# Flows on solenoids are generically not almost periodic

## Introduction

For any compact symplectic manifold $`M`$ of dimension at least $`4`$, L. Markus and K. R. Meyer demonstrate in \[MM\] that the space $`^k\left(M\right)`$ of all $`C^k`$ ($`k4`$) Hamiltonians on $`M`$ contains a generic subset $`𝔐_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ such that for each Hamiltonian $`dH^\mathrm{\#}`$ in $`𝔐_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ and for each solenoid $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ there exists a minimal set for the flow induced by $`dH^\mathrm{\#}`$ that is homeomorphic to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$. They leave open the question of whether the flows on these solenoids are almost periodic (\[MM\], p. 90).

Corresponding to a sequence of natural numbers $`N=(n_1,n_2,\mathrm{})`$ with $`n_j2`$ for each $`j`$ there is the solenoid $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ which is the inverse limit of the inverse sequence $`\{X_j,f_j\}_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ with factor space $`X_j=S^1=\{\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi it\right)t[0,1)\}`$ for each $`j`$ and bonding maps $`f_j\left(z\right)=z^{n_j}`$

$$S^1\stackrel{n_1}{}S^1\stackrel{n_2}{}S^1\stackrel{n_3}{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_N=\{z_j_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}S^1z_j=f_j\left(z_{j+1}\right)\text{ for }j=1,2,\mathrm{}\}.$$

Here $`_{i=1}^{\mathrm{}}S^1`$ is the compact topological group with the group operation (written $`\mathrm{`}\mathrm{`}+\mathrm{"}`$) given by factor–wise multiplication and with the metric

$$d(x_j_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}},y_j_{j=1}^{\mathrm{}})=\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{2^j}\left|x_jy_j\right|.$$

This metric also serves as a metric for the subgroup $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$. There is then the continuous (but not bicontinuous) isomorphism $`\pi _N:C_N`$ onto the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$–arc component $`C_N`$ of the identity $`e=(1,1,\mathrm{})`$ given by

$$t\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi it\right),\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2\pi it}{n_1}\right),\mathrm{},\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{2\pi it}{n_1\mathrm{}n_j}\right),\mathrm{},$$

and we have the family of linear flows $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_N`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$:

$`\mathrm{\Lambda }_N`$ $`=`$ $`\{\varphi _N^\alpha :\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_N\mathrm{\Sigma }_N\alpha \}`$   
$`\varphi _N^\alpha (t,x)`$ $`=`$ $`\pi _N\left(\alpha t\right)+x`$   
and any almost periodic flow on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ is equivalent ($`C^0`$ conjugate) to some $`\varphi _N^\alpha \mathrm{\Lambda }_N`$ \[C\]. (A *flow* is a continuous group action of $`(,+)`$.)

Given any point $`x\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ the map $`\pi _N+x`$ sending $`t\pi _N\left(t\right)+x`$ parameterizes the arc component of $`x`$, which will coincide with the trajectory of $`x`$ for any non–singular flow $`\varphi `$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$. For $`k=0,1,\mathrm{},`$ $`\mathrm{}`$ and $`0\alpha 1`$, we consider a flow $`\varphi :\times \mathrm{\Sigma }_N\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ to be $`C^{k+1+\alpha }`$ if the associated “vector field”

$$v_\varphi :\mathrm{\Sigma }_N;x\frac{d\left[\left(\pi _N+x\right)^1\varphi (t,x)\right]}{dt}_{t=0}$$

exists and satisfies the conditions:

1. for $`j=1,\mathrm{},k`$ the function $`v_\varphi ^j:\mathrm{\Sigma }_N;x{\displaystyle \frac{d^j\left[\left(\pi _N+x\right)^1\varphi (t,x)\right]}{dt^j}}_{t=0}`$ is continuous \[$`v_\varphi ^1=v_\varphi `$\]
2. for each $`x\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ the function $`;tv_\varphi ^k\left(x+\pi _N\left(t\right)\right)`$ is $`\alpha `$–Hölder (see below) if $`\alpha >0`$ and $`k<\mathrm{}`$.

We then endow the space $`C^{k+\alpha }\left(N\right)`$ of vector fields $`v_\varphi `$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ stemming from $`C^{k+1+\alpha }`$ flows $`\varphi `$ with the metric

$$d_k(v_\varphi ,v_\psi )\stackrel{def}{=}\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}\underset{x\mathrm{\Sigma }_N}{\mathrm{max}}\left|v_\varphi ^j\left(x\right)v_\psi ^j\left(x\right)\right|\text{ for }1k<\mathrm{}$$

$$\text{and }d_{\mathrm{}}(v_\varphi ,v_\psi )\stackrel{def}{=}\underset{r=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{2^rd_r(v_\varphi ,v_\psi )}{1+d_r(v_\varphi ,v_\psi )}.$$

If $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ is embedded in some compact $`C^k`$ manifold so that the flow $`\varphi _N^1`$ extends to a $`C^k`$ flow on the manifold, then this metric induces the same topology as the restriction of the Whitney topology (see \[MM\], pp. 34–35 for a description of the Whitney topology). We are interested in the non–singular flows on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ and so will work with $`C^{k+\alpha }\left(N+\right),`$ the subspace of $`C^{k+\alpha }\left(N\right)`$ consisting of positive $`v_\varphi `$. (Whenever $`\varphi `$ is non–singular the map $`v_\varphi `$ must be either positive or negative since each trajectory is dense and the intermediate value theorem yields a singularity if there is a change of signs, and so we consider positive $`v_\varphi `$ without loss of generality.)

If $`p_j:\mathrm{\Sigma }_NS^1`$ denotes the projection onto the $`j^{th}`$ factor $`x_k_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}x_j`$ and if $`\widehat{N}`$ denotes the subgroup of $`(,+)`$ generated by

$$\{\frac{1}{n_1},\frac{1}{n_1n_2},\mathrm{},\frac{1}{n_1n_2\mathrm{}n_j}j=1,2,\mathrm{}\}$$

and if for $`r={\displaystyle \frac{m}{n_1n_2\mathrm{}n_j}}\widehat{N}`$ $`\chi _r:\mathrm{\Sigma }_NS^1`$ denotes the homomorphism sending $`x\left(p_{j+1}\left(x\right)\right)^m,`$ then $`\mathrm{\Xi }\left(N\right)=\{\chi _rr\widehat{N}\}`$ is the group of characters of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$. Given a continuous function $`f:\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$, the theorem of Peter and Weyl guarantees that $`f`$ can be uniformly approximated by finite linear combinations of characters $`\chi _r`$ (see, e.g., \[P\]), and since $`\chi _{\frac{m}{n}}\pi _N\left(t\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi imt/n\right)`$ the map $`f_e:;`$ $`tf\left(\pi _N\left(t\right)\right)`$ is the uniform limit of periodic maps and is thus *limit periodic* by definition (see, e.g., \[Be\] 1§6), which is a special type of almost periodic function. It then follows that the Bohr–Fourier series

$$f_e\left(t\right)\underset{r\widehat{N}}{}f_r\chi _r\pi _N\left(t\right)=\underset{r\widehat{N}}{}f_r\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi irt\right)$$

when appropriately ordered converges uniformly to $`f_e`$ provided $`f_e`$ is $`\alpha `$–Hölder for some $`0<\alpha 1`$:

$$\underset{t}{sup}\left|f_e\left(t+\delta \right)f_e\left(t\right)\right|<C\delta ^\alpha \text{ }\left(\text{for some }C>0\text{ and all }\delta >0\right)\text{ (see }\text{[Be]}\text{ 1§8).}$$

Whenever we are dealing with such a function we will assume without comment that the series is so arranged that $`f=\underset{r\widehat{N}}{}f_r\chi _r`$.

We shall show that in each space $`C^{k+\alpha }\left(N+\right)`$ the collection of vector fields $`v_\varphi `$ corresponding to flows $`\varphi `$ which are not almost periodic contains a dense $`G_\delta `$ provided $`k1`$ or $`\alpha =1`$ (in other words: $`v_\varphi `$ is Lipschitz).

## 1. Proof of the Main Result

Fix a space $`C^{k+\alpha }\left(N+\right)`$ with $`k1`$ or $`\alpha =1`$. As already mentioned, a flow $`\varphi `$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ is almost periodic exactly when there is a homeomorphism $`h^{}:\mathrm{\Sigma }_N\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ providing an equivalence of $`\varphi `$ with some linear flow $`\varphi _N^\alpha ^{}`$, $`h^{}\varphi (t,x)\varphi _N^\alpha ^{}(t,h^{}\left(x\right))`$. Any such $`h^{}`$ is homotopic to an automorphism $`a`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$, and the automorphism $`a^1`$ will in turn equate $`\varphi _N^\alpha ^{}`$ with a linear flow $`\varphi _N^\alpha `$ (see \[S\] and \[C\]). And so $`\varphi `$ is almost periodic exactly when there is a homeomorphism $`h=a^1h^{}`$ homotopic to the identity providing an equivalence between $`\varphi `$ and a linear flow $`\varphi _N^\alpha `$.

We now translate the existence of such an $`h`$ into a more useful form, so assume $`\varphi `$ is almost periodic and that such an $`h`$ exists. Each $`x\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ belongs to the section $`𝒮_x\stackrel{def}{=}p_1^1\left(p_1\left(x\right)\right)`$ (which is a Cantor set), and the time it takes the linear flow $`\varphi _N^\alpha `$ to return to $`𝒮_x`$ is the constant $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha }}`$ since

$$p_1\left(\varphi _N^\alpha (t,x)\right)=p_1\left(\pi _N\left(t\alpha \right)+x\right)=p_1\left(\pi _N\left(t\alpha \right)\right)p_1\left(x\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi it\alpha \right)p_1\left(x\right)$$

and the smallest positive value of $`t`$ satisfying $`\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi it\alpha \right)=1`$ is $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha }}`$. Since $`1/x`$ is $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ on any closed interval not containing $`0`$, $`\lambda \left(x\right)\stackrel{def}{=}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{v_\varphi \left(x\right)}}=\underset{r\widehat{N}}{}\lambda _r\chi _r\left(x\right)`$ is $`C^{k+\alpha }`$ and the $`\varphi `$–return time $`\tau `$ of $`x`$ to the section $`𝒮_x`$ is given by

$`\tau \left(x\right)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^1}\lambda \left(x+\pi _N\left(t\right)\right)𝑑t`$   
$`=`$ $`\lambda _0+{\displaystyle \underset{r\widehat{N}\left\{0\right\}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _r}{2\pi ir}}\chi _r\left(x+\pi _N\left(1\right)\right){\displaystyle \underset{r\widehat{N}\left\{0\right\}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _r}{2\pi ir}}\chi _r\left(x\right)`$   
$``$ $`\lambda _0+{\displaystyle \underset{r\widehat{N}\left\{0\right\}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _r}{2\pi ir}}\left[\chi _r\left(\pi _N\left(1\right)\right)1\right]\chi _r\left(x\right)={\displaystyle \underset{r\widehat{N}}{}}\tau _r\chi _r\left(x\right).`$   
Now $`h`$ is homotopic to the identity and so we have the map $`\delta \underset{r\widehat{N}}{}\delta _r\chi _r:\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$

$$\delta \left(x\right)\stackrel{def}{=}\text{the unique time }t\text{ satisfying }h\left(x\right)=\varphi _N^\alpha (t,x)$$

since $`h\left(x\right)`$ must lie in the same path component as $`x`$. Since $`h`$ provides a flow equivalence, the $`\varphi _N^\alpha `$–return time to the $`\varphi _N^\alpha `$–section $`h\left(𝒮_x\right)`$ for $`h\left(x\right)`$ is $`\tau \left(x\right)`$. We can now express the constancy of the $`\varphi _N^\alpha `$–return time to $`𝒮_x`$ as

$$\delta \left(x\right)+\tau \left(x\right)\delta \left(x+\pi _N\left(1\right)\right)=\frac{1}{\alpha }$$

or

$$\tau \left(x\right)\frac{1}{\alpha }=\delta \left(x+\pi _N\left(1\right)\right)\delta \left(x\right).$$

We also have

$$\delta \left(x+\pi _N\left(1\right)\right)\delta \left(x\right)\underset{r\widehat{N}\left\{0\right\}}{}\left[\chi _r\left(\pi _N\left(1\right)\right)1\right]\delta _r\chi _r\left(x\right)$$

leading to the conditions

$$\delta _r=\frac{\tau _r}{\left[\chi _r\left(\pi _N\left(1\right)\right)1\right]}=\frac{\lambda _r}{2\pi ir}\text{ for }r\widehat{N}\left\{0\right\}$$

and

$$\lambda _0=\tau _0=\frac{1}{\alpha }.$$

(There is no restriction on $`\delta _0`$ since we may follow $`h`$ by translations of elements in $`C_N`$ and obtain other flow equivalences homotopic to the identity.)

We then have the limit periodic function

$$\delta _e\left(t\right)\underset{r\widehat{N}}{}\delta _r\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi irt\right)=\delta _0+\underset{r\widehat{N}\left\{0\right\}}{}\frac{\lambda _r}{2\pi ir}\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi irt\right).$$

According to Bohr’s theorem on the integral of an almost periodic function (see \[B\] §68–69), the integral $`F\left(T\right)=_0^Tf\left(t\right)𝑑t`$ of a limit periodic function $`f\left(t\right)\underset{r\widehat{N}}{}f_r\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi irt\right)`$ is almost periodic if and only if $`F`$ is bounded, in which case

$$F\left(t\right)\underset{r\widehat{N}}{}F_r\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi irt\right)=F_0+\underset{r\widehat{N}\left\{0\right\}}{}\frac{f_r}{2\pi ir}\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi irt\right).$$

Comparing the Fourier–Bohr series of $`\delta _e`$ with that of $`\lambda _e`$, we see that the bounded function $`\delta _e\left(t\right)`$ represents an integral of $`\lambda _e\left(t\right)\lambda _0`$. Moreover, whenever $`\lambda _e\left(t\right)\lambda _0`$ has a bounded integral we are able to construct a map $`\delta `$ as above, which in turn allows us to construct an equivalence $`h`$. Notice that by its construction $`\delta `$ will be as smooth as $`\lambda `$. This gives us the following result.

###### Theorem 1.1.

The flow $`\varphi C^{k+\alpha }\left(N+\right)`$ with vector field $`v_\varphi `$ is almost periodic if and only if $`\lambda _e\left(t\right)\lambda _0`$ has a bounded integral, where $`\lambda _e\left(t\right)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{v_\varphi \pi _N\left(t\right)}}=\underset{r\widehat{N}}{}\lambda _r\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi irt\right)`$.

If $`f\left(t\right)`$ is periodic with Fourier series $`\underset{r\widehat{N}}{}f_r\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi irt\right)`$, a necessary and sufficient condition that it have a periodic integral is that

$$f_0=M\left\{f\right\}\stackrel{def}{=}\underset{T\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{T}_0^Tf\left(t\right)𝑑t=0\text{ (see }\text{[B]}\text{ §68),}$$

and since any function $`\lambda _e\left(t\right)\lambda _0`$ as above can be approximated (relative to $`d_k`$) arbitrarily closely by a periodic “partial series” (possibly containing infinitely many terms) of its Fourier–Bohr series and since $`M\left\{f\right\}=0`$ for any such partial series $`f`$, we obtain the following.

###### Corollary 1.2.

The collection of almost periodic flows in $`C^{k+\alpha }\left(N+\right)`$ is dense.

(We are making use of the fact that the function $`v_\varphi 1/v_\varphi =\lambda `$ is a homeomorphism of $`C^{k+\alpha }\left(N+\right).`$) We postpone the existence of flows for given functions until the next section.

Now we examine the functions $`\lambda =1/v_\varphi `$ corresponding to flows $`\varphi `$ which are not almost periodic. First, we note

$$\left|M\left\{f\right\}M\left\{g\right\}\right|\underset{T\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{T}_0^T\left|f\left(t\right)g\left(t\right)\right|𝑑tsup\left|f\left(t\right)g\left(t\right)\right|.$$

And so $`d_1(\lambda \lambda _0,\mu \mu _0)2d_1(\lambda ,\mu )`$. Now for $`n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ we define the sets

$$U_n\stackrel{def}{=}\{\lambda \text{ there is a }T_n\text{ with }\left|_0^{T_n}\left(\lambda _e\left(t\right)\lambda _0\right)𝑑t\right|>n\}$$

and claim that $`U_n`$ is open for $`n=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ . So suppose then that $`\lambda U_n`$ with

$$\delta =\left|_0^{T_n}\left(\lambda _e\left(t\right)\lambda _0\right)𝑑t\right|n>0.$$

Now if $`d_1(\lambda ,\mu )d_k(\lambda ,\mu )<{\displaystyle \frac{\delta }{3\left|T_n\right|}}`$ we have

$$\left|_0^{T_n}\left(\lambda _e\left(t\right)\lambda _0\right)𝑑t_0^{T_n}\left(\mu _e\left(t\right)\mu _0\right)𝑑t\right|\left|_0^{T_n}\frac{2\delta }{3\left|T_n\right|}𝑑t\right|<\delta $$

and so $`\mu `$ is also in $`U_n`$, demonstrating that $`U_n`$ is open. And so the $`G_\delta `$ $`_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}U_n`$ is the collection of $`\lambda =1/v_\varphi `$ corresponding to flows $`\varphi `$ which are not almost periodic.

It then remains to show that $`_{n=1}^{\mathrm{}}U_n`$ is dense. Let $`\lambda =1/v_\varphi `$ be given. We need to find an arbitrarily close function which corresponds to a flow which is not almost periodic. Consider for $`m=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ the $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ maps $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$

$$\rho _m\left(x\right)\stackrel{def}{=}\underset{j=m}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{n_1\mathrm{}n_j}\chi _{\frac{1}{n_1\mathrm{}n_j}}\left(x\right).$$

Bohr’s theorem shows that $`\rho _m\pi _N\left(t\right)`$ has an unbounded integral since Parseval’s equation for almost periodic functions would fail for the Fourier–Bohr series of a bounded $`_0^T\rho _m\pi _N\left(t\right)𝑑t`$, implying that at least one of $`\text{ Re}\left(\rho _m\pi _N\left(t\right)\right)`$ and $`\text{Im}\left(\rho _m\pi _N\left(t\right)\right)`$ too has an unbounded integral. (Notice that both the real and imaginary parts of a function with mean value $`0`$ also have mean value $`0`$.) If $`\lambda _e\left(t\right)\lambda _0`$ has unbounded integral, there is nothing to prove; and if not, we can choose $`\lambda +\text{Re}\rho _m`$ and $`\lambda +\text{Im}\rho _m`$ positive and as close to $`\lambda `$ as desired by choosing $`m`$ large enough since $`\left|\rho _m\left(x\right)\right|{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2^{m1}}}`$ (and similarly for the derivatives), and at least one of these two functions (say $`\lambda ^m`$) will be such that $`\lambda ^m\pi _N`$ will have an unbounded integral when its mean value $`\lambda _0`$ is subtracted.

###### Corollary 1.3.

The collection of flows in $`C^{k+\alpha }\left(N+\right)`$ which are not almost periodic is a dense $`G_\delta `$.

## 2. Realization of a flow for a given vector field

Let $`v`$ be a positive Lipschitz function $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$. We seek a flow $`\varphi _v`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ which has $`v`$ as its vector field. For $`n2`$ there is a $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ flow $`\varphi `$ on the tube $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0=B^{2n1}\times S^1`$ ($`B^{2n1}`$ is the closed unit ball of $`^{2n1}`$) satisfying:

1. $`\varphi `$ has a homeomorphic copy $`𝔖_N`$ of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ as a limit set
2. $`d\psi /dt1`$ along all the orbits of $`\varphi ,`$ where $`0\psi <1`$ parameterizes the $`S^1`$ factor of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$ (see \[MM\], p. 87).

The limit set $`𝔖_N`$ is realized as the nested intersection of compact tubes $`\mathrm{\Pi }_j`$, $`j=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ , satisfying for $`j=0,1,\mathrm{}`$ :

1. $`\mathrm{\Pi }_j`$ is homeomorphic to $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$ and
2. $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{j+1}`$ encircles $`\mathrm{\Pi }_j`$$`n_{j+1}`$ times.

Therefore, $`\varphi `$ restricted to $`𝔖_N`$ has the constant return time of $`1`$ to the sections

$$𝒮_t\stackrel{def}{=}\{(x,\psi )B^{2n1}\times S^1𝔖_N\psi =t\}$$

and is thus equivalent to the linear flow $`\varphi _N^1`$ on $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_N`$ via a homeomorphism, say $`h`$, where without loss of generality $`\psi (h^1(e))=0`$. Associated with the flow $`\varphi `$ is a vector field $`𝔳`$. We shall obtain the desired flow $`\varphi _v`$ by a time change of the flow $`\varphi `$: we shall multiply the vectors of $`𝔳`$ by a function to change their lengths but not their directions and then use $`h`$ to obtain $`\varphi _v`$. (Here we are measuring lengths of vectors by the lengths of their projections onto the $``$ factor in the tangent bundle corresponding to the $`S^1`$ factor in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$.)

Setting $`\psi _0=\psi `$, for $`j=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ let $`0\psi _j<n_1\mathrm{}n_j`$ parameterize the $`S^1`$ factor of $`\mathrm{\Pi }_j`$ in such a way that for $`(x,\psi _j)=(x,\psi _{j1})`$ in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_j`$ we have $`\psi _j=\psi _{j1}\left(\text{mod}1\right)`$ and $`\psi _j(h^1(e))=0`$. (We could use $`\varphi `$–sections transverse to the elliptic periodic orbits $`\gamma _0,\gamma _1,\mathrm{}`$ for example (see \[MM\], p. 87).) For $`j=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ let $`s_j\left(t\right)`$ be a purely periodic Lipschitz partial sum of $`v_e\left(t\right)=\underset{j\mathrm{}}{lim}s_j\left(t\right)=\underset{r\widehat{N}}{}v_r\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi irt\right)`$, where the period of $`s_0`$ is $`1`$ and the period of $`s_j`$ is $`n_1\mathrm{}n_j`$ for $`j=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ (see \[Be\] 1§8). We then form for $`j=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$ the following functions $`\tau _j:\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$; $`\tau _0\left((x,\psi _0)\right)=s_0\left(\psi _0\right)`$$`\tau _1\left((x,\psi _0)\right)=\tau _0\left((x,\psi _0)\right)`$ for $`(x,\psi _0)`$ in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0𝒯_1`$ (where $`𝒯_1`$ is a tube satisfying $`\mathrm{\Pi }_1𝒯_1\mathrm{\Pi }_0`$) and $`\tau _1\left((x,\psi _0)\right)`$ is $`\tau _0\left((x,\psi _0)\right)`$ gradually changed in $`𝒯_1\mathrm{\Pi }_1`$ until finally $`\tau _1\left((x,\psi _1)\right)=s_1\left(\psi _1\right)`$ for $`(x,\psi _1)\mathrm{\Pi }_1`$ . Continue in the same manner so that $`\tau _{j+1}\left((x,\psi _0)\right)=\tau _j\left((x,\psi _0)\right)`$ for $`(x,\psi _0)`$ in $`\mathrm{\Pi }_0𝒯_{j+1}`$ (where $`𝒯_{j+1}`$ is a tube satisfying $`\mathrm{\Pi }_{j+1}𝒯_{j+1}\mathrm{\Pi }_j`$) and $`\tau _{j+1}\left((x,\psi _0)\right)`$ is $`\tau _j\left((x,\psi _0)\right)`$ gradually changed in $`𝒯_{j+1}\mathrm{\Pi }_{j+1}`$ until finally $`\tau _{j+1}\left((x,\psi _{j+1})\right)=s_{j+1}\left(\psi _{j+1}\right)`$ for $`(x,\psi _{j+1})\mathrm{\Pi }_{j+1}`$. And then with $`\tau \left((x,\psi _0)\right)\stackrel{def}{=}\underset{j\mathrm{}}{lim}\tau _j\left((x,\psi _0)\right)`$ we have the function to obtain the desired time change of $`𝔳`$.

This also shows that for arbitrarily small time changes we can alter a generic class of Hamiltonian flows to obtain flows which are not Lyapunov stable on solenoidal minimal sets (see \[NS\] V§8). By adjusting the coefficients of the $`\rho _m`$ as in the previous section, we even have flows which have points on the same orbit arbitrarily close that “lap” one another relative to these tubes. However, it is not clear what happens if we restrict ourselves to Hamiltonian flows. To make matters even more complicated, it is not clear that these solenoids persist as limit sets under small perturbations (see \[AM\] 8§5).