# The R-Mode Oscillations in Relativistic Rotating Stars

## 1 Introduction

In recent years, the r-mode oscillations in rotating stars have been found to be significant implications. The axial oscillations are unstable by the gravitational radiation reaction (Andersson (1998), Friedman and Morsink (1998)). The mechanism of the instability can be understood by the generic argument for the gravitational radiation driven instability, so-called CFS-instability, which is originally examined for the polar perturbations, (Chandrasekhar (1970), Friedman and Schutz (1978), Friedman (1978)). All rotating stars become unstable in the absence of internal fluid dissipation, irrespective of the parity modes. Viscosity however damps out the oscillations, and stabilizes them in general. The polar f-mode instability is believed to act only in rapidly rotating neutron stars (Lindblom (1995)). The axial instability is however found to set in even in much more slowly rotating cases, and to play an important role on the evolution of hot newly-born neutron stars (Lindblom et al. (1998), Andersson et al., (1998)). The instability carries away most of angular momentum and rotational energy of the stars by the gravitational radiation. The gravitational wave emitted during the spin-down process is expected to be one of the promising sources for the laser interferometer gravitational wave detectors (Owen et al. (1998)).

Most of the estimates for the r-mode instability are based on the Newtonian calculations. That is, the oscillation frequencies are determined by inviscid hydrodynamics under the Newtonian gravity, and the gravitational radiation reaction is incorporated by evaluating the (current) multipole moments. Relativity has great influence on stellar structures, redshift in oscillation frequencies, frame dragging, radiations and so on. It is important to explore the relativistic effects, which may not change the general features of the oscillations, but shift the critical angular velocity. The relativistic calculation is not so easy task, even using the linear perturbation method concerning the oscillation amplitude. Both relativity and rotation complicate the problems considerably. 

As the first step toward a clear understanding of relativistic corrections, we have examined the r-mode oscillations with two approximations, the slow rotation approximation (Hartle (1967)) and the Cowling approximation (Cowling (1941)). The rotation is assumed to be slow, and treated as small perturbation from the non-rotating case. We also assume that the perturbation of the gravity can be neglected in the oscillations. The accuracy of the Cowling approximation are tested in the rotating relativistic system (Finn (1988), Lindblom and Splinter (1990), Yoshida and Kojima (1997)). The calculations give the same qualitative results and reasonable accuracy of the oscillation frequencies, as in the Newtonian stellar pulsation theory (e.g., Cox (1980)). In Section 2, we summarize the basic equations for the inviscid fluid in slowly rotating relativistic stars and the perturbation scheme to solve them. The r-mode solution is given at the lowest order with respect to the rotational parameter in Section 3. The mode can not be specified by a single frequency unlike in the Newtonian r-mode oscillation, although the frequency is bounded to a certain range. The spatial function of the mode is arbitrary at this order. In order to determine the radial structure, we need the rotational corrections up to the third order in the background. In Section 4, we include the rotational effects, and derive the equation governing the r-mode oscillations in non-barotropic region. The resultant equation becomes singular in the barotropic case, since the second-order differential term vanishes. In Section 5, we separately consider for the barotropic stars the mode function and the correction to the leading order. In Section 6, we discuss the implication of our results. We use the geometrical units of $`c=G=1.`$

## 2 Pulsation equations of axial mode

We consider a slowly rotating star with a uniform angular velocity $`\mathrm{\Omega }O(\epsilon )`$. The rotational effects can be treated as the corrections to the non-rotating spherical star. We will take account of the corrections up to the third order in $`\epsilon `$. The metric tensor for describing the stationary axisymmetric star is given by (Hartle (1967),Chandrasekhar and Miller (1974), Quintana (1976))

$`ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`e^\nu \left[1+2(h_0+h_2P_2)\right]dt^2+e^\lambda \left[1+{\displaystyle \frac{2e^\lambda }{r}}\left(m_0+m_2P_2\right)\right]dr^2`$ (1)   
$`+r^2(1+2k_2P_2)\left\{d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \left[d\varphi \left(\omega +W_1W_3{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}\theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{dP_3}{d\theta }}\right)dt\right]^2\right\},`$   
where $`P_l(\mathrm{cos}\theta )(l=2,3)`$ denotes the Legendre’s polynomial of degree $`l`$. The metric functions except $`g_{t\varphi }`$ should be expanded by an even power of $`\epsilon `$, while $`g_{t\varphi }`$ by an odd power of $`\epsilon `$ due to the rotational symmetry, i.e., $`\omega O(\epsilon ),`$ $`(h_0,h_2,m_0,m_2,k_2)O(\epsilon ^2)`$ and $`(W_1,W_3)O(\epsilon ^3).`$ These quantities are functions of the radial coordinate $`r`$.

The equilibrium state is assumed to be described with perfect-fluid stress-energy tensor. The 4-velocity of the fluid element inside the star has the components, which are correct to $`O(\epsilon ^3),`$

$$U^\varphi =\mathrm{\Omega }U^t,U^t=(g_{tt}2\mathrm{\Omega }g_{t\varphi }\mathrm{\Omega }^2g_{\varphi \varphi })^{1/2}.$$
(2)   
The pressure and density distributions are subject to the centrifugal deformation, which is the effect of $`O(\epsilon ^2).`$ These distributions are expressed as

$$p=p_0(r)+\{p_{20}(r)+p_{22}(r)P_2(\mathrm{cos}\theta )\},$$
(3)   
$$\rho =\rho _0(r)+\{\rho _{20}(r)+\rho _{22}(r)P_2(\mathrm{cos}\theta )\},$$
(4)   
where $`p_0`$ and $`\rho _0`$ are the values for the non-rotating star, and the quantities in the braces are the rotational corrections. The non-rotating spherical configuration and the rotational corrections in eqs.(1)-(4) are determined by successively solving the perturbed Einstein equations with the same power of $`\epsilon `$ (Hartle (1967),Chandrasekhar and Miller (1974), Quintana (1976)).

We consider the linear perturbations of the equilibrium fluid state. We use the Eulerian change of the pressure, density and 4-velocity, which are represented by $`\delta p`$, $`\delta \rho `$ and $`\delta U_\nu `$. The perturbations of the gravitational field are neglected in the Cowling approximation. It is convenient in the following calculation to expand these functions in terms of the spherical harmonics $`Y_{lm},`$

$`\delta p`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{lm}{}}\delta p_{lm}(t,r)Y_{lm}(\theta ,\varphi ),`$ (5)   
$`\delta \rho `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{lm}{}}\delta \rho _{lm}(t,r)Y_{lm}(\theta ,\varphi ),`$ (6)   
$`(\rho +p)\delta U_r`$ $`=`$ $`e^{\nu /2}{\displaystyle \underset{lm}{}}R_{lm}(t,r)Y_{lm}(\theta ,\varphi ),`$ (7)   
$`(\rho +p)\delta U_\theta `$ $`=`$ $`e^{\nu /2}{\displaystyle \underset{lm}{}}\left[V_{lm}(t,r)_\theta Y_{lm}(\theta ,\varphi ){\displaystyle \frac{U_{lm}(t,r)}{\mathrm{sin}\theta }}_\varphi Y_{lm}(\theta ,\varphi )\right],`$ (8)   
$`(\rho +p)\delta U_\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`e^{\nu /2}{\displaystyle \underset{lm}{}}\left[V_{lm}(t,r)_\varphi Y_{lm}(\theta ,\varphi )+U_{lm}(t,r)\mathrm{sin}\theta _\theta Y_{lm}(\theta ,\varphi )\right],`$ (9)   
$`\delta U_t`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }\delta U_\varphi .`$ (10)   
With these definitions, the pulsation equations are derived from the conservation laws of the perturbed energy-momentum,

$$\delta T_{\mu ;\nu }^\nu =0,$$
(11)   
where

$$\delta T_\mu ^\nu =(\delta \rho +\delta p)U_\mu U^\nu +\left[(\rho +p)\delta U_\mu U^\nu +(\rho +p)\delta U^\nu U_\mu \right]+\delta p\delta _\mu ^\nu .$$
(12)   
Since we assume that the perturbation is adiabatic, the thermodynamic relation between the perturbed pressure and density can be written as

$$\delta p+\xi p=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }p}{p+\rho }\left(\delta \rho +\xi \rho \right),$$
(13)   
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the adiabatic index and $`\xi `$ is the Lagrange displacement.

We will solve eqs.(11) and (13) by the expansion of $`\epsilon `$. In a spherical star, the perturbations decouple into purely polar and purely axial modes for each $`l`$ and $`m`$. A set of the functions $`𝒫_{lm}`$ $`(\delta p_{lm},\delta \rho _{lm},R_{lm},V_{lm})`$ describes the polar mode, while the function $`𝒜_{lm}`$ $`U_{lm}`$ describes the axial mode. In the presence of the rotation, the mode will be mixed among the terms with different $`l`$, while the mode can still be specified by a single $`m`$ (e.g., Kojima (1992), Kojima (1997)). The coupled equations are schematically expressed as

$$0=[𝒜_{lm}]+\times [𝒫_{l\pm 1m}]+^2\times [𝒜_{lm},𝒜_{l\pm 2m}]+\mathrm{},$$
(14)   
$$0=[𝒫_{lm}]+\times [𝒜_{l\pm 1m}]+^2\times [𝒫_{lm},𝒫_{l\pm 2m}]+\mathrm{},$$
(15)   
where the symbol $``$ means some functions of order $`\epsilon ,`$ and the square bracket formally represents the relation among the axial perturbation function $`𝒜_{lm}`$, or the polar perturbation function $`𝒫_{lm}`$ appeared therein. We also assume that the time variation of the oscillation is slow and proportional to $`\mathrm{\Omega },`$ i.e., $`_t\mathrm{\Omega }O(\epsilon ).`$ This is true in the r-mode oscillation, as will be confirmed soon. We look for the mode which is described by a single axial function with index $`(l,m)`$ in the limit of $`\epsilon 0.`$ That is, the polar part should vanish, while the axial part becomes finite. Hence, the perturbation functions are expanded as

$$𝒜_{lm}=𝒜_{lm}^{(1)}+\epsilon ^2𝒜_{lm}^{(2)}+\mathrm{},𝒫_{lm}=\epsilon (𝒫_{lm}^{(1)}+\epsilon ^2𝒫_{lm}^{(2)}+\mathrm{}).$$
(16)   
Substituting these functions into eqs.(14) and (15), and comparing the coefficients of $`\epsilon ^n(n=0,1,2)`$, we have

$`0`$ $`=`$ $`[𝒜_{lm}^{(1)}],`$ (17)   
$`0`$ $`=`$ $`[\epsilon 𝒫_{l\pm 1m}^{(1)}+\times 𝒜_{lm}^{(1)}],`$ (18)   
$`0`$ $`=`$ $`[\epsilon ^2𝒜_{lm}^{(2)}]+\times [\epsilon 𝒫_{l\pm 1m}^{(1)}]+^2\times [𝒜_{lm}^{(1)},𝒜_{l\pm 2m}^{(1)}]=[\epsilon ^2𝒜_{lm}^{(2)}+^2\times 𝒜_{lm}^{(1)}],`$ (19)   
where we have used $`𝒜_{l\pm 2m}^{(1)}=0`$ and the relation (18) in the last part of (19). Equation (17) represents the axial oscillation at the lowest order, which can be specified by $`U_{lm}^{(1)}.`$ Equation (19) is the second-order form of it, and the term $`^2\times 𝒜_{lm}^{(1)}`$ can be regarded as the rotational corrections. We will show the explicit forms corresponding to eqs.(17)-(19) in subsequent sections.

## 3 First-order solution

The leading term of eq.(11) is reduced to

$$\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)}im\chi U_{lm}^{(1)}=0,$$
(20)   
where

$$\chi =\frac{2}{l(l+1)}\varpi =\frac{2}{l(l+1)}(\mathrm{\Omega }\omega ),$$
(21)   
and a dot denotes time derivative in the co-rotating frame, i.e., $`\dot{U}_{lm}=(_t+im\mathrm{\Omega })U_{lm}`$. The evolution of the perturbation can be solved by the Laplace transformation,

$$u(s,r)=_0^{\mathrm{}}U_{lm}^{(1)}(t,r)e^{st}𝑑t.$$
(22)   
The Laplace transformation of eq.(20) is written as

$$\left(s+im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )\right)u(s,r)f_{lm}^{(1)}(r)=0,$$
(23)   
where $`f_{lm}^{(1)}`$ describes the initial disturbance at $`t=0`$. After solving $`u`$ and using the inverse transformation, the solution in $`t`$-domain is easily constructed as

$$U_{lm}^{(1)}(t,r)=f_{lm}^{(1)}(r)\frac{e^{st}}{s+im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )}𝑑s=f_{lm}^{(1)}(r)e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )t}H(t),$$
(24)   
where $`H(t)`$ is the Heaviside step function. We will consider $`t>0`$ region only, so that the function $`H(t)`$ may well be omitted from now on. For the Newtonian star, $`m(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )`$ becomes a constant

$$\sigma _N=\left(1\frac{2}{l(l+1)}\right)m\mathrm{\Omega }.$$
(25)   
This is the r-mode frequency measured in the non-rotating frame (Papaloizou and Pringle (1978), Provost et al. (1981), Saio (1982)). In the relativistic stars, $`\varpi `$ is monotonically increasing function of $`r`$, $`\varpi _0\varpi \varpi _R.`$ The possible range of the r-mode frequency is spread out. If one regards eq.(24) as the sum of the Fourier component $`e^{i\sigma t},`$ then the spectrum is continuous in the range

$$\left(1\frac{2}{l(l+1)}\frac{\varpi _R}{\mathrm{\Omega }}\right)m\mathrm{\Omega }\sigma \left(1\frac{2}{l(l+1)}\frac{\varpi _0}{\mathrm{\Omega }}\right)m\mathrm{\Omega }.$$
(26)   
This result is the same<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1 Note that this conclusion is derived within the lowest-order approximation of the perturbation scheme. The consistency in the higher order will affect it for barotropic case as will be shown in the following sections., even if metric perturbations are considered (Kojima (1998)). The time-dependence is determined, whereas the radial dependence $`f_{lm}^{(1)}`$ is arbitrary at this order. The function $`f_{lm}^{(1)}`$ in eq.(24) is constrained by the equation of motions for the polar part, as will be shown in the subsequent sections. In this manner, the perturbation scheme (17)-(19) is degenerate perturbation.

## 4 Second-order equation

The pressure and density perturbations are induced by the rotation, while the axial mode in the non-rotating stars is never coupled to them. We may assume that the perturbation can be specified by a single function $`U_{lm}^{(1)}`$ at the leading order, since general case can be described by the linear combination. The axial part induces the polar parts with index $`(l\pm 1,m)`$ according to the perturbation scheme (18). It is straightforward to solve $`\delta p_{l\pm 1m},`$ and $`\delta \rho _{l\pm 1m}`$ from two components of eq.(11) in terms of the first-order corrections and $`U_{lm}^{(1)}`$. The explicit results are 

$`\delta p_{l\pm 1m}`$ $`=`$ $`2S_\pm \varpi U_{lm}^{(1)},`$ (27)   
$`\delta \rho _{l\pm 1m}`$ $`=`$ $`4S_\pm {\displaystyle \frac{e^{\nu /2}}{\nu ^{}}}(e^{\nu /2}\varpi U_{lm}^{(1)})^{}+2T_\pm {\displaystyle \frac{e^\nu }{r^2\nu ^{}}}(r^2\varpi e^\nu )^{}U_{lm}^{(1)},`$ (28)   
where

$`S_+`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{l}{l+1}}Q_+,S_{}={\displaystyle \frac{l+1}{l}}Q_{},`$ (29)   
$`T_+`$ $`=`$ $`lQ_+,T_{}=(l+1)Q_{},`$ (30)   
$`Q_+`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{(l+1)^2m^2}{(2l+1)(2l+3)}}},Q_{}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{l^2m^2}{(2l1)(2l+1)}}}.`$ (31)   
We here denote a derivative with respect to $`r`$ by a prime. The lowest order form of eq.(13) is also decoupled into the equation of each $`l,m`$ component,

$$\delta \dot{p}_{l\pm 1m}C^2\delta \dot{\rho }_{l\pm 1m}=AC^2e^\nu \left(e^\lambda R_{l\pm 1m}\frac{3im\xi _2}{r^2}Q_\pm U_{lm}^{(1)}\right),$$
(32)   
with

$`C^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }p_0}{p_0+\rho _0}},`$ (33)   
$`A`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _0^{}}{p_0+\rho _0}}{\displaystyle \frac{p_0^{}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }p_0}}.`$ (34)   
In eq.(32), the displacement $`\xi _2`$ represents the quadrupole deformation of the stationary star, and is related to the quantities of $`O(\epsilon ^2)`$ as

$$\xi _2=\frac{2}{\nu ^{}}\left(h_2+\frac{1}{3}\varpi ^2r^2e^\nu \right).$$
(35)   
The region for $`A>0`$ is convectively unstable, while that for $`A<0`$ is stably stratified. We here assume $`A0`$ in the following calculations, but will separately consider the case $`A=0`$ in Section 5. From eq.(32), the function $`R_{l\pm 1m}`$ is solved by $`U_{lm}^{(1)}`$ for the region $`A0`$. The function $`V_{l\pm 1m}`$ describing the horizontal motion is calculated from the remaining component of eq.(11). The explicit form is given by

$`\left[l^{}(l^{}+1)V_{l^{}m}\right]_{l^{}=l\pm 1}`$ $`=`$ $`S_\pm (v_2+l(l+1)r^2\mathrm{\Omega }e^\nu \dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)})+T_\pm (v_1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}r^2\varpi e^\nu \dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)})`$ (36)   
$`+l(l+1)Q_\pm v_0,`$   
where

$`v_2`$ $`=`$ $`4e^{(3\nu +\lambda )/2}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{r^2e^{\lambda /2}}{A\nu ^{}}}\left((e^{\nu /2}\varpi \dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)})^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{\nu ^{}}{2C^2}}(e^{\nu /2}\varpi \dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)})\right)\right]^{}`$ (37)   
$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{4r^2e^{3\nu /2}}{\nu ^{}}}\right)(e^{\nu /2}\varpi \dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)})^{},`$   
$`v_1`$ $`=`$ $`2e^{(3\nu +\lambda )/2}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{e^{(3\nu +\lambda )/2}}{A\nu ^{}}}(r^2\varpi e^\nu )^{}\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)}\right]^{}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2e^{\nu /2}}{\nu ^{}}}(r^2\varpi e^{\nu /2})^{}+\mathrm{\Omega }r^2e^\nu \right]\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)},`$ (38)   
$`v_0`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\xi _2}{\varpi }}\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{r^2e^\nu }{2}}(\varpi +2\mathrm{\Omega }){\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{e^\lambda m_2}{\varpi r}}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}e^{(\nu +\lambda )/2}\left[e^{(\nu +\lambda )/2}{\displaystyle \frac{\xi _2}{\varpi }}\right]^{}\right]\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)}.`$ (39)   
In eq.(36), we have used eq.(20) to simplify it.

These corrections in the polar functions affect the axial parts with indices $`(l\pm 2,m)`$ and $`(l,m).`$ We are interested in the term with index $`(l,m)`$ as the corrections to the leading equation. In deriving the axial equation with these corrections, the terms up to $`O(\epsilon ^3)`$ in the background field also affect it. We include both corrections to the axial equation and have the following form,

$$0=\dot{U}_{lm}^{(2)}im\chi U_{lm}^{(2)}+[\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)}],$$
(40)   
where $``$ is the Sturm-Liouville differential operator defined by

$`[\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)}]`$ $`=`$ $`8c_3\varpi e^{(\lambda /2\nu )}(\rho _0+p_0)\left[{\displaystyle \frac{r^2e^{(\lambda \nu )/2}}{A\nu ^{}(\rho _0+p_0)}}(e^{\nu /2}\varpi \dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)})^{}\right]^{}(F+G)\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)},`$ (41)   
$`F`$ $`=`$ $`4c_3\varpi ^2e^{(\lambda /2\nu )}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^2e^{\lambda /2}\rho _0^{}}{Ap_0^{}}}\right)^{}{\displaystyle \frac{4c_2\varpi ^2e^{(\lambda 3\nu )/2}}{\rho _0+p_0}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{e^{(\lambda +3\nu )/2}}{A\nu ^{}\varpi }}(\varpi r^2e^\nu )^{}(\rho _0+p_0)\right]^{}`$ (42)   
$`+\left({\displaystyle \frac{2c_1e^\nu }{A\nu ^{}r^2}}\right)[(r^2\varpi e^\nu )^{}]^2,`$   
$`G`$ $`=`$ $`8c_3\varpi ^2e^{(\lambda /2\nu )}\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^2e^{\lambda /2}}{\nu ^{}}}\right)^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{4c_2}{\nu ^{}r^2}}(\varpi ^2r^4e^\nu )^{}`$ (43)   
$`3c_1\left[re^{\lambda /2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{e^{\lambda /2}\xi _2}{r}}\right)^{}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varpi ^{}}{\varpi }}\xi _2k_2+{\displaystyle \frac{e^\lambda }{r}}m_2+{\displaystyle \frac{5W_3}{\varpi }}\right]`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{3m^2}{l(l+1)}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\xi _2}{r}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varpi ^{}}{\varpi }}\xi _2+k_2{\displaystyle \frac{5W_3}{\varpi }}\right]\left({\displaystyle \frac{W_1}{\varpi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{6W_3}{\varpi }}\right),`$   
$`c_n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{l+1}{l^n}}Q_{}^2+(1)^{n1}{\displaystyle \frac{l}{(l+1)^n}}Q_+^2.`$ (44)   
In order to solve eq.(40), we introduce a complete set of functions as for the operator $`,`$

$$[y_\kappa ]+\kappa y_\kappa =0.$$
(45)   
where $`\kappa `$ is the eigenvalue and the eigenfunction $`y_\kappa (r)`$ is characterized by $`\kappa `$, e.g., the number of the nodes. The eigenvalue is real number of $`O(\epsilon ^2)`$, since $``$ is the Hermitian operator of $`O(\epsilon ^2)`$. The eigenvalue problem is solved with appropriate boundary conditions. For example, the function should satisfy the regularity condition at the center and the Lagrangian pressure should vanish at the stellar surface. Certain initial date $`f_{lm}^{(1)}`$ in eq.(24) can be decomposed by the set. We may restrict our consideration to a single function labeled by $`\kappa `$, since the general case is described by discrete sum or integration over a certain range. By putting $`y_\kappa =im\chi f_{lm;\kappa }^{(1)},`$ we have

$$[\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)}]=[im\chi f_{lm;\kappa }^{(1)}e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )t}]=im\kappa \chi f_{lm;\kappa }^{(1)}e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )t},$$
(46)   
where $`(e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )t})^{}`$ gives the first order correction and is neglected here. Using $`f_{lm;\kappa }^{(1)}`$, we can integrate eq.(40) with respect to $`t`$, and have the function $`U_{lm}^{(2)}(t,r)`$ of $`O(\epsilon ^2)`$ as

$$U_{lm}^{(2)}=(im\kappa \chi tf_{lm;\kappa }^{(1)}+f_{lm}^{(2)})e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )t},$$
(47)   
where the function $`f_{lm}^{(2)}`$ of $`O(\epsilon ^2)`$ is unknown at this order. The sum of the first and second order forms is approximated as

$`U_{lm}^{(1)}+U_{lm}^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`\left[(1+im\kappa \chi t)f_{lm;\kappa }^{(1)}+f_{lm}^{(2)}\right]e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )t}`$ (48)   
$`=`$ $`\left[f_{lm;\kappa }^{(1)}+f_{lm}^{(2)}\right]e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }(1+\kappa )\chi )t},`$ (49)   
where we have exploited the freedom of $`f_{lm}^{(2)}`$ to eliminate the unphysical growing term in eq.(48). The value $`\kappa `$ originated from the fixing of the initial data becomes evident for large $`t`$, since the accumulation of small effects from the higher order terms is no longer neglected. As a result, the frequency should be adjusted with the second-order correction to be a good approximation even for slightly large $`t`$, as in eq.(49). This renormalization of the frequency is closely related to treating $`t`$ as strained coordinate in the perturbation method. (See e.g. Hinch (1991).) In this way, the specification of the initial data at the leading order has influence on the second-order correction $`\kappa `$.

## 5  Oscillations in barotropic stars

The structure of the neutron stars is almost approximated to be barotropic. The pulsation equation is quite different from that of non-barotropic case, as in the Newtonian pulsation theory. The relation (32) for the case $`A=0`$ is replaced by

$$\delta p_{l\pm 1m}=C^2\delta \rho _{l\pm 1m}=\frac{p_0^{}}{\rho _0^{}}\delta \rho _{l\pm 1m}=\frac{\nu ^{}(p_0+\rho _0)}{2\rho _0^{}}\delta \rho _{lm}.$$
(50)   
In the last part of eq.(50), we have used hydrostatic equation of the non-rotating star. In this case, the function $`R_{l\pm 1m}`$ is never determined through eq.(32) unlike in $`A0`$ case, but rather we have two restrictions to a single function $`U_{lm}^{(1)}`$. These conditions are never satisfied simultaneously unless for $`m=\pm l`$, in which one condition is trivial, $`\delta p_{l1m}=\delta \rho _{l1m}=0`$ due to $`Q_{}=0`$. The other condition for $`m=\pm l`$ becomes

$$(e^{\nu /2}\varpi U_{lm}^{(1)})^{}+\left(\frac{\nu ^{}}{2C^2}\frac{l+1}{2}\frac{(\varpi r^2e^\nu )^{}}{\varpi r^2e^\nu }\right)e^{\nu /2}\varpi U_{lm}^{(1)}=0.$$
(51)   
Substituting the form (24) into this and neglecting the higher order term due to $`(e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )t})^{}`$, we have the same differential equation for $`f_{lm}^{(1)}.`$ The integration with respect to $`r`$ results in

$`U_{lm}^{(1)}(t,r)`$ $`=`$ $`f_{lm;}^{(1)}e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )t}`$ (52)   
$`=`$ $`\left[N_0(\rho _0+p_0)r^{l+1}e^\nu (\varpi e^\nu )^{(l1)/2}\right]e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )t},`$   
where $`N_0`$ is a normalization constant. In this way, the function of the lowest order is determined. The corresponding the 3-velocity at $`t+0`$ is given by

$$\dot{\xi }_\varphi =\delta v_\varphi =N_0r^{l+1}(\varpi e^\nu )^{(l1)/2}.$$
(53)   
As shown by Friedman and Morsink (1998), the canonical energy of the perturbation is negative for the Lagrange displacement $`\xi _\varphi ,`$ and the solution therefore means unstable if the gravitational radiation reaction sets in.

We now specify $`R_{l\pm 1m}`$ of $`O(\epsilon ^2)`$ to proceed to the pulsation equation with the second order corrections. The function $`X_{l\pm 1m}`$ describing the radial motion is introduced as

$$R_{l\pm 1m}=X_{l\pm 1m}+\frac{3ime^\lambda \xi _2}{r^2}Q_\pm U_{lm}^{(1)}.$$
(54)   
The function $`X_{l\pm 1m}`$ is arbitrary at this order, but we have two special cases. One is $`X_{l\pm 1m}=0,`$ which is the limiting case for eq.(32) in a sense. The other is chosen so as to vanish the Lagrangian change of the pressure within the entire star. The condition corresponds to $`X_{l\pm 1m}=4S_\pm \varpi e^{\lambda \nu }\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)}/\nu ^{}.`$ For the first choice, the Lagrangian change of the pressure never vanishes at the surface unless $`\rho _0`$ vanishes there. The second one is the usual way treated in the Newtonian r-mode, as shown by Lindblom and Ipser (1998). With the second choice of $`X_{l\pm 1m}`$ and eq.(52), the pulsation equation for $`m=\pm l`$ leads to

$$\dot{U}_{lm}^{(2)}im\chi U_{lm}^{(2)}G\dot{U}_{lm}^{(1)}=0,$$
(55)   
where $`G`$ is defined in eq.(43). This equation is solved for $`U_{lm}^{(2)}`$ as in Section 4. The solution up to $`O(\epsilon ^2)`$ is written as

$$U_{lm}^{(1)}+U_{lm}^{(2)}=\left[f_{lm;}^{(1)}+f_{lm}^{(2)}\right]e^{im(\mathrm{\Omega }(1+G)\chi )t},$$
(56)   
where the function $`f_{lm}^{(2)}`$ of $`O(\epsilon ^2)`$ is unknown at this order. This expression (56) is formally the same as in eq.(49) for the non-barotropic case with $`\kappa =G.`$ The second-order correction in the frequency however depends on the position owing to the particular choice of the function $`f_{lm;}^{(1)}.`$

We show the second-order rotational correction $`G`$ for $`l=m=2`$ mode in Fig.1. We adopt the polytropic stellar model with index $`n=1.`$ For the Newtonian star, $`G`$ is a positive function, which monotonically increases from the center to the surface. The value ranges from $`G=0.55(\mathrm{\Omega }^2R^3/M)`$ to $`G=0.75(\mathrm{\Omega }^2R^3/M),`$ where $`R`$ and $`M`$ are the radius and the mass for the non-rotating star. These values are rather smaller than that of incompressible case, $`G=37/27(\mathrm{\Omega }^2R^3/M).`$ (Only for the Newtonian incompressible case, the factor $`G`$ is a constant. See Appendix.) The stellar deformation $`\xi _2,`$ which is the most important contribution to $`G,`$ diminishes in the compressible fluid. As the star becomes relativistic, other relativistic factors become significant. As a result, the factor $`G`$ is scaled down as a whole, and eventually becomes negative for some regions. In any cases, the frequencies satisfy the criterion of the radiation reaction instability, which implies $`0<(1+G)\chi /\mathrm{\Omega }<1.`$ That is, retrograde in the rotating frame and prograde in the inertial frame. Therefore, the second-order correction never changes qualitative picture of the instability.

In Fig.2, we show the frequency range of the r-mode oscillations in the first-order rotational calculation. The upper and lower limits on the continuous spectrum in eq.(26) are shown by two lines. The intermediate values between the two lines are allowed for a fixed model $`M/R.`$ The frequency is a single value $`\sigma _N`$, given by eq.(25) in the Newtonian limit. The dragging effect relevant to the relativity broadens the allowed range as shown by eq.(26). In Fig. 3, the allowed range is shown including the second-order corrections for the extreme case $`\mathrm{\Omega }^2=M/R^3.`$ Even in the Newtonian case, the oscillation frequency is not a single value, since the factor $`G`$ depends on $`r,`$ as seen in Fig.1. The allowed range of the frequency further increases with the relativistic factor. From this result, we expect that the r-mode frequency ranges from $`0.8\sigma _N`$ to $`1.2\sigma _N`$ for a typical neutron star model with $`M/R0.2.`$

We examine the effect on the spectrum of the gravitational waves emitted by the r-mode oscillations. We for simplicity neglect all relativistic corrections expect in the frequency, and estimate the spectrum by the Newtonian radiation theory. The dimensionless gravitational amplitude $`h(t)`$ at infinity is determined by evaluating the time variation of the current multipole moment, $`h(t)d^lS_{lm}/dt^l`$ (Thorne (1980)). The current multipole moment $`S_{lm}`$ for $`l=m=2`$ mode and the velocity (53) is given by

$$S_{22}=N\rho _0(\varpi e^\nu )^{1/2}e^{2i(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )t}r^6𝑑r,$$
(57)   
where the normalization $`N`$ is also included the constant from the integration over angular parts. The Fourier component $`h(\sigma )`$ can be expressed as

$$h(\sigma )=h(t)e^{+i\sigma t}𝑑t\rho _0(\varpi e^\nu )^{1/2}(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi )^2\delta (\sigma 2(\mathrm{\Omega }\chi ))r^6𝑑r.$$
(58)   
The spectrum has a finite line breadth as shown in Fig.4. The spectrum is non-zero only for $`\sigma =\sigma _N`$ in the Newtonian treatment, but is broad in the relativistic one. The width at the half maximum is $`\mathrm{\Delta }\sigma /\sigma _N0.1.`$

## 6 Discussion

In this paper, we have calculated the r-mode oscillations in the relativistic rotating stars, neglecting the gravitational perturbations. The evolution can be described by oscillatory solutions which are neutral, i.e., never decay or grow in the absence of the dissipation. The oscillation is described not by a single frequency, but by the frequencies of a broad range, unlike in the Newtonian case. The reason is that the local rotation rate depends on the position due to the frame dragging effect even for uniform rotation. The r-mode oscillation frequency forms a continuous spectrum within a certain range. This property is distinguished from the well-known stellar oscillation modes such as the polar f-, p-modes, in which the spectrum of frequency is discrete. The r-mode frequencies lie in the unstable region for the gravitational radiation reaction instability, but it will be an important issue whether or not the different spectrum of the unstable modes leads to different growth, e.g., in the non-linear regime.

###### Acknowledgements.

We would like to thank Prof. Y. Eriguchi for enlightening discussion about this topics. This was supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research Fund of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan (08640378).    

## Appendix A Newtonian limit

In this appendix, we will consider the r-mode oscillations in the Newtonian limit, in which

$$(e^\nu ,e^\lambda ,(\rho _0+p_0)/\rho _0,\varpi /\mathrm{\Omega })1,(\varpi ^{},m_2,k_2,W_1,W_3)0.$$
(A1)   
Equation (40) reduces to the equation derived by Provost et al. (1981), if the variables are matched. They solved the eigenvalue problem, assuming the form $`e^{i(m\mathrm{\Omega }\sigma _0(1+\sigma _1))t}`$, where $`\sigma _0`$ of $`O(\epsilon )`$ is given by $`2m\mathrm{\Omega }/(l(l+1))`$. The correction $`\sigma _1`$ of $`O(\epsilon ^2)`$ was determined by solving the eigenvalue problem for the operator $`_N=D_N(F_N+G_N)`$ in the case of $`A0`$,

$$_N[y]+\sigma _1y=0,$$
(A2)   
with

$`𝒟_N[y]`$ $`=`$ $`4c_3\mathrm{\Omega }^2\rho _0\left[{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{Ag\rho _0}}y^{}\right]^{},`$ (A3)   
$`F_N`$ $`=`$ $`4c_3\mathrm{\Omega }^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^2\rho _0^{}}{Ap_0^{}}}\right)^{}{\displaystyle \frac{4c_2\mathrm{\Omega }^2}{\rho _0}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _0r}{Ag}}\right]^{}+\left({\displaystyle \frac{4c_1\mathrm{\Omega }^2}{Ag}}\right),`$ (A4)   
$`G_N`$ $`=`$ $`4c_3\mathrm{\Omega }^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{g}}\right)^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{8c_2\mathrm{\Omega }^2r}{g}}+2c_1r\alpha ^{}+{\displaystyle \frac{2m^2}{l(l+1)}}\alpha ,`$ (A5)   
where we have used the gravitational acceleration $`g=\nu ^{}/2`$ and ellipticity $`\alpha =3\xi _2/(2r).`$ The second-order correction $`\sigma _1`$ exactly corresponds to $`\kappa `$ in eq.(45).

As shown previously (Provost et al. (1981), Saio (1982)), the eigen-value problem becomes singular<sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2 Recently, Lockitch and Friedman (1998) showed the resolution of the singularity in Newtonian isentropic stars. for the barotropic case $`A=0`$, since the second-order differential term vanishes. The second-order solution (56) in the Newtonian limit reduces to

$$U_{lm}^{(1)}+U_{lm}^{(2)}=\left[N_0\rho _0r^l+f_{lm}^{(2)}\right]e^{i(m\mathrm{\Omega }\sigma _0(1+\sigma _1))t}.$$
(A6)   
This equation is valid only for $`l=\pm m`$, since the Newtonian counterpart of eq.(50) is never satisfied otherwise. When the correction $`G_N`$ is not a constant, the eigenvalue problem is ill-posed. The function $`G_N`$ indeed depends on $`r`$ for the compressible matter, so that Provost et al. (1981) concluded no solution in this case. The exceptional case is the incompressible fluid, in which $`G_N`$ is a constant since $`\alpha =5/4(\mathrm{\Omega }^2R^3/M),g=Mr/R^3.`$ The correction in the frequency for $`l=m`$ is

$$G_N=\frac{4l}{(l+1)^3}\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }^2R^3}{M}+\frac{2l}{l+1}\alpha ,$$
(A7)   
which should be the same value calculated by Provost et al. (1981) except a misprint in their expression.