# Corrections to the RPA Dielectric Function Induced by Fluctuations in the Momentum Distribution

## Abstract

In this article, we introduce a new dielectric function that is different even from the generalised RPA, first introduced in cond-mat/9810043, in that it pays attention to fluctuations in the momentum distribution. We argued that this is important when the momentum distribution is very nonideal. This new dielectric function reduces to the generalised RPA when the number-fluctuations are small, and the generalised RPA in turn reduces to the traditional RPA dielectric function when the momentum distribution is close to ideal.

Let us write the generalised RPA hamiltonian and try and compute the dielectric function.

$$H_0=\underset{𝐤}{}ϵ_𝐤n_0(𝐤)\underset{𝐪0}{}\frac{v_𝐪}{2V}\underset{𝐤}{}n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)$$
(1)   
$$H_{ext}(t)=\underset{𝐪}{}(U_{ext}(𝐪t)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t))\underset{𝐤}{}n_𝐪(𝐤)$$
(2)   
here $`n_𝐪(𝐤)=c_{𝐤+𝐪/2}^{}c_{𝐤𝐪/2}`$ and $`n_0(𝐤)=c_𝐤^{}c_𝐤`$ Let us now write down the quation of motion for $`n_𝐪(𝐤)`$.

$`i{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}n_𝐪(𝐤)={\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{^{}}}{}}ϵ_𝐤^{^{}}[n_𝐪(𝐤),n_0(𝐤^{^{}})]{\displaystyle \underset{𝐪^{^{}}0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪^{^{}}}{V}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{^{}}}{}}[n_𝐪(𝐤),n_0(𝐤^{^{}})]n_0(𝐤^{^{}}𝐪^{^{}})`$

$$+\underset{𝐤^{^{}},𝐪^{^{}}}{}(U_{ext}(𝐪^{^{}}t)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪^{^{}}t))[n_𝐪(𝐤),n_𝐪^{^{}}(𝐤^{^{}})]$$
(3)   
Now,

$`[n_𝐪(𝐤),n_𝐪^{^{}}(𝐤^{^{}})]=[c_{𝐤+𝐪/2}^{}c_{𝐤𝐪/2},c_{𝐤^{^{}}+𝐪^{^{}}/2}^{}c_{𝐤^{^{}}𝐪^{^{}}/2}]`$

$$=c_{𝐤+𝐪/2}^{}c_{𝐤^{^{}}𝐪^{^{}}/2}\delta _{𝐤𝐪/2,𝐤^{^{}}+𝐪^{^{}}/2}c_{𝐤^{^{}}+𝐪^{^{}}/2}^{}c_{𝐤𝐪/2}\delta _{𝐤+𝐪/2,𝐤^{^{}}𝐪^{^{}}/2}$$
(4)   
One may approximate this as,

$`[n_𝐪(𝐤),n_𝐪^{^{}}(𝐤^{^{}})]=[c_{𝐤+𝐪/2}^{}c_{𝐤𝐪/2},c_{𝐤^{^{}}+𝐪^{^{}}/2}^{}c_{𝐤^{^{}}𝐪^{^{}}/2}]`$

$$=[n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)]\delta _{𝐤,𝐤^{^{}}}\delta _{𝐪,𝐪^{^{}}}$$
(5)   
The next approximation would be to replace the number operator by its c-number expectation value. But we shall desist from that for the moment.

$$[n_𝐪(𝐤),n_0(𝐤^{^{}})]=n_𝐪(𝐤)(\delta _{𝐤^{^{}},𝐤𝐪/2}\delta _{𝐤^{^{}},𝐤+𝐪/2})$$
(6)   
$`i{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}n_𝐪(𝐤)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})n_𝐪(𝐤){\displaystyle \underset{𝐪^{^{}}0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪^{^{}}}{V}}(n_0(𝐤𝐪/2𝐪^{^{}})n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2𝐪^{^{}}))n_𝐪(𝐤)`$

$$+(U_{ext}(𝐪t)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t))(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))$$
(7)   
$$n_𝐪(𝐤)=U_{ext}(𝐪t)C_𝐪(𝐤)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t)D_𝐪(𝐤)$$
(8)   
Let us now ignore fluctuations in the momentum distribution. That is, we are allowed to replace

$$n_0(𝐤^{^{}})n_𝐪(𝐤)=n_0(𝐤^{^{}})n_𝐪(𝐤)$$
(9)   
$`\omega \text{ }U_{ext}(𝐪t)C_𝐪(𝐤)\omega \text{ }U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t)D_𝐪(𝐤)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})U_{ext}(𝐪t)C_𝐪(𝐤)+(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t)D_𝐪(𝐤)`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{𝐪^{^{}}0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪^{^{}}}{V}}(n_0(𝐤𝐪/2𝐪^{^{}})n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2𝐪^{^{}}))U_{ext}(𝐪t)C_𝐪(𝐤)`$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{𝐪^{^{}}0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪^{^{}}}{V}}(n_0(𝐤𝐪/2𝐪^{^{}})n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2𝐪^{^{}}))U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t)D_𝐪(𝐤)`$

$$+(U_{ext}(𝐪t)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t))(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))$$
(10)   
$`\omega \text{ }C_𝐪(𝐤)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})C_𝐪(𝐤){\displaystyle \underset{𝐪^{^{}}0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪^{^{}}}{V}}(n_0(𝐤𝐪/2𝐪^{^{}})n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2𝐪^{^{}}))C_𝐪(𝐤)`$

$$+(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))$$
(11)   
Since,

$$U_{eff}(𝐪t)=U_{ext}(𝐪t)+\frac{v_𝐪}{V}\rho _𝐪^{^{}}U_{ext}(𝐪t)$$
(12)   
$$\rho _𝐪^{^{}}=\underset{𝐤}{}C_𝐪(𝐤)$$
(13)   
$$\underset{𝐤}{}C_𝐪(𝐤)=\underset{𝐤}{}\frac{n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)}{\omega \stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{𝐤+𝐪/2}+\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{𝐤𝐪/2}}$$
(14)   
If we use the definition of the dielectric function we get precisely the WRONG ANSWER !!!

$$ϵ_{WRONG}(𝐪,\omega )=\frac{U_{ext}(𝐪t)}{U_{eff}(𝐪t)}=\frac{1}{1+\frac{v_𝐪}{V}_𝐤\frac{n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)}{\omega \stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{𝐤+𝐪/2}+\stackrel{~}{ϵ}_{𝐤𝐪/2}}}$$
(15)   
The reason is because we have been very cavalier in our treatment of correlations. Parenthetically we note that when I said this is the wrong answer, I meant it is not the RPA dielectric function. But then so what ?? Nobody told me RPA was a controlled approximation. But then we must press on, and try to find a clever way of reproducing the RPA dielectric function. One has to consider the full Hamiltonian when dealing with the dielectric function rather than just $`H_0`$. Let us now try and do this.

$`i{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}n_𝐪^t(𝐤)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})n_𝐪^t(𝐤)+{\displaystyle \underset{𝐪^{^{}}0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪^{^{}}}{2V}}[n_𝐪(𝐤),\rho _𝐪^{^{}}]\rho _𝐪^{^{}}^t+{\displaystyle \underset{𝐪^{^{}}0}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪^{^{}}}{2V}}\rho _𝐪^{^{}}^t[n_𝐪(𝐤),\rho _𝐪^{^{}}]`$

$$+\underset{𝐪^{^{}}0}{}(U_{ext}(𝐪^{^{}}t)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪^{^{}}t))[n_𝐪(𝐤),\rho _𝐪^{^{}}]$$
(16)   
$`[n_𝐪(𝐤),\rho _𝐪^{^{}}]={\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{^{}}}{}}[c_{𝐤+𝐪/2}^{}c_{𝐤𝐪/2},c_{𝐤^{^{}}+𝐪^{^{}}/2}^{}c_{𝐤^{^{}}𝐪^{^{}}/2}]`$

$`={\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{^{}}}{}}c_{𝐤+𝐪/2}^{}c_{𝐤^{^{}}𝐪^{^{}}/2}\delta _{𝐤𝐪/2,𝐤^{^{}}+𝐪^{^{}}/2}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤^{^{}}}{}}c_{𝐤^{^{}}+𝐪^{^{}}/2}^{}c_{𝐤𝐪/2}\delta _{𝐤+𝐪/2,𝐤^{^{}}𝐪^{^{}}/2}`$

$$\delta _{𝐪,𝐪^{^{}}}[n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)]$$
(17)   
$`i{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}n_𝐪^t(𝐤)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})n_𝐪^t(𝐤)+{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))\rho _𝐪^t`$

$$+(U_{ext}(𝐪t)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t))(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))$$
(18)   
Let us make a first pass at the computation of the dielectric function. Here, we make use of mean-field theory, that is, replace $`n_0(𝐤^{^{}})\rho _𝐪=n_0(𝐤^{^{}})\rho _𝐪`$

$`\omega \text{ }n_𝐪^t(𝐤)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})n_𝐪^t(𝐤)+{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))\rho _𝐪^t`$

$$+(U_{ext}(𝐪t)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t))(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))$$
(19)   
$`n_𝐪^t(𝐤)={\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}{\displaystyle \frac{n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)}{\omega ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2}}}\rho _𝐪^t`$

$$+(U_{ext}(𝐪t)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t))\frac{n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)}{\omega ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2}}$$
(20)   
This means,

$$\rho _𝐪=U_{ext}(𝐪t)\frac{P_0(𝐪,\omega )}{ϵ(𝐪,\omega )}$$
(21)   
$$P_0(𝐪,\omega )=\underset{𝐤}{}\frac{n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)}{\omega ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}}$$
(22)   
$$ϵ(𝐪,\omega )=1\frac{v_𝐪}{V}P_0(𝐪,\omega )$$
(23)   
From this and the fact that

$$ϵ_{gRPA}(𝐪,\omega )=\frac{U_{ext}(𝐪t)}{U_{eff}(𝐪t)}=ϵ(𝐪,\omega )$$
(24)   
Next we would like to include fluctuations. Let us do this differently this time via the use of the BBGKY heirarchy.

$`i{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}n_𝐪^t(𝐤)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})n_𝐪^t(𝐤)+{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))\rho _𝐪^t`$

$`+{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}(F_{2A}(𝐤+𝐪/2,𝐪)F_{2A}(𝐤𝐪/2,𝐪))`$

$$+(U_{ext}(𝐪t)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t))(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))$$
(25)   
Here,

$$F_{2A}(𝐤^{^{}},𝐪;t)=n_0(𝐤^{^{}})\rho _𝐪^tn_0(𝐤^{^{}})\rho _𝐪^t$$
(26)   
$$F_2(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪;t)=n_0(𝐤^{^{}})n_𝐪^t(𝐤)n_0(𝐤^{^{}})n_𝐪^t(𝐤)$$
(27)   
$$F_{2A}(𝐤^{^{}},𝐪;t)=\underset{𝐤}{}F_2(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪;t)$$
(28)   
$`i{\displaystyle \frac{}{t}}F_2(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪;t)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})F_2(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪;t)+{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}(N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤+𝐪/2)N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤𝐪/2))\rho _𝐪^t`$

$$+\frac{v_𝐪}{V}(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))F_{2A}(𝐤^{^{}},𝐪;t)+(U_{ext}(𝐪t)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t))(N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤+𝐪/2)N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤𝐪/2))$$
(29)   
Let us write,

$$F_2(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪;t)=U_{ext}(𝐪t)F_{2,a}(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪)+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t)F_{2,b}(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪)$$
(30)   
$$\rho _𝐪^t=U_{ext}(𝐪t)\rho _𝐪^{^{}}+U_{ext}^{}(𝐪t)\rho _𝐪^{^{\prime \prime }}$$
(31)   
Also define,

$$N(𝐤,𝐤^{^{}})=n_0(𝐤)n_0(𝐤^{^{}})n_0(𝐤)n_0(𝐤^{^{}})$$
(32)   
$`\omega \text{ }F_{2,a}(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})F_{2,a}(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪)+{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}(N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤+𝐪/2)N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤𝐪/2))\rho _𝐪^{^{}}`$

$$+\frac{v_𝐪}{V}(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))F_{2A}^a(𝐤^{^{}},𝐪)+(N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤+𝐪/2)N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤𝐪/2))$$
(33)   
$`\omega \text{ }F_{2,b}(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})F_{2,b}(𝐤^{^{}};𝐤,𝐪)+{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}(N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤+𝐪/2)N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤𝐪/2))\rho _𝐪^{^{\prime \prime }}`$

$$+\frac{v_𝐪}{V}(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))F_{2A}^b(𝐤^{^{}},𝐪)+(N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤+𝐪/2)N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤𝐪/2))$$
(34)   
$`ϵ(𝐪,\omega )\text{ }F_{2A}^a(𝐤^{^{}},𝐪)={\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐤}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤+𝐪/2)N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤𝐪/2)}{\omega ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2}}}\rho _𝐪^{^{}}`$

$$+\underset{𝐤}{}\frac{N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤+𝐪/2)N(𝐤^{^{}},𝐤𝐪/2)}{\omega ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2}}$$
(35)   
$`\omega \text{ }C_𝐪(𝐤)=(ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})C_𝐪(𝐤)+{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))\rho _𝐪^{^{}}+{\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}(F_{2A}^a(𝐤+𝐪/2)F_{2A}^a(𝐤𝐪/2))`$

$$+(n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2))$$
(36)   
$`C_𝐪(𝐤)={\displaystyle \frac{v_𝐪}{V}}{\displaystyle \frac{n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)}{\omega ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2}}}\rho _𝐪^{^{}}`$

$`+{\displaystyle \frac{n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)}{\omega ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2}}}`$

$$+\frac{v_𝐪}{V}\frac{F_{2A}^a(𝐤+𝐪/2,𝐪)F_{2A}^a(𝐤𝐪/2,𝐪)}{\omega ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2}}$$
(37)   
After all this, it may be shown that the overall dielectric function including possible fluctutations in the momentum distribution is given by,

$$ϵ_{eff}(𝐪,\omega )=ϵ_{gRPA}(𝐪,\omega )(\frac{v_𝐪}{V})^2\frac{P_2(𝐪,\omega )}{ϵ_{gRPA}(𝐪,\omega )}$$
(38)   
Here,

$$P_2(𝐪,\omega )=\underset{𝐤,𝐤^{^{}}}{}\frac{N(𝐤+𝐪/2,𝐤^{^{}}+𝐪/2)N(𝐤𝐪/2,𝐤^{^{}}+𝐪/2)N(𝐤+𝐪/2,𝐤^{^{}}𝐪/2)+N(𝐤𝐪/2,𝐤^{^{}}𝐪/2)}{(\omega ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2})(\omega ϵ_{𝐤^{^{}}𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤^{^{}}+𝐪/2})}$$
(39)   
$$ϵ_{gRPA}(𝐪,\omega )=1+\frac{v_𝐪}{V}\underset{𝐤}{}\frac{n_0(𝐤+𝐪/2)n_0(𝐤𝐪/2)}{\omega ϵ_{𝐤+𝐪/2}+ϵ_{𝐤𝐪/2}}$$
(40)