# On the Mixing Amplitude of 𝐽/𝜓 and Vector Glueball 𝑂

## 1 Introduction

Among various solutions attempting to resolve the “$`\rho \pi `$ anomaly” in charmonium decays  , the resonance enhancement model, as proposed by Hou and Soni  and later generalized by Brodsky, Lepage, and Tuan , requires the existence of a vector glueball $`O`$ . Since both the rest energy $`m_Oi\mathrm{\Gamma }_O/2`$ and the mixing amplitudes $`f_{O\psi },f_{O\psi ^{}}`$ with charmonium $`J/\psi `$ and $`\psi ^{}`$ are needed in the analysis of “$`\rho \pi `$ anomaly ”, it is necessary to study these issues within a hadronic model and henceforth provide some quantitative information. A naive approach  based on a constituent model of gluons  was used earlier to study the glueball spectrum in the pure Yang-Mills gauge theory. In the present study , we extend this framework by including the quark-gluon interaction and calculate the mixing angle $`\theta _{O\psi }`$ within a nonrelativistic approximation.

## 2 Setup of the Problem

In the non-relativistic framework, we can calculate the mixing angle $`\mathrm{tan}\theta _{O\psi }(\stackrel{}{Q})`$ between the physical composites $`J/\psi `$, $`O`$, and un-mixed hadrons $`c\overline{c}`$ and $`ggg`$ via the evolution operator $`U(T,T)=e^{2iHT}`$,

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}|J/\psi (\stackrel{}{Q})\\ |O(\stackrel{}{Q})\end{array}\right)_{NR}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{cos}\theta _{O\psi }(\stackrel{}{Q})\mathrm{sin}\theta _{O\psi }(\stackrel{}{Q})& \\ \hfill \mathrm{sin}\theta _{O\psi }(\stackrel{}{Q})\mathrm{cos}\theta _{O\psi }(\stackrel{}{Q})& \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}|c\overline{c}(\stackrel{}{Q})\\ |ggg(\stackrel{}{Q})\end{array}\right)_{NR},$$
(1)   
$$\mathrm{tan}\theta _{O\psi }(\stackrel{}{Q})=\underset{T\mathrm{}e^{iϵ}}{lim}\frac{ggg(\stackrel{}{Q})|U(T,T)|c\overline{c}(\stackrel{}{Q})_{NR}}{c\overline{c}(\stackrel{}{Q})|U(T,T)|c\overline{c}(\stackrel{}{Q})_{NR}}ggg(\stackrel{}{Q})|U(T,T)|c\overline{c}(\stackrel{}{Q})_{NR}.$$
(2)   
Neglecting the decay widths of both $`J/\psi `$ and $`O`$, the mixing angle $`\theta _{O\psi }`$ is then related to a relativistically normalized mixing amplitude $`f_{O\psi }`$, by

$`f_{O\psi }(q^2)`$ $`=`$ $`\left[(\gamma \delta \alpha \beta )q^2+(\alpha \beta m_{ggg}^2\gamma \delta m_{c\overline{c}}^2)\right]\mathrm{sin}\theta _{O\psi }\mathrm{cos}\theta _{O\psi }`$ (3)   
$``$ $`\left[(\delta \beta )q^2+(\beta m_{ggg}^2\delta m_{c\overline{c}}^2)\right]\theta _{O\psi },`$ (4)   
where in the second line we assume a small mixing angle and keep terms only to first order in $`\theta _{O\psi }`$, and the state-dependent normalization factors are

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccc}\alpha (\stackrel{}{Q})\hfill & & \sqrt{\frac{\omega _{J/\psi }(\stackrel{}{Q})}{\omega _{c\overline{c}}(\stackrel{}{Q})}}\hfill & =& \left(\frac{\stackrel{}{Q}^2+m_{J/\psi }^2}{\stackrel{}{Q}^2+m_{c\overline{c}}^2}\right)^{1/4},\hfill & & \beta (\stackrel{}{Q})\hfill & & \sqrt{\frac{\omega _{J/\psi }(\stackrel{}{Q})}{\omega _{ggg}(\stackrel{}{Q})}}\hfill & =& \left(\frac{\stackrel{}{Q}^2+m_{J/\psi }^2}{\stackrel{}{Q}^2+m_{ggg}^2}\right)^{1/4},\hfill & \\ \gamma (\stackrel{}{Q})\hfill & & \sqrt{\frac{\omega _O(\stackrel{}{Q})}{\omega _{ggg}(\stackrel{}{Q})}}\hfill & =& \left(\frac{\stackrel{}{Q}^2+m_O^2}{\stackrel{}{Q}^2+m_{ggg}^2}\right)^{1/4},\hfill & & \delta (\stackrel{}{Q})\hfill & & \sqrt{\frac{\omega _O(\stackrel{}{Q})}{\omega _{c\overline{c}}(\stackrel{}{Q})}}\hfill & =& \left(\frac{\stackrel{}{Q}^2+m_O^2}{\stackrel{}{Q}^2+m_{c\overline{c}}^2}\right)^{1/4}.\hfill & \end{array}$$
(5)   
With these definitions, our task is to calculate the transition amplitude Eq.(2) in the framework of constituent models of charm quarks and gluons. Specifically, we need to construct the state vectors of $`c\overline{c}`$ and $`ggg`$ and then calculate the annihilation amplitude between these constituents. The transition amplitude between $`c\overline{c}`$ and $`ggg`$ composites can then be expressed as a convolution of the bound state wave functions and the annihilation amplitude among quark/gluon constituents.

## 3 Details of the calculations

In this section, we outline the basic ingredients in our calculations of the transition amplitude. Our normalizations and conventions follow that of .

1. The state vector of the $`c\overline{c}`$ particle:

$`|c\overline{c}(\stackrel{}{P},\stackrel{}{\lambda })_{NR}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{V}}}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1}{(2\pi )^3\sqrt{2\omega _c(\stackrel{}{p}_1)}}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{p}_2}{(2\pi )^3\sqrt{2\omega _c(\stackrel{}{p}_2)}}(2\pi )^3\delta ^{(3)}(\stackrel{}{P}\stackrel{}{p}_1\stackrel{}{p}_2)}`$ (6)   
$`\times `$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{c\overline{c}}({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{}{p}_1\stackrel{}{p}_2}{2}})S_{rs}(\stackrel{}{\lambda })U^{\alpha \beta }b_r^\alpha (\stackrel{}{p}_1)d_s^\beta (\stackrel{}{p}_2)|0,`$   
where $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{c\overline{c}}(\stackrel{}{p})`$ is the momentum space wave function of $`c\overline{c}`$. The spin and color wave function are given by $`S_{rs}(\stackrel{}{\lambda })\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\stackrel{}{\lambda }(\stackrel{}{\sigma }ϵ)_{rs}`$, $`U^{\alpha \beta }\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\delta ^{\alpha \beta }`$, respectively.
2. The state vector of the $`ggg`$ particle:

$`|ggg(\stackrel{}{K},\stackrel{}{\zeta })_{NR}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{V}}}\left[\mathrm{\Pi }_{i=1}^3{\displaystyle \frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}_i}{(2\pi )^3\sqrt{2\omega _g(\stackrel{}{k}_i)}}}\right](2\pi )^3\delta ^{(3)}(\stackrel{}{K}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\stackrel{}{k}_i)`$ (7)   
$`\times `$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{ggg}(\stackrel{}{k}_i;\stackrel{}{K})T_{mpq}(\stackrel{}{\zeta })V^{abc}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}}G_m^a(\stackrel{}{k}_1)G_p^b(\stackrel{}{k}_2)G_q^c(\stackrel{}{k}_3)|0.`$   
Without solving the three body problem, we take a trial wave function of vector glueball $`ggg`$,

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{ggg}(\stackrel{}{k}_1,\stackrel{}{k}_2,\stackrel{}{k}_3;\stackrel{}{K})\left(\frac{6\pi }{a^2m_g^2}\right)^{3/2}\mathrm{exp}\left[\frac{1}{2a^2m_g^2}\left(\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_2\stackrel{}{k}_3\stackrel{}{k}_3\stackrel{}{k}_1+\frac{\stackrel{}{K}^2}{3}\right)\right],$$
(8)   
and the variational parameter $`a`$ is fixed at $`0.64`$ to obtain a stable glueball spectrum . The totally symmetric color wave function is given by $`V^{abc}\sqrt{\frac{3}{40}}d^{abc}`$. Please refer to  for the definitions of creation operators of the constituent gluons $`G_m^a(\stackrel{}{k})`$ and the spin wave function $`T_{mpq}(\stackrel{}{\zeta })`$.
3. The annihilation amplitude:

Using the Feynman rules for charm quarks and constituent gluons, we can write down the annihilation amplitude corresponding to the process $`c+\overline{c}ggg`$,

$$𝒜_{c\overline{c}ggg}=\overline{v}_n(\stackrel{}{p}_2,s)u_m(\stackrel{}{p}_1,r)G_{\mu i}(\stackrel{}{k}_1)G_{\nu j}(\stackrel{}{k}_2)G_{\rho l}(\stackrel{}{k}_3)S_{rs}(\stackrel{}{\lambda })T_{ijl}(\stackrel{}{\zeta })U^{\alpha \beta }V^{abc}A_{\alpha \beta ,nm}^{abc,\mu \nu \rho },$$
(9)   
where

$`A_{\alpha \beta ,nm}^{abc,\mu \nu \rho }`$ $``$ $`(ig_s)^3\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^a}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^b}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^c}{2}}\right]_{\alpha \beta }\left[\gamma ^\mu {\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathit{}_1\mathit{}_1m_c}}\gamma ^\nu {\displaystyle \frac{i}{\mathit{}_1\mathit{}_1\mathit{}_2m_c}}\gamma ^\rho \right]_{nm}`$ (10)   
$`+`$ 6 permutations ,   
and the external legs for constituent gluons are defined as $`G^{\mu i}(\stackrel{}{k}_1)g^{\mu i}+\frac{k_1^\mu k_1^i}{m_g^2}`$.

To simplify the algebra, we perform a momentum expansion,

$`𝒜_{c\overline{c}ggg}(\stackrel{}{p}_i;\stackrel{}{k}_j)`$ $`=`$ $`𝒜_{c\overline{c}ggg}(\stackrel{}{p}_i=0;\stackrel{}{k}_j=0)+\left(\stackrel{}{p}_i{\displaystyle \frac{}{\stackrel{}{p}_i}}+\stackrel{}{k}_j{\displaystyle \frac{}{\stackrel{}{k}_j}}\right)𝒜_{c\overline{c}ggg}|_{\stackrel{}{p}_i=0;\stackrel{}{k}_j=0}`$ (11)   
$`+`$ $`\text{higher order terms in }{\displaystyle \frac{p_i}{m_c}},{\displaystyle \frac{k_j}{m_g}}{\displaystyle \frac{1.06g_s^3}{\sqrt{3}m_g(m_g2m_c)}}.`$
4. Mixing angle as a convolution:

A generalized Fermi’s Golden Rules No.2 can be applied to the transition amplitude and the mixing angle formula Eq.(2). With appropriate normalizations, we have

$`\mathrm{tan}\theta _{O\psi }(\stackrel{}{P})={\displaystyle \frac{d^3\stackrel{}{p}_1}{(2\pi )^3\sqrt{2\omega _c(\stackrel{}{p}_1)}}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}_1}{(2\pi )^3\sqrt{2\omega _g(\stackrel{}{k}_1)}}\frac{d^3\stackrel{}{k}_2}{(2\pi )^3\sqrt{2\omega _g(\stackrel{}{k}_2)}}}`$   
$`\times (2\pi )\delta ({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{2}{}}}\omega _c(\stackrel{}{p}_i){\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}}\omega _g(\stackrel{}{k}_j)){\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Psi }}_{c\overline{c}}(\stackrel{}{p}_1)𝒜(\stackrel{}{p}_1;\stackrel{}{k}_1,\stackrel{}{k}_2)\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{ggg}^{}(\stackrel{}{k}_1,\stackrel{}{k}_2)}{\sqrt{6}\sqrt{2\omega _c(\stackrel{}{P}\stackrel{}{p}_1)}\sqrt{2\omega _g(\stackrel{}{P}\stackrel{}{k}_1\stackrel{}{k}_2)}}}.`$ (12)   
Since our model is based on a nonrelativistic approximation, we can perform a momentum expansion on a convoluted wave function of the vector glueball $`ggg`$, $`d^3k𝒜\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Phi }}_{ggg}^{}`$. The momentum integration of the wave function of the $`c\overline{c}`$ then generates a factor of $`c\overline{c}`$ spatial wave function at origin $`g_s^3\mathrm{\Psi }_{c\overline{c}}(0)`$, which can be extracted from the total hadronic decay rate of $`J/\psi `$ . Using the mass inputs $`m_c=1.5\text{ GeV}`$ and $`m_g=0.7\text{ GeV}`$, and the variational parameter $`a=0.64`$, our calculation give a value of mixing angle with $`\mathrm{tan}\theta _{O\psi }(\stackrel{}{Q}=0)0.015`$.
5. Systematics of our approximations:

In this mixing angle calculations, we have made several approximations:

1. Only nearest states, namely, $`c\overline{c}`$ and $`ggg`$, are considered.
    2. Mixing dynamics between quarkonium and glueball is treated perturbatively in the strong coupling constant $`\alpha _s`$.
    3. Assuming a nonrelativistic picture, we expand the annihilation amplitude   
    $`𝒜_{c\overline{c}ggg}`$ in powers of constituent momenta and keep leading term only.
    4. A variational solution of the vector glueball wave function is used for the convolution formula Eq.(12). 

For a discussion of possible improvement, see our paper  for details.

## 4 Summary and conclusions

In this paper, we study the mixing angle $`\mathrm{tan}\theta _{O\psi }`$ and the mixing amplitude $`f_{O\psi }`$ between $`c\overline{c}`$ and vector glueball $`ggg`$ in the potential models of heavy quarks and constituent gluons, including perturbative dynamics of QCD. From this model calculation, we get the mixing angle at $`|\mathrm{tan}\theta _{O\psi }|0.015`$.

If we take the $`J/\psi `$ mass at $`m_{c\overline{c}}m_{J/\psi }3096\text{ MeV}`$ and glueball mass at $`m_{ggg}m_O3168\text{ MeV}`$, the mixing amplitude $`f_{O\psi }(m_{J/\psi }^2)`$, as converted from the mixing angle, is equal to $`0.008\text{ GeV}^2`$. In comparison with the phenomenological analysis , our results are off by a factor of two, which lies in the ballpark within our approximations.

It is unlikely to be a fortuitous coincidence that a naive picture of constituent gluons can give reasonable estimates for both glueball mass spectrum and mixing with quarkonium state, as the later quantity is more sensitive to the actual shape of the glueball wave function. At this stage our result seems to be encouraging, and indicates that a nonrelativistic approximation and more importantly, the constituent gluon picture, does capture some grains of truth behind this phenomenological puzzle.