# On the quantum cohomology of blow-ups of projective spaces along linear subspaces.

## 1. Introduction.

Let $`^m`$ be the complex projective space, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^m`$ a linear subspace of dimension $`p`$ and $`\alpha :\stackrel{~}{}^m^m`$ the blow-up of $`^m`$ along $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. Let $`k`$ be the hyperplane class on $`^m`$ and $`\eta `$ the exceptional divisor on $`\stackrel{~}{}^m`$. The aim of the present paper is to show a way to compute the quantum cohomology ring $`\mathrm{H}_Q(\stackrel{~}{}^m)`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{}^m`$. The (classical) cohomology ring of $`\stackrel{~}{}^m`$ can be expressed as (compare with lemma 2.5)

(1) 
$$\mathrm{H}^{}(\stackrel{~}{}^m)=[k,\eta ]/(g_1,g_2),$$

where the two relations are

(2) 
$$g_1(k,\eta )=(k\eta )^{mp},g_2(k,\eta )=k^{p+1}\eta .$$

The main result of this work is the following

###### Theorem 1.1 (Main theorem).

Suppose that $`2p+3<m`$. Then the quantum cohomology ring of $`\stackrel{~}{}^m`$ can be expressed as

(3) 
$$\mathrm{H}_Q^{}(\stackrel{~}{}^m)=[k,\eta ]/(\stackrel{~}{g}_1,\stackrel{~}{g}_2),$$

where the two relations are

(4) 
$$\stackrel{~}{g}_1(k,\eta )=(k\eta )^{mp}\eta ,\stackrel{~}{g}_2(k,\eta )=k^{p+1}\eta 1.$$

The blow-up $`\stackrel{~}{}^m`$ can be regarded as a projective bundle on a projective space (proposition 2.1). The quantum cohomology of projective bundles on projective spaces was studied by Qin and Ruan in . The relevant material from their work will be enclosed here for completeness. Other studies on quantum cohomology of blow-ups of projective spaces can be found in ,  and .

I wish to thank professor V. Ancona for many useful discussions and for his encouragement.

## 2. $`\stackrel{~}{}^m`$ as projective bundle.

Let $`n:=mp1`$, $`r:=p+2`$ and $`V`$ be the rank-$`r`$ vector bundle on $`^n`$ given by

(5) 
$$V:=𝒪_^n(1)^{r1}𝒪_^n(2).$$

and consider the associate $`^{r1}`$-bundle $`\pi :(V)^n`$.

###### Proposition 2.1.

The two varieties $`\stackrel{~}{}^m`$ and $`(V)`$ are isomorphic.

###### Proof.

Consider $`^m`$ as the projective space $`𝐏(U)`$ of lines of a vector space $`U`$ of dimension $`m+1`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=𝐏(U_0)`$, where $`U_0`$ is a subspace of $`U`$ of dimension $`p+1`$ (We will use “$``$” for projective spaces of hyperplanes and “$`𝐏`$” for projective spaces of lines). Two subspaces $`L`$, $`W`$ of $`U`$ of dimension $`1`$ and $`p+2`$ determine points $`[L]𝐏(U)`$ and $`[W/U_0]𝐏(U/U_0)`$ respectively. The blow-up $`\stackrel{~}{}^m`$ can be identified with the closed incidence subvariety $`Y𝐏(U)\times 𝐏(U/U_0)`$ defined by $`Y:=\{([L],[W/U_0]):LW\}`$ and $`\alpha :\stackrel{~}{}^m^m`$ is the projection on the first factor restricted to $`Y`$:

(6) 
$$\begin{array}{ccc}Y& & 𝐏(U/U_0)\\ & & & & \\ 𝐏(U)& & \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}([L],[W/U_0])& & [W/U_0]\\ & & & & \\ [L]& & \end{array}$$

Note that $`Y𝐏(U/U_0)`$ is a projective bundle $`𝐏(E)𝐏(U/U_0)`$, where $`E`$ is the vector bundle $`E=\{(w,[W])U\times 𝐏(U/U_0)\}`$. We want to show that $`𝐏(E)`$ and $`(V)`$ are isomorphic.

The exact sequence $`0U_0WU/U_00`$ gives rise to an exact sequence of vector bundles

(7) 
$$0U_0𝒪_^nE𝒪_^n(1)0.$$

The above sequence splits ($`\mathrm{Ext}^1(𝒪_^n(1),U_0𝒪_^n)=0`$), so $`E=(U_0𝒪_^n)𝒪_^n(1)`$. Since $`V=E^{}(1)`$, then $`(V)(E^{}(1))(E^{})𝐏(E).`$

The exceptional locus $`\alpha ^1(\mathrm{\Lambda })\mathrm{\Lambda }\times ^n`$ of the blow-up $`\alpha :\stackrel{~}{}^m^m`$ corresponds to the trivial sub-bundle $`(U_0𝒪_^n(1))`$ of $`\pi :(V)^n`$ under the isomorphism of proposition 2.1. The two restrictions $`\alpha |_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\times ^n}:\mathrm{\Lambda }\times ^n\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`\pi |_{(U_0𝒪_^n(1))}:(U_0𝒪_^n(1))^n`$ are the canonical projections of the product $`(U_0)\times ^n`$.

Let $`h`$ be the hyperplane bundle on $`^n`$ and $`\xi =\xi _V`$ the tautological line bundle on $`(V)`$. We will make no distinction between $`h`$ and their corresponding pull-back $`\pi ^{}h`$ on $`(V)`$. Note that $`\xi h`$ and $`h`$ are nef on $`(V)`$. It is well known that the classical cohomology ring of $`(V)`$ is generated by $`h`$, $`\xi `$ with the two relations

(8) $`f_1(h,\xi )`$ $`=`$ $`h^{n+1}`$   
(9) $`f_2(h,\xi )`$ $`=`$ $`(\xi h)^{r1}(\xi 2h)={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{r}{}}}(1)^kc_kh^k\xi ^{rk},`$   
where $`c_i=c_i(V)`$ are the Chern classes of $`V`$.

The homology classes $`A_1:=(h^n\xi ^{r2})_{}`$ and $`A_2:=(h^{n1}\xi ^{r1}rh^n\xi ^{r2})_{}`$ form a system of generators for $`\mathrm{H}_2((V))`$ ($`()_{}`$ stands for the Poincare dual) and

(10) 
$$(\xi h)(A_1)=1,(\xi h)(A_2)=0,h(A_1)=0,h(A_2)=1.$$

###### Proposition 2.2.

The variety $`(V)`$ is Fano and the homology classes $`A_1`$, $`A_2`$ are extremal rays for $`NE(\stackrel{~}{}^m)`$. The canonical divisor is $`K=K_{(V)}=r(\xi h)+nh`$.

###### Proof.

In fact, $`K=r\xi +(n+1c_1(V))h=r(\xi h)+nh`$. Let $`C`$ be an effective curve and $`[C]=a_1A_1+a_2A_2`$. From (10) we have $`(\xi h)[C]=a_1`$ and $`h[C]=a_2`$. Since $`\xi h`$ and $`h`$ are nef, $`a_10`$ and $`a_20`$. Moreover, if $`C`$ is not constant, $`a_1>0`$ or $`a_2>0`$ and $`K[C]=ra_1+na_2>0`$. Since $`h`$ and $`\xi h`$ are globally generated, $`(V)`$ is Fano. ∎

###### Lemma 2.3.

The classes $`A_1`$ and $`A_2`$ can be represented by rational connected curves as follows:

1. $`A_1=[\mathrm{}]`$, where $`\mathrm{}`$ is a line contained in a fiber of $`\pi :(V)^n`$.
2. $`A_2=[\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}]`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}:=[\{P\}\times \mathrm{}](U_0)\times ^n(V)`$ with $`P`$ a point in $`(U_0)`$ and $`\mathrm{}`$ a line in $`^n`$.

Moreover, there are no other means to represent $`A_1`$ and $`A_2`$ as class of a rational connected curve beside (i) and (ii).

###### Proof.

1. If $`\mathrm{}`$ is a line in a fiber $`\pi `$, then $`\xi [\mathrm{}]=1`$ and $`h[\mathrm{}]=0`$, hence $`[\mathrm{}]=A_1`$ by (10). Conversely, let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a rational connected curve in $`(V)`$ such that $`A_1=[\mathrm{}]`$. The curve $`E`$ is contained in a fiber $`\pi ^1(Q)`$ as $`[\pi (\mathrm{})]=h^n`$. Since $`\xi A_2=1`$, then $`\xi |_{\pi ^1(Q)}[\mathrm{}]=1`$ in $`\pi ^1(Q)`$, that is $`\mathrm{}`$ is a line in $`\pi ^1(Q)`$.
2. Now let $`\mathrm{}^n`$ be a line and $`P^n`$. Note that $`(\xi h)|_{(U_0𝒪_^n(1))}=\xi _{V(1)}|_{(U_0𝒪_^n)}`$ is the pull-back of the hyperplane divisor of $`(U_0)`$ through the canonical projection $`(U_0)\times ^n(U_0)`$. Then $`(\xi h)[\mathrm{}]=0`$ and $`h[\mathrm{}]=1`$ therefore $`[\mathrm{}]=A_2`$ by (10). Conversely, let $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}`$ be a rational connected curve in $`(V)`$ such that $`A_2=[\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}]`$ and $`\mathrm{}=\pi (\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}})`$. Since $`h[\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}]=1`$, then $`\pi |_\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}:\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}`$ is an isomorphism and $`\mathrm{}`$ is a line in $`^n`$. The inclusion $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}(V)`$ is induced by a surjective morphism $`f:V|_{\mathrm{}}𝒪_{\mathrm{}}(t)`$, where $`t=c_1(\xi |_{\mathrm{}})=\xi [\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}]=1`$ (see  II Prop. 7.12). Every morphism $`V|_{\mathrm{}}𝒪_{\mathrm{}}(1)`$ factors through $`V|_{\mathrm{}}U_0𝒪_{\mathrm{}}(1)𝒪_{\mathrm{}}(1)`$; hence $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}`$ is contained in $`(U_0)\times ^n`$ and has the form $`\{P\}\times \mathrm{}`$.

So far we have described classes $`A_1`$ and $`A_2`$ in the language of projective bundles, now we are going to describe them in the language of blow-ups. Note that the preimage $`\alpha ^1(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ under the blow-up morphism $`\alpha :\stackrel{~}{}^m^m`$ is isomorphic to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }\times ^n`$ and $`\alpha |_{\mathrm{\Lambda }\times ^n}:\mathrm{\Lambda }\times ^n\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the canonical projection on the first factor. Let $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}_1`$ be the strict transform in the blow-up of a line $`\mathrm{}_1^m`$ not included in $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and meeting $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ in one point and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}_2:=\{P\}\times \mathrm{}_2\mathrm{\Lambda }\times ^n=\alpha ^1(\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ where $`P`$ is a point of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`\mathrm{}_2`$ is a line in $`^n`$.

###### Lemma 2.4.

Under the isomorphism $`\stackrel{~}{}^m(V)`$, homology classes $`B_1=[\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}_1]`$ and $`B_2=[\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}_2]`$ correspond respectively to $`A_1`$ and $`A_2`$.

###### Proof.

It is obvious that $`B_2`$ corresponds to $`A_2`$ since both are described as the class of a curve of the form $`\{P\}\times \mathrm{}(U_0)\times ^n`$.

With notations from proposition 2.1, $`\mathrm{}_1`$ is determined by a plane $`S_\mathrm{}_1U`$ such that $`S_\mathrm{}_1U_0`$ has dimension $`1`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}_1`$ can be described as the subset of $`Y`$ of points of the form $`([L],[S_\mathrm{}_1])`$ for all subspaces $`LS_\mathrm{}_1`$ of dimension $`1`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}_1`$ can be regarded as a line in the fiber of the projective bundle $`\pi :Y𝐏(U/U_0)`$ over the point $`[S_\mathrm{}_1/U_0]`$, that is $`B_1`$ corresponds to $`A_1`$. ∎

###### Corollary 2.5.

Under the isomorphism $`\stackrel{~}{}^m(V)`$, cohomology classes $`k`$, $`\eta `$ correspond respectively to $`\xi h`$, $`\xi 2h`$. The classical cohomology ring of $`\stackrel{~}{}^m`$ is given by

(11) 
$$\mathrm{H}^{}(\stackrel{~}{}^m,)=[k,\eta ]/(g_1,g_2),$$

where $`g_1(k,\eta )=(k\eta )^{n+1}=(k\eta )^{mp}`$, $`g_2(k,\eta )=k^{r1}\eta =k^{p+1}\eta `$.

###### Proof.

The statement follows easily from (10), from equations

(12) 
$$kB_1=1,kB_2=0,\eta B_1=1,\eta B_2=1$$

and from the previous lemma. ∎

## 3. Study of $`𝔐(A,0)`$.

Let $`𝔐(A,0)`$ be the moduli space of morphisms $`f:^1(V)`$ with $`[\mathrm{Im}f]=A`$ where $`A`$ is a class in $`\mathrm{H}_2((V))`$. Recall that the virtual dimension of $`𝔐(A,0)`$ is

(13) 
$$\mathrm{virtdim}(𝔐(A,0))=KA+n+r1.$$

###### Lemma 3.1.

The moduli space $`𝔐(A_1,0)/\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ is smooth, compact and has expected dimension.

###### Proof.

By lemma 2.3, $`𝔐(A_1,0)/\mathrm{SL}(2,)G(2,r)\times ^n`$, where $`G(2,r)`$ is the grassmannian of lines in $`^{r1}`$; then it is smooth, compact and has dimension $`dimG(2,r)+dim^n=n+2r4=KA_1+dim(V)3`$. ∎

###### Lemma 3.2.

The moduli space $`𝔐(A_2,0)/\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ is smooth, compact and has expected dimension.

###### Proof.

By lemma 2.3, $`𝔐(A_2,0)/\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ is a $`(U_0)`$-bundle on $`G(2,n+1)`$ Then it is smooth, compact and has dimension $`dimG(2,n+1)+dim(U_0)=2n+r4=KA_2+dim(V)3.`$

## 4. Computation of Gromov-Witten invariants.

If $`A`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{H}_2((V))`$ and $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ are classes in $`\mathrm{H}^{}((V))`$, $`I_A(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ denotes, as usual, the Gromov-Witten invariant. If one assume the genericity condition

* the moduli space $`𝔐(A,0)/\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ is smooth, compact, of expected dimension $`K_{(V)}A+(n+r1)3`$

the enumerative interpretation of the Gromov-Witten invariants holds, that is, if $`B`$, $`C`$, $`D`$ are three sub-varieties of $`(V)`$ in general position representing classes $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$, then $`I_A(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ is the number of rational curves, counted with suitable multiplicity, that intersect $`B`$, $`C`$ and $`D`$.

We recall that a sufficient condition for the smoothness of the space $`𝔐(A,0)/\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ is given by the vanishing of $`h^1(N_f)`$ for every map $`f𝔐(A,0)`$, where $`N_f`$ is the normal bundle. Moreover, if $`A`$ can be represented only by irreducible and reduced curves, $`𝔐(A,0)/\mathrm{SL}(2,)`$ is compact.

###### Lemma 4.1.

If $`q_1+q_2<br`$, then $`I_{bA_1}(h^{p_1}\xi ^{q_1},h^{p_2}\xi ^{q_2},\alpha )=0.`$

###### Proof.

Let $`B`$, $`C`$, $`D`$ be three varieties in general position dual to $`h^{p_1}\xi ^{q_1}`$, $`h^{p_1}\xi ^{q_1}`$, $`h^p\xi ^q`$ respectively. It is enough to show that there is no effective connected curve $`E`$ representing $`A`$ and intersecting $`B`$, $`C`$, $`D`$. In fact, the genericity condition ($``$) can be relaxed by assuming (compare with  Lemma 3.7):

> $`h^1(N_f)=0`$ for every $`f𝔐(A,0)`$ such that $`\mathrm{Im}(f)`$ intersects $`B`$, $`C`$, $`D`$ and there is no reducible or non reduced effective (connected) curve $`E`$ such that $`[E]=A`$ and $`E`$ intersects $`B`$, $`C`$, $`D`$.

We can choose $`\alpha `$ of the form $`h^ph^q`$ with $`qr1`$ and $`p+p_1+p_2+q+q_1+q_2=n+r1+br`$. Notice that $`\pi (B)`$, $`\pi (C)`$, $`\pi (D)`$ in $`^n`$ are dual to $`h^{p_1}`$, $`h^{p_2}`$, $`h^p`$. Since $`A_1`$ is an extremal ray, every irreducible component of $`E`$ is a multiple of $`A_1`$ and hence contained in a fiber of $`\pi `$. Therefore the whole $`E`$ is contained in a fiber of $`\pi `$ as $`E`$ is connected. We deduce that $`\pi (B)\pi (C)\pi (D)\mathrm{}`$; thus $`p_1+p_2+pn`$ and $`q_1+q_2=n+r1+brp_1p_2pqbr.`$

###### Lemma 4.2.

We have $`I_{A_1}(\xi ,\xi ^{r1},h^n\xi ^{r1})=1.`$

###### Proof.

By lemma 3.1, $`𝔐(A_1,0)`$ is smooth, compact, of expected dimension. The class $`h^n\xi ^{r1}`$ is the dual of a point $`q`$ in $`(V)`$. Let $`p:=\pi (q)`$. A parametrized curve in $`𝔐(A_1,0)`$ meeting $`q`$ has support on a line $`\mathrm{}\pi ^1(q)`$. Since $`\xi |_{\pi ^1(q)}`$ is the cohomology class of a hyperplane in $`\pi ^1(q)`$, then $`I_{A_1}(\xi ,\xi ^{r1},h^n\xi ^{r1})=1`$. ∎

###### Lemma 4.3.

Let $`\stackrel{~}{n}`$ be an integer and $`1\stackrel{~}{n}n`$. Then

(14) $`I_{A_2}(h^{\stackrel{~}{n}},h^{n+1\stackrel{~}{n}},h^n\xi ^{r2})`$ $`=1,`$   
(15) $`I_{A_2}(h^{\stackrel{~}{n}},h^{n+1\stackrel{~}{n}},h^{n1}\xi ^{r1})`$ $`=r1.`$   
###### Proof.

By lemma 3.2, $`𝔐(A_2,0)`$ is smooth, compact, of expected dimension. As explained in lemma 2.3, $`A_2`$ is represented by curves $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}`$ in $`(U_0)\times ^n(V)`$ and $`\mathrm{}:=\pi (\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}})^n`$ is a line.

First we prove equation (14). Let $`B`$, $`C`$, $`D`$ be three sub-varieties of $`(V)`$ in general position representing $`h^{\stackrel{~}{n}}`$, $`h^{n+1\stackrel{~}{n}}`$, $`h^n\xi ^{r2}`$; then $`\pi (B)`$, $`\pi (C)`$ are linear subspaces of $`^n`$ of dimension $`\stackrel{~}{n}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{n}1`$ and $`\pi (D)`$ is a point. Assume that $`A_2=[\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}]`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}`$ intersects $`B`$, $`C`$, $`D`$. Then $`\mathrm{}`$ is uniquely determined as the only line meeting $`\pi (B)`$, $`\pi (C)`$ and $`\pi (D)`$. Since $`D`$ is a line in the fiber of $`\pi :(V)^n`$, then $`D((U_0)\times ^n)`$ is a set of a single point $`P(V)`$. It follows that $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}=\{P\}\times \mathrm{}(U_0)\times ^n`$; hence (14) holds.

Now let us show that

(16) 
$$I_{A_2}(h^{\stackrel{~}{n}},h^{n+1\stackrel{~}{n}},h^{n1}\xi ^{r1}+(1r)h^n\xi ^{r2})=0.$$

By linearity, after the proof of equation (14) this is equivalent to equation (15). Let $`\mathrm{}^{}`$ be a general line in $`^n`$ and $`f:V|_{\mathrm{}^{}}𝒪_{\mathrm{}^{}}(2)`$ be a general surjective morphism of vector bundles. Let $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ be the image of the induced embedding $`(f):^1=(𝒪_{\mathrm{}^{}}(2))(V_{\mathrm{}^{}})`$. The curve $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ represents $`h^{n1}\xi ^{r1}+(1r)h^n\xi ^{r2}`$ since $`\xi [\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}]=2`$ and $`h[\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}]=1`$. Observe that $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}^{}=\mathrm{}`$, indeed, the two trivial sub-bundles $`(𝒪_^n(2))`$ and $`(U_0𝒪_^n(1))`$ of $`(V)`$, which contain $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}}^{}`$ respectively, do not intersect. This implies equation (16). ∎

## 5. The quantum cohomology ring of $`(V)`$: <br>proof of the main theorem.

As we are going to work with two ring structures, classical and quantum, on the cohomology group $`\mathrm{H}^{}((V))`$, we have to fix some notation. If $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ are cohomology classes in $`\mathrm{H}^{}((V))`$ then $`\alpha ^i\beta ^j`$ is the quantum product of $`i`$ copies of $`\alpha `$ and $`j`$ copies of $`\beta `$. For the classical product we write $`\alpha ^i\beta ^j`$ as usual. For any homology class $`A\mathrm{H}_2((V))`$ we denote by $`(\alpha \beta )_A`$ the contribution of $`A`$ to the product $`\alpha \beta `$ defined as follows. Let $`d`$ be the integer $`d:=\mathrm{deg}(\alpha )+\mathrm{deg}(\beta )+KA`$. Then $`(\alpha \beta )_A=0`$ for $`d<0`$. For $`d0`$, $`(\alpha \beta )_A`$ is the class of degree $`d`$ in $`\mathrm{H}^{}((V))`$ satisfying the property

(17) 
$$(\alpha \beta )_A\gamma _{}=I_A(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )$$

for every $`\gamma \mathrm{H}^{}((V))`$ with $`\mathrm{deg}\gamma =dim(V)d`$, being $`I_A(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )`$ the Gromov-Witten invariant. The quantum product is given by

(18) 
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \alpha \beta & =\underset{A\mathrm{H}_2((V))}{}(\alpha \beta )_A\hfill \\ & =\alpha \beta +(\alpha \beta )_{[E_1]}+(\alpha \beta )_{[E_2]}+\mathrm{}\hfill \end{array}$$

for some non constant effective curves $`[E_1]`$, $`[E_2]`$, …

###### Lemma 5.1.

If $`r<n`$, the two relations

(19) 
$$h^{(n+1)}=\xi 2h,(\xi h)^{(r1)}(\xi 2h)=1$$

hold in $`\mathrm{H}_Q^{}((V))`$.

###### Proof.

Since $`r=\mathrm{min}(KA_1,KA_2)`$, we have $`h^p\xi ^q=h^p\xi ^q`$ whenever $`p+q<r`$. Moreover, for $`p+q<n`$, the contributions to the quantum product $`h^p\xi ^q`$ can only arise from curves of type $`tA_1`$. In particular, lemma 4.1 implies that $`h^p\xi ^q=h^p\xi ^q`$ for $`p<n`$ and $`q<r`$. By lemma 4.2 we have $`\xi ^r=1`$, then

$$(\xi h)^{(r1)}(\xi 2h)=(\xi h)^{r1}(\xi 2h)+1=1.$$

Analogously, by lemma 4.3 we have $`(h^{\stackrel{~}{n}}h^{n+1\stackrel{~}{n}})_{A_2}=\xi 2h`$, then

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill h^{(n+1)}& =h^{\stackrel{~}{n}}h^{(n+1\stackrel{~}{n})}=h^{\stackrel{~}{n}}h^{n+1\stackrel{~}{n}}\hfill \\ & =h^{n+1}+(h^{\stackrel{~}{n}}h^{n+1\stackrel{~}{n}})_{A_2}=\xi 2h.\hfill \end{array}$$

We are finally ready to prove the main result of this work.

###### Proof of theorem 1.1.

If $`2p+3<m`$, one has $`r<n`$ and lemma 5.1 applies. Relations (19) can be easily translated to the ring $`\mathrm{H}_Q^{}(\stackrel{~}{}^m)`$ with the aid of lemma 2.5, obtaining the two relations (4). Then $`\stackrel{~}{g}_1`$, $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2`$ are the classical relations (2) evaluated in the quantum cohomology ring. By theorem 2.2 in , the quantum cohomology ring of $`\mathrm{H}_Q^{}(\stackrel{~}{}^m)`$ is the ring generated by $`k`$, $`\eta `$ with the two relations $`\stackrel{~}{g}_1`$, $`\stackrel{~}{g}_2`$ (compare also with proposition 10 of ). ∎