# On singular fibres of complex Lagrangian fibrations

## 1. Introduction

First we define complex Lagrangian fibration.

###### Definition 1.

Let $`(X,\omega )`$ be a Kähler manifold with a holomorhpic symplectic two form $`\omega `$ and $`S`$ a smooth manifold. A proper flat surjective morphism $`f:XS`$ is said to be a complex Lagrangian fibration if a general fibre $`F`$ of $`f`$ is a Lagrangian submanifold with respect to $`\omega `$, that is, the restriction of 2-form $`\omega |_F`$ is identically zero and $`dimF=(1/2)dimX`$.

Remark.  A general fibre $`F`$ of a complex Lagrangian fibration is a complex torus by Leauville’s theorem.

The plainest example of a complex Lagrangian fibration is an elliptic fibration of $`K3`$ surface over $`^1`$. In higher dimension, such a fibre space naturally occurs on a fiber space of an irreducible symplectic manifold ( \[7, Theorem 2\] and \[8, Theorem 1\] ). When the dimension of fibre is one, a complex Lagrangian fibration is a minimal elliptic fibration and whose singular fibre is completely classified by Kodaira \[4, Theorem 6.2\]. In this note, we investigate singular fibres of a projective complex Lagrangian fibration whose fibre is 2-dimensional.

###### Theorem 1.

Let $`f:XS`$ be a complex Lagrangian fibration on 4 dimensional symplectic manifold and $`D`$ the discriminant locus of $`f`$. Assume that $`f`$ is projective. For a general point $`x`$ of $`D`$, $`f^1(x)`$ is the following one:

1. There exists an étale finite covering $`f^1(x)^{}f^1(x)`$ and $`f^1(x)^{}`$ is isomorphic to the product of an elliptic curve and a Kodaira singular fibre of type $`I_0`$, $`I_0^{}`$, $`II`$, $`II^{}`$, $`III`$, $`III^{}`$, $`IV`$ or $`IV^{}`$.
2. $`f^1(x)`$ is isomorphic to a normal crossing variety consisting of a minimal elliptic ruled surface. The dual graph of $`f^1(x)`$ is the Dynkin diagram of type $`A_n`$, $`\stackrel{~}{A_n}`$ $`D_n`$ or $`\stackrel{~}{D_n}`$. If the dual graph is of type $`\stackrel{~}{A_n}`$ or $`\stackrel{~}{D_n}`$, each double curve is a section of the ruling. In the other cases, the double curve on each edge components is a bisection or a section and other double curve is a section. ( See figures 1 and 2 (pp 1). )

Combining Theorem 1 with \[7, Theorem 2\] and \[8, Theorem 1\], we obtain the following corollary.

###### Corollary 1.

Let $`f:XB`$ be a fibre space of a projective irreducible symplectic manifold. Assume that $`dimX=4`$. Then, for a general point $`x`$ of the discriminat locus of $`f`$, $`f^1(x)`$ satisfies the properties of Theorem 1 (1) or (2).

Remark.  Let $`S`$ be a $`K3`$ surface and $`\pi :S^1`$ an elliptic fibration. The induced morhpism $`f:\mathrm{Hilb}^2S^2`$ gives examples of singular fibres above except whose dual graphs are $`A_n`$ or $`D_n`$. The author does not know whether a normal crossing variety whose dual graph is $`A_n`$ or $`D_n`$ occur as a singular fibre of a fibre space of an irreducible symplectic manifold.

This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we set up the proof of Theorem 1. The key proposition is stated and proved in section 3. Section 4 and 5 are devoted to the proof of Theorem 1.

Acknowledgment.  The author express his thanks to Professors A. Fujiki, Y. Miyaoka, S. Mori and N. Nakayama for their advice and encouragement.

## 2. Preliminary

(2.1) In this section, we collect definitions and some fundamental materials which are necessary for the proof of Theorem 1.

###### Definition 2.

Let $`f:X\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ be a proper surjective morphism from algebraic variety to an unit disk. $`f`$ is said to be semistable degeneration if $`f`$ satisfies the following two properties:

1. $`f`$ is smooth over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^10`$.
2. $`f^{}\{0\}`$ is a reduced normal crossing divisor.

###### Definition 3.

Let $`f:X\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ and $`f^{}:X^{}\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ be proper surjective morphisms from algebraic varieties to unit disks. We call $`f`$ is isomorphic to $`f^{}`$ (resp. birational) if there exists an isomorphism (resp. a birational map) $`g:XX^{}`$ such that $`f^{}g=f`$.

(2.2) We refer the fundamental properties of an abelian fibration.

###### Lemma 1.

Let $`f:(X,\omega )S`$ be a projective complex Lagrangian fibration.

1. The discriminant locus of $`f`$ is pure codimension one.
2. Let $`F`$ be an irreducible component of a fibre of $`f`$ and $`j:\stackrel{~}{F}F`$ a resolution of $`F`$. Then $`j^{}(\omega |_F)=0`$.

Proof. 

1. Let $`h:𝒜\mathrm{\Delta }^2`$ be a projective flat morphism over a two dimensional polydisk. Assume that a general fibre of $`h`$ is an abelian variety and $`h`$ is smooth over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^20`$. For the proof of Lemma 1 (1), it is enough to prove that $`h`$ is smooth morphism. Let $`𝒜^{}:=𝒜h^1(0)`$. Since $`h`$ is smooth over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^20`$ and projective, there exists an étale finite cover $`\pi :𝒜^{}\overline{𝒜}^{}`$ and a smooth abelian fibration $`\overline{h}^{}:\overline{𝒜}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }^20`$ with a section. Since $`\mathrm{\Delta }^20`$ is simply connected, $`\overline{𝒜}^{}`$ has a level $`n`$ structure. We put $`_g[n]`$ the moduli space of $`g`$-dimensional abelian varieties with level $`n`$-structure. There exists a morphism from $`t:\mathrm{\Delta }^20_g[n]`$ and we extend $`t`$ on $`\mathrm{\Delta }^2`$ by Hartogs theorem. The moduli $`_g[n]`$ has the universal family $`𝒜_g[n]_g[n]`$. Considering the pull back of $`𝒜_g[n]`$ by $`t`$, we obtain a smooth abelian morphism $`\overline{h}:\overline{𝒜}\mathrm{\Delta }^2`$ which is the extension of $`\overline{h}^{}:\overline{𝒜}^{}\mathrm{\Delta }^20`$. Since $`𝒜^{}\overline{𝒜}^{}`$ is a finite morphism, we extend this morhpsim to a finite morphism $`\nu :𝒜^{}\overline{𝒜}`$. The codimension of $`\overline{𝒜}\overline{𝒜}^{}`$ is two. By purity of branch loci, $`\nu `$ is étale. Hence $`h^{}:𝒜^{}\mathrm{\Delta }^2`$ is a smooth abelian fibration. By construction, $`𝒜^{}`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒜`$ in codimension one. Let $`A`$ be a $`h`$-ample divisor on $`𝒜`$ and $`A^{}`$ a proper transform on $`𝒜^{}`$. Since every fibre of $`h^{}`$ is an abelian variety, $`A^{}`$ is $`h^{}`$-ample. Thus we obtain that $`𝒜`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒜^{}`$ and $`h`$ is smooth.
2. Let $`A`$ be an $`f`$-ample divisor. We consider the following function:

$$\lambda (s):=_{X_s}\omega \overline{\omega }A^{dimS2},$$

where $`X_s:=f^1(s)`$ $`(sS)`$. Since $`f`$ is flat, $`\lambda (s)`$ is a continuous function on $`S`$ by \[2, Corollary 3.2\]. Thus $`\lambda (s)0`$ on $`S`$ and

$$_F\omega \overline{\omega }A^{dimS2}=0.$$

Since $`F`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{F}`$ is birational, $`j^{}\omega =0`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{F}`$.

$`\mathrm{}`$

(2.3) We review basic properties of the mixed hodge structure on a simple normal crossing variety.

###### Lemma 2.

Let $`X:=X_i`$ be a simple normal crossing variety. Then

$$F^1H^1(X,)=\{(\alpha _i)H^0(X_i,\mathrm{\Omega }_{X_i}^1)|\alpha _i|_{X_iX_j}=\alpha _j|_{X_iX_j}\}.$$

Proof.  Let

$$X^{[k]}:=_{i_0<\mathrm{}<i_k}X_{i_0}\mathrm{}X_{i_k}\text{(disjoint union)}.$$

For an index set $`I=\{i_0,\mathrm{}i_k\}`$, we define an inclusion $`\delta _j^I`$

$$\delta _j^I:X_{i_0}\mathrm{}X_{i_k}X_{i_1}\mathrm{}X_{i_{j1}}X_{i_{j+1}}\mathrm{}X_{i_k}.$$

We consider the following spectral sequence \[3, Chapter 4\]:

$$E_1^{p,q}=H^q(X^{[p]},)E^{p+q}=H^{p+q}(X,),$$

where $`D_2:E_1^{p,q}E_1^{p+1,q}`$ is defined by the

$$\underset{|I|=p}{}\underset{j=0}{\overset{p}{}}(1)^j\delta _j^I.$$

Since this spectral sequence degenerates at $`E_2`$ level (\[3, 4.8\]), we deduce

$$\mathrm{Gr}_1^W(H^1(X,))=\mathrm{Ker}(_iH^1(X_i,)\stackrel{D_2}{}_{i<j}H^1(X_iX_j,)).$$

Moreover $`F^1W_0=0`$, $`F^1H^1(X,)=F^1\mathrm{Gr}_1^W(H^1(X,))`$. Thus we obtain the assertion of Lemma 2 from the definition of $`D_2`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 3.

Let $`f:X^{}X`$ be a birational morphism between smooth algebraic varieties. Assume the following two conditions:

1. There exists a simple normal crossing divisor $`Y`$ on $`X`$ such that $`f`$ is isomorphic on $`XY`$.
2. $`Y^{}:=(f^{}Y)_{\mathrm{red}}`$ is a simple normal crossing divisor.

Then $`F^1H^1(Y^{},)F^1H^1(Y,)`$.

Proof.  We consider the following exact sequence of morphisms of Mixed Hodge structures.

$$H^0(Y^{},)\stackrel{\alpha }{}H^1(X,)H^1(X^{},)H^1(Y,)H^1(Y^{},)\stackrel{\beta }{}H^2(X,)$$

Note that each morphism has weight $`(0,0)`$. Since $`H^i(X,)`$ carries pure Hodge structure of weight $`i`$, $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are $`0`$-map. Moreover $`F^1H^1(X,)F^1H^1(X^{},)`$. Thus we deduce that $`F^1H^1(Y^{},)F^1H^1(Y,)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 3. Kulikov model

(3.1) In this section, we prove the key proposition of the proof of Theorem 1. First we refer the the folloing theorem due to Kulikov, Morrison \[9, Classification Theorem I\] and Persson \[10, Proposition 3.3.1\].

###### Theorem 2.

Let $`g^{}:T^{}\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be a semistable degeneration whose general fibre is an abelian surface. Then there exists a semistable degeneration $`k:𝒦\mathrm{\Delta }`$ such that $`k`$ and $`g^{}`$ is birational and $`K_𝒦_k0`$. Moreover, exactly one of the following cases occurs:

1. $`𝒦_0`$ is an abelian surface.
2. $`𝒦_0`$ consists of a cycle of minimal elliptic ruled surfaces, meeting along disjoint sections. Every selfintersection number of double curve is $`0`$.
3. $`𝒦_0`$ consists of a collection of rational surfraces, such that the double curves on each component form a cycle of rationall curves; the dual graph $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of $`Y_0^{^{}}`$ is a triangulation of $`S^1\times S^1`$.

We call $`𝒦`$ a Kulikov model of type I, II or III according the case occurs (1), (2) or (3).

(3.2) We state the key propositon.

###### Proposition 1.

Let $`f:(X,\omega )S`$ be a projective complex lagrangian fibration on 4-dimensional symplectic manifold and $`D`$ the discriminant locus of $`f`$. If we take a general point $`x`$ of $`D`$ and an unit disk $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ on $`S`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ and $`D`$ intersects transversally at $`x`$ and $`T:=X\times _S\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ is smooth, then

1. $`t:T\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ is birational to the quotient of Kulikov model $`𝒦`$ of Type I or Type II by a cyclic group $`G`$.
2. There exists a nonzero $`G`$-equivariant element of $`F^1H^1(𝒦,)`$.

(3.3) For the proof of Proposition 1, we need the following Lemmas.

###### Lemma 4.

Let $`\nu :YX`$ be a birational morphism such that $`(f\nu )^{}D`$ is a simple normal crossing divisor. Then for a general point $`x`$ of the discriminant locus $`D`$ of $`f`$,

$$F^1H^1(Y_x,)0$$

where $`Y_x:=f^1(x)`$.

Proof.  Let $`E:=((f\nu )^{}D)_{\mathrm{red}}`$ and $`E=E_i`$. We take an open set $`U`$ of $`S`$ which satisfies the following two conditions:

1. $`D|_U`$ is a smooth curve.
2. $`f\nu |_U:(E|_{f^1(U)})^{[k]}D|_U`$ is a smooth morphism for every $`k`$.

We consider the following exact sequences:

$$0\mathrm{\Omega }_{E_i}^2\mathrm{\Omega }_{E_i/D}^20$$

$$0(f\nu )^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_D^2\stackrel{\alpha }{}(f\nu )^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_D^1\mathrm{\Omega }_{E_i/D}^10$$

Since $`\omega `$ is nondegenerate, $`\nu ^{}\omega 0`$ on $`E_i`$ on a non $`\nu `$-exceptional divisor $`E_i`$ . By Lemma 1 (2), the restriction of $`\omega `$ on every irreducible component of a fibre of $`f`$ is zero. Thus $`\nu ^{}\omega =0`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{E_i/D}^2`$. On the contrary, $`(f\nu )^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_D^2=0`$, we deduce

$$\alpha (\nu ^{}\omega )0$$

for non $`\nu `$-exceptional divisor $`E_i`$. Therefore, for a general point $`x`$ of $`D`$, $`H^0(E_{i,x},\mathrm{\Omega }_{E_{i,x}}^1)0`$ where $`E_{i,x}`$ is the fibre of $`E_iD`$ over $`x`$. We denote by $`\alpha _i`$ the restriction $`\alpha (\nu ^{}\omega )`$ to $`E_{i,x}`$. If $`E_{i,x}E_{j,x}\mathrm{}`$, $`\alpha _i=\alpha _j`$ on $`E_{i,x}E_{j,x}`$ by the construction. By Lemma 2, we deduce that $`F^1H^1(E_x,)0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 5.

Let $`k:𝒦\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ be a Kulikov model of type I or type II. Assume that $`k`$ is birational to a projective abelian fibration $`t^{}:T^{}\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$. Then

1. $`k`$ is a projective morphism.
2. Every birational map $`𝒦𝒦`$ is birational morphism.

Proof.  We may assume that $`T^{}`$ is a relatively minimal model over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$. Then $`T^{}`$ and $`𝒦`$ is isomorphic in codimension one, since $`T^{}`$ and $`𝒦`$ have only terminal singularities and $`K_T^{}`$ is $`t^{}`$-nef. Let $`A^{}`$ be a $`t^{}`$-ample divisor on $`T^{}`$ and $`A`$ a proper transform on $`𝒦`$. Since $`T^{}`$ and $`𝒦`$ is isomorhpic in codimension one, $`A`$ is $`k`$-big. If $`A`$ is $`k`$-nef, we conclude that $`T^{}`$ is isomorhpic to $`𝒦`$ by relative base point free theorem \[5, Theorem 3-1-2\] Then $`k`$ is projective, $`𝒦`$ is the unique relative minimal model and every birational map $`𝒦𝒦`$ is birational morphism. Thus we will prove that $`A`$ is $`k`$-nef. Since every big divisor on abelian surface is ample, $`A`$ is $`k`$-nef if $`𝒦`$ is of type I. In the case that $`𝒦`$ is of type II, we investigate the nef cone of each component of the central fibre of $`𝒦`$. Let $`V`$ be a component of the central fibre. Then $`K_V2e`$, where $`e`$ is a double curve. Since $`e`$ is a section and $`e^2=0`$, the nef cone of $`V`$ is spaned by $`e`$ and a fibre $`l`$ of the ruling of $`V`$. We deduce that every effective divisor on $`V`$ is nef. Therefore $`A`$ is $`k`$-nef in the case that $`𝒦`$ is of type II. $`\mathrm{}`$

(3.4) Proof of Proposition 1.  Let $`\nu :YX`$ be a birational morphism such that $`(f\nu )^{}D`$ is a simple normal crossing divisor. We define $`T^{\prime \prime }:=\nu ^{}T`$. If we choose $`x`$ generally, $`F^1H^1(T_0^{^{\prime \prime }},)0`$ by Lemma 4. By Semistable reduction theorem \[6, Theorem $`11^{}`$\], there exists a generically finite surjective morphism $`\eta :T^{}T^{\prime \prime }`$ such that $`t^{}:T^{}\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ is a semistable degeneration. By Theorem 2, there exists the Kulikov model $`k:𝒦\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ which is birational to $`t^{}`$. We denote by $`𝒦_0`$ the central fibre of $`𝒦`$. Then $`F^1H^1(𝒦_0,)0`$ since $`F^1H^1(𝒦_0,)F^1H^1(T_0^{^{}},)`$ due to Lemma 3 and $`F^1H^1(T_0^{^{\prime \prime }},)0`$. Thus $`𝒦`$ is of type I or type II. Let $`G`$ be the galois group of a cyclic extension $`K(T^{})/K(T)`$ and $`g`$ a generator of $`G`$. Since $`k`$ is birational to $`t^{}`$, there exists a biratinal map $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g:𝒦𝒦`$ correponding to $`g`$. By Lemma 5, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_g`$ is a birational morphism and $`G`$ acts on $`𝒦`$ holomorphically. Therefore $`T`$ is birational to the quotient $`𝒦/G`$. We claim that $`F^1H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ carries a nonzero $`G`$-equivariant element. Let $`Z`$ be a $`G`$-equivariant resolution of indeterminancy of $`T^{}𝒦`$. Then $`F^1H^1(T_0^{^{}},)F^1H^1(Z_0,)F^1H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ by Lemma 3. Let $`\alpha `$ be a nonzero element of $`F^1H^1(T_0^{^{\prime \prime }},)`$. The pull back of $`\alpha `$ in $`F^1H^1(Z_0,)`$ is non zero $`G`$-equivariant element. Thus there exists a nonzero $`G`$-equivariant element in $`F^1H^1(𝒦_0,)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4. Classification of Type I degeneration

(4.1) In this section, we prove the following proposition.

###### Proposition 2.

Let $`t:T\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ be an abelian fibration which is birational to the quotient of a Kulikov model $`𝒦`$ of type I by a cyclic group $`G`$. Assume that

1. $`T`$ is smooth.
2. $`K_T_t0`$.
3. There exists a nonzero $`G`$-equivariant element of $`F^1H^1(𝒦_0,)`$.

Then the representation $`\rho :G\mathrm{Aut}H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ is faithful and the central fibre $`T_0`$ of $`T`$ satisfies the properties of Theorem 1 (1)

(4.2) We need the following lemma to prove Proposition 2.

###### Lemma 6.

The central fibre $`𝒦_0`$ admits an $`G`$-equivariant elliptic fibration over an elliptic curve.

Proof.  Since $`𝒦_0`$ is an abelian surface, it is enough to prove that $`𝒦_0`$ admits a $`G`$-equivariant fibration. Let $`g`$ be a generator of $`G`$. We consider the following morphism:

$$H^1(𝒦_0,)H^1(𝒦_0,)\stackrel{(\mathrm{id}g^{})}{}H^1(𝒦_0,).$$

Since $`G`$ is a cyclic group, the kernel of $`\mathrm{id}g^{}`$ is $`G`$-invariant. Moreover this kernel is nonzero by Proposition 1. Therefore $`H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ has a $`G`$-equivariant sub Hodge structure and we conclude that $`𝒦_0`$ admits a $`G`$-equivariant fibration. $`\mathrm{}`$

(4.3) Proof of Proposition 6.  We will construct a suitable resolution $`Z`$ of $`𝒦/G`$ and the unique relative minimal model $`W`$ of $`Z`$ over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$. By Lemma 6, there exists a $`G`$-equivariant elliptic fibration on the central fibre $`𝒦_0`$ of $`𝒦`$. We denote this fibration by $`\pi :𝒦_0C`$. By construction, the action of $`G`$ on $`C`$ is translation. Let $`H`$ be the kernel of the representation $`\rho :G\mathrm{Aut}H^1(𝒦_0,)`$. Since the action of $`H`$ on $`𝒦_0`$ is a translation, $`𝒦/H`$ is smooth. It is enough to consider the action of $`G/H`$ on $`𝒦/H`$ for the investigation of the singularities of $`𝒦/G`$. If the action of $`G/H`$ on $`C/H`$ is translation, then $`𝒦/G`$ is smooth. Moreover $`𝒦/G`$ is the unique relative minimal model over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ since it has no rational curves. On the contrary, $`T`$ is a relative minimal model over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$, $`T𝒦/G`$. By construction, the central fibre of the quotient $`𝒦/G`$ is an hyperelliptic surface. Since every hyperelliptic surface is the étale quotient of the product of elliptic curves, $`T_0(𝒦/G)_0`$ satisfies the property of Theorem 1. We claim that the representation $`\rho :G\mathrm{Aut}H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ is faithful. If $`H`$ is not trivial, then $`𝒦`$ is not $`G`$-invariant and $`K_{𝒦/G}\sim ̸0`$. Since $`𝒦/GT`$ and $`K_T0`$, $`H`$ is trivial. In the following, we assume that the action of $`G/H`$ on $`C/H`$ is trivial. Since $`\pi :𝒦_0C/H`$ is $`G/H`$-equivariant, the singularites of $`𝒦/G`$ consists of several copies the product of a surface quotient singularity and an elliptic curve. The list of surface quotient singularities which occur above is found in \[1, Table 5 (p157)\]. We construct the relative minimal resolution $`Z`$ of $`𝒦/G`$ by the minimal resolution of surface quotient singularities. If the singularities of $`𝒦/G`$ consists of the product of Du Val singularities and an elliptic curve only, then $`Z`$ is a relative minimal model over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ and we put $`W=Z`$. In other cases, we obtain a relative minimal model $`W`$ after birational contractions of $`Z`$ (cf. \[1, pp 156–158\]). In both cases, $`W`$ is the unique minimal model by the similar argument in Lemma 5. Since $`W`$ is birational to $`T`$ and $`T`$ is a relative minimal model over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$, $`TW`$. By construction, the central fibres $`W_0`$ admit a fibration over $`C/H`$. Note that the fibre of $`W_0C/H`$ is a Kodaira singular fiber of type $`I_0^{}`$, $`II`$, $`II^{}`$, $`III`$, $`III^{}`$, $`IV`$ or $`IV^{}`$. Since $`\mathrm{Sing}W_0`$ forms multi sections of $`W_0C/H`$, there exists an étale finite cover $`\stackrel{~}{C}C/H`$ and the base change $`W_0\times _{C/H}\stackrel{~}{C}`$ is isomorphic to the product of a Kodaira singular fibre and an elliptic curve. Finally, we prove that the representation $`\rho :G\mathrm{Aut}H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ is faithful. We derive a contradiction assuming that $`H`$ is not trivial. If $`W=Z`$, then there exists a morphism $`\eta :W𝒦/G`$ such that $`\eta ^{}K_{𝒦/G}K_W`$. Since the action of $`H`$ on $`𝒦_0`$ is translation, $`K_𝒦`$ is not $`G`$-equivariant and $`K_{𝒦/G}\sim ̸0`$. However, $`K_W\eta ^{}K_{𝒦/G}`$ and $`K_W0`$, that is a contradiction. If $`W\cong ̸Z`$ we consider the base change $`Z_1:=Z\times _{𝒦/G}𝒦/H`$. Since $`Z`$ is obtained by blowing up along singular locus of $`𝒦/G`$ (cf. \[1, pp 158\]) and the singular locus of $`𝒦/G`$ consists of elliptic curves, $`Z_1`$ is smooth. Let $`\eta _1:Z_1W`$, $`\eta _2:Z_1𝒦/H`$ and $`k/H:𝒦/H\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$. We denote by $`F`$ the central fibre of $`k/H`$ with reduced structure. Note that $`(k/H)^{}(0)=mF`$, where $`m`$ is the order of $`H`$. Then

$$\eta _1^{}K_W\eta _2^{}K_{𝒦/H}\eta _2^{}F.$$

By adjunction formula, $`K_{𝒦/H}(m1)F`$. Thus $`K_W\sim ̸0`$. However, this is a contradiction because $`K_W0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 5. Classification of Type II degeneration

(5.1) In this section, we prove the following proposition and Theorem 1.

###### Proposition 3.

Let $`t:T\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ be an abelian fibration which is birational to the quotient of a Kulikov model $`𝒦`$ of type II by a cyclic group $`G`$. Assume that

1. $`T`$ is smooth.
2. $`K_T_t0`$.
3. There exists a nonzero $`G`$-equivariant element of $`F^1H^1(𝒦_0,)`$.

Then the representation $`\rho :G\mathrm{Aut}H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ is faithful and the central fibre $`T_0`$ of $`T`$ satisfies the properties of Theorem 1 (2).

(5.2) For the proof of Proposition 3, we investigate the action of $`G`$ on the central fibre of $`𝒦`$.

###### Lemma 7.

Let $`g`$ be a generator of $`G`$ and $`m`$ the smallest positive interger such that every component is stable under the action of $`g^m`$. We denote by $`H`$ the subgroup of $`G`$ generated by $`g^m`$. Then

1. The representation $`\sigma :G\mathrm{Aut}F^1H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ is trivial.
2. The action of $`H`$ is free and the central fibre of the quotient $`𝒦/H`$ is a cycle of mininal elliptic ruled surfaces.

Proof. 

1. By Proposition 3, there exists a $`G`$-equivariant element in $`F^1H^1(𝒦_0,)`$. Since $`dimF^1H^1(𝒦_0,)=1`$, every element of $`F^1H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ is $`G`$-invariant.
2. From the assumption there exists an action of $`g^m`$ on each component of the central fibre of $`𝒦`$. Let $`V`$ be a component of the central fibre and $`\pi :VC`$ a ruling. Since every fibre of $`\pi `$ is $`^1`$ and $`C`$ is an elliptic curve, $`g^m`$ maps a fibre of $`\pi `$ to a fibre of $`\pi `$, that is, $`\pi `$ is $`g^m`$-equivariant. From Lemma 7 (1) and Lemma 2, holomorphic one forms on $`V`$ is invariant under the action of $`g^m`$. Thus, the action of $`g^m`$ on $`C`$ is translation. Therefore $`V/H`$ is a minimal elliptic ruled surface. From the assumption that each component is stable under the action of $`g^m`$, the central fibre of the quotient $`𝒦/H`$ is a cycle of minimal elliptic ruled surfaces. $`\mathrm{}`$

(5.3) Proof of Proposition 3.  From Lemma 7, $`𝒦/H`$ is smooth and the central fibre of $`𝒦/H`$ is a cycle of minimal elliptic ruled surfaces. Let $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ be the dual graph of the central fibre of $`𝒦`$ and $`g`$ a generator of $`G`$. Considering $`𝒦/H`$ in stead of $`𝒦`$, we may assume that the action of $`g^m`$ is trivial if the action of $`g^m`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is trivial.

(5.3.1) If the action of $`G`$ is free, $`𝒦/G`$ is smooth and this is a relative minimal model over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$. Every component of the central fibre of $`𝒦/G`$ is the minimal elliptic ruled surface $`V`$ which has a section $`e`$ such that $`K_V2e`$ and $`e^2=0`$. Thus we show that $`T𝒦/G`$ by similar argument as in the proof of Lemma 5. We claim that the representation $`\rho :G\mathrm{Aut}H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ is faithful. If $`\mathrm{Ker}\rho `$ is not trivial, then $`K_𝒦`$ is not $`G`$-equivariant and $`K_{𝒦/G}\sim ̸0`$. However $`K_T0`$, we obtain $`\mathrm{Ker}\rho `$ is trivial. Since $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a Dynkin diagram of type $`\stackrel{~}{A_n}`$ and $`G`$ is a cyclic group, the action of $`G`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is either rotation or reflection.

1. If the action of $`G`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is rotation, the central fibre of $`𝒦/G`$ is a cycle of minimal elliptic ruled surfaces. Each double curve is a section of a minimal elliptic ruled surface.
2. If the action of $`G`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is reflection, the central fibre $`(𝒦/G)_0`$ of $`𝒦/G`$ is a chain of minimal elliptic ruled surfaces. Let $`V`$ be the edge component of the central fibre and $`V^{}`$ the component such that $`VV^{}\mathrm{}`$. Note that $`(𝒦/G)_0=2V+2V^{}+\text{(other components)}`$. By adjunction formula,

$$K_VV^{}|_V.$$

Therefore, the double curve $`VV^{}`$ is a bisection of the ruling of $`V`$. Every other double curve is a section.

(5.3.2) If the action of $`g`$ is not free, we need the following lemma.

###### Lemma 8.

If the action of $`G`$ has fixed points, then the action of $`G`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is reflection and it preserves two vertices. The fixed locus of the central fibre consists of sections or bisections of the ruling of components corresponding to the fixed vertices. 

Assuming this Lemma, the central fibre of the quotient $`𝒦/G`$ is a chain of minimal elliptic ruled surfaces. The singularities of $`𝒦/G`$ consists of several copies of the product of $`A_1`$ singlarity and an elliptic curve. Thus the unique relative minimal model $`W`$ over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ is obtained by blowing up along singlar locus. Since $`T`$ is a relative minimal model over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$, $`WT`$. The dual graph of the central fibre of $`W`$ is $`A_n`$, $`D_n`$ or $`\stackrel{~}{D_n}`$. The double curve on the edge component is a bisection or a section. Every other double curve is section. We claim that the representation $`\rho :G\mathrm{Aut}H^1(𝒦_0,)`$ is faithful. If $`H`$ is not trivial, $`K_𝒦`$ is not $`G`$-equivariant. Since $`K_W`$ is the pull back of $`K_{𝒦/G}`$ is crepant, $`K_W\sim ̸0`$ if $`H`$ is not trivial. However, $`K_T0`$, that is a contradiction.

(5.4) Proof of Lemma 7.  If the action of $`G`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is rotation, there exists no fixed points. Thus the action of $`G`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is reflection. We derive the contradiction assuming that $`G`$ fixes one of edges of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Let $`C`$ be the elliptic curve corresponding to the edge which is fixed by $`G`$. From Lemma 2 and Lemma 7, the action of $`G`$ on $`C`$ preserves holomorphic one form on $`C`$. Therefore $`C`$ is fixed locus of the action of $`G`$. The singularities of the quotient $`𝒦/G`$ consist of several copies of the product of $`A_1`$ singularity and an elliptic curve. Let $`w:W𝒦/G`$ be the blowing up along $`C`$. We denote by $`V_i`$ each components of $`W_0`$. Let $`V_0`$ be the exceptional divisor coming from the blowing up along $`C`$. Since the central fibre $`W_0`$ of $`W`$ is a chain of minimal ellitic ruled surfaces, there exists componets $`V_1`$ and $`V_2`$ such that $`V_0V_1\mathrm{}`$, $`V_2V_1\mathrm{}`$ and $`V_iV_j=\mathrm{}`$ $`(i=0,1,2,j0,1,2)`$. Then $`W_0=V_0+2V_1+2V_2+\text{(Other component)}`$. Since $`W`$ is smooth along $`V_1`$,

$$K_{V_1}K_W+V_1|_{V_1}(\frac{1}{2}V_0V_2)|_{V_1}.$$

by adjunction formula. Let $`l`$ be a fibre of ruling of $`V_1`$. Then

$$K_lK_{V_1}+l|_l(\frac{1}{2}V_0V_2).l.$$

Since every double curve of $`W_0`$ is a section, $`\mathrm{deg}K_l=3/2`$. However this is a contradiction because $`l^1`$. Therefore $`G`$ fixes two vertices. Let $`V`$ be one of the component correponding to the fixed vertices and $`\pi :VC`$ the ruling of $`V`$. Since $`C`$ is an elliptic curve and every fibre $`\pi `$ is $`^1`$, $`\pi `$ is $`G`$-equivariant. By Lemma 7 (1), the action of $`G`$ on $`V`$ preserves one form on $`V`$. Since the action of $`G`$ is not free, $`G`$ acts on $`C`$ tirivially. There exist two fixed points on each fibre of the ruling of $`V`$. Thus we obtain the rest of assertion of Lemma 7. $`\mathrm{}`$

The proof of Proposition 3 is completed. $`\mathrm{}`$

(5.5) Proof of Theorem 1.  We take a general point $`x`$ of the discriminant locus of $`f`$ and an unit disk $`x\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ such that $`T:=X\times _S\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ is smooth. By Proposition 1, the abelian fibraton $`T\mathrm{\Delta }^1`$ satisfies assumptions of Proposition 2 or 3. Then $`T_0`$ satisfies the assertions of Theorem 1 by Proposition 2 and 3. ∎