# A note on Farey sequences and Hausdorff dimension

## Abstract

We prove that the Farey sequences can be express into equivalence classes labeled by a fractal parameter which looks like a Hausdorff dimension $`h`$ defined within the interval $`1`$$`<`$$`h`$$`<`$$`2`$. The classes $`h`$ satisfy the same properties of the Farey series and for each value of $`h`$ there exists an algebraic equation.

From considerations about Fractional Quantum Hall Effect (FQHE) we have found a connection between a fractal parameter or Hausdorff dimension $`h`$ and the Farey series. Thus, we have the following theorem:

The elements of the Farey series belong to distinct equivalence classes labeled by a fractal parameter $`h`$ defined into the interval $`1`$$`<`$$`h`$$`<`$$`2`$, such that these classes satisfy the same properties observed for that fractions. Also, for each value of $`h`$ there exists an algebraic equation .

The fractal parameter $`h`$ is related to $`\nu `$ ( an irreducible number $`\frac{p}{q}`$, with $`p`$ and $`q`$ integers ) as follows

$`h1=1\nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}0}<\nu <1;h1=\nu 1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}1}<\nu <2;`$ (1)   
$`h1=3\nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}2}<\nu <3;h1=\nu 3,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}3}<\nu <4;`$ (2)   
$`h1=5\nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}4}<\nu <5;h1=\nu 5,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}5}<\nu <6;`$ (3)   
$`h1=7\nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}6}<\nu <7;h1=\nu 7,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}7}<\nu <8;`$ (4)   
$`h1=9\nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}8}<\nu <9;h1=\nu 9,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}9}<\nu <10;`$ (5)   
$`etc,`$ (6)   
We can extract, for example, the classes

$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{7}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{11}{3}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{5}{3}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{5}{14}},{\displaystyle \frac{23}{14}},{\displaystyle \frac{33}{14}},{\displaystyle \frac{51}{14}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{23}{14}};`$ (7)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{4}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{18}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{26}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{40}{11}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{18}{11}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{7}{19}},{\displaystyle \frac{31}{19}},{\displaystyle \frac{45}{19}},{\displaystyle \frac{69}{19}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{31}{19}};`$ (8)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{10}{27}},{\displaystyle \frac{44}{27}},{\displaystyle \frac{64}{27}},{\displaystyle \frac{98}{27}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{44}{27}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}},{\displaystyle \frac{13}{8}},{\displaystyle \frac{19}{8}},{\displaystyle \frac{29}{8}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{13}{8}};`$ (9)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{11}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{17}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{25}{7}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{11}{7}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{4}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{14}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{22}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{32}{9}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{14}{9}}`$ (10)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{5}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{17}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{27}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{39}{11}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{17}{11}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{6}{13}},{\displaystyle \frac{20}{13}},{\displaystyle \frac{32}{13}},{\displaystyle \frac{46}{13}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{20}{13}},`$ (11)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{8}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{12}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{18}{5}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{8}{5}},`$ (12)   
and for that we can consider the serie $`(h,\nu )`$

$`({\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}})({\displaystyle \frac{18}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{4}{11}})({\displaystyle \frac{13}{8}},{\displaystyle \frac{3}{8}})({\displaystyle \frac{8}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{2}{5}})`$ (13)   
$`({\displaystyle \frac{11}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{3}{7}})({\displaystyle \frac{14}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{4}{9}})({\displaystyle \frac{17}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{5}{11}})({\displaystyle \frac{20}{13}},{\displaystyle \frac{6}{13}})\mathrm{}`$ (14)   
The classes $`h`$ satisfy all properties of the Farey series:

P1. If $`h_1=\frac{p_1}{q_1}`$ and $`h_2=\frac{p_2}{q_2}`$ are two consecutive fractions $`\frac{p_1}{q_1}`$$`>`$$`\frac{p_2}{q_2}`$, then $`|p_2q_1q_2p_1|=1`$.

P2. If $`\frac{p_1}{q_1}`$, $`\frac{p_2}{q_2}`$, $`\frac{p_3}{q_3}`$ are three consecutive fractions $`\frac{p_1}{q_1}`$$`>`$$`\frac{p_2}{q_2}`$$`>`$$`\frac{p_3}{q_3}`$, then $`\frac{p_2}{q_2}=\frac{p_1+p_3}{q_1+q_3}`$.

P3. If $`\frac{p_1}{q_1}`$ and $`\frac{p_2}{q_2}`$ are consecutive fractions in the same sequence, then among all fractions   
between the two, $`\frac{p_1+p_2}{q_1+q_2}`$ is the unique reduced fraction with the smallest denominator.

For more details about Farey series see. All these properties can be verified for the classes considered above as an example. Another example is

$`(h,\nu )`$ $`=`$ $`({\displaystyle \frac{11}{6}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{6}})({\displaystyle \frac{9}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{5}})({\displaystyle \frac{7}{4}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}})({\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}})`$ (17)   
$`({\displaystyle \frac{8}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{2}{5}})({\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}})({\displaystyle \frac{7}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{3}{5}})({\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}})`$   
$`({\displaystyle \frac{5}{4}},{\displaystyle \frac{3}{4}})({\displaystyle \frac{6}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{4}{5}})({\displaystyle \frac{7}{6}},{\displaystyle \frac{5}{6}})\mathrm{},`$   
where the $`\nu `$ sequence is the Farey series of order $`6`$. Thus, we observe that because of the fractal spectrum (Eq.1), we can write down any Farey series of rational numbers.

In summary, we have extracted from considerations about FQHE a beautiful connection between number theory and physics. We have shown that the Farey series can be arranged into equivalence classes labeled by a fractal parameter $`h`$ which looks like a Hausdorff dimension. For each value of $`h`$ we have an algebraic equation derived of the functional equation

$`\xi =\left\{𝒴(\xi )1\right\}^{h1}\left\{𝒴(\xi )2\right\}^{2h},`$ (18)   
where $`\xi `$ is an exponential function. Then, there exists a relation between algebraic equation and Farey series. The connection between a geometric parameter related to paths of particles ( charge-flux system called fractons identified with holes of a multiply connected space) defined in the context of a two dimensional physical system and rational numbers deserve a more deep research.