# 1 Replica symmetric density of states below 𝑇_𝑓 showing at a small central peak emerge (and disappear at lowest 𝑇, left figure) for a chemical potential 𝜇=0.39⁢𝐽 just below the (0RPSB-) gap energy 𝐽⁢√2/𝜋 and a large one for 𝜇=0.8⁢𝐽 in the right figure

PSEUDOGAPS AND CHARGE BAND IN THE PARISI SOLUTION OF INSULATING AND SUPERCONDUCTING ELECTRONIC SPIN GLASSES AT ARBITRARY FILLINGS

Reinhold Oppermann and Heiko Feldmann

Abstract. We report progress in understanding the fermionic Ising spin glass with arbitrary filling. A crossover from a magnetically disordered single band phase via two intermediate bands just below the freezing temperature to a 3-band structure at still lower temperatures - beyond an almost random field instability - is shown to emerge in the magnetic phase. An attempt is made to explain the exact solution in terms of a quantum Parisi phase. A central nonmagnetic band is found and seen to become sharply separated at $`T=0`$ by gaps from upper and lower magnetic bands. The gap sizes tend towards zero as the number of replica symmetry breaking steps increases towards infinity. In an extended model, the competition between local pairing superconductivity and spin glass order is discussed.

1. INTRODUCTION   
The fermionic Ising spin glass has many interesting and important features. To mention a few:   
i) It is an insulating limit of a large class of itinerant models that involve frustrated magnetic order,   
ii) its classical part coincides at $`T=0`$ with the $`S=1`$ Ghatak-Sherrington model , whose nonmagnetic $`S=0`$-section differs slightly at finite temperatures,   
iii) its definition on the Fock space allows quantum-dynamical fermionic correlations in addition to the static spin- and charge-correlations;   
iv) the existence of low energy excitations in this sector of quantum-dynamical correlations was seen to be connected with full (infinite-step) replica permutation symmetry breaking of the Parisi type . The fascinating aspect was that infinite breaking of discrete symmetries may lead to soft modes commonly known from weak breaking of continuous symmetries;   
v) its Onsager reaction field led to complications in the mean field theory comparable to those encountered in the infinite-dimensional Hubbard model ,   
vi) the strong coupling of charge and spin fluctuations causes a specific influence of frustrated magnetic interactions on electronic transport including superconductivity .   

2. MAGNETIC AND NONMAGNETIC BANDS IN THE INSULATING MODEL   
In order to obtain conclusions about the band structure of the model we first solved analytically and numerically a set of coupled selfconsistent equations for magnetic parameters. The number of these quantities increases towards infinity for the full Parisi solution. This turned out not to be a completely unsolvable problem. At half filling we obtained the ratio between density of states at the gap edge and gap width as an invariant under the number of steps which break replica permutation symmtery (RPSB). Recognizing the gap widths to be given by the nonequilibrium susceptibility, which is known to approach zero as $`T0`$, we concluded a pseudogap as the exact solution. As for the Hubbard model, doping leads to serious complications in the fermionic spin glass. Away from half-filling the fermionic Ising spin glass must accomodate doubly occupied sites (even at $`T=0`$ and positive chemical potential).   
As Fig.1 indicates, the lowest order calculation with a fermionic excitation gap $`E_{g0}=\sqrt{2/\pi }`$ keeps $`\nu =1`$ for $`\mu <1/\sqrt{2\pi }`$. The regions with and without a central nonmagnetic band are separated by the line $``$, shown in Fig.2. Since $`\mu =0.39`$ is chosen here very close to $`\frac{1}{2}E_{g0}`$ and since the line $``$ includes a small area below $`\frac{1}{2}E_{g0}`$ at finite temperatures, before it turns around to meet $`E_{g0}/2`$ at $`T=0`$, a certain kind of reentrance is observed. Decreasing the temperature one observes the growth of a small central peak, which looses however its weight in favour of the magnetic bands as $`T0`$.   
Picking one representation from our numerous calculations for $`\mu `$ larger than $`E_{g0}/2`$, where the system is no more half-filled, we selected the one for $`\mu =0.8`$, a value still in the magnetic regime but not far from the discontinuous transition into the paramagnetic phase. For all $`\mu >1/\sqrt{2\pi }`$ the central peak grows until it reaches its maximum height at zero temperature.   
This band becomes completely separated from the magnetic bands to its left and right, when $`T`$ reaches zero. The area under the central band is equal to $`\nu 1`$, which is the deviation from half-filling ($`\nu =_\sigma (\widehat{n}_{}+\widehat{n}_{})`$=1).   
We have also calculated numerically and analytically the 1-step replica permutation symmetry broken solutions, which will be published elsewhere. In this improved approximation a similar scenario takes place, only with the gap energy depressed to the much smaller value of $`E_{g1}/2.119`$. For chemical potentials larger than this value the system is no more half filled. In the range $`E_{g1}<2\mu <E_{g0}`$ the central peak is already present, only its growth is confined to lower temperatures. This will continue for more and more RPSB-steps and, finally, the central peak will exist everywhere except at half-filling. The exact solution for the nonmagnetic charge band at $`\mathrm{}`$-RPSB maintains features of its replica symmetric Gaussian predecessor.   
The special line L shown in Figure 2 encloses the 3-band low $`T`$ domain and its definition resembles an instability condition. However, offdiagonal elements $`Q^{ab}`$ exist (ie finite saddle point solutions in the infinite-range model) and stabilize the system against random field criticality. It is the Almeida Thouless eigenvalues which decide stability. The ubiquituous instability against RPSB does not allow exact conclusions on other potential instabilities. This renders the task extremely difficult and has led to delay in attempts to solve related problems. The possibility of vector replica symmetry breaking must be seriously considered.   

3. COMPETITION BETWEEN LOCAL SUPERCONDUCTING AND SPIN GLASS ORDER   
This type of problem was studied by several groups, who focused on models which couple a localized spin system with randomly frozen magnetic moments to another species of mobile and eventually superconducting fermions. We considered in particular the case of a single fermion species that is exposed to the abovementioned random magnetic interaction and to an attractive interaction. Following the experience with negative U Hubbard models for example, arbitrarily small transport processes are known to delocalize the preformed pairs and turn the system superconducting.   
Many details of our analysis were published in . The new insight gained from the selforganized 3-band structure in the low temperature regime of the purely random magnetic system appears relevant for local pairing and superconductivity too. The central nonmagnetic band meets a magnetic band at the Fermi level. For any finite order of RPSB-steps they were separated by finite gaps, but finally these become pseudogaps. The phase diagram shown in Fig.2 reveals the increasing importance of RPSB for the competition between local pairing and spin glass order as the temperature decreases. The presence of smaller and smaller order parameters in higher RPSB order seems to allow superconductivity to regain more pieces of the phase diagram. Very unlike the competition between ferromagnetism and spin glass order for incomplete frustrated interactions, the SC-SG interface does not tend towards an infinitely steep line. Coexistence between singlet local pairing and spin glass order parameters was not found, but the vicinity of the phases in ($`\mu ,T`$) led to special pairbreaking behaviour.   
One major goal for the future is of course to find as many features as possible of the quantum Parisi solution for the Ising type models. The relation between quantum dynamics and replica symmetry breaking must also be analysed in systems which are strongly quantum dynamical in spin- and charge correlations (superconducting order parameter adds this type of quantum dynamics too, but amounts only to shifts of the first order transition line between superconductor and spin glass).   

Acknowledgments   
This work was supported by project Op28/5-1 and by the SFB 410 at the university of Würzburg.   

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