its report was inconclusive.
  Creation
  As its name suggests, viral lycanthropy is spread by contact. The most common 
  form of transmission is through a bite or scratch that does not prove fatal. A 
  person who survives a werewolf’s attack is doomed to become a werewolf 
  in turn, changing shape uncontrollably as soon as the next full moon rises. 
  Unless the new werewolf is contained he or she will run amok, maddened by 
  new and unfamiliar animal passions, and cause untold carnage.
  Since the birth of germ theory in the 18th century, researchers have 
  looked for some micro-organism – a parasite, bacterium, or virus – that 
  causes lycanthropy. Research over the last two centuries has established 
  that lycanthropy is a separate condition from rabies, porphyria, and various 
  other afflictions that have been suggested as a scientific explanation for the 
  condition. However, the virus itself has not yet been identified.
  A determined and well-funded – if secret – search for the lycanthropy virus 
  has been under way since the 1930s, but has yet to yield any definitive results. 
  Current research is focused on two distinct avenues: a virus that cannot be 
  A posed photo of the famous 
  ‘Wyoming Werewolf Posse’ that 
  supposedly killed or captured half 
  a dozen werewolves in the 1880s. 
  (Library of Congress)
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  detected with existing equipment, perhaps because it is an isomer of another 
  well-known virus whose structural peculiarities give it unexpected properties; 
  and a currently known virus that interacts with the DNA of susceptible 
  victims to cause lycanthropy in them alone, while leaving others unaffected.
  Several reports dating back to the Middle Ages suggest that viral 
  lycanthropy can also be inherited from one or both parents. Lycanthropy was 
  common among the post-medieval aristocracy of Courland in modern Latvia 
  and Lithuania, for example, and the inherited susceptibility, or perhaps the 
  virus itself, may have been passed down in increasing concentrations through 
  the restricted aristocratic gene pool. However, it is not inevitable that the 
  child of a werewolf will also be a werewolf. For example Ulf Bjalfason, the 
  grandfather of the Icelandic hero Egill Skallagrímsson, was a known werewolf 
  called Kveldulf (“evening wolf”) by his neighbors. However, neither Ulf’s son 
  Skallagrimm nor his grandson Egill ever showed any signs of lycanthropy.
  Documents from the Tyana Institute note the Sicilian belief that a child 
  conceived at the new moon will become a werewolf. However, Benjamin 
  Franklin discounts it as superstition in a letter to Thomas Jefferson:
  The New Moon occurring thirteen times in each year, which is one night 
  out of each twenty-eight, and at all times of the year so that the effect of any 
  particular season may be discounted, inclines me to regard such arguments 
  as invalid; for surely, if it were true, then lycanthropy must surely manifest 
  in one man or woman of each twenty-eight, and yet these creatures are rarely 
  reported even in our greatest and most populous cities. If there be any lunar 
  influence at work, I confess myself more inclined to believe that one upon 
  whose face the rays of the moon fall upon a certain Wednesday or Friday in 
  A 16th-century depiction of 
  a werewolf. One of the major 
  difficulties of werewolf studies 
  is the paucity of information 
  regarding most historical 
  occurrences. This 16th-century 
  drawing offers no visual clues 
  about the type of werewolf, 
  although given the time and place 
  (Germany) either a viral or cursed 
  werewolf seems most likely. 
  (Mary Evans)
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  summer may be afflicted with this condition; such a thing has often been said 
  to cause the mania we call lunacy, tho’ I never heard of any trial or experiment 
  that bore out either proposition.
  Identification	and	Threat
  According to folklore, viral werewolves show two main signs of their condition 
  while in human form; however, these have been found to be unreliable as 
  means of field identification.
  The first is that the eyebrows meet, forming what is commonly called 
  a “unibrow.” This characteristic is by no means restricted to lycanthropes, 
  however, and has become part of a common Western stereotype image of eastern 
  Europeans. In addition, it is easily disguised by shaving, plucking, or waxing.
  The second is the unusual length of the ring finger, which is longer than 
  the middle finger in some individuals. While it is a more reliable indicator 
  than the eyebrows, it is difficult to observe in an unwilling subject, and it is 
  by no means universal.
  Other traditional signs, such as hair on the palms, casting a wolf’s shadow, and 
  leaving wolf tracks instead of footprints, have been found to be pure invention.
  The most obvious identifying characteristic of a viral werewolf is its ability to 
  assume the transitional “wolf man” form in addition to purely human and lupine 
  forms. Newly infected viral werewolves often adopt this form spontaneously 
  as the human and wolf sides of their nature struggle for dominance, but more 
  experienced shapeshifters can assume wolf man form at will.
  In wolf form, it has been claimed that the eyes of a werewolf remain human 
  in appearance. Again, this is difficult to observe under field conditions, where 
  distance, poor light, and the subject’s motion do not generally permit such 
  close observation. The main visible difference between a human eye and the 
  eye of a normal wolf is in the amount of white that shows, and it is not 
  VAMPIRES AND WEREWOLVES
  In modern horror literature and film, vampires and 
  werewolves have become traditional enemies, but this 
  was not always the case. The folklore of Greece makes 
  very little distinction between them, often using the 
  same word, vrykolaka, to describe both creatures. Sabine 
  Baring-Gould cites a Greek superstition that a dead 
  werewolf is doomed to rise from the grave as a vampire.
  Bram Stoker may have referenced this belief, 
  consciously or otherwise. His Count Dracula is seen to 
  have an affinity for wolves, and in the short story Dracula’s 
  Guest – an out-take from the original manuscript that 
  was published posthumously by Stoker’s widow – the 
  protagonist’s life is saved by a gigantic and possibly 
  supernatural wolf, apparently at Dracula’s behest.
  Over the past 300 years, though, studies of both 
  vampires and werewolves have failed to find any 
  evidence of significant physiological or supernatural 
  links between the two. For more on vampires, the reader 
  is recommended to this book’s companion volume 
  Vampires: A Hunter’s Guide by Steve White and Mark 
  McKenzie-Ray.
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  uncommon for the whites of the eyes to be visible in angry or fearful canines. 
  Many field biologists have remarked on the gaze of a wild wolf, saying that it 
  conveys the impression of an almost human-like intelligence but admitting 
  that this is a very subjective matter with no scientific basis. So far it has 
  been impossible to draw any conclusions about werewolf eyes by autopsy or 
  examination of tranquilized werewolves, because death or unconsciousness 
  invariably trigger a return to human form.
  While in wolf form, viral werewolves retain their human intelligence 
  but gain the wolf’s advantages of strength, speed, ferocity, as well as 
  superior hearing, smell and low-light vision. Old Norse sources claim that a 
  shapeshifter’s strength was greater than that of either man or wolf; the wolf’s 
  strength was added to the man’s rather than merely replacing it.
  Although they may retain human intelligence, shifted werewolves – 
  especially inexperienced ones – do not necessarily retain human control. 
  Animal instincts are strong, and both practice and willpower are required 
  if the werewolf is to overcome them. Those who fail to do so fall into what 
  Old Norse writers called the gandreid or wolf-ride, driven by what Sabine 
  Baring-Gould calls “the rage and malignity of the creatures [sic] whose powers 
  and passions he has assumed.”
  The process of transforming from human to wolf form takes several 
  minutes and is more dramatic and painful in viral werewolves than in any 
  A typical Hollywood depiction of 
  a werewolf. Although the look is 
  basically accurate, Hollywood 
  has done more than anything 
  to sow confusion and spread 
  misinformation about werewolves. 
  (Photos 12 / Alamy)
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  other kind. The werewolf is fully conscious as bones, teeth, muscles, and other 
  tissues rearrange themselves and hair grows all over the body. An experienced 
  werewolf can transform in a shorter time and resist the effects of shock and 
  panic, but the experience is never a comfortable one.
  Viral werewolves are at their most dangerous shortly after contracting 
  lycanthropy. Inexperienced werewolves are easily overwhelmed by their 
  condition and are less able to control either their transformation or their animal 
  drives while they are transformed. They tend to rampage in a panicked state, 
  attacking livestock and humans in an orgy of violence. Unless it is stopped 
  quickly, a newly infected viral werewolf can cause considerable destruction 
  and loss of life. What is worse, though, is that an inexperienced werewolf is an 
  inefficient killer, with more chance of leaving wounded victims behind who 
  will become werewolves in their turn and create a full-blown outbreak.
  The majority of viral werewolves are detected and destroyed early in their 
  careers. A few may survive through luck and cunning until they can master 
  their condition and become more efficient shapeshifters and hunters – and, 
  paradoxically, less of a threat to their human neighbors. More experienced 
  werewolves usually take care to avoid detection, hunting in remote areas where 
  their kills are less likely to be found. Many adopt a nomadic lifestyle, keeping 
  on the move to avoid leaving an identifiable pattern of activity in a specific 
  area. Some set out on a quest to understand their condition and seek a cure.
  There are circumstances in which a viral werewolf is infected deliberately and 
  given post-infection care and training to manage the condition. A new member 
  may be inducted into an established pack, for example; an experienced werewolf 
  may deliberately infect a chosen mate; and, of course, several governments 
  and corporations have been known to conduct werewolf programs for military 
  purposes. These instances are examined later in this book.
  Elimination	and	Prevention
  At the time of writing, the virus responsible for viral lycanthropy has not 
  been identified, making it impossible to develop the necessary antigens and 
  antivirals to prevent and treat the disease. Quarantine and extermination 
  remain the only means of prevention. Although lycanthropy research is 
  classified top secret by a number of countries, there are government and 
  military quarantine and research facilities in various countries that are known 
  or suspected to be involved in the effort to isolate the virus and develop 
  treatments and immunization protocols.
  Extract of wolfsbane, also known as aconite or monkshood, is frequently 
  mentioned in folklore as being deadly to werewolves, perhaps because in the 
  Middle Ages wolfsbane-tainted meat was used to control wolf populations. 
  While wolfsbane is certainly effective in killing werewolves, it is just as 
  dangerous to humans and other species, and there is no scientific evidence 
  that it is especially deadly to lycanthropes.
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  There is a great deal more evidence in favor of 
  the other traditional anti-werewolf weapon, silver. 
  All viral lycanthropes exhibit a violent allergic 
  reaction to silver, both in wolf and human form. 
  Skin contact causes redness and irritation almost 
  immediately, which develops into hives and 
  blistering on prolonged contact. Wounding 
  with silver weapons or ammunition often 
  results in severe anaphylactic shock, which is 
  usually fatal.
  The hunt for a viral werewolf has many 
  aspects in common with a law enforcement 
  manhunt. Ideally it is preceded by an 
  evidence-gathering 
  phase 
  in 
  which 
  suspects are identified and eliminated, 
  although there is not always time when 
  livestock and locals are in danger. Kill sites 
  are examined by experienced trackers, who 
  work with local experts to narrow down 
  the range of possible lairs, and each one is 
  swept by kill or capture teams according to the 
  mission protocol.
  Because of the high risk of infection, personnel hunting viral werewolves 
  are routinely equipped with body armor that covers as much of the body 
  as possible. SWAT-style combat gear is standard, and is usually augmented 
  with additional neck protection. While discussing anti-werewolf gear with 
  personnel from the 34th Specialist Regiment, I was told more than once that 
  it was they (or rather, their predecessors in the Tyana Rangers) who were the 
  original “leathernecks,” and not the United States Marine Corps. Nightmen 
  lore has it that Benjamin Franklin designed a stiff leather collar specifically 
  for anti-werewolf and anti-vampire operations during the Revolutionary 
  War, and the Marines copied the design to protect their necks from Corsair 
  scimitars on “the shores of Tripoli” 25 years later during the Barbary Wars.
  When civilians are drafted in to help deal with larger outbreaks, it is 
  sometimes necessary to improvise body armor. Football and hockey gear is 
  often used, along with welding gloves and visored motorcycle helmets.
  For kill missions, the 34th uses the M4 carbine, fitted with the 12-gauge 
  M26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System (MASS). Carbine rounds are silver-
  coated if the target has been positively identified as a viral lycanthrope. The 
  shotgun is routinely loaded with silver 00 buckshot in case the target is a viral 
  lycanthrope wrongly identified as another type. Each squad is also equipped 
  with a 12-gauge Pancor Jackhammer automatic shotgun, capable of firing 00 
  buckshot rounds at 240rpm.
  Some have claimed that stories 
  of Bigfoot or the Yeti are derived 
  from people seeing a werewolf 
  in wolf man form; however, 
  there is ample evidence for the 
  independent existence of those 
  creatures. Artwork by Hauke Kock.
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  Capture teams are additionally equipped with the M26 Taser and 
  incapacitating rock salt rounds in place of silver 00 buckshot. However, it 
  is common for at least one squad member (called “Plan B” by squad-mates) 
  to carry silver ammunition as a fail-safe. Another squad member (sometimes 
  called “Plan A”) carries either an XM42 four-barreled net launcher or 
  a carbine-length modification of the Barrett XM500 sniper rifle firing 
  50-caliber tranquilizer darts, known informally as the “Squad Close-Range 
  Incapacitating Weapon” (SCRIW).
  Contrary to much werewolf lore, transformed werewolves are not 
  completely immune to mundane weapons, although it is true that they can 
  shrug off non-lethal wounds that would disable a human being. However, 
  a maiming or mortal wound will normally force them to return to human 
  form. Countless reports tell of a werewolf being discovered in human form, 
  bearing identical wounds to those inflicted on a marauding wolf by hunters 
  or soldiers.
  Some werewolves return to human form immediately, while others run 
  off but are found in human form shortly afterward. In a report from the 
  Ahnenerbe, Nazi Germany’s institute created to research the history of the 
  Aryan race, recovered by Operation Surgeon, SS doctor Friedrich Weiss claims 
  that less experienced werewolves are more prone to change spontaneously 
  from the shock of a serious wound, while willpower and adrenaline permit 
  more seasoned individuals to delay transformation for a short while.
  THE FULL MOON
  Most viral lycanthropes are very sensitive to the phases 
  of the moon, becoming agitated and sometimes 
  violent during the three days around the full moon. 
  Inexperienced viral werewolves often shift uncontrollably 
  into wolf form at this time, although the transformation 
  can be controlled with experience and practice.
  Given adequate support, a viral werewolf can learn 
  to control his or her condition quite rapidly. According 
  to an Ahnenerbe report recovered in 1945 by Operation 
  Paperclip and preserved in the archives of the Imperial 
  War Museum, “All recruits initially showed signs of 
  agitation over the three nights of the full moon, which 
  were especially pronounced in the newest. This was 
  overcome through psychological conditioning, and 
  within three months almost all were able to maintain 
  self-control at all times and affect their transformations 
  at will and in a controlled manner.”
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  Shamanic Werewolves
  In this form of lycanthropy, the werewolf’s body does not undergo a physical 
  change into the form of a wolf. Instead, the human spirit leaves the human body 
  through a process similar to astral projection, and occupies the body of a wolf. 
  The human consciousness blends with that of the wolf, and the human body is 
  left behind in what appears to be a deep sleep or coma. When the spirit returns 
  to its human body, the werewolf awakens with memories of the wolf’s activities.
  Although this form of lycanthropy is most often associated with shamanism, it 
  can also occur accidentally in individuals with a latent talent for astral projection. 
  Talented but untrained individuals can experience spontaneous projection into an 
  animal body, and most often they find themselves – whatever guilt they may feel 
  upon waking – powerless witnesses to the animal’s hunting and other activities.
  The amount of control that a projected 
  human mind can exert over its lupine host 
  varies. Untrained shamanic werewolves are 
  usually confused and frightened by their 
  experience, and either cannot control the wolf-
  body or do not attempt to do so. They awake 
  with feelings of guilt and shame, especially if 
  they have witnessed the wolf making a human 
  kill, and some are driven by this guilt to confess 
  their supposed crime or to seek spiritual advice 
  from their local priest. A significant proportion 
  of the medieval werewolf trials seem to have 
  resulted from this kind of experience.
  Werewolves who are trained shamans, or 
  are naturally strong-willed, may be able to 
  gain control over the wolf-body. In Finland, 
  Siberia, and other parts of the world where a 
  strong shamanic tradition survives, it is not 
  uncommon to encounter reports of shamanic 
  possession of animals. Wolves are not the only 
  species involved: experienced shamans have 
  been known to take over the bodies of falcons, 
  whales, deer, and other species according to 
  their needs and the animal’s abilities.
  The only existent photograph 
  of Lean Wolf, arguably the most 
  famous and respected of all 
  North American shamans 
  (Library of Congress)
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  18
  Most true shamans (as distinct from witches, warlocks, and wolf cultists) 
  are members of isolated ethnic and cultural groups. In most parts of the 
  world, shamanism has long been extinct, replaced by the polytheistic religions 
  of the Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron ages and then by the largely monotheistic 
  religions of the last two thousand years. However, there are a few places where 
  unbroken traditions of shamanic-animist beliefs and practices can still be 
  found. These include Finland and Lapland, Siberia, the Japanese island of 
  Hokkaido, and certain remote islands off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland.
  Perhaps the most significant survival of shamanic animism, though, is in 
  the Americas. Over the last 50 years, growing interest in traditional native 
  practices and the development of New Age and neo-pagan beliefs has led to 
  a revival of shamanism. This has not always been welcomed by traditional 
  practitioners, many of whom regard the predominantly Anglo newcomers as 
  immature and without the necessary discipline to master the old ways.
  According to one Native American shaman who was interviewed for this 
  book:
  Some of these new people, they think they’re going to some summer camp 
  where they’ll learn to do some kind of comic-book stuff and then they get 
  to go home and be powerful. Their people aren’t from here; they have no ties 
  to the land and the spirits here, and they’re not planning to stay here; that 
  all makes it harder. They always want it to be easy, so they get frustrated. I 
  show them enough to make them feel good, but not so much they become 
  dangerous to themselves or to others. There are some folks that aren’t as careful 
  as I am, though. They like money too much, and they’ll sell everything they 
  know. That’s how people wind up with power they can’t handle.
  Case	Studies
  Calmar,	Sweden,	1790
  In the last year of the Russo-Swedish War (1788–90), the southern Swedish 
  province of Calmar was overrun by an unusual number of wolves. It was 
  believed that at least some of these creatures were werewolves created by 
  the Russians from Swedish prisoners and sent home to destabilize the area. 
  Shortly afterward, a demoralized Sweden sued for peace on the pretext that 
  the war was becoming prohibitively expensive.
  Letters recently discovered in the archives of St Petersburg’s Hermitage 
  Museum shed new light on the Calmar outbreak. Count Georg Magnus 
  Sprengtporten, a pro-Russian nobleman born in Swedish-controlled 
  Finland, writes to Catherine the Great offering to recruit “from among my 
  countrymen an irregular force of a type never before seen outside Finland, 
  capable of movement behind enemy lines and able to destroy Swedish 
  morale completely, against which the enemy has no possible defense.”
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  Ever since Viking times, Finland has been notorious as a nation of 
  witches and shapeshifters, and it always chafed under Swedish rule. Pending 
  further detailed analysis of documents from the Russo-Swedish War, it seems 
  likely that the wolves of Calmar were controlled by Finnish shamans whom 
  Sprengtporten recruited to fight the hated Swedes. The tale of them being 
  transformed Swedish prisoners seems to be no more than a rumor, perhaps 
  spread deliberately to further reduce Swedish morale.
  Moose	Lake,	Minnesota,	2012
  In July of 2012, a group of biologists from the University of Minnesota traveled 
  to the Kabetogama State Forest in the northern part of the state to conduct 
  a field study of the local wolf population. The expedition, planned to last for 
  three months, was abandoned after two weeks when doctoral candidate Kyle 
  Stegman was medevaced to the Rainy Lake Medical Center in International 
  Falls after being severely mauled by a wolf that broke into his tent.
  A few weeks later, fellow student Jason Mackey sought counseling at the 
  University’s Student Health Center, complaining of nightmares and a deep 
  sense of guilt toward Stegman, who was Mackey’s rival for the affections of 
  another student named Jennifer Ullman. After several sessions of counseling 
  and hypnotherapy, it emerged that on the night Stegman was attacked, 
  Mackey experienced a vivid dream in which he took the form of a wolf and 
  attacked his rival savagely.
  Mackey took an extended leave of absence, most of which he spent at the 
  nearby Bois Forte Reservation of the Chippewa Nation. It was found that he 
  had inadvertently dreamed himself into the body of a wolf from the western 
  Native Americans hunting 
  Buffalo while wearing wolf skins. 
  Shamanic werewolves would also 
  join in such hunts to help drive 
  and confuse prey. (North Wind 
  Picture Archives / Alamy)
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  www.ebook3000.com
  
  21
  Moose Lake pack, and had acted out his romantic frustrations in this form. 
  He learned to control his dreams with the help of a Chippewa shaman, and 
  has reported no further incidents.
  Creation
  Shamanic lycanthropy normally requires a significant amount of training. 
  As an apprentice, the shaman must first learn to master astral projection 
  and travel before learning to cast his or her consciousness into another 
  body, a process sometimes informally known as “skin-riding.” The final 
  step in the process is learning to suppress the host animal’s will and control 
  its body.
  Exact methods vary from one shamanic tradition to another. Often the 
  process involves a deep meditation, and in some places this is augmented by 
  narcotic or psychedelic preparations made from local plants. Similar drugs 
  feature in many reports of sorcerous and obsessive werewolves (which are 
  covered in later chapters), but shamanic werewolves are distinct in their 
  style of training and method of possession.
  A shaman may possess an animal for a number of reasons. Most often, 
  the shaman wishes to make use of the animal’s particular abilities – in the 
  case of a wolf, its fleetness of foot and heightened senses – in order to travel 
  quickly, scout an area, or convey a message. Less often but more dangerously, 
  an unscrupulous shaman may use a wolf to commit violence against those 
  who have offended him or her.
  Spontaneous astral projection and possession is rare, and normally 
  indicates a significant latent talent. If the talented individual is not taken in 
  hand by a trained shaman and taught how to control the gift, a great deal of 
  confusion and damage can result. As the unskilled and often panicked astral 
  traveler attempts to control what can seem like a dream, the host animal 
  will often start to behave unpredictably, moving outside its normal hunting 
  range and even attacking livestock, pets, and humans it encounters.
  ASTRAL BODIES
  The 19th-century French mystic Eliphas Levi speculated 
  that a wolf was not strictly necessary for the process of 
  shamanic lycanthropy. Instead, he suggested that an 
  astral traveler could equally well appear to the waking 
  eye in the form of a wolf as in his or her natural human 
  form. Montague Summers sums up Levi’s argument 
  thus: “in the case of a man whose instinct is savage and 
  sanguinary, his phantom will wander abroad in lupine 
  form, whilst he sleeps painfully at home, dreaming 
  he is a veritable wolf.” Levi was anxious to explain 
  lycanthropy in terms of his theories of astral projection, 
  while Summers wanted to prove the official line of the 
  Catholic Church, that it cannot exist except as a product 
  of madness or diabolical illusion: readers can judge for 
  themselves how well either one succeeded.
  OPPOSITE
  Since the 1960s, shamanic 
  werewolves have spread from 
  isolated native communities 
  into New Age and neo-pagan 
  groups across the world. Many 
  are involved in environmental 
  activism and ecoterrorism, 
  especially where forests and 
  other wild places are threatened.
  Corporations involved in logging 
  and land development have 
  placed particular emphasis on 
  anti-werewolf security measures 
  since the 1993 Clayoquot 
  protests in British Columbia, when 
  a remote camp was attacked by 
  a werewolf pack reported to be 
  more than 20 strong.
  Private security contractors like 
  Vindicorp in the U.S.A., Allecto in 
  the UK, and Kronos in Germany 
  have developed specialist 
  anti-werewolf divisions, often 
  recruiting veterans of military 
  units like the 34th Specialist 
  Infantry and Britain’s Talbot 
  Group. Security industry analysts 
  have flagged supernatural threat 
  assessment and management as 
  a significant growth area over the 
  next decade.
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  Identification	and	Threat
  Almost all trained shamans forge strong ties to their home area and to the 
  animal and other spirits that dwell there. They are seldom, if ever, active 
  outside their home range, and in traditional societies their neighbors almost 
  always know who the shamans are.
  The strongest indicator that a case of lycanthropy is shamanic in nature 
  is the fact that the human body remains behind in a deep, coma-like sleep. 
  Experienced shamans know that their abandoned bodies are highly vulnerable 
  while in this state, and usually take great pains to ensure their safety.
  So long as a possessed animal continues to act normally, it is almost 
  impossible to determine whether it is a shamanic werewolf or a normal wolf. 
  It takes a trained shaman to recognize another shaman inside the animal’s 
  body. There are some behavioral clues – leaving the pack and the home range 
  and traveling in a straight line toward some apparent destination, for example 
  – but these are seldom unambiguous.
  By and large, shamanic werewolves are the least dangerous – and the least 
  often detected – of all werewolf types; they simply carry out the shaman’s 
  business and return to being normal wolves. However, they can become a 
  threat under certain circumstances.
  The ‘Wolf Dance’ of the 
  Kaviagamutes. This Eskimo tribe 
  was renowned for producing 
  shamanic werewolves in the 19th 
  century. (Library of Congress)
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  The most common threat arises when an untrained talent accidentally 
  possesses a wolf’s body and panics. This is often complicated further by the 
  wolf’s spirit trying to keep control of its body and panicking in its turn. The 
  wolf will be unpredictable and aggressive, lashing out at anyone who comes 
  near and sometimes even snapping at its own limbs and tail as the two spirits 
  fight. The best defense in this situation is to keep one’s distance and wait for 
  the situation to resolve itself.
  A worse danger comes from an unscrupulous or offended shaman who 
  uses the form of a wolf to spread fear or exact revenge. While this is a common 
  motif in horror fiction, it is a far rarer occurrence in real life. In most shamanic 
  traditions, individuals who are arrogant or vengeful are weeded out during the 
  early stages of training. However, it has been known to happen.
  Urban shamans are becoming increasingly common, and their behavior 
  can differ significantly from that of traditional shamans. They are more likely 
  to take wolves out of their natural habitat, and to become addicted to the 
  “rush” of inhabiting the body of an animal with enhanced senses and superior 
  physical abilities. They are also more likely than traditional shamans to act out 
  of pride or anger, leaving fear and damage in their wake.
  Elimination	and	Prevention
  In cases of shamanic lycanthropy, the wolf’s physical nature is unaffected by 
  the presence of a human consciousness. The creature is just as vulnerable to 
  weapons and other dangers as it is in its natural state. Silver bullets will wound 
  it and wolfsbane will poison it, but their effects are no more deadly than usual 
  and the creature shows no enhanced resistance to normal weapons.
  The most effective response to a shamanic werewolf is to eject the human 
  spirit from the wolf’s body. Once this is accomplished, the wolf normally flees 
  and the shaman can be dealt with. Killing the wolf will eject the shaman’s 
  A small bear, supposedly 
  inhabited by a Siberian shaman.
  (Library of Congress)
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  spirit, as will non-lethal measures such as tasers and tranquilizer darts. It can 
  also be accomplished non-violently by another shaman who is more powerful 
  that the one inhabiting the wolf.
  The greatest challenge in a case of shamanic lycanthropy is to identify the 
  shaman, especially if he or she does not want to be found.
  In traditional societies, where shamans practice openly and everyone 
  knows a great deal about their neighbors, the list of suspects is normally a 
  short one. However, it can be very difficult for outside agencies to gain the 
  trust of a traditional community and persuade its members to cooperate in an 
  investigation. Most often, the community deals with a rogue shaman in its own 
  way – sometimes long before outside investigators even arrive on the scene.
  It is a great deal harder to identify and locate a werewolf shaman in an 
  urban setting. Many urban shamans – especially those from Anglo 
  communities – are secretive about their activities and not well 
  known to their neighbors. Many are semi-trained or entirely self-
  taught, and not all have the skill or even the desire to control their 
  abilities.
  Another shaman can pick up a trace of the possessing shaman’s 
  spirit by examining a possessed wolf, and follow that trace back 
  to its source. However, this technique is not always successful, 
  especially if the werewolf shaman is more powerful than the 
  tracking shaman. There are ways to mask one’s identity, and there 
  have even been cases where a werewolf shaman has launched 
  psychic attacks from a possessed wolf in order to prevent discovery.
  Overall, the most effective technique has been old-fashioned 
  detective work. The culprit can usually be identified by examining 
  the behavior of the possessed wolf, determining motive, and 
  narrowing down a range of suspects. Once this has been 
  accomplished, the shaman can be apprehended using standard 
  techniques and equipment such as tasers and handcuffs.  
  ANIMAL POSSESSION
  Rarer than shamanic lycanthropy, but far from unknown, 
  is the phenomenon of animal possession. In these cases, 
  a human is possessed by the spirit of an animal – most 
  often an apex predator like a wolf or bear. The human 
  then moves and acts like the animal until the possession 
  is thrown off.
  It is far from certain how animal possession occurs. 
  The members of some wolf cults actively seek to be 
  possessed, but in most reported cases the phenomenon 
  seems to be accidental and the animal spirit is surprised 
  and panicked to find itself inside a human body and 
  surrounded by human beings. It will often seek to escape, 
  lashing out violently at anyone who tries to stop it.
  To the untrained eye, animal possession can look 
  a lot like obsessive lycanthropy, but in cases of animal 
  possession it is less common for the human host to 
  retain any memory of events that occurred while he or 
  she was possessed.
  Leads the Wolf, a shaman of 
  the Crow Nation in the late 19th 
  century, was a famous teacher 
  and supposedly trained an 
  entire generation of shamanic 
  werewolves. (Library of Congress)
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  Sorcerous Werewolves
  The ability to shift into the form of an animal – often a cat, a hare, or 
  various kinds of bird – was a well-known ability of witches in medieval 
  Europe, and the transcripts of many European werewolf trials describe a 
  similar process.
  Some anthropologists believe that – in Europe at least – this kind 
  of shapeshifting is derived from the shamanism of the Palaeolithic and 
  Mesolithic eras, as were various other aspects of medieval and later 
  witchcraft. Be that as it may, there is a very definite difference between 
  the shamanic process described in the previous chapter and the sorcerous 
  lycanthropy described in medieval trials.
  Like other kinds of werewolves, shapeshifting witches were hunted 
  down with great determination by medieval sheriffs and inquisitors. The 
  European witch hysteria of the 16th and 17th centuries brought them to 
  the brink of extinction. By the 19th century, they were almost unknown 
  outside the remotest parts of Europe and the wildest, most untamed 
  colonies. Over the last hundred years or so, though, sorcerous lycanthropy 
  has made a comeback.
  Interest in witchcraft and other forms of traditional magic has 
  grown steadily since the publication of Margaret Murray’s seminal 
  book The Witch-Cult in Western Europe in 1921. Over the next 20 years, 
  organizations like the German Ahnenerbe, the British Talbot Group, and 
  the FXU (Field Experimental Unit) of the American Office of Strategic 
  Services (OSS) researched shapeshifting and other forms of witchcraft to 
  assess their possible strategic usefulness. In the 1960s, the dawning of the 
  “Age of Aquarius” heralded a resurgence of civilian interest in traditional 
  religions and magic, laying the foundation for the New Age and neo-
  pagan movements of recent decades.
  Like viral lycanthropes, sorcerous lycanthropes can learn to control 
  their shapeshifting and assume the hybrid “wolf man” form. This seems 
  to be a fairly recent development, though, since the bipedal form is never 
  mentioned in reports of sorcerous lycanthropy before the 20th century. 
  It has even been suggested that shapeshifting witches were inspired to 
  develop this form by its popularity in the werewolf movies of the 1930s 
  and 1940s, which made the wolf man an iconic image capable of striking 
  fear into people worldwide.
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  Case	Studies
  Besançon,	1521
  In December 1521, shepherds Pierre Burgot and Michel Verdun confessed 
  before the Inquisitor-General of Besançon in eastern France that they had used 
  a mysterious salve to become wolves. Burgot confessed that 19 years previously, 
  while collecting his scattered flock after a storm, he encountered three black-
  clad horsemen riding black steeds. On the promise that he would recover all of 
  his flock unharmed, Burgot renounced God and swore allegiance to the lead 
  horseman, whom he assumed to be a demon and who gave his name as Moyset. 
  He was inducted into a coven of warlocks, of which Verdun was also a member.
  The two confessed to killing several women and children, mating with she-
  wolves, and slaughtering livestock. Verdun was captured after being wounded 
  while attacking a traveler in his wolf form. Following the wolf’s trail, the traveler 
  came to Verdun’s hut and found the shepherd inside, with his wife bathing a 
  wound that was identical to the one he had inflicted on the wolf.
  Burgot and Verdun were executed along with a third werewolf named 
  Philibert Montot. There is no record that their master Moyset was ever found.
  Dole,	1572
  One of the most celebrated European werewolf cases was that of Gilles Garnier, 
  the “Werewolf of Dole.” In late 1572, several children went missing or were 
  A contemporary depiction of the 
  crimes, capture, and execution 
  of Peter Stumpf, the ‘Werewolf of 
  Bedburg’, who ran amok in 16th 
  century Germany. (Mary Evans)
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  found dead in and around the French town of Dole, not far from Besançon. 
  One evening a group of workers came upon what they took to be a wolf, but 
  turned out to be Garnier crouched over the body of a child.
  At his trial, Garnier, a recluse who lived alone with his wife some distance 
  from the town, testified that he had been having difficulty in feeding his 
  wife and himself when he was approached by a “spectre” that offered him an 
  ointment that would turn him into a wolf, allowing him to hunt more easily. 
  He confessed to killing and eating at least four children who were between the 
  ages of 9 and 12, and he was burned at the stake on January 18, 1573.
  Bedburg,	1589
  Peter Stumpf (also spelled Stubbe, Stumpp, and otherwise by various writers) 
  terrorized the area around Bedburg, near Cologne, and met a grisly fate even 
  for an accused witch. English writer Richard Rowlands describes it in his 
  1605 book A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence:
  One Peeter Stump for being a were-wolf, and having killed thirteen children, 
  two women, and one man; was at Bedbur not far from Cullen in the year 1589 
  put unto a very terrible death. The flesh of divers partes of his body was pulled 
  out with hot iron tongs, his armes thighes & legges broke on a wheel, and his 
  body lastly burnt. He dyed with very great remorce, desyring that his body 
  might not be spared from any torment, so that his soule might be saved.
  According to a pamphlet circulated in England in 1590:
  The Devill who sawe him [Stumpf] a fit instrument to perfourm mischeefe 
  as a wicked fiend pleased with the desire of wrong and destruction, gave unto 
  him a girdle which being put about him, he was straight transfourmed into 
  the likenes of a greedy devouring woolf… And no sooner should he put off 
  the same girdle, but presently he should apeere in his former shape, according 
  to the proportion of a man.
  The same pamphlet reports that Stumpf lived as a werewolf for 25 years, killing 
  and eating both humans and livestock and evading all attempts to capture 
  him. Finally, Stumpf found himself closely pursued and slipped off his girdle, 
  resuming his human form in an attempt to deceive his pursuers. However, he 
  was seen by one of the hunters and arrested.
  Creation
  Sorcerous lycanthropy depends on sympathetic magic, and the change of form 
  cannot be achieved without specific ingredients. One is absolutely indispensable: 
  a wolf skin, or a belt made from wolf skin. The second is a salve made of 
  various ingredients, usually including psychoactive plants like belladonna and 
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  psilocybin mushrooms. The composition of this salve suggests that sorcerous 
  lycanthropy involves hallucination rather than actual shapeshifting, but several 
  centuries’ worth of eyewitnesses have been absolutely certain that the werewolf 
  changed his or her form, sometimes before their eyes.
  While sorcerous lycanthropy does not require the same level of training and 
  discipline as the shamanic variety, almost all reports agree that the technique 
  is not an innate skill and the neophyte must be taught how to perform the 
  change. In medieval trial transcripts, the accused werewolf has almost always 
  been inducted into a coven or made a pact with a “dark stranger,” who provides 
  the salve and skin as well as instruction in the technique of shapeshifting.
  Richard Rowlands has the following to say about the process of 
  transformation:
  The were-wolves are certaine sorcerers, who having annoynted their bodyes, 
  with an oyntment which they make by the instinct of the devil; and putting 
  on a certaine enchanted girdel, do not only unto the view of others seeme as 
  wolves, but to their own thinking have both the shape and nature of wolves, 
  so long as they wear the said girdel. And they do dispose themselves as very 
  wolves, in wurrying and killing.
  Identification	and	Threat
  The keys to sorcerous lycanthropy are the animal skin or belt and the salve. 
  Subjects normally keep these well hidden, but a search of a suspect’s house or 
  the base of a werewolf coven will normally lead to their discovery.
  OPPOSITE
  Medieval inquisitors believed 
  that all cases of lycanthropy 
  were due to witchcraft, and 
  the Catholic Church has yet to 
  officially recognize the existence 
  of viral werewolves. Despite this, 
  the werewolf-hunting Order of St. 
  Cuthbert has been active since at 
  least 1760 under the aegis of the 
  Inquisition.
  Documents in the Vatican’s 
  archives include transcripts of 
  hundreds of werewolf trials, most 
  of them from Italy, France, and 
  Germany between the 12th and 
  16th centuries. Some scholars 
  believe there was a significant 
  outbreak of lycanthropy in 
  Western Europe at that time, but 
  others disagree. The frequent 
  witch-hunts of the period would 
  naturally have led to a higher 
  rate of werewolf detection. It may 
  also be significant that almost 
  all documented trials relate to 
  cases of sorcerous lycanthropy, 
  suggesting that other types 
  of werewolf escaped the 
  Inquisition’s notice.
  In the medieval and early modern 
  periods, werewolves are often 
  associated with the stealing 
  or killing of children. Modern 
  research has revealed no special 
  connection between werewolves 
  and the kidnapping of children. 
  (North Wind Picture Archives / 
  Alamy)
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  If these items are discovered, they constitute 
  conclusive proof that a case involves sorcerous 
  lycanthropy rather than any other kind. Until 
  that time, however, it is necessary to rely on 
  traditional investigative techniques.
  Like shamanic lycanthropes, wolf-witches 
  tend to operate within a limited home range, 
  especially if they are part of a coven. Neophytes 
  are often dependent on their superiors for 
  the transformation salve, and personal bonds 
  between coven members tend to keep them 
  together.
  Within their home range, though, sorcerous 
  lycanthropes can be as much of a threat as any 
  other kind. Attacks are often limited to the 
  working out of personal disputes with neighbors, 
  employers, and other acquaintances, but they 
  can become considerably more widespread and 
  deadly if the group is ideologically motivated. 
  In this case, targets may include religious groups 
  and buildings, local government officials and 
  their offices, and others.
  Over the last two decades or so, loggers and 
  land developers have become a frequent target of 
  werewolf covens. The alignment of wicca and neo-
  paganism with the environmental movement 
  has led to werewolves taking part in several documented acts of ecoterrorism, 
  ranging from the intimidation of work crews and planning officials to sabotage, 
  assault, and murder. There have also been well-documented attacks on the 
  homes and churches of fundamentalist religious figures, politicians, CEOs, and 
  others who are seen as leading members of “the 1 percent” and are also targeted 
  by more conventional activist groups such as the Occupy movement.
  Recent cooperation between activists, wiccans, and werewolf covens has 
  led to this class of lycanthropy being upgraded to “most urgent” by many 
  governments. Even as they officially deny the existence of witches and 
  werewolves, governments and military contractors worldwide are actively 
  developing equipment and tactics to identify and neutralize them.
  Elimination	and	Prevention
  Arguably the most important tactics used against wolf covens by governments 
  around the world are infiltration and destabilization. In this respect, these 
  groups are treated in much the same way as other activist and terrorist 
  breeding grounds.
  A wolf pelt is essential for a cursed 
  werewolf to be able to transform. 
  (North Wind Picture Archives / 
  Alamy)
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  Deep-cover operations lasting several years are necessary to win the trust 
  and acceptance of a werewolf coven, and this can be particularly challenging 
  for the agents involved. However, at the time of writing the global success 
  rate of this approach is still deemed high enough to be acceptable. Agents 
  placed in allied groups and tasked with getting close to a werewolf coven 
  and discovering its base of operation have proven to be more reliable 
  than agents placed directly inside the coven itself. Some direct-approach 
  agents never win their way into the coven, and some – a noticeably higher 
  proportion than in similar operations elsewhere – “go native,” betraying 
  their commanders and becoming loyal members of the target group.
  Sorcerous werewolves exhibit normal vulnerability to all types of weapons 
  in all body forms. Standard police and SWAT equipment and tactics are 
  usually effective in dealing with all but the most militant and heavily-
  armed covens. Trackers and dogs have been especially useful in tracing their 
  movements and discovering their bases. Dog handlers report that a keen 
  scent hound such as a bloodhound can track an individual through multiple 
  shape changes.
  The enhanced efficacy of silver against sorcerous werewolves is still 
  debated. In addition to its known effectiveness against viral lycanthropes, 
  folklore and anecdotal accounts worldwide suggest that a silver wound will 
  also break shapeshifting magic and force a witch to assume his or her human 
  form immediately. For human rights reasons it has not been possible to 
  test this theory in the field, and members of the 34th Specialist Regiment 
  I interviewed were careful neither to confirm nor deny rumors that they 
  carry non-lethal silver birdshot ammunition into action against suspected 
  werewolf covens.
  A contemporary depiction of 
  the Werewolf of Ansbach, which 
  terrorized the Principality of 
  Ansbach in 1685. Most authorities 
  cite this as the most famous 
  historical example of a cursed 
  werewolf, although a lack of 
  evidence means it could have 
  been sourcerous.
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  32
  Cursed Werewolves
  While many victims of viral lycanthropy have described their condition as a 
  curse, there are also a number of reports of werewolves being more literally 
  cursed to lycanthropy, usually by angry gods and saints. For obvious reasons 
  these tales come mainly from the Classical and medieval periods, but at least 
  some of them have ramifications that continue to the present day.
  A werewolf curse frequently affects an entire community or bloodline 
  rather than an individual. Sometimes its effects are limited to a certain number 
  of generations, or it can be lifted by specific acts of penance, but more often it 
  cannot. It carries on down the centuries, reminding each successive generation 
  of their ancestors’ misdeeds.
  The most significant difference between a werewolf curse and other forms of 
  lycanthropy is that it does not affect all of its subjects all of the time. Normally one 
  or two members of the cursed family or community are required to be werewolves 
  at any given time; they remain in wolf form for a fixed number of years (seven and 
  nine are the most common), and if they survive, they are restored to human form 
  permanently when their term is over. Sometimes there is an additional condition, 
  normally to refrain from eating human flesh. Upon regaining human form, the 
  cursed werewolf is replaced by another relative or neighbor.
  An illustration of the hunting 
  of the Werewolf of Ansbach. 
  (GL Archive / Alamy)
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  33
  Cursed werewolves normally have no control over their form, and cannot 
  adopt the intermediate “wolf man” form: they spend the entire period of their 
  curse as normal-seeming wolves. A cursed werewolf always retains full human 
  intelligence – the better, one supposes, to retain a painful awareness of its 
  condition and regret whatever actions resulted in the curse. In a few cases, it 
  has been reported that cursed werewolves have retained some vestiges of human 
  speech, the better to tell their cautionary tales to others. This may be no more 
  than a storyteller’s device, however, since the tales of talking werewolves are 
  almost exclusively found in the lives of early saints and similar morality tales.
  Case	Studies
  The	Antaei
  In his Naturalis Historia (“Natural History”) the first-century Roman writer 
  Pliny the Elder tells of a werewolf clan called the Antaei from the remote 
  mountains of Arcadia in southern Greece. They seem unrelated to the Libyan 
  giant Antaeus who was defeated by Hercules.
  While Pliny does not mention how they became werewolves, the Antaei 
  show all the signs of a bloodline cursed to lycanthropy. Every nine years, a 
  man is chosen by lot to become a wolf. He hangs his clothing on a tree and 
  swims across a sacred lake, assuming the form of a wolf when he reaches the 
  far side. If he can refrain from eating human flesh for nine years, he regains 
  human form by swimming back across the lake, where he takes his clothes 
  down from the tree and resumes his human life. At all times, Pliny says, one 
  member of the family must be transformed into a wolf.
  Ireland,	5th	century
  A story about St Patrick gives a good example of a lycanthropic curse. The 
  Kongs Skuggsjo, a Norse book compiled about 1250, tells that in Ireland 
  Patrick encountered:
  one great race more hostile to him than the other people that were in the 
  land… And when he preached Christianity to them … they took this counsel, 
  to howl at him like wolves. But when he saw that his message would succeed 
  little with these people, then he became very wroth, and prayed God that He 
  might avenge it on them by some judgment, that their descendants might for 
  ever remember their disobedience. And great punishment and fit and very 
  wonderful has since befallen their descendants; for it is said that all men who 
  come from the race are always wolves at a certain time, and run in the woods 
  and take food like wolves; and they are worse in that they have human reason, 
  for all their cunning, and such desire and greed for men as for other creatures. 
  And it is said that some become so every seventh year, and are men during the 
  interval. And some have it so long that they have seven years at once.
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  Ossory,	Ireland,	9th–14th	centuries
  The 14th-century Irish Book of Ballymote mentions “the children of the 
  wolf” who ravaged the ancient Kingdom of Ossory, which occupied the 
  modern counties of Laouis and Kilkenny. The Historia Brittonum (“History 
  of the Britons”) of Nennius of Bangor, written in the 9th century, states that 
  “The descendants of the Wolf are in Ossory,” and tells at length of “certain 
  men of the Celtic race who have a marvelous power which comes to them 
  from their forebears… they can at will change themselves into the shape of 
  wolves with sharp tearing teeth, and often thus transformed will they fall 
  upon poor defenseless sheep.” It is unusual for cursed werewolves to be able 
  to change shape at will, and Nennius may have introduced this detail from 
  some other werewolf tradition.
  In his Topographia Hibernica (“Topography of Ireland”) Gerald of Wales 
  tells of a pair of werewolves, husband and wife, encountered by a traveling 
  priest in Meath in 1182 or 1183. The husband explained that they came 
  from Ossory, and that their people had been cursed by the 6th-century 
  abbot (and later saint) Natalis of Kilmanagh. The curse condemned a man 
  and a woman to wander as wolves for seven years, at the end of which, 
  Thankfully, the bite of a cursed 
  werewolf is not infectious. 
  Artwork by Hauke Kock.
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  35
  if they survived, they would regain their human form and be replaced as 
  wolves by another couple. The werewolf humbly asked the priest to give his 
  dying wife the last rites, pulling back her wolf-skin with one claw to reveal 
  the body of an old woman beneath the fur. When the priest had done so, 
  the werewolf thanked him kindly and sent him on his way with detailed 
  directions for the rest of his journey.
  Creation
  Modern werewolf experts tend to agree that tales of divine curses belong to 
  the realm of mythology rather than science. Yet the fact remains that there 
  is a distinct form of lycanthropy that is consistent across a wide area and 
  different from all other classes – leaving the question of how bloodlines and 
  whole communities come to be affected by this specific form of lycanthropy.
  At the time of writing, there are two competing theories on the origins of 
  this type of werewolf. One holds that the myths arose to explain a strain of 
  hereditary lycanthropy that was probably viral in origin. The other suggests 
  that they are garbled folk-memories of now-extinct wolf-cults.
  The Tyana Institute has sent DNA-collecting expeditions to both Arcadia 
  and Ossory, under the guise of wildlife surveys. Neither expedition managed 
  to locate any wolves, which are believed to have been hunted to extinction 
  in Ireland around 1786 and have not been seen in Greece since the 1930s. 
  DNA recovered from bones and skins is still being processed, but so far all 
  the samples recovered have been identical to the DNA of normal wolves. 
  Further analysis is ongoing.
  Anthropologists from Miskatonic University in Massachusetts visited 
  Arcadia in 1932. The expedition was headed by Professor Tyler M. Freeborn 
  of the Department of Anthropology and archaeologist Dr Francis Morgan, 
  and visited Mount Lykaion and other sites associated with early wolf-cults. 
  Through interpreters, the Americans interviewed many older residents, 
  collecting local folklore about the area and its wolves, but the expedition had 
  to be cut short owing to the political instability that attended the abolition 
  of the Greek monarchy and the birth of the Second Hellenic Republic.
  The expedition’s report was published by Miskatonic University Press 
  in 1935, but the print run was just 250 copies and it is very hard to obtain 
  today. Second-hand reports indicate that any local memory of a local 
  werewolf clan has degenerated into a jumble of folktales similar to those 
  from all across Europe. However, the papers of British classicist Humfrey 
  Payne, now in the library of the British School at Athens, suggest that the 
  local people “have long been accustomed to telling pretty tales to wealthy 
  foreign visitors, while holding their own truths closely to themselves.” 
  During the Axis occupation of Greece in World War II, both Italian Alpini 
  and German Ahnenerbe personnel reported frequent wolf encounters in and 
  around Mount Lykaion.
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  36
  Identification	and	Threat
  Of all the different kinds of werewolves, cursed werewolves are both the 
  hardest to identify and the least threatening. This has led many werewolf 
  scholars to conclude that they do not exist.
  Any reported wolf sightings in areas where the animals have long since 
  become extinct are worth investigating, especially if the region is cut off from 
  wild wolf populations by water (like Ireland) or by a narrow land bridge 
  (like southern Greece). There are many such reports each year, along with 
  reports of mysterious big cats, Bigfoot-like creatures, and other cryptids. Most 
  werewolf study programs make a habit of monitoring cryptozoology websites 
  and message boards for reports of wolf and werewolf sightings, although these 
  sources contain a great deal of “noise” in the form of hoaxes, misidentifications 
  and uninformed speculation.
  When a sighting looks promising, a small research team is normally 
  dispatched to the site to investigate further. Ideally, a pattern of sightings 
  should be established over a period of a few weeks, but in the case of wolves 
  and other large predators it is better to move quickly in the hope of arriving 
  before local farmers and hunters track down and kill the creature. This urgency 
  naturally leads to some time and resources being wasted on false alarms caused 
  by feral dogs, coyotes, and the like.
  For the most part, cursed werewolves behave in the same way as natural 
  wolves while they are in wolf form. When their behavior differs, it is for the 
  better, in human terms. Possessed of human intelligence, they are often reluctant 
  to prey on their neighbors’ flocks and restrict their hunting to deer and small 
  game. Some individuals even patrol their families’ fields and gardens, preying 
  LYCAON OF ARCADIA
  Although it does not seem to be connected with the 
  Antaei or any other Greek werewolves, this Classical 
  myth contains one of the first recorded instances of a 
  divine wolf curse.
  According to Greek myth, Lycaon – whose name 
  contains the Greek word lukos, meaning “wolf” – was 
  the first king of Arcadia. He ruled at a time when gods 
  still walked among mortals, and when Zeus came to visit 
  him, he decided to test the god’s reputed omniscience 
  by serving him the roasted flesh of another guest. Zeus 
  realized what his host had done and punished Lycaon 
  by turning him into a wolf – the notorious devourer of 
  human flesh – and killing his 50 sons with thunderbolts.
  What became of Lycaon after he fled the god’s wrath is 
  unknown. It is not recorded that he survived as a wolf, or 
  that his descendants became werewolves. However, the 
  Greek geographer Pausanias states that “they say that ever 
  since the time of Lycaon a man has been transformed 
  into a wolf at the sacrifice to Zeus in Lycosura, but 
  the change is not permanent. If the wolf abstains from 
  eating human flesh he will return to human form after 
  nine years, but if he has tasted human flesh he remains 
  a beast forever.”
  The story of Lycaon bears several similarities to the 
  cult of Lycaean Zeus, described by the Roman natural 
  historian Pliny the Elder under its Latin name of Jupiter 
  Lycaeus. It is discussed in a later chapter.
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  37
  on rabbits and other pests that would otherwise damage the crops. In some 
  communities, it is customary to help inexperienced, old, or infirm werewolves 
  by putting out joints of meat by some landmark such as a hilltop cairn.
  While their unique nature and the mystery of their origins make them of 
  particular interest to scholars, cursed werewolves are classified “lowest threat” 
  by almost every werewolf-hunting organization in the world.
  Elimination	and	Prevention
  In the tales of early saints from Ireland and elsewhere, a fixed-term werewolf 
  curse is comparable to a Catholic period of penance, and can only be 
  imposed by a saint. If the sufferer outlives the term of the curse, he or she 
  is restored to human form safe and well, and usually in a more pious frame 
  of mind. On the rare occasions where such a curse is broken, it is due to the 
  intercession of another saint to whom the werewolf has told its story and 
  expressed fitting repentance.
  Physically, cursed werewolves seem identical to natural wolves, and have 
  no special resistances or vulnerabilities. Therefore any equipment that is 
  effective in dealing with natural wolves can be used with equal effectiveness 
  against cursed werewolves.
  For the reasons already given, it is seldom necessary to use deadly force against 
  a cursed werewolf. The vast majority of missions targeting this class of lycanthrope 
  are to capture for study. Tracking and sedation are the primary tactics, although 
  some circumstances may call for darting or netting from a helicopter.
  Most researchers into werewolf 
  lore agree that the story of Little 
  Red Riding Hood was an old, 
  German cautionary tale about the 
  danger of lycanthropy.
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  38
  By far the greatest threat to an operation against cursed werewolves comes 
  from the local community rather than the werewolves themselves. Those 
  relatives and neighbors who are aware of the werewolf’s nature – some of whom 
  may themselves have spent time as werewolves – are understandably reluctant 
  to help capture or kill one of their own. Once they become aware of the 
  mission’s objectives they will frequently respond with passive non-cooperation, 
  which can escalate to sabotage and even confrontation. More than one mission 
  has had to be aborted in order to avoid an international incident.  
  A 16th-century illustration of the 
  story of Lycaon.
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  39
  obsessive werewolves
  Obsessive lycanthropy is perhaps the most controversial form of the condition. 
  There are some, like Sabine Baring-Gould, who believe that all werewolves 
  are obsessives, and that stories of physical transformation are either narrative 
  embellishments or metaphors referring to the sufferer’s furious state. There are 
  others who believe that it does not qualify as lycanthropy at all, but is instead 
  a form of delusional psychosis or some other mental illness. Others still claim 
  that it is a form of shamanic lycanthropy in which a human being is possessed 
  by an aggressive wolf spirit. Montague Summers echoes the official Vatican 
  line that these are cases of demonic possession.
  In obsessive lycanthropy, only the werewolf’s behavior changes. During an 
  episode, the sufferer remains in human form but is convinced that he or she has 
  turned into a wolf. The werewolf runs on all fours, howls, and attacks livestock, 
  children, and occasionally adults. When the episode has passed, the werewolf’s 
  human senses return, often accompanied by physical exhaustion. In most cases 
  the werewolf retains clear memories of his or her actions, and may express regret 
  or remorse for them.
  It is possible that there is more than one form of obsessive 
  lycanthropy. Some sufferers have shown a fear of silver and become 
  severely agitated at the time of the full moon, while others have 
  not. It is quite possible, though, that this fear is informed by the 
  sufferer’s knowledge of werewolf lore and has nothing to do with the 
  condition itself. In some individuals, the lycanthropic fit seems to 
  be a response to fear, anger, or other stressors, like the emergence of 
  a strong, protective “alter” in a case of multiple personality disorder.
  Obsessive lycanthropy has been recognized at least since the 2nd 
  century AD. The Alexandrian physician Paulus Aegineta described 
  the condition as a form of melancholy due to an excess of black 
  bile. At least some of the reports of Norse berserkers and ulfhednar 
  match this form of lycanthropy, though there are many more that 
  do not; it seems likely that the berserkers were a mixed group in 
  which multiple forms of lycanthropy were present.
  English lexicographer Randle Cotgrave’s Dictionarie of the 
  French and English Tongues (1611) defines a werewolf as “A mankind 
  Wolfe; such a one as once being flesht on men and children will 
  rather starve than feed on any thing else; also, one that, possessed 
  An artistic depiction of the dual 
  nature of the werewolf. Obsessive 
  werewolves are often mistakenly 
  assumed to have split-personality 
  disorder.
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  40
  with an extreame, and strange melancholie, belevves he is turned Wolfe, and 
  as a Wolfe behaves himselfe.” It is interesting that Cotgrave links obsessive 
  lycanthropy with cannibalism here. The transcripts of medieval werewolf trials 
  include frequent references to eating human flesh, and the consequent loss of 
  interest in all other meat.
  In 1563, Dutch physician Johann Weyer wrote that werewolves suffered 
  from an imbalance in their melancholic humor and listed the physical symptoms 
  as paleness, a dry tongue and a great thirst, and sunken, dry eyes. In his book 
  Daemonologie published in 1597, King James I of England (VI of Scotland) 
  regards lycanthropy as a mundane ailment without any supernatural cause, 
  blaming instead “an excess of melancholy … which causes some men to believe 
  that they are wolves and to counterfeit the actions of these animals.”
  Today, clinical lycanthropy can be found in the Diagnostic and Statistical 
  Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as “a cultural manifestation of 
  schizophrenia” because of four key symptoms: delusions (the belief that the 
  patient is an animal); hallucinations (the false sensation of being in animal 
  form); disorganized speech (making animal sounds); and “grossly disorganized 
  behavior” (acting as an animal rather than a human being).
  While it is true that some forms of mental illness can manifest as obsessive 
  lycanthropy, there is a long and detailed historical tradition that suggests it is 
  not the only cause of this condition.
  Case	Studies
  Clermont,	France,	12th	century
  The English writer Gervase of Tilbury writes of an outlawed French soldier 
  named Raimbaud de Poinet, who seems to have fallen into a depressed state 
  during the course of his wanderings until falling prey to “a sore amaze, and he 
  grew frantic being changed into a wolf, under which shape he marauded his 
  own native village, so that the farmers and franklins in terror abandoned their 
  cottages and manors, leaving them empty and tenantless. This fearsome wolf 
  RABIES
  At least some medieval reports of lycanthropy seem to 
  refer to cases of rabies. The name of this condition is 
  taken from the Latin word for madness, and its symptoms 
  are very similar to those described by Petrus Salius for 
  lycanthropy: “Foam appears at the mouth, they tear with 
  their teeth, bark like dogs or howl like wolves, grind 
  their teeth, sweat, and convulse.” Montague Summers 
  points out that these symptoms also appear in the New 
  Testament as signs of demonic possession.
  Salius also notes that lycanthropes avoid water at all 
  costs; another name for rabies is hydrophobia, Greek for 
  fear of water. However, modern werewolf researchers 
  have not observed any aversion to water among their test 
  subjects, and the other similarities are broadly agreed to 
  be coincidental.
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  41
  devoured children, and even older persons were attacked by the beast, which 
  tore their flesh grievously with its keen and savage teeth.”
  Gervase gives us nothing from which we can tell what kind of werewolf 
  Poinet was. The “sore amaze” suggests an obsessive werewolf, but the physical 
  transformation rules this out.
  Pavia,	Italy,	1541
  The 16th-century physician Job Fincelius records a classic case of obsessive 
  lycanthropy which took place in Pavia, northern Italy, in 1541. When caught 
  following a series of violent murders, the accused werewolf “assured his captors 
  that the only difference… between himself and a natural wolf, was that in 
  the true wolf the hair grew outward, while in him it struck inward.” In both 
  Germany and France, more than one accused werewolf suffered partial flaying 
  as the authorities tried to test the truth of similar assertions.
  Creation
  Obsessive lycanthropy can arise from a number of causes, both hereditary 
  and otherwise. This has led many werewolf scholars to suggest that obsessive 
  lycanthropy is nothing more than an umbrella 
  term for a wide range of conditions that only 
  manifest themselves in similar ways because of 
  chance or cultural psychological stereotypes.
  Genetic 
  causes 
  include 
  neurological 
  predisposition to obsessive and dysmorphic 
  disorders, schizophrenic and schizoaffective 
  disorders, 
  and 
  generalized 
  psychosis. 
  However, obsessive lycanthropy is only one of 
  several conditions that can result from these 
  predispositions. In almost all cases that have 
  been analyzed by modern psychology, there is 
  also something in the patient’s early life that 
  tips the balance toward lycanthropy and away 
  from the others.
  It is well documented that physical abuse 
  in early childhood can lead to multiple 
  personality disorders. While animal “alters” 
  are not common, they are not unknown either, 
  and a wolf makes a very effective defender of 
  the fractured self. Dysmorphic disorders can 
  lead to obsession with the strength, speed, 
  beauty, and all-round capability of wolves, 
  which in turn can lead to obsessive lycanthropy 
  as a form of wish fulfillment.
  A werewolf gargoyle from La 
  Cathédrale Notre-Dame de 
  l'Annonciation de Moulins. 
  While the Catholic Church 
  officially denies the existence of 
  werewolves, gargoyles such as 
  this argue otherwise.
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  42
  Serious anger management issues, regardless of their cause, can become 
  identified with an animal power in the sufferer’s mind, and this too can 
  develop into a lycanthropic obsession. Some therapists believe that the animal 
  self is a psychological construct; an alter ego, created to externalize the rage 
  and to take the blame for the violence and destruction it causes away from the 
  patient. In most Western cultures, the wolf has long been used as a symbol 
  for animal ferocity and malevolence, so it is not surprising that this construct 
  should take the form of a wolf.
  Most controversial, though, is the proposition that some forms of obsessive 
  lycanthropy occur when a human is possessed by an animal spirit, in a process 
  that mirrors the normal course of shamanic lycanthropy. Some shamans can 
  call upon animal powers at will, and it has been suggested that latent talents 
  can do so spontaneously and unwittingly.
  A few scholars of shamanism have also suggested that certain animals are 
  born with a latent shamanic talent just as some humans are, but there is no 
  general agreement on this. In order to confirm or rule out this proposition, it 
  This German woodcut from the 
  16th century is thought to be the 
  oldest depiction of an obsessive 
  werewolf. (Mary Evans)
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  43
  would be necessary to identify such an animal and gain 
  its cooperation, and this has not yet been accomplished.
  Identification	and	Threat
  Obsessive werewolves are among the easiest lycanthropes 
  to identify in the field. Because they do not transform, it 
  is usually possible to identify them even in the midst of a 
  lycanthropic episode. The face does distort a little under 
  the accompanying emotional strain, but not sufficiently 
  to defeat facial recognition software.
  Eyewitnesses are also valuable in cases of obsessive 
  lycanthropy. Acquaintances can readily identify the 
  lycanthrope even in the midst of an episode, and even 
  the most reclusive of obsessive lycanthropes cannot 
  avoid developing a reputation in the local community. 
  In developed countries, an obsessive lycanthrope will usually be known to 
  local police and social services.
  The uncontrolled violence of obsessive werewolves can make them a threat 
  to local livestock and the local civilian population, especially the very young 
  and the very old. However, a lone individual seldom poses a serious threat to 
  well-prepared hunters.
  Obsessive werewolves are most dangerous in groups, which can take the 
  form of criminal gangs, “packs” that form spontaneously under a shared 
  delusion, or organized cults. In these cases, the condition of each individual 
  is strengthened by reinforcement from the rest of the group and can become 
  as strong as any other form of psychological conditioning; group loyalty is 
  usually very strong, and a group that has been together for any length of time 
  will normally develop some level of tactical ability.
  Elimination	and	Prevention
  In dealing with a violent obsessive werewolf in the field, the most effective 
  tools are the same as for subduing any violent suspect. Tasers will incapacitate 
  the subject at close range so that handcuffs, straitjackets, or other restraints 
  can be applied. At longer ranges and in dense cover, tranquilizing darts with a 
  normal human dose will render the subject unconscious within a few minutes.
  Where obsessive lycanthropy is purely psychological, it can be controlled by 
  a combination of anti-psychotic medication and cognitive therapy. Where the 
  individual has been part of a werewolf pack or cult, normal deprogramming 
  techniques may also be required. The process can take months or years to 
  complete and lifelong medication may be required.
  If animal-spirit possession has been established, a course of instruction 
  under an experienced shaman can help the individual come to terms with 
  their predisposition to possession, control spontaneous accessing of animal 
  Obsessive werewolves don’t really 
  resemble wolves, but they often 
  believe they do. (Mary Evans)
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  44
  spirits, and build mental defenses against outside possession. Basic training 
  can be accomplished in a few weeks, but lifelong practice is required to keep 
  the threat at bay. Many spontaneous lycanthropes have developed into very 
  capable shamans in this way.
  BERSERKERS
  Many descriptions of the Norse berserkers and 
  ulfhednar mention howling, foaming at the mouth, and 
  shield-biting without actual physical transformation, 
  followed by exhaustion and weakness once the episode 
  of berserksgangr has passed. These descriptions are 
  completely consistent with obsessive lycanthropy, 
  although other descriptions of berserksgangr vary. As will 
  be discussed in later pages, the berserkers were clearly 
  lycanthropes of various types who banded together, 
  perhaps as members of a secret or forgotten wolf-cult.
  Norse berserkers will be covered in greater detail in a 
  later chapter. 
  A depiction of an 18th-century 
  obsessive werewolf from Sweden. 
  Since stories of werewolves 
  were often used in centuries 
  past to justify the actions of 
  cannibals and serial killers, it 
  is often difficult to determine 
  actual accounts of an obsessive 
  werewolf. (Mary Evans)
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  45
  Werewolf Society
  Lone	Werewolves
  Like wolves, werewolves are instinctively social beings, and the lone werewolf of 
  horror literature and films reflects a small minority of actual cases of lycanthropy.
  When a lone werewolf is encountered in the field, it is usually a newly 
  infected viral werewolf. The individual was usually infected by accident, having 
  survived an attack that was intended to be fatal, and has received no post-
  infection care or training. Ignorant, confused, and frightened, the werewolf 
  becomes a solitary drifter, living on the move in order to avoid detection.
  These untrained werewolves are usually a danger to themselves and others, 
  transforming uncontrollably at the time of the full moon and unable to resist 
  the instinct to attack humans and livestock. While they can be extremely 
  dangerous when cornered, they pose a far greater threat by leaving human 
  survivors who become werewolves in their turn. An outbreak can spiral out of 
  control very rapidly if left unchecked.
  A few shamanic werewolves live alone through choice, 
  normally choosing remote locations in sparsely inhabited 
  forests or mountains. These individuals are usually more 
  shaman than werewolf, using a number of animal avatars 
  and with no particular preference for wolves. Shamans who 
  favor the wolf form tend to form packs of their own, or 
  associate with wild wolf packs, preferring remote locations 
  in both cases. In recent decades, though, some urban 
  shamans have formed packs in a few of the larger cities, 
  including San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland, Oregon.
  Wandering	Packs
  Wandering packs are often based on human groups like 
  biker gangs and mercenary groups. A few bands of New Age 
  travelers have included werewolves, including some who 
  claim descent from the ancient Irish Kingdom of Ossory.
  The use of wolf imagery on unit and club badges is 
  common among wandering packs, but is not exclusive to 
  werewolf groups; a number of purely human motorcycle 
  clubs and paramilitary units have adopted wolf – and 
  werewolf – related names and iconography.
  A moody depiction of the isolation 
  often experienced by werewolves, 
  especially those recently infected 
  with the virus. (Mary Evans)
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  Most wandering packs started as human groups who came into accidental 
  contact with lycanthropy and now treat their condition as another tool in 
  their repertoire. It is not uncommon for the werewolves to form the elite 
  inner circle of a group that is mainly human, and to expose human members 
  to lycanthropy as part of a promotion ritual. Levels of post-infection care and 
  training can be high, with an emphasis on pack loyalty.
  The threat posed by wandering packs depends on their chosen lifestyle. 
  Biker gangs can be rowdy and disputes frequently turn violent; paramilitaries 
  are deadly by nature and sometimes ignore rules of engagement and chain of 
  command; even normally peaceful travelers are well able to stand up against 
  a society that is often hostile toward them. These human tendencies are often 
  amplified in werewolves. When confronted by hunters or law enforcement, 
  wandering packs can be among the most dangerous werewolf groups.
  Urban	Werewolves
  Urban werewolves have existed since Roman times, but they have become a 
  phenomenon over the last 50 years. They are often groups of young urban 
  professionals who hunt in city parks and nearby wilderness areas. Most are 
  viral lycanthropes, but there are mixed packs whose members include urban 
  shamans, neo-pagan wolf-dreamers, and other types. There have also been 
  reports of werewolf packs operating as street gangs, and of criminal gangs 
  using werewolves as enforcers.
  Territory is very important to urban werewolves, and most urban packs 
  operate within a well-defined area. Territorial 
  disputes with other packs are usually resolved by 
  negotiation, but they can escalate into a full-blown 
  turf war like the Chicago incident of 2006, when a 
  platoon of the 34th was sent to support and advise 
  Chicago SWAT and the Illinois National Guard.
  Barring territorial disputes, an urban werewolf 
  pack can be a good thing. The Talbot Group and 
  the Tyana Institute have both reported that crime 
  drops significantly when a werewolf pack moves 
  into a territory, and anecdotal evidence also 
  suggests that local populations of rats, coyotes, and 
  strays are also reduced, with a corresponding boost 
  to public health.
  Urban werewolf packs generally take great 
  pains to train and support new members, limit 
  their hunting to less-frequented areas, and avoid 
  interaction with humans. They also deal effectively 
  with outside werewolves, vampires, and other 
  supernatural threats that wander into their territory. 
  Most urban werewolves actually 
  do their best to blend into society, 
  though there are a few who 
  seem to flaunt their lycanthropy 
  by either appearing in public in 
  their wolf man form, performing 
  on stage, or even joining their 
  high-school basketball team. 
  (INTERFOTO / Alamy)
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  Although the number and size of urban packs increases year on year, the 
  majority are still categorized as a low threat.
  Many regard “urban werewolf” as too much of a generalization to be useful. 
  Even in mixed packs, werewolves distinguish between viral, shamanic, and 
  other types of lycanthrope, tolerating the differences but remaining aware of 
  them. Urban-professional packs see themselves as having nothing in common 
  with gang-related “werebangers” – who, in their turn, frequently express 
  their contempt in terms like “LAWYs” (“Law-abiding werewolf yuppies”), 
  “Fidos,” “Baltos” (a reference to the half-wolf sled dog immortalized in a 1995 
  animated movie), and “White Fangs.”
  Law enforcement officials tend to agree, lumping werebangers and other 
  lycanthropic criminals in with werewolf motorcycle gangs and the more 
  antisocial wolf-cultists under the term “Charlie Sierra” (criminal shapeshifter). 
  They generally fall under the purview of gang and organized crime units, 
  which are gradually receiving specialized anti-werewolf training. When I 
  was at Fort Bragg interviewing members of the 34th for this book, a group 
  of SWAT officers from various midwestern police departments was on base 
  for a one-week course in Lycanthrope Identification, Classification, and 
  Countermeasures, known informally as “Pooches for Pigs.”
  Rural	and	Wilderness	Packs
  The earliest reports of lycanthropy always came from remote areas, and even 
  today a great many werewolf packs prefer to live far from human habitations. 
  There are many good reasons for doing so: urban werewolves run a constant 
  risk of discovery which can lead to hysteria and mob violence; newly infected 
  lycanthropes are less able to control their condition, and may injure or kill 
  innocent bystanders; and many werewolves have an instinctive love of the 
  wild and are uncomfortable in an urban or suburban environment.
  Not surprisingly, rural and wilderness packs are more likely than others 
  to have close ties with neighboring packs of wild wolves. A few individuals, 
  usually accidental lycanthropes, integrate into wild packs, often rising to high 
  rank on account of their size, strength, and intelligence.
  Rumors of wolf-werewolf hybrids, often with shapeshifting abilities of 
  their own, go back for millennia but have never been scientifically proven. 
  This has not stopped some members of the environmental movement calling 
  for the extermination of all werewolves on the grounds that interbreeding will 
  “pollute” the wild wolf population with “invasive human DNA.”
  Opinion on rural and wilderness packs is sharply divided. The FBI, the 
  Tyana Institute and the Nightmen all regard them as the least harmful of all 
  lycanthropes because they seldom stray outside their home range and pose 
  little or no threat to humans. Local farmers and Department of Fish and 
  Wildlife officials take a different view because of their predation on livestock 
  and wildlife. For the most part, though, organized werewolf hunts are rare.
  OVERLEAF:
  Like their wild counterparts, 
  werewolves preferred remote 
  forest and mountain areas until 
  a few decades ago. Since the late 
  1980s, however, there has been 
  a significant rise in the urban 
  werewolf population.
  Some urban werewolves try to 
  avoid detection, hunting in nearby 
  parks and wilderness areas 
  and living normal human lives 
  between full moons. Others are 
  more aggressive, often embracing 
  a criminal lifestyle and working as 
  enforcers for gangs and organized 
  crime syndicates. A few become 
  vigilantes, like the so-called “Wolf 
  Girl of Seattle” who has been 
  credited with several attacks 
  on drug and human trafficking 
  operations in the city since 
  2011. A local crime family has 
  reportedly placed a million-dollar 
  bounty on the Wolf Girl’s head.
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  Werewolf	Cults
  The vast majority of European wolf-cults were destroyed during the witch-hunts 
  of the 16th and 17th centuries. A few have resurfaced since then, and some 
  have survived in other parts of the world. However, most currently-active wolf-
  cults are much younger. Some were founded in the early 20th century, which 
  saw a resurgence of mystical thinking across the west. Others have sprung up 
  alongside the growth of New Age and neo-pagan groups in the last few decades.
  Lycaean	Zeus
  Mount Lykaion is in the remote mountain region of Arcadia in southern 
  Greece. The region figures heavily in many ancient reports of lycanthropy, and 
  documents in the archives of the Tyana Institute suggest that in Classical times 
  it was the home of a tribe of hereditary werewolves, perhaps descended from the 
  semi-mythical Lycaon.
  The cult of Lycaean Zeus involved human sacrifice, and may be very ancient 
  in origin; in a paper on ancient lycanthropy preserved in the Institute’s archives, 
  Benjamin Franklin wonders whether the cult’s original bloodthirsty deity was 
  conflated with Olympian Zeus later in the Classical period. Greek and Roman 
  writers regularly referred to ancient and foreign deities by the names of their 
  own “true” gods.
  Among the papers of Margaret Murray, preserved at University College, 
  London, are extensive notes on lycanthropy. They date to the time when 
  Murray was researching her celebrated book The Witch-
  Cult in Western Europe, and suggest that she was planning 
  a chapter on wolf-cults and werewolves that never 
  appeared in the published work.
  Murray thought that the wolf-cult was either an 
  offshoot of the witch-cult or an older, shamanic-animist 
  religion that appeased the spirits of predatory animals 
  with human and animal sacrifices; this suspicion has 
  been borne out by modern archaeology, which has 
  dated the earliest ritual activity on Mount Lykaion to 
  the beginning of the third millennium BC. Murray’s 
  notes contain references to some darker traditions 
  involving ritual cannibalism as a rite of passage for young 
  men, although she dismisses reports of lycanthropic 
  transformation following the ritual meal as delusions 
  brought on by some hallucinogenic drug.
  The cult seems to have survived the Turkish occupation 
  of Greece, and grown through the 1920s. Nazi werewolf 
  researchers investigated the area in the 1940s, as will be 
  seen in a later chapter, and Greece’s Axis occupiers were 
  never able to subdue Arcadia completely.
  An 18th-century illustration of the 
  story of Lycaon.
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  Postwar emigration took the cult of Lycaean Zeus to North America, Australia, 
  and many other countries, where it survives in secret. The cult seems very wary 
  of exposure, and some scholars take this as an indication that it continues its 
  cannibalistic ritual feasts. A handful of convicted cannibal killers have made 
  statements referring to the ancient cult, but in all cases they were lone killers 
  who became obsessive lycanthropes after reading about the cult in Pliny or other 
  sources. None has been firmly linked to the cult itself.
  The cult of Lycaean Zeus is classified as an unknown threat by the Tyana 
  Institute. At the time of writing, no agent has returned from a mission to locate 
  and infiltrate the cult, and all are presumed dead.
  Some researchers argue that 
  cursed werewolves appear more 
  wolf-like when in their wolf man 
  form than do viral werewolves, 
  though no systematic study has 
  yet been attempted. Artwork by 
  Hauke Kock.
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  Wepwawet
  The Egyptian god Wepwawet, sometimes called “the opener of the way,” is 
  occasionally confused with jackal-headed Anubis, but hieroglyphic inscriptions 
  speak of wolf-headed Wepwawet as a war-god who “opens the way to victory.”
  The Egyptian cult of Wepwawet became extinct in ancient times. Some 
  scholars have taken the name “opener of the way” to imply that Wepwawet was 
  a patron of military scouts, and researchers working for the Talbot Group in the 
  1940s speculated on the existence of werewolf scouts in the armies of Ramses II, 
  but the nature of the cult remains unclear.
  The worship of Wepwawet was revived in Britain and France in the 1890s. 
  Initially popular only among intellectuals, it spread to the military of both nations 
  before the start of World War I and even gained some adherents in Germany. 
  Since then it has spread across the world, especially among assassins and special 
  forces troops.
  Unlike the cult of Lycaean Zeus, the modern cult of Wepwawet does not 
  include cannibalism among its rituals. Burnt offerings of meat are made to the 
  god, usually in an underground temple. The Talbot Group and the Tyana Institute 
  both believe that cult members can shapeshift into wolf form, and some reports 
  suggest that they have other supernatural abilities including speed, silence, and 
  invisibility.
  The cult does not seem to have any defined agenda beyond the empowerment 
  and advancement of its members. It has not been linked to any political 
  assassinations or manipulation of government or army policies, or to any violent 
  incidents of lycanthropy. The Tyana Institute classifies it as “generally benign.”
  Close-up of a carved relief of 
  Wepwawet from the Karnak 
  Temple at Luxor, Egypt.
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  Fenrir
  In Norse myth, Fenrir is a monstrous wolf who is fated to kill Odin at the 
  world-ending battle of Ragnarok. There is no indication that the Vikings 
  worshiped Fenrir, and the Norse neo-pagan Asatru movement does not 
  recognize Fenrir among its deities. The 19th-century Danish psychologist and 
  mythologist Morten Lindegaard believed that Fenrir, Jormungand, Loki, and 
  others were folk-memories of older, more savage gods that were supplanted 
  by the Aesir and Vanir of Norse myth, but remained in the mythology as 
  devil-like figures.
  The present-day cult of Fenrir apparently dates back no further than 
  1933, when events in Germany inspired the growth of Nordic nationalism 
  and fascist politics across Scandinavia. Fenrir was adopted as a patron by 
  some of the more violent pro-Nazi groups in both Norway and Denmark, 
  and his cult was particularly strong in the SS Wiking Division, which was 
  recruited mainly from pro-Nazi Scandinavians.
  The cult of Fenrir spread within the SS and documents recovered by US 
  intelligence officers suggest that at least some of the SS Werwolf troops were 
  members. The cult went underground at the end of World War II but has 
  been growing in recent years, especially among white-supremacist groups 
  that make extensive use of Norse and Nazi symbolism.
  The cult’s rituals almost always involved tests of strength and ferocity. They 
  included armed and unarmed combats, ritual blood-letting, and the hunting 
  of both human and animal prey. In return for blood-sacrifice, it was believed 
  that Fenrir would grant the cultists strength and ruthlessness in order to defeat 
  their enemies. Weakness was not tolerated, and cultists who failed any test of 
  strength or endurance were hunted down and killed by their former comrades.
  Not all Fenrir cultists were werewolves, but in 1946 former SS werewolves 
  staged a bloody coup which left them in control. Today, the cult is a two-level 
  organization consisting of werewolf “officers” and human “prospects” who 
  undergo a series of tests and initiations before being exposed to lycanthropy.
  The cult of Fenrir appears on a number of watch lists, but is generally 
  regarded as too small and scattered to pose a serious threat beyond the local 
  level. Its effectiveness is undermined by regular and bloody territorial disputes 
  and power struggles. However, all concerned agencies agree if a leader should 
  arise who is strong enough to unite its widespread chapters into a single 
  cohesive force, it could become much more dangerous.
  It should be noted that there is no connection between the present-day 
  cult of Fenrir and the so-called “Children of Fenris,” a short-lived cult that 
  was active in Paris between 1919 and 1921, when it was destroyed by the 
  Sûreté. The latter was a militant nihilist-anarchist group inspired by the 
  carnage of World War I to bring about the Apocalypse. Despite the savagery 
  of many of their actions, there is no evidence that any of the Children of 
  Fenris were werewolves.  
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  Werewolves at War
  The Nazi Werwulf commandos are the best-known lycanthropic military force 
  today, but they were by no means the first. Rulers and military leaders have 
  always valued werewolves for their strength and aggression, as well as for the 
  superstitious awe they inspire in an enemy. The use of werewolves as shock 
  troops and elite guards goes back to the earliest times.
  Lupi	Dacii
  The Twelve Caesars by Gaius Suetonius is still consulted by classicists today. 
  It contains a wealth of detail about the lives of the first Roman emperors, from 
  Julius Caesar to Domitian. Few know about the thirteenth book, covering 
  the life of Trajan, which was expurgated by the Vatican in the 13th century. 
  Only one copy of the complete work is known to exist today, hidden in a 
  secret Vatican archive in the Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome.
  As secretary and chief archivist to Trajan’s successor Hadrian, Suetonius 
  had access to first-hand accounts of the Dacian Wars, including reports of 
  what he called the lupi dacii (“Dacian wolves”) who wrought havoc with 
  terrifying night attacks on Roman camps. Reading between the lines of 
  Suetonius’ account, the Dacians apparently had an elite force of werewolves 
  – perhaps a warrior lodge, although details of Dacian society and customs are 
  scanty – that served their kings as commandos and shock troops.
  Nothing is known of the lupi dacii apart from 
  the fact of their existence. All other details have 
  been lost to the Vatican’s determination to stamp 
  out belief in werewolves throughout Christendom.
  Wulfings,	Berserkers	
  and	Ulfhednar
  The Vikings were among the earliest people 
  to incorporate werewolves into their military 
  forces. King Harald Fairhair of Norway (c. 850–
  932) maintained a corps of berserkers called 
  ulfhednar (“wolf-hide men”) as shock troops 
  in his campaigns to unify Norway, and many 
  chroniclers of the time attest to their effectiveness 
  on the battlefield.
  A werewolf berserker, shown on 
  a Swedish bronze plaque from 
  the pre-Viking Vendel period (AD 
  550–790).
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  Early in his reign, Harald’s armies reached the region of Östergötland 
  (“East Goth-Land”) in present-day Sweden. This was a small kingdom whose 
  ruling clan, the Wulfings (“Wolf People”), is mentioned in Beowulf as well as 
  in various Scandinavian royal sagas. Swedish academic Bram Eldarsson has 
  suggested that Östergötland was the home to an ancient werewolf bloodline 
  from which Harald recruited his ulfhednar for his later campaigns.
  Later Scandinavian kings followed Harald’s lead, recruiting berserkers as elite 
  troops or personal bodyguards. Accounts of the battle of Maldon in AD 991 
  mention waelwulfas (“slaughter-wolves”) among the attacking Danish Army.
  The nature of the ulfhednar and other wolf-berserkers is debated. Many 
  scholars believe that the earliest berserkers were true werewolves descended 
  from the Wulfing bloodline. As time went on, though, they were joined by 
  wolf cultists and others who were attracted by their fierce reputation and 
  their life of violent adventure. By the 11th century, the meaning of the word 
  berserker had broadened to include wandering bands of brigands and a class 
  of professional duelists comparable to the gunslingers of the Old West.
  As Christianity spread throughout Scandinavia in the 11th and 12th 
  centuries, various rulers issued decrees outlawing berserkers, and by the end 
  of the Northern Crusades around 1290 werewolves were seen as agents of evil, 
  just as they were in southern and Western Europe.
  Ottoman	Kurt	Suçlular
  In 1389 the Ottoman Army began to conscript light troops called azab to 
  support the janissaries and other regular units. Officially named Başıbozuk 
  The story William of Palermo, 
  sometimes called “William the 
  Werewolf” is a 14th-century 
  French romance that features a 
  “good” cursed werewolf. (Ivy Close 
  Images / Alamy)
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  (“irregulars”) and known informally as Delibaş (“crazy heads”), these troops 
  were recruited from the empire’s criminal classes. They were used primarily as 
  cannon fodder, but the most violent were organized into bands of varying size 
  and used as shock troops.
  Werewolves had been a thorn in the side of the Ottomans ever since Vlad 
  Tepes of Wallachia began using them as raiders and skirmishers in his campaigns 
  of 1459–62 against Sultan Mehmed II. Transylvania’s Bathory dynasty, which 
  had links to Vlad’s family through the Hungarian Order of the Dragon, quickly 
  followed suit, and for a while it seemed that all of eastern Europe might 
  throw off Ottoman rule. Romanian historian Dr Radu Lupescu believes that 
  Constantinople’s werewolf infestation of 1542 was an attempt by Radu VII 
  Paisie of Wallachia to revive Vlad’s tactics, but this claim remains controversial.
  After the werewolf hunt of 1542, Suleiman the Magnificent offered captured 
  werewolves the choice of execution or service in the Başıbozuk as kurt suçlular 
  (“wolf criminals”). Chroniclers from Hungary to Iraq write of the terror these 
  lycanthropic troops spread on the battlefield, and on more than one occasion 
  their mere presence was enough to shatter the morale of an opposing army.
  The first kurt suçlular were recruited from the survivors of the 1542 purge 
  and from the hills of Anatolia. This first draft was quickly supplemented from 
  Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia, which Suleiman had conquered by 
  1541. His campaigns against the Persian Safavid Empire in Georgia enabled 
  him to strengthen the kurt suçlular with Georgian vakhtang werewolves, and 
  his armies seemed unstoppable. However, Safavid leader Shah Tahmasp I, 
  who still controlled eastern Georgia, was working to strengthen the Persian 
  military in the face of Ottoman expansion. Tahmasp recruited vakhtang of 
  his own. The battle of Erzurum in 1555 was a rare occasion when werewolves 
  faced werewolves on the battlefield; the same year, the Peace of Amasya defined 
  the borders of the Ottoman and Safavid empires for the next 20 years.
  The kurt suçlular continued as a part of the Ottoman military through 
  the empire’s zenith and decline. The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 saw 
  werewolves fighting on both sides, and among the Crimean War trophies 
  stored beneath St Petersburg’s Artillery Museum is a large wolf-skin said to 
  have been taken from a Turkish werewolf at the battle of Balaclava. Reported 
  sightings of wolf-headed soldiers at the battle of Gallipoli in World War I are 
  dismissed in an official British report preserved in the Imperial War Museum.
  Today, Turkey officially denies using werewolves in any military or 
  paramilitary force. However, conflicting reports from Kurdistan suggest that 
  the kurt suçlular or their successors are still active in counterinsurgency and 
  counterterror operations, and may be responsible for several alleged atrocities.
  The	Tyana	Rangers
  The Patriot militia known as the Tyana Rangers came out of a 1775 
  meeting between Benjamin Franklin and Ethan Allen. After capturing Fort 
  OVERLEAF:
  Although the Norse word 
  berserker means “bear-skinned,” 
  King Harold Fairhair employed 
  a corps of ulfhednar (“wolf-
  skinned”) berserkers as shock 
  troops and bodyguards in his 
  conquest of Norway and his 
  campaigns in Sweden. Some 
  historians believe these werewolf 
  warriors were the descendants 
  of the Wulfing clan mentioned in 
  Beowulf and other sources, which 
  ruled East Gotland in the 5th 
  century.
  Later Viking rulers also used 
  werewolf troops. An Anglo-Saxon 
  poem describing the Battle of 
  Maldon in 991 tells of waelfulfas 
  (“slaughter-wolves”) among the 
  Viking force.
  Early Christian saints 
  condemned lycanthropy, and 
  the practice died out after the 
  Northern Crusades of the 12th 
  and 13th centuries imposed 
  Christianity on Scandinavia. 
  Livonia (modern Latvia and 
  Lithuania) was one of the 
  last areas to be subdued, and 
  lycanthropy was common among 
  Livonia’s noble families until at 
  least the 16th century.
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  Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Fort George in New York, Allen’s Green 
  Mountain Boys had been driven from St John’s in Quebec (now Saint-Jean-
  sur-Richelieu) by a pack of Loyalist werewolves that had been terrorizing the 
  area to discourage the French-speaking Québècois from joining the American 
  colonies in their rebellion against British rule. Frustrated by this defeat, Allen 
  traveled to Philadelphia to consult with the Tyana Institute.
  The combination of Allen’s expertise in irregular warfare and Franklin’s 
  knowledge of the supernatural produced the improvements in equipment 
  and tactics that the Green Mountain Boys needed, and it had another result 
  as well. Inspired by his meeting with Allen, Franklin set about recruiting a 
  specialist militia for dealing with British Freemasons, werewolves, and other 
  supernatural foes.
  As well as seasoned scouts, monster-hunters, and magical adepts, Franklin 
  recruited a small group of werewolves as scouts and skirmishers. Using their 
  wolf forms to evade British scouts and sentries, the werewolves – known as 
  Randall’s Volunteers for their leader, Lieutenant William Randall – brought 
  back valuable intelligence on British movements and troop strength, destroyed 
  British scouting parties and raided supply convoys.
  The Tyana Rangers’ most celebrated action, however, took place on 
  December 25 and 26, 1776. A letter from Washington to Lt Randall, preserved 
  in the archives of the 34th Specialist Regiment, reads as follows:
  I cannot let this occasion pass, without conveying to you and your command 
  my deepest congratulations and thanks, for your contribution to the recent 
  action at Trenton. Your timely warning of the Hessians’ necromantic 
  preparations, and the valor displayed by your Volunteers, and the whole of the 
  Tyana Rangers, in the action that followed, places the Continental Army, and 
  the whole cause of Freedom, profoundly in your debt.
  I regret extremely that these few words must be your only acknowledgement 
  for now, and I hope sincerely that a more enlightened time will come, when 
  the triumph of reason over superstitious fear will allow the world to know 
  the entire truth. For nothing is more certain in my mind, but that had the 
  Hessians been permitted to complete their design, innumerable Patriotic lives 
  must surely have been lost to their monstrous revenant cavalry.
  The Tyana Rangers were disbanded at the end of the war, but the names of Randall 
  and other officers appear in accounts of the Second Cherokee War and the War 
  of 1812. They also took part in various anti-piracy actions around the Caribbean 
  between 1791 and 1825, and in the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804.
  Wolf	Partisans
  As Nazi power extended across central and southern Europe, German 
  troops found themselves under attack from partisans of all types, including 
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  werewolves. Transylvania was ruled by German allies and almost no activity 
  was reported there, but werewolf attacks on Axis troops in Greece, Macedonia, 
  and Bulgaria prompted the German Ahnenerbe to investigate.
  Greece was occupied by the Axis powers from April 1941 to October 1944. 
  Although Arcadia fell within the Italian zone of occupation, the German 
  Ahnenerbe sent three expeditions to Mount Lykaion. At the end of the war 
  their reports were recovered by the British Operation Surgeon and passed to 
  the Talbot Group.
  After some negotiation the group shared them with Operation Paperclip, 
  and they are now in the archives of the 34th Specialist Regiment. The reports 
  of werewolf attacks and German-Italian reprisals informed the development 
  of the regiment’s standard anti-werewolf tactics, which are used to this day.
  The first expedition took place in the spring of 1942 under the command 
  of a young SS Hauptmann named Wilhelm Streiber. Contact was apparently 
  lost after a handful of initial reports describing the region and setting out 
  a proposed survey plan for Mount Lykaion and its surroundings. The 
  expedition’s disappearance was officially ascribed to partisan action.
  The second expedition, in the fall of the same year, was commanded by 
  Colonel Gerhard Brandner and accompanied by a full company of Waffen-
  SS troops from SS-Sonderkommando Waggner. Up to the time of writing, 
  no reports from the Brandner expedition have been found – or at least, 
  none have been made public. However, KGB documents recovered by the 
  CIA during the Greek Civil War of 1946–49 included reports from Soviet-
  backed Communist partisans on several crates that “seemed to contain large 
  and aggressive animals of an unconfirmed species” that were taken off the 
  mountain by truck in early November 1942 and put on trains for Berlin.
  Ahnenerbe documents from early 1943 refer to “five crates of supplies, 
  transferred from Greece for Project Löns.” This name does not crop up 
  anywhere else, but it is worth noting that Hermann Löns was the author of 
  a book titled Der Wehrwolf – a popular novel about a German guerilla band 
  in the Thirty Years’ War that became required reading in the later years of the 
  Nazi regime. It is tempting to believe that Project Löns was a forerunner of the 
  later Werwulf program, and that the Mount Lykaion expeditions were sent to 
  capture live werewolves for research purposes.
  Division	Lüneberg
  More detailed information on Division Lüneberg and the Nazi Werwulf 
  program can be found in Kenneth Hite’s The Nazi Occult, also in this series.
  Greece was not the only country targeted by Ahnenerbe and Sonderauftrag 
  H research teams. Expeditions were also sent to Croatia and Lithuania, and 
  German scientists compared notes with their Japanese counterparts in the 
  Ryokuryukai (“Green Dragon Society”) research organization. Out of all this 
  research came the SS Division Lüneberg.
  The Wolfsangel, a German heraldic 
  device used as a badge by SS 
  Wolfen units.
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  On the surface, Lüneberg was a resistance organization established to 
  carry out guerilla attacks on advancing Allied forces and thwart teams from 
  the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program (MFAA or “Monuments 
  Men”) and operations Surgeon and Paperclip so that artifacts, data – and in 
  the end, personnel – could be spirited away to safety. A station named “Radio 
  Werwolf” broadcast propaganda and sent coded messages to these groups.
  Nazi Germany’s true werewolves were concealed beneath the umbrella of 
  this dispersed and compartmentalized organization. Their best-known action 
  took place in Cologne in late May of 1945, when five SS Wolfen ambushed 
  an MFAA team in the Lehrichstrasse near the city’s famous cathedral. After a 
  brief skirmish, troops from the 34th Specialist Regiment conducted a sweep 
  of the old city which resulted in many casualties on both sides. Wolfen have 
  also been implicated in war crimes in Russia, Poland, France, and Norway.
  Initially located in Poland, Division Lüneberg’s command and training 
  facility was moved first to Thürenberg, Czechoslovakia and then to Schönsee, 
  Bavaria, which was liberated by American troops on April 25, 1945. Officers 
  from Operation Paperclip were able to retrieve a small quantity of papers from 
  a burning building, which eventually found their way to Project Leash.
  Modern	Werewolf	Forces
  Since the end of World War II, many nations are known or believed to have 
  experimented with lycanthropy as a part of various “super-soldier” initiatives. 
  The most reliably documented projects and units are described below.
  Project Leash: A successor to the FXU (Field Experimental Unit) of the 
  wartime OSS, this CIA-run experiment was based on documents recovered 
  from the Division Lüneberg facility at Schönsee and Ryokuryukai headquarters 
  in Tokyo. Scrapped in 1948 after several test subjects from this and Allied 
  projects escaped and fought with each other.
  The Hidehira Project: Named for a 12th-century Japanese clan leader who 
  was supposedly raised by wolves, the Hidehira Project at Nagano University 
  is officially an attempt to clone the extinct Honshu wolf. However, the Tyana 
  Institute has traced the bulk of the project’s funding back to the Japanese 
  Defense Agency and believes that the project’s true goal is to create lycanthropes 
  for military purposes, perhaps by gene-splicing.
  Randall’s Rangers: Reformed in 1947 and augmented by German research, 
  this werewolf special forces group has served alongside the 34th Specialist 
  Regiment, Delta Force, and the Navy SEALs in Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, and 
  Afghanistan. The Rangers also scouted inside East Germany and western 
  Russia between the loss of Gary Powers’ U-2 spy plane in 1960 and the 
  introduction of the SR-71 Blackbird in 1966.
  L Company: A product of the Talbot Group’s research, L Company is 
  nominally attached to Britain’s Royal Marine Commandos, but for all 
  practical purposes it falls under the command of the Director Special Forces. 
  OPPOSITE:
  While the U.S. Army’s encounters 
  with Nazi werewolves are fairly 
  well-documented, reports from 
  Soviet forces have only become 
  available fairly recently.
  During the Upper Silesian 
  Offensive of March 1945, troops 
  of the Soviet 59th Army advancing 
  through Czechoslovakia suffered 
  repeated hit-and-run attacks 
  from werewolf groups displaying 
  Nazi insignia. The first such 
  contact was with a scout platoon 
  commanded by Lieutenant (later 
  Major) Yevgeni Demidov. In his 
  memoirs Demidov writes “We had, 
  of course, been briefed on the 
  SS Werewolves, but it seems no 
  one on our side knew that there 
  were actual werewolves among 
  them. We were prepared to face 
  desperate fascist insurgents amid 
  the rubble of German towns – 
  indeed, we were eager to reverse 
  the roles of Stalingrad and felt our 
  experience there had prepared 
  us for anything the enemy 
  might attempt. But this attack 
  by supernatural beasts in the 
  snowy terrain – for this, we were 
  completely unprepared. I lost 
  good men there, and I will never 
  forget it.”
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  Its existence is officially denied by the Ministry of Defence, but L Company 
  has seen action in Northern Ireland, the Falklands, Bosnia, and Afghanistan.
  Karelia Division: Attached to the 45th Detached Reconnaissance Regiment 
  of Russia’s Spetsnaz GRU force, CIA sources suggest that despite its name the 
  Karelia Division is no more than company strength. It seems to consist mostly 
  of shamanic werewolves from Siberia, northern Russia and Lapland. This was 
  the most successful line of Russian lycanthropy research after the United States 
  beat Soviet forces to Schönsee. The Karelia Division has reportedly been active 
  in Chechnya, Kosovo, and Ukraine in recent years.
  Sayeret Zev: The United States shared its werewolf research with Israel as part of 
  the 1978 Camp David Accords that normalized Israeli-Egyptian relations after the 
  Yom Kippur War of 1973. Sayeret Zev is classified as a long-range reconnaissance 
  force, but like many Sayeret units it conducts a wide range of antiterrorist and 
  counterinsurgency operations both inside and outside Israel’s borders.
  Dağ Keşif Taburu (DKT): This branch of the Turkish OKK (Special Forces 
  Command) is believed to be descended from the kurt suçlular founded by 
  Suleiman the Magnificent. There are no reports of its activities prior to 2002, 
  although rumors of wolf-related atrocities have been coming out of both Turkish 
  and Iraqi Kurdistan for decades. The DKT has also been active along the Syrian 
  border, and in various counterterrorist operations in eastern Anatolia.
  Werewolf	Paramilitaries
  The existence of werewolf paramilitaries was not widely reported until The 
  Hague war trials arising from the Bosnian War of 1992–95, when the Chetnik 
  Wolves of Vučjak was named among several other groups. A Tyana Institute 
  report for the US State Department confirmed that this group was entirely 
  human, but flagged a number of other paramilitary groups worldwide as 
  confirmed or potential werewolf threats.
  Brothers of Fenrir: A neo-Nazi organization with ties to biker gangs and 
  organized crime, the Brothers of Fenrir was apparently founded in Sweden 
  in 2007. Since 2010, it has spread to Norway and Denmark, but attempts 
  to establish a chapter in Iceland have been unsuccessful so far. The Brothers 
  have been linked to attacks on immigrant communities and foreign-owned 
  businesses and the intimidation of left-wing politicians. Sweden’s SAPO 
  security police classifies the group as growing and potentially dangerous.
  Ossory Volunteers: A 1982 Royal Ulster Constabulary report named this 
  group as a possible splinter wing of the Provisional IRA. Since the IRA ceased 
  combat operations in 2005, the Ossory Volunteers have been linked with 
  gun-running and assassinations in eastern Europe and North Africa. Terrorist 
  communications intercepted by Britain’s Government Communications 
  Headquarters suggest that surviving members of the group are working as 
  mercenaries in various trouble spots, including Chechnya and Ukraine.
  Broken Mountain Republic: First reported by the FBI as a localized 
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  separatist-ecoterrorist group, the Broken Mountain Republic is based in 
  northern Idaho and has been involved in attacks on state and federal law-
  enforcement facilities around the state. It claimed responsibility for the deaths 
  of six Idaho Department of Fish and Game employees during a local wolf cull 
  in 2014, although a local coroner ruled that the deaths were caused by large 
  wolves.
  Mureș Brigade: Allegedly active during the Transylvanian ethnic disturbances 
  of 1990’s “Black March,” the Brigade is an ethnically Romanian militia 
  dedicated to the expulsion of ethnic Hungarians from the country. It is believed 
  to have links to the nationalist Romanian Hearth Union and sympathizers 
  within both local and national government. The CIA is still assessing reports 
  that some of its members fought in Bosnia as volunteers or mercenaries.
  Hounds of God: A secret society of werewolves based in Latvia and Lithuania 
  that traces its origins to the 11th century. Its stated purpose is to combat 
  witches and other supernatural threats, but it was involved in nationalist 
  uprisings against the Russian Empire, the Nazis, and the Soviet Union.  
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  Other Were-Creatures
  Werebears	(Northern	Europe)
  The Old Norse word berserker translates literally as “bear-skin man,” and 
  contemporary descriptions of Norse armies include elite warriors dressed in bear 
  skins as well as wolf skins. The Persian chronicler Ibn Miskawayh tells of a “great 
  and terrible bear” that rampaged through the town of Bardha’a (modern Barda, 
  Azerbaijan) when the city was sacked by the Rus in AD 943, “which fought with 
  the strength of a bear and the intelligence of a man, and which the attackers said 
  partook of the nature of both.”
  Werebears have always been less common than werewolves, but they are 
  still to be found in the forests of northern Russia and Scandinavia, as well as in 
  remoter parts of the United States and Canada. While werebears are normally 
  reclusive and dangerous only when harassed, they have been known to associate 
  with environmental activists in their home areas and to intimidate logging and 
  construction crews. According to a 2011 report by the FBI’s WSUB Section, 
  fewer injuries and fatalities result from these incidents than from similar werewolf 
  confrontations.
  Skinwalkers	(North	America)
  According to Native American legends, skinwalkers are witches – usually, but not 
  always, male – who can transform into animals, including wolves. Especially well-
  documented in Navajo tradition, skinwalkers are universally regarded as evil and 
  destructive.
  Skinwalkers are similar to the shamanic werewolves of Europe in many ways, 
  but also have some things in common with sorcerous werewolves. They are not 
  limited to wolf form, but require an animal skin to affect their transformation. In 
  human form, their eyes reflect light like an animal’s, but in animal form their eyes 
  are dead and lifeless. They are said to be unnaturally fast and agile, and almost 
  impossible to catch. It is said that some Navajo skinwalkers can adopt the form 
  of another human being, or possess another human being by making eye contact.
  There are very few reports of skinwalkers being active outside of Reservation 
  lands. They are active mostly at night, and have been known to attack houses and 
  vehicles. While it is generally agreed that Navajo shamans have effective means 
  of identifying and counteracting skinwalkers, the Navajo Nation has consistently 
  refused to share its knowledge with outsiders, and skinwalker sightings are not 
  generally reported.
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  Nagual	(Central	America)
  The pre-Columbian word nagual is often translated 
  as “shapeshifting witch,” but the known abilities 
  of the nagual are more consistent with shamanic 
  lycanthropy. The ability to transform into a jaguar, 
  puma, or other animal form is latent in individuals 
  who are born on a day linked to the animal’s spirit 
  in the Mesoamerican calendar system, and can be 
  developed and controlled through training and 
  experience. Originally associated with Tezcatlipoca, 
  the patron deity of change through conflict, nagualism 
  was condemned as witchcraft by the Spanish, who 
  regarded Tezcatlipoca as a demon of chaos. Nagual 
  became synonymous with bruja (“witch”), and this 
  attitude persists to the present day.
  A nagual is not intrinsically good or evil, but acts 
  according to his (or more rarely, her) personality. 
  Many are valued by their communities, and are called upon to undo evil 
  caused by others of their kind.
  The existence of an elite order of Aztec “jaguar warriors” has been well 
  established. According to a Jesuit report that is now in the Vatican’s restricted 
  archives, some of the jaguar warriors were shapeshifters. They were held in 
  high esteem, and frequently acted as assault troops. There was said to be no 
  evidence of shapeshifters in the companion order of “eagle warriors.”
  The Mexican intelligence agency CISEN has been tracking naguals and 
  other paranormal threats since the Aztec Mummy crisis of the late 1950s. 
  CISEN reports a marked increase in nagual activity beginning in 2008; they 
  seem to be active on both sides of the drug war, and have been classified as a 
  serious threat.
  Mexican GAFE special forces troops have been training with the 34th at 
  Fort Bragg since early 2009, and in February of 2014 the Mexican government 
  officially denied rumors that the jaguar warriors have been revived as a secret 
  army unit attached to the GAFE.
  Buda	(North	and	East	Africa)
  Buda is a form of witchcraft originating in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, 
  and the Near East. Its powers include the evil eye (the power to injure or kill 
  with a glance) and the ability to shapeshift into a hyena. It was first reported 
  in 1406, in the Hawayan Al-Koubra of Al-Doumairy; French and English 
  accounts from the 19th century broadly confirm Al-Doumairy’s account of 
  shapeshifting witches attacking sleepers and drinking their blood. In Sudan, 
  Tanzania, and Morocco they are also accused of digging up graves and eating 
  the corpses, a behavior that is not unknown in natural hyenas.
  A pre-Columbian painting of a 
  Nagual.
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  Because of buda’s many similarities to European and Middle Eastern 
  witchcraft, the Tyana Institute classifies it as a form of sorcerous lycanthropy. 
  Bipedal hybrid were-hyenas have been reported from western Sudan, 
  and shapeshifting hyena cultists are active in Mali, Senegal, Guinea, and 
  Burkina Faso.
  The 34th Specialist Regiment classifies buda shapeshifters as a growing 
  threat, especially in immigrant communities. A report on a string of mutilations 
  among Sudanese immigrants in Omaha, Nebraska is pending, and the CIA’s 
  GUID (Global Unusual Incident Desk) is actively investigating claims that 
  bipedal lycanthropes committed atrocities during the 2012 Mali coup led by 
  General Amadou Sanogo. It is not yet clear whether they were acting as death 
  squads for one side or the other, or simply taking advantage of the chaos.
  Leopard	Societies	(West	Africa)
  Word of African leopard societies first reached Europe in the 19th century. Colonial 
  officials of various European powers reported on murderous secret societies whose 
  members wore leopard masks and skins, and killed with steel claws or knives. 
  There were also rumors of cult-like activity, cannibalism, and witchcraft.
  Despite strenuous efforts to stamp them out, the leopard societies survived, 
  growing stronger in the late 1940s when they allied themselves with many of 
  the anti-British rebellions that flared up immediately after the end of World 
  War II. Although official reports stress the use of masks and skins, a 1948 
  memorandum from the Talbot Group to the British Colonial Office stated 
  that “it must be recognized that these secret societies, and others like them 
  elsewhere in the British Empire and Commonwealth, include among their 
  senior membership certain adepts who have the ability to become leopards 
  rather than simply adopting a leopard disguise.”
  Leopard society activity has declined since the middle of the 20th century, 
  although both the Talbot Group and the Tyana Institute believe the societies still 
  exist. There have been unsubstantiated reports of leopard society assassins taking 
  part in the Sierra Leone Civil War of 1991–2002, the Second Liberian Civil 
  War of 1999–2003, and the First Ivorian Civil War of 2002–07. UNPAMON, 
  the United Nations Paranormal Monitoring program, rates leopard societies as 
  a serious threat in those three nations but reports no activity elsewhere.
  Weretigers	(South	and	East	Asia)
  Weretigers are found in India, China, and Southeast Asia. They are almost always 
  described as violent killers with a taste for human flesh, and the overwhelming 
  majority of reports over the last 200 years are consistent with shamanic or 
  sorcerous lycanthropy. These creatures are invariably solitary, and are as strong 
  and elusive as natural tigers.
  An exception to the general pattern is the harimau jadian of Malaysia and 
  Indonesia. Their lycanthropy passes down through certain bloodlines and is 
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  controlled by spells, fasting, and meditation. When in tiger form, the harimau 
  jadian are benign creatures who kill wild pigs to protect the community’s crops. 
  However, they can be dangerous. While in tiger form they can fail to recognize 
  friends who do not greet them by name, often with fatal results. They have also 
  been known to stalk and kill outsiders who wrong them or their community.
  The archives of the 34th Specialist Regiment include translations of Japanese 
  military reports dated from 1942–44 which describe contact with resistance 
  groups from the Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army, including stealthy night 
  attacks by “tigers of unusual intelligence” that specifically targeted officers.
  There are no records of weretigers being active outside their home range; 
  the governments of both China and India officially deny that they ever existed. 
  However, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the standoff of 2001–02, 
  the Pakistani Army brought in trackers and tiger experts from the Karachi Zoo 
  after a spate of tiger attacks on officers in the field.
  Hengeyokai	(Japan)
  Unlike Western lycanthropes, Japanese hengeyokai are animals, or animal 
  spirits, which have the power to shift into human form. Japanese folktales tell 
  of many varieties, but the following hengeyokai have been positively identified 
  The emblem of a Leopard Society 
  preserved in the Brooklyn 
  Museum. (Brooklyn Museum)
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  by the Yokai Jingcha (lit. “spirit police”), 
  Japan’s major paranormal investigation 
  and enforcement agency.
  Kitsune
  Kitsune are fox spirits. Those who interact 
  with humans are usually female. Younger 
  kitsune are indistinguishable from foxes, 
  but they grow additional tails as they 
  age: the oldest and most powerful kitsune 
  have nine tails.
  The ability to shift into human form 
  is gained between 50 and 100 years of 
  age, and with practice a kitsune may 
  become skilled enough to impersonate 
  a specific person. Otherwise, the favorite 
  form is that of an attractive young 
  woman. While in human form, a kitsune 
  may forget to hide its tail or neglect to 
  change the form of its shadow, especially 
  if drunk or distracted. Dogs provide the 
  most reliable means of detection because 
  they have an instinctive dislike of the 
  creatures.
  The Yokai Jingcha classifies kitsune 
  as a minor threat since they are not 
  usually violent. However, they delight in 
  seducing and playing tricks on susceptible 
  men, especially those they deem too 
  self-important or bad-tempered. The 
  Yokai Jingcha routinely investigates any sex scandals or humiliating accidents 
  involving Japanese politicians or high-ranking executives.
  Tanuki
  The tanuki is a Japanese creature whose name is usually translated into English 
  as “raccoon-dog.” It is a small canid with raccoon-like eye markings. In former 
  times, tanuki liked to impersonate Buddhist monks and tempt them into 
  breaking their vows: food, drink, and female company were their favorite 
  inducements. They also played tricks on travelers and humiliated those they 
  regarded as strait-laced or overly pious.
  These days, tanuki can be found in many Japanese cities operating 
  successful restaurants and other small businesses related to food, drink, 
  and entertainment. Like kitsune, they are regarded as a low-threat creature, 
  A kitsume in the form of a nine-
  tailed fox.
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  although in 2009 the Yokai Jingcha did investigate a number of incidents 
  in Tokyo’s Shinjuku ward, including a restaurant inspector who was found 
  lashed to a flagpole in his underwear and a yakuza collector whose loaded gun 
  had to be surgically removed by a proctologist.
  Tengu
  Tengu are hawks, or sometimes crows, that inhabit remote wooded places. In 
  human form, they often have long or hooked noses, which make them easy to 
  distinguish from Japanese humans.
  The tengu are easily provoked by a lack of respect for nature. Even petty 
  offenses like littering can drive them into a rage. In former times they tolerated the 
  presence of the ascetic yamabushi warrior-monks and even earned a reputation 
  as expert swordsmen, but they normally have little tolerance for trespassers.
  The Yokai Jingcha rates tengu as a serious but localized threat, and works 
  with the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries to keep tourists away 
  from known tengu territory. For the most part, this policy has been successful; 
  however, in 2007 Yokai Jingcha response teams accompanied riot police and 
  forest rangers onto the slopes of Mount Aino, west of Tokyo, after a party of 
  Dutch mountaineers disappeared. Officially no remains were ever found, and 
  the group is believed to have suffered a fatal mishap after wandering off the trail.
  Kumiho	(Korea)
  Like the Japanese kitsune, the kumiho (“nine-tailed fox”) of Korea is said to 
  arise when a fox lives an exceptionally long life: in this case, a thousand years. 
  However, recent studies funded by the Tyana Institute and carried out at the 
  Kyung Hee University in Seoul have reached the conclusion that they are a 
  local kind of sorcerous lycanthrope resulting from an ancient cannibal-cult. 
  Documents from the Gojoseon period speak of yeou manyeo or “fox witches” 
  stealing and eating children, which is the key element of most kumiho legends.
  In August 2005, US intelligence sources reported a supposed “joint exercise” 
  by North Korean troops and police in the mountains around Jonchon. A few 
  days after the exercise, a woman was executed in Jonchon for the murder of a 
  young boy and “unspeakable crimes” – thought to be a euphemistic reference 
  to cannibalism. The same day, a government proclamation condemned as 
  counter-revolutionary “the holding of superstitious beliefs, telling tales of 
  witches and monsters, and speaking or behaving in a folkloric [sic] manner.” 
  While acknowledging the difficulty of obtaining reliable information from 
  North Korea, the Tyana Institute has classified the Jonchon incident as a 
  possible kumiho attack.   
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  Werewolf Hunters
  Werewolf hunters have existed throughout human history. Many groups 
  are dedicated to protecting humanity from all kinds of supernatural threats, 
  including werewolves. Some are made up of hunters and warriors who seek to 
  measure their own prowess against this most dangerous of foes. Some seek to 
  study werewolves and understand the condition of lycanthropy, either in the 
  hope of developing a cure or to harness the power of the werewolf for human 
  political and military ends.
  Government and other documents studied up to the time of writing have 
  identified the following organizations as being involved in werewolf hunting, 
  lycanthropy research, or both. There are certain to be more such groups, still 
  in the shadows.
  The	Nightmen
  Best known in recent years for its role in the Zombie Wars, the US Army’s 
  34th Specialist Regiment has been involved in anti-werewolf actions in World 
  War II and before. Its history goes back to the early days of the American 
  Revolution, in which its predecessors faced a wide range of supernatural foes. 
  Some were of native origin, and others were summoned and controlled by the 
  sorcery of British and Loyalist Freemasons.
  According to documents supplied by the 34th Specialist Regiment for a 
  planned unit history, the Nightmen trace their ancestry to a Revolutionary 
  War militia group called the Tyana Rangers. Whatever its ancestry, the 
  present-day unit was formally organized in 1943 as part of the OSS.
  Its initial brief was to provide troops trained in unconventional warfare for 
  support roles in clandestine operations by the OSS and similar groups. As the 
  war progressed and the Allied high command came to realize the extent of Nazi 
  occult research, the 34th found itself increasingly called upon as an occult warfare 
  unit. With very few exceptions, it has remained in this role to the present day.
  The 34th is based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Outside the Zombie 
  Wars, elements of the 34th have seen action in Iraq, Somalia, Bosnia, and the 
  Philippines. Company-strength detachments were sent to various parts of each 
  conflict zone in response to reports of lycanthropes and other supernatural 
  threats on the enemy side.
  It is known that some retired personnel from the 34th are currently active 
  in Bosnia-Herzegovina as private military contractors. Their official mission is 
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  to help local forces track down escaped war criminals, but there are persistent 
  rumors that they and their hosts are training each other, sharing techniques 
  of supernatural warfare. Similar exercises are said to have begun in Romania 
  when that country became a full member of the European Union in 1997.
  As a unit of the US Army, the 34th Specialist Regiment recruits exclusively 
  from within the US military. The bulk of its personnel come from Army 
  backgrounds, frequently with special forces experience, and have been 
  transferred to the 34th after displaying both skill and courage in an encounter 
  with a supernatural foe. A minority of the 34th’s personnel is recruited from 
  private military contractors with supernatural experience.
  The structure and basic equipment of the 34th is typical of a US Army 
  infantry unit. It also uses special equipment corresponding to the mission, 
  such as nets, blessed or silver-dipped ammunition, and high-intensity, vehicle-
  mounted UV floodlights.
  The	Tyana	Institute
  The Tyana Institute has already been mentioned in connection with the 34th 
  Specialist Regiment, but its involvement in paranormal warfare seems always 
  to have been incidental to its main purpose. It was founded in 1753 at the 
  College of Philadelphia with the aim of “advancing knowledge of natural 
  philosophy,” and one of its earliest patrons was 
  Benjamin Franklin.
  It is said that it was Franklin who gave the 
  society its name, and perhaps its earliest impetus 
  into the study of the paranormal. Apollonius of 
  Tyana was a Greek philosopher with whose work 
  Franklin was undoubtedly familiar: among his 
  exploits, according to his biographer Philostratus 
  of Athens, was the defeat of a vampiress who had 
  been preying on one of his students.
  Nominally based in Geneva, the Tyana 
  Institute is descended from Franklin’s society and 
  devotes itself to the scientific study of vampires, 
  werewolves, and other supernatural creatures. Its 
  North American headquarters are in an anonymous 
  building on the campus of the University of 
  Pennsylvania. The Institute’s membership is 
  dispersed around the world, and includes some of 
  the most distinguished zoologists, botanists, and 
  taxonomists in contemporary academia.
  The Institute has sponsored expeditions to Brazil, 
  Vietnam and elsewhere in order to locate and record 
  previously unknown plant and animal species. 
  Apollonius of Tyana for whom the 
  Tyana Institute was named.
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  It has funded research projects at the more scientific fringes of cryptozoology, 
  and there have always been rumors that some of its members take an interest 
  in subjects like Bigfoot, lake monsters – and werewolves – rather too seriously 
  for mainstream academic tastes.
  While scattered and loose-knit, the membership of the Tyana Institute 
  can be mobilized at surprisingly short notice. Funds are seldom a problem 
  thanks to the Institute’s patents on a number of plant-derived medications 
  discovered by its members, and there is scarcely a reputable university 
  anywhere in the world that does not contain a handful of Institute members 
  or their correspondents.
  Unlike most of the other groups listed in this chapter, the purpose of 
  the Tyana Institute is study rather than defense. Its members will only kill a 
  werewolf as a last resort, to protect themselves or others: capture is always the 
  primary goal. An expedition organized by the Tyana Institute will look exactly 
  like any other zoological expedition, traveling in locally acquired four-wheel-
  drive vehicles and carrying a great deal of scientific equipment. A few rifles and 
  pistols, often personal property, are carried for self-defense, along with nets and 
  high-powered dart rifles capable of delivering powerful doses of tranquilizers.
  The	Talbot	Group
  Nazi Germany was not the only power which tried to develop super-soldiers 
  during World War II. In 1941, the assassination of a key scientist put a halt 
  to a secret US Army project which aimed to develop super-soldiers using a 
  strength-boosting serum.
  That same year, a young Welshman attracted the interest of the London 
  Controlling Section, a secret department within the British government. 
  While the Section’s official remit was to plan and execute strategic deceptions, 
  it was also involved in supernatural warfare. Its members included Wing 
  Commander Dennis Wheatley, who later became famous as an occultist and 
  horror writer, and it has long been rumored that the magician Aleister “the 
  Great Beast” Crowley was among Wheatley’s agents. Following reports of 
  lycanthropy near the village of Llanwelly, the London Controlling Section 
  dispatched a commando team with orders to investigate and recover any 
  werewolves they found.
  The operation was not an unqualified success. In capturing the beast, three 
  commandos were killed and two more were wounded. To complicate matters 
  further, local landowner Sir John Talbot, on whose land the hunt took place, 
  insisted on taking charge of the captured werewolf himself. Colonel John 
  Bevan, the head of the London Controlling Section, was overruled when he 
  tried to dismiss the landowner’s demands. Talbot was a cousin of the earls of 
  Shrewsbury, and during World War I he had served in the Imperial Camel 
  Corps in Somaliland alongside Lord Ismay, now Military Deputy Secretary to 
  the British Cabinet and a personal friend of Winston Churchill.
  OPPOSITE:
  Founded shortly after the 
  Russian Revolution, the Zaroff 
  Society is the only group known 
  to hunt werewolves and other 
  supernatural creatures for sport 
  rather than study or defense. Its 
  founder General Mikhail Zaroff 
  hunted werewolves in the forests 
  of Livonia and the Transylvanian 
  Alps, and his diaries describe 
  them as “savage, cunning, 
  and intelligent... certainly the 
  worthiest adversaries I have yet 
  hunted, and possibly the most 
  dangerous game in the world.”
  Since Zaroff’s disappearance in 
  1924, the Society has continued 
  to respond to werewolf sightings 
  around the globe. In recent 
  decades, they have occasionally 
  come into conflict with other 
  groups who are hunting the same 
  creatures for different reasons. 
  Lt. Robert Whitney of the 34th 
  Specialist Regiment describes 
  them as “dangerous amateurs,” 
  while Col. Paul Montford of the 
  Talbot Group was once challenged 
  to a duel by, in his words, “a titled 
  foreign idiot” whom he ordered 
  away from a secured exercise 
  location.
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  74
  To Bevan’s dismay, the matter of the Llanwelly werewolf was taken 
  completely out of his hands: the suspected werewolf and the wounded 
  commandos were never heard of again. In a letter preserved in the Imperial 
  War Museum, Bevan speculates angrily that the werewolf was a close friend or 
  relative of Talbot’s, and he went over Bevan’s head to protect the family name.
  The truth of the matter seems to lie in the interagency rivalries that plagued 
  Allied clandestine operations at this time. Having heard reports of Germany’s 
  embryonic Werewolf program, Churchill had decided to develop his own 
  lycanthropic troops. The Talbot Group, as the operation was called, was 
  housed on the family’s estate outside Llanwelly, and although its existence is 
  still officially denied its werewolf troops saw action in Norway, the Ardennes, 
  and Bavaria.
  The position of the Talbot Group within the command structure of the 
  British Army remains unclear. Its members are rumored to have acted in 
  support of SAS operations in various parts of the world, and some Argentinian 
  reports from the Falklands Conflict of 1982 suggest that British werewolves 
  were seen on East Falkland in the days leading up to the British landings. 
  The group’s name also appears on UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection 
  Force) flight manifests from the Bosnian conflict, and in confidential briefings 
  from Iraq and Afghanistan. However, no details on the group’s activities in 
  those conflicts can be found.
  It seems, though, that the Talbot Group has had some success in turning 
  werewolves into soldiers. It is even rumored that some volunteers from the 
  SAS, the Parachute Regiment, the Royal Marines, and other elite British units 
  have volunteered to join the Talbot Group and become werewolves.
  When in the field, the werewolves of the Talbot Group generally masquerade 
  as British troops, often wearing the insignia of forward reconnaissance units, 
  or as private military contractors. Their equipment is consistent with their 
  cover: L85 rifles and L86A1 Light Support Weapons are the standard weapons 
  and Land Rovers are the most common vehicles. The group’s operations 
  extend into almost every aspect of irregular and paranormal warfare, and they 
  are known to have deployed “capture teams” into areas of suspected werewolf 
  activity.
  The	Yokai	Jingcha
  The Japanese Yokai Jingcha (“supernatural constabulary”) trace their origins 
  back to 1603, when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu appointed Ogata Hideto to the 
  newly created office of yokai-bugyo (roughly, “commissioner for supernatural 
  creatures”) as part of his overhaul of Japanese government. Ogata developed 
  a network of contacts throughout Japan, mainly Shinto priests who served as 
  needed. Local legends and incident reports were sent to Edo, where they were 
  analyzed and compiled into the Yokai Motocho, a central register of Japan’s 
  supernatural population.
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  75
  Over the following three centuries the office developed into a 
  government department. In 1874 it was expanded and reorganized 
  under its current name. Today, it has field offices in every prefecture 
  of Japan, supported by research and logistics departments in Tokyo.
  Because Japanese hengeyokai are rarely violent, the Yokai Jingcha 
  consists primarily of seasoned investigators, making it different 
  from the SWAT-style units of many other nations. The average age 
  of new recruits is 37, much older than in Japan’s other specialist 
  police branches. Candidates are selected for a combination of 
  exemplary police service and detailed local knowledge, and given 
  additional training in the field of supernatural investigation. The 
  Tokyo office is home to the Yokai Kidotai (“supernatural riot unit”), 
  which can be airlifted to any location in Japan within two hours.
  Investigators normally dress in business suits like detectives 
  from other police services. They are not routinely armed, although 
  tasers are becoming popular. The Yokai Kidotai carries standard riot 
  police equipment, including 15 pounds of body armor, riot shields, 
  and batons. Capture squads use forked “man catcher” poles in 
  conjunction with shields, crowding a target into a confined space for darting 
  or netting. Kill missions are authorized only in extreme circumstances.
  The Yokai Jincha has no mandate to operate outside Japan, but senior 
  investigators occasionally travel to attend conferences and act as advisors.
  The	Order	of	St	Cuthbert
  The position of the Catholic Church has always been that werewolves do not 
  exist, and that it is a sin even to believe in them. As early as the 8th century 
  AD, St Boniface wrote that upon their baptism, converts to Christianity must 
  renounce “trusting in witches and a superstitious fear of werewolves.” Records 
  of medieval werewolf trials in France and elsewhere invariably conclude that 
  the accused was either acting under a delusion or had put on the form of a 
  wolf through witchcraft.
  This position has remained official policy to the present day. The 18th-
  century Benedictine monk Augustin Calmet makes only a passing mention 
  of werewolves in his wide-ranging Traité sur les Apparitions et sur les Vampires 
  (“Treatise on Ghosts and Vampires”), dismissing lycanthropy as a delusion 
  brought about by witchcraft or suggestion. As late as 1933, Montague 
  Summers continued to promulgate this view in his book The Werewolf.
  Despite this, the Inquisition – first under its own name, and later as 
  the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office and the Congregation for the 
  Doctrine of the Faith – has maintained a small but active sub-branch devoted 
  to the investigation of lycanthropy, which is known today as the Order of 
  St Cuthbert. It will be remembered that this early Northumbrian saint is a 
  patron of shepherds, the wolf’s natural enemy.
  A 12th-century wall painting of St 
  Cuthbert from Durham Cathedral. 
  (Holmes Garden Photos / Alamy)
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  76
  From documents available in the public domain, it seems that the Order 
  was founded around 1760 in Sainte-Colombe-de-Peyre, a small village on the 
  pilgrimage route of St James of Compostela. It is interesting to note that just a 
  few years later, the nearby Gévaudan district was plagued by a notorious beast 
  which may or may not have been a werewolf.
  The Order’s present-day headquarters is thought to be at Ushaw College, 
  a former Catholic seminary that is now a part of the University of Durham in 
  northern England, which was founded in 1808 as St Cuthbert’s College – not 
  to be confused with St Cuthbert’s Society, which was founded 80 years later as 
  an Anglican college within Durham University.
  Members of the Order have been active in many parts of the world, 
  frequently operating under the cover of Catholic charities and aid organizations. 
  In Bosnia, the Order worked with local Franciscans to track Serbian and other 
  groups that made use of wolf imagery, and separate genuine werewolf packs 
  from simple bandits and war criminals.
  More recently, the Order sponsored an extensive study of the chupacabra 
  in North and Central America. As a result several public reports were issued 
  that concluded – neatly in line with Church policy – that the creature was 
  no monster, but simply a coyote (or sometimes a raccoon) suffering from a 
  particular kind of mange.
  The Inquisition remains active worldwide, secretly investigating reports 
  of lycanthropy and other paranormal phenomena. The Order of St Cuthbert 
  takes the lead in werewolf investigations, but the main body of the Inquisition 
  provides logistical support and firepower as required. A typical investigative 
  team will consist of one member of the Order and one or more specialists 
  from other branches of the Inquisition, supported by a fire team from the 
  Swiss Guard. Typical cover identities include Catholic aid or charity workers, 
  missionaries, or anthropologists from a European or American university.
  Equipment varies, and some can be locally acquired. Guns and other 
  military equipment usually come from the armories of the Swiss Guard: Glock 
  9mm automatic pistols and Heckler & Koch MP7 and UMP submachine guns 
  are standard. Ground vehicles are almost always sourced locally, and vary widely.
  Like the rest of the Inquisition, the Order of St Cuthbert maintains very 
  few bases of its own. Normally it counts on other local Church organizations 
  for accommodation and local knowledge. The Order is known to have strong 
  ties with Franciscans around the world, and through the Inquisition it can also 
  count on the support of Dominican assets. It is thought to be less close to the 
  Jesuits, who are rumored to have a small force of monster-hunters attached to 
  their exorcist arm.
  The	Zaroff	Society
  Mikhail Zaroff (1882–1924) was a Don Cossack who had risen to the rank 
  of general by the time of the Russian Revolution. His twin passions were war 
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  
  77
  and hunting, and after the fall of the Russian Empire he traveled 
  the world seeking out the most dangerous game. With the wealth 
  he had smuggled out of Russia he was able to purchase a small 
  island in a remote corner of the Caribbean, and set about turning 
  its jungle terrain into a private hunting park.
  Various unsavory rumors were circulated about Zaroff in 
  the years following his death, apparently in a hunting accident. 
  According to certain American newspapers, he had become bored 
  with big game, and took to hunting shipwreck victims in his 
  search for a more challenging quarry. Despite decades of claim 
  and counter-claim, these charges have never been substantiated.
  What is known for sure is that Zaroff sought out the company 
  of the world’s greatest hunters, and seldom refused an invitation 
  to join a safari or an expedition into unknown territory. He 
  accompanied Colonel Percy Fawcett into the jungles of Brazil, 
  and traveled to Tibet in search of the yeti. The archives of the 
  Royal Geographical Society have a letter from Zaroff accepting a place as a 
  tracker on N. A. Tombazi’s 1925 expedition to Tibet, but Zaroff died before 
  the expedition set out.
  The Zaroff Society claims to be descended from the general’s coterie of 
  fellow hunters, and its stated purpose is to seek out the most dangerous game in 
  the world. Among its trophies are several large pelts claimed to have come from 
  werewolves, as well as South American were-jaguars and African were-hyenas. 
  The Society’s library is said to contain first-hand accounts of werewolves and 
  their behavior written by members – as well as an angry letter from Ernest 
  Hemingway, protesting the rejection of his application for membership.
  The Society has discreet houses in many of the world’s great cities, and in 
  gateway cities such as Mombasa, Cape Town, Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Bucharest, 
  and Lhasa. Its expeditions often pose as private safaris, but have also moved 
  under the guise of archaeological, zoological, or geological expeditions: the 
  Society maintains ties with some of the most prestigious universities in 
  Europe and North America for this specific purpose. Since about 1980, the 
  Society has increasingly used oil exploration as a cover story: it has members at 
  the highest levels of Middle Eastern politics and royalty, whose influence can 
  open doors in parts of the world where Western universities cannot.
  The equipment of a Society expedition is always the newest and the best. 
  Thanks to the enormous wealth of many Society members, cost is never an issue. 
  High-powered rifles with telescopic sights are the standard hunting weapon, 
  but are backed up by machine pistols and large-caliber handguns for personal 
  defense; equipment is almost always the property of individual members, and 
  not of the Society. Some Society members also take great pride in their mastery 
  of archaic and exotic hunting weapons, deeming a kill made with a primitive 
  weapon more valuable than one made with high-tech modern equipment.
  The only surviving photograph of 
  General Mikhail Zaroff.
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  78
  Further Reading, 
  Watching, Gaming
  Books
  Baring-Gould, Sabine, The Book of Were-Wolves, Watchmaker Publishing 
  (Seaside, OR, 2012). Originally published by Smith, Elder & Co 
  (London, 1865). Baring-Gould characterizes all forms of lycanthropy 
  as mental illness.
  Boguet, Henry, An Examen of Witches, Dover Occult (New York, 2009). 
  An English translation of Boguet’s 1602 Discours des Sorciers in 
  which the witch-hunter and magistrate records many of his cases, 
  including several involving werewolves. Edited by Montague 
  Summers (see below).
  Calmet, Augustin, The Phantom World, Wordsworth Editions (Ware, 2001). 
  An English translation of Calmet’s Traité sur les Apparitions et sur 
  les Vampires (“Treatise on Ghosts and Vampires”), first published 
  in 1751. Calmet mentions werewolves in passing, attributing 
  lycanthropy to delusion caused by drugs or mental illness.
  Godfrey, Linda S., Real Wolfmen: True Encounters in Modern America, Tarcher 
  (New York, 2012). Various reports on sightings of upright lycanthropes.
  Greene, Rosalyn, The Magic of Shapeshifting, Red Wheel/Weiser LLC 
  (Boston, 2000). Presented as a practical guide to shamanic 
  shapeshifting, the book also covers historical instances of lycanthropy.
  Hite, Kenneth, The Nazi Occult, Osprey Publishing (Oxford, 2013). Includes 
  an account of Nazi werewolves and the Cologne incident of 1945.
  Noll, Richard (ed.), Vampires, Werewolves, and Demons: Twentieth Century 
  Reports in the Psychiatric Literature, Bruner Meisel (New York, 1992). 
  A scholarly treatment of obsessive lycanthropy and other conditions.
  O’Donnell, Elliott, Werewolves, Methuen & Co Ltd (London, 1912). 
  Available as a free ebook on Project Gutenberg. A wide-ranging 
  summary of lycanthropy across Europe.
  Steiger, Brad, The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings, 
  Visible Ink Press (Canton, MI, 2011). Written by a paranormal 
  researcher, this book takes a broad look at shapeshifters as a 
  phenomenon.
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  79
  Summers, Montague, The Werewolf in Lore and Legend, Dover Publications 
  (New York, 2003). Originally published by Kegan Paul, Trench, 
  Trübner & Co Ltd (London, 1933). Various other editions are 
  available. Summers follows the official Catholic Church line in 
  maintaining that all manifestations of lycanthropy are due to 
  witchcraft and/or demonic activity.
  Fiction
  Frost, Brian J. (ed.), Book of the Werewolf, Sphere Books Ltd (London, 
  1973). Includes a well-researched essay on “The Werewolf Theme 
  in Weird Fiction” as well as stories by Ambrose Bierce, A. Merritt, 
  August Derleth, and others.
  Howard, Robert E., “In the Forest of Villefère,” in Shadow Kingdoms: The 
  Weird Works of Robert E. Howard, Volume 1, Wildside Press (Rockville, 
  MD, 2004). Originally published in the August 1925 edition of 
  Weird Tales magazine and anthologized several times since. This 
  short but atmospheric werewolf tale is clearly inspired by reports of 
  lycanthropy in 16th-century France.
  Ingraham, Prentiss, “Buffalo Bill and the Barge Bandits, Or, The Demon of 
  Wolf River Canyon,” Buffalo Bill Stories, Issue 308, Street and Smith 
  (New York, 1907). An account of “Buffalo Bill” Cody’s encounter 
  with a werewolf in Wyoming 
  Pronzini, Bill (ed.), Werewolf! A Chrestomathy of Lycanthropy, Harper 
  Perennial (New York, 1980). Includes stories by Guy de Maupassant, 
  Rudyard Kipling, Bram Stoker, Fritz Leiber, and Clark Ashton Smith.
  Reynolds, George W. M., Wagner, the Wehr-Wolf, Dover Publications (New 
  York, 1975). A rambling Gothic “penny dreadful,” first published in 
  1846, which follows the career of a man who became a werewolf after 
  making a pact with the devil. Also available as a free ebook on Project 
  Gutenberg.
  Schweitzer, Darrell and Greenberg, Martin H. (eds.), Full Moon City, Simon 
  & Schuster (New York, 2010). A collection of recent werewolf fiction, 
  mostly in the “contemporary urban fantasy” genre.
  Wagner, Karl Edward, “Reflections for the Winter of My Soul” in Death 
  Angel’s Shadow, Coronet Books (Sevenoaks, 1980) and elsewhere. 
  A tense novella in which the inhabitants of a snowbound castle try to 
  survive and identify a werewolf in their midst.
  Games
  Werewolf: The Apocalypse by White Wolf Publishing. Arguably the definitive 
  treatment of werewolves in tabletop role-playing games. Players take 
  the roles of werewolves from culturally distinct clans to protect Gaia 
  (Earth) from a form of demonic pollution known as the Wyrm.
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  80
  Are You a Werewolf? By Looney Labs. A social game of bluff and deduction in 
  which one player is a werewolf and the other players must identify them.
  The Werewolves of Miller’s Hollow by Asmodee. Players assume various roles 
  and hunt for a werewolf in their midst.
  Complete Guide to Werewolves by Goodman Games. A detailed sourcebook 
  with game statistics for the d20 System.
  Movies
  Werewolf of London (1935). The first movie to feature the now-archetypal 
  bipedal man-wolf.
  The Wolf Man (1941). Starring Lon Chaney Jr. in his most iconic role, this 
  movie arguably defined the Hollywood werewolf. It was remade in 
  2010 starring Benicio Del Toro.
  The Howling (1981). The first in a long-running movie franchise, which was 
  relaunched in 2011 with The Howling: Reborn.
  An American Werewolf in London (1981). This film does a particularly good 
  job of conveying the pain and horror of lycanthropic transformation, 
  as well as the confusion of a newly made werewolf.
  The Company of Wolves (1984). A lushly photographed movie with many 
  parallels to the classic story of Little Red Riding Hood.
  Ladyhawke (1985). This poignant medieval fable features Rutger Hauer as a 
  soldier kept from the woman he loves by a lycanthropic curse.
  Brotherhood of the Wolf (2001). A fictionalized treatment of the Gévaudan 
  incident, which concludes that the beast was not a werewolf, but a 
  natural creature fitted with a frightening mask and used to spread 
  terror in a plot to undermine the king of France.
  Underworld (2003). This popular movie franchise centers around a war 
  between vampires and werewolves, who are called “lycans.”
  Online	Sources
  Project Gutenberg (www.projectgutenberg.com). An excellent source for free 
  e-texts, including several books mentioned above.
  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com
  www.ebook3000.com
  
  First published in Great Britain in 2015 by Osprey Publishing,
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