# Algebraic Exact Solvability of trigonometric-type Hamiltonians associated to root systems.

## 1. Introduction

The potentials first discovered by Calogero and Sutherland  and subsequently generalized to arbitrary root systems by Olshanetsky and Perelomov  play a central role in the theory of classical and quantum completely integrable systems. One of the main themes of the original work by Olshanetsky and Perelomov was to establish quantum complete integrability, that is the existence of complete sets of commuting operators. The actual eigenfunctions of the corresponding Hamiltonians were discussed in numerous subsequent publications .

Our purpose in this paper is study and settle a certain number of basic structural questions concerning the exact solvability of the Olshanetsky-Perelomov Hamiltonians. In order to outline the main results of our paper, we first need to give a precise definition of what we mean by exact solvability. We will adopt a promising approach, which has recently arisen in the framework of the theory of quasi-exactly solvable potentials , by defining a quantum Hamiltonian $``$ to be algebraically exactly solvable if one can explicitly construct an ordered basis for the underlying Hilbert space such that the corresponding flag of subspaces is $``$ -invariant. In terms of this approach, the first step in the treatment of an exactly solvable operator must be the construction of an infinite flag of finite dimensional vector spaces ordered by inclusion, the determination of a collection of basic operators that preserve this flag, and the demonstration that the operator in question is generated by the basic ones. The second step is to prove the $`L^2`$ completeness in the underlying Hilbert space of this family of subspaces.

In order to fit the Olshanetsky-Perelomov Hamiltonians of trigonometric type into this framework, we first recall that these Hamiltonians are indexed by irreducible root systems, with the Calogero-Sutherland potentials corresponding to type $`A_n`$ root systems. We thus consider the vector space of trigonometric functions which are invariant under the Weyl group $`W`$ of the given root system $`R`$. The partial order relation on dominant weights gives rise to a natural flag of finite-dimensional subspaces of this infinite-dimensional vector space. It is quite evident that the flag in question is preserved by the ordinary, multi-dimensional Laplacian. Less evident is the fact that one can obtain other flag-preserving operators by factoring the Weyl denominator

$$A=\underset{\alpha R^+}{}\mathrm{e}^{\alpha /2}\mathrm{e}^{\alpha /2}$$

into factors corresponding to the various orbits of the Weyl group on $`R`$. It turns out (see Proposition 12) that the gradient of the logarithm of each of the resulting factors also preserves the flag in question. More generally, one obtains other flag-preserving second-order operators by taking linear combinations of the Laplacian and of these gradients. The Olshanetsky-Perelomov Hamiltonians are then obtained by a ground-state conjugation. This approach also sheds light on the presence of multiple coupling constants in some of the models; the number of coupling constants is precisely the number of invariant factors of $`A`$, i.e. the number of Weyl group orbits in $`R`$, or equivalently the number of distinct root lengths. We then show that if all the coupling constants are positive, then the action of the Hamiltonian on each subspace of the flag is diagonalizable. This is the first main result of our paper; it is given in Theorem 1. The second main result concerns the $`L^2`$ completeness of the resulting eigenfunctions in the underlying Hilbert space of $`L^2`$ functions on the alcove of the root system $`R`$. It is also interesting to note that if all the coupling constants are equal to 1, then one recovers a second-order differential operator whose eigenfunctions are precisely the characters of the corresponding simple Lie algebras. Thus the coupling constants can be regarded as parameters in a deformation of the classical characters. In the classical case, if one re-expresses the gradient of $`\mathrm{log}A`$ in terms of a formal power series, one obtains Freudenthal’s recursion formula for the character coefficients. This trick also works for the deformed characters, and leads to a recursion formula that allows one to straightforwardly compute the eigenfunctions of the Olshanetsky-Perelomov Hamiltonians. This result is presented in Section 4.

We should point out that the Weyl-invariant deformed characters which appear in the expressions of the eigenfunctions of the Olshanetsky-Perelomov trigonometric Hamiltonians are related by a change of variables to the multivariate Jacobi polynomials which have been investigated by Heckman and Opdam . In particular, the analogue of the Freudenthal multiplicity formula which is at the basis of the recursion formula we give in Proposition 19 for the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonians also appears in the context of their study . We should also mention the interesting recent contributions of Brink, Turbiner and Wyllard  in the general effort aimed at understanding the exact solvability for multidimensional systems in an algebraic context.

## 2. Trigonometric-Type Potentials Associated to Root Systems.

We first recall the abstract definition of the trigonometric Olshanetsky-Perelomov Hamiltonians in terms of root systems. Let $`𝐕`$ be a finite-dimensional real vector space endowed with a positive-definite inner product $`(u,v),u,v𝐕`$. We use this inner product to identify $`𝐕`$ with $`𝐕^{}`$. The induced positive-definite inner product on $`𝐕^{}`$ will also be denoted by $`(,)`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }:C^{\mathrm{}}(𝐕;)C^{\mathrm{}}(𝐕;)`$ and $`:C^{\mathrm{}}(𝐕;)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{T}𝐕)`$ denote the corresponding Laplace-Beltrami and gradient operators.

For a non-zero $`\alpha 𝐕^{}`$, we set $`\stackrel{˘}{\alpha }=2\alpha /(\alpha ,\alpha )`$ and let $`s_\alpha `$ denote the reflection across the hyperplane orthogonal to $`\alpha `$:

$$s_\alpha (\beta )=\beta (\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\beta )\alpha ,\beta 𝐕^{}.$$

By a root system, we mean a finite, spanning subset $`R`$ of $`𝐕^{}`$ such that $`0R`$, $`s_\alpha (R)R`$ for all $`\alpha R`$ and $`(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\beta )`$ for all $`\alpha ,\beta R`$.

A root system $`R`$ is said to be irreducible if it cannot be partitioned into a union of root systems spanning orthogonal subspaces of $`𝐕`$.

To any root system $`R`$ corresponds a root lattice $`Q=\{_Rm_\alpha \alpha :m_\alpha \}`$ and a weight lattice $`P=\{\lambda 𝐕^{}:(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\lambda )\alpha R\}`$. The Weyl group of $`R`$, generated by $`s_\alpha ,\alpha R`$, will be denoted by $`W`$. The subgroup of $`W`$ fixing a particular $`\lambda 𝐕^{}`$ will be denoted by $`W_\lambda `$.

The hyperplanes $`\{\lambda 𝐕^{}:(\alpha ,\lambda )=0\},\alpha R`$ define a set of open Weyl chambers in $`𝐕^{}`$. We choose a Weyl chamber $`C`$ and let $`R^+=R\overline{C}`$ denote the corresponding subset of positive roots. Let $`BR^+`$ denote the set of simple roots, i.e. the positive roots that cannot be written as the sum of two positive roots. Let $`P^+=R\overline{C}`$ denote the set of dominant weights.

We will say that a real number $`c>0`$ is a root length if there exists a $`\alpha R`$ such that $`c=\alpha `$. Let $`c`$ be a root length, and set

$`R_c`$ $`=`$ $`\{\alpha R:\alpha =c\},`$   
$`R_c^+`$ $`=`$ $`R_cR^+,`$   
$`U_c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{c^2}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_c^+}{}}\mathrm{csc}^2{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha }{2}}.`$   
Note  that if $`c`$ is a root length, then, $`R_c`$ is nothing but the $`W`$-orbit of $`\alpha `$.

The Olshanetsky-Perelomov Hamiltonians with trigonometric potentials associated to a root system $`R`$ are defined in terms of the above data by

$$=\mathrm{\Delta }+\underset{c}{}a_cU_c,$$

where the sum is taken over all root lengths, $`c`$, and where the $`a_c`$’s are real coupling constants.

## 3. The Algebraic Exact Solvability of $``$.

The affine hyperplanes $`\{\lambda 𝐕^{}:(\alpha ,\lambda )2\pi \}`$ determine in $`𝐕^{}`$ a set of isometric open bounded subsets called alcoves. Let $`A`$ denote the unique alcove (usually referred to as the fundamental alcove) that is contained in $`C`$ and that has the origin as a boundary point. Let $`m`$ denote the Lebesgue measure on $`A`$. From now on we use the inner product to identify $`A`$ with the corresponding subset of $`𝐕`$ and restrict the domain of functions introduced subsequently to $`A`$. Our goal is to construct a basis for the underlying Hilbert space $`L^2(A,m)`$ in which the algebraic exact solvability of $``$ is manifest. The elements of this basis will be products of $`W`$-invariant trigonometric functions of certain linear forms on $`𝐕`$ with a common gauge factor vanishing along the walls $`\{u𝐕:\alpha (u)2\pi \},\alpha R`$ of the potential terms $`U_c`$.

We now proceed to define this basis. Recall that a choice of positive roots naturally induces a partial order relation, $``$, on the weight lattice. For $`\lambda P^+`$ set

$`P_\lambda `$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}\{w(\mu ):\mu P^+\text{ and }\mu \lambda \},`$   
$`P_\lambda ^{}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}\{w(\mu ):\mu P^+\text{ and }\mu \lambda \},`$   
For $`S𝐕^{}`$ let $`trig(S)`$ denote the complex vector space spanned by functions of the form $`\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda },\lambda S`$. If $`S`$ is a $`W`$-invariant subset of $`𝐕^{}`$, then there is a well defined action of $`W`$ on $`trig(S)`$, namely

$$w\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda }=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}w(\lambda )},wW,\lambda S.$$

In this case, let $`trig(S)^W`$ denote the subspace of $`W`$-invariant functions.

Recall that a root system $`R`$ is said to be reduced if for every $`\alpha R`$, the only roots homothetic to $`\alpha `$ are $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha `$ itself. A root $`\alpha `$ will be called non-divisible if $`\alpha /2`$ is not a root. Similarly, $`\alpha `$ will be called non-multiplicable if $`2\alpha `$ is not a root. Of course, if $`R`$ is reduced, then all roots are both non-divisible and non-multiplicable. An irreducible non-reduced system must be isomorphic to a root system of type $`\mathrm{BC}_n`$ for some $`n`$. To describe the latter, take $`𝐕=^n`$ and let $`ϵ_1,\mathrm{},ϵ_n`$ denote the dual basis of the standard basis of $`^n`$. The root system in question consists of three types of roots: short roots $`\pm ϵ_i`$, medium roots $`\pm ϵ_i\pm ϵ_j,ij`$ , and long roots $`\pm 2ϵ_i`$.

For reasons which will become clear later, it is convenient to re-express the coupling constants $`a_c`$ appearing in $``$ as follows. We let $`a_c=k_c(k_c1)`$ if $`c`$ is the length of an non-multiplicable root, and $`a_c=k_c(k_c+k_{2c}1)`$ if $`R`$ is non-reduced and $`c`$ is the length of the short roots. Let

$$A_c=\underset{\alpha R_c^+}{}\mathrm{sin}\frac{\alpha }{2},F=\underset{c}{}|A_c|^{k_c},\rho _c=\frac{1}{2}\underset{\alpha R_c^+}{}\alpha ,\rho =\underset{c}{}k_c\rho _c.$$

The following theorems, which are the main results of our paper, shows that the Olshanetsky-Perelomov trigonometric Hamiltonians $``$ are exactly solvable in the algebraic sense, and that the corresponding eigenfunctions are physically meaningful.

###### Theorem 1.

Let $`\lambda `$ be a dominant weight . If $`k_c0`$ for each root length $`c`$, then there exists a unique $`\varphi _\lambda trig(P_\lambda )^W`$ such that $`F\varphi _\lambda `$ is an eigenfunction of $``$ with eigenvalue $`\lambda +\rho ^2`$. Furthermore, if $`F\varphi ,\varphi trig(P)^W`$ is an eigenfunction of $``$, then $`\varphi =\varphi _\lambda `$ for some $`\lambda P^+`$.

###### Theorem 2.

The subspace $`Ftrig(P)^W`$ is dense in $`L^2(A,m)`$. Moreover, if $`k_c0`$ for all root lengths $`c`$, then the operator $``$ is essentially self-adjoint on the domain $`Ftrig(P)^WL^2(A,m)`$.

We begin with the proof of Theorem 2, assuming Theorem 1 to be true. We first have:

###### Lemma 3.

Let $`D`$ be an open, bounded subset of Euclidean space , and $`f:D`$ a bounded continuous function that does not vanish on $`D`$ ( but may vanish on the boundary ). With these assumptions, $`fL^2(D,m)`$ is a dense subset of $`L^2(D,m)`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`D_0`$, an open subset of $`D`$, be given, and choose $`D_1`$ such that $`\overline{D}_1D_0`$ and such that $`m(D_0)m(D_1)`$ is smaller than a given $`ϵ>0`$. Note that $`h=f^1\chi _{D_1}`$ is a well defined element of $`L^2(D)`$ and that $`fh=\chi _{D_1}`$. Consequently $`\chi _{D_0}`$ lies in the closure of $`fL^2(D)`$. The conclusion follows from the fact that the characteristic functions form a dense subset of $`L^2(D)`$. ∎

###### Proof of Theorem 2.

Let $`𝐓`$ denote the torus $`𝐕^{}/(2\pi Q)`$. We use the inner product on $`𝐕`$ to identify $`𝐓`$ with the identical quotient of $`𝐕`$. Recall that $`trig(P)`$ is dense in $`L^2(𝐓)`$ by the Fourier representation theorem. Now $`W`$ acts on $`𝐓`$ and $`A`$ serves as a fundamental region for this action \[1, Ch. VI, $`\text{n}^\text{o}`$ 2.1\]. Consequently $`trig(P)^W`$ is dense in $`L^2(𝐓)^W`$ and the latter is naturally isomorphic to $`L^2(A,m)`$. We therefore conclude that $`Ftrig(P)^W`$ is dense in $`L^2(A,m)`$ by applying the preceding Lemma with $`f=F`$. We now prove the essential self-adjointness of $``$ on the domain $`Ftrig(P)^W`$. Let $`A_0A`$ be an open subset with a piece-wise smooth boundary. Let $`\varphi _1,\varphi _2trig(P)^W`$ be given. Setting $`\psi _i=F\varphi _i,i=1,2`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle _{A_0}}(\psi _1)\psi _2\psi _1(\psi _2)`$ $`={\displaystyle _{A_0}}div(\psi _2\psi _1\psi _1\psi _2)`$   
$`={\displaystyle _{A_0}}F^2(\varphi _2\varphi _1\varphi _1\varphi _2)`$   
Hence, as the boundary of $`A_0`$ approaches the boundary of $`A`$, the above integrals tend to zero, so that the operator $``$ is a symmetric. By Theorem 1 and the density of $`Ftrig(P)^W`$ in $`L^2(A,m)`$ , the span of eigenfunctions of $``$ is dense in $`L^2(A)`$, and therefore $``$ must be essentially self-adjoint. ∎

We now proceed with the proof of Theorem 1. The strategy behind the proof of this theorem is to conjugate the Olshanetsky-Perelomov Hamiltonians $``$ by a suitable multiplication operator chosen in such a way that the resulting operator has a simple action on the space $`trig(P)^W`$. This will give rise to an essential intertwining relation which will in turn imply the algebraic exact solvability. In order to determine this multiplicative factor, we need a series of facts about root lengths.

Let $`M_c:W\{\pm 1\}`$ be the class function defined by

$$M_c(s_\alpha )=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }\alpha BR_c\hfill \\ \mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}\hfill & \text{if }\alpha B\backslash R_c\hfill \end{array}$$

The following result is a straightforward consequence of the definition of $`A_c`$:

###### Proposition 4.

For $`wW`$ one has $`w(A_c)=M_c(w)A_c`$. In other words, $`A_c`$ is a relative invariant of $`W`$ with multiplier $`M_c`$.

Moreover, we have:

###### Proposition 5.

Let $`c`$ be a root length. If $`\alpha B`$, then $`(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\rho _c)`$ takes one of four possible values: $`1`$ if $`\alpha =c`$, $`2`$ if $`\alpha =c/2`$, $`1/2`$ if $`\alpha =2c`$, $`0`$ in all other cases.

###### Proof.

Let $`\alpha B`$ be given. The action of $`s_\alpha `$ maps $`\alpha `$ to $`\alpha `$ and permutes the elements of $`R^+`$ not homothetic to $`\alpha `$ \[1, Ch. VI, $`\text{n}^\text{o}`$ 1.6\]. Let $`\beta R_c^+`$ be given and set $`\beta ^{}=s_\alpha (\beta )`$. Note that if $`\beta =\beta ^{}`$, then $`(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\beta )=0`$; and that if $`\beta ^{}\beta `$, then $`(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\beta +\beta ^{})=0`$. If $`\alpha \{c,2c,c/2\}`$, then $`\alpha `$ is not homothetic to any element of $`R_c`$, and hence one can break up $`\rho _c`$ into subterms of length one and two such that each subterm is annihilated by $`\stackrel{˘}{\alpha }`$. This proves the fourth assertion of the proposition. If $`\alpha =c`$, then $`\rho _c`$ is the sum of $`\alpha /2`$ and a remainder perpendicular to $`\stackrel{˘}{\alpha }`$. Consequently, $`(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\rho _c)=1,`$ thereby proving the first assertion. If $`\alpha =c/2`$, then $`2\alpha `$ is also a root, and consequently $`\rho _c`$ is the sum of $`\alpha `$ and a remainder perpendicular to $`\stackrel{˘}{\alpha }`$. This implies the second assertion. The case three assertion is proven similarly. ∎

###### Corollary 6.

If $`c`$ is the length of an non-multiplicable root, then $`\rho _c`$ is a weight. If $`R`$ is non-reduced, and $`c`$ is the length of the short roots, then $`\rho _c`$ is merely a half-weight.

###### Corollary 7.

Let $`c`$ be a root length. Then for all $`\alpha R_c`$, one has $`(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\rho _c)`$.

###### Proof.

If $`c`$ is the length of an non-multiplicable root, then the claim follows from preceding corollary. Suppose then that $`2c`$ is also a root length. For $`\alpha R_c`$ note that $`2(2\alpha )\stackrel{˘}{}=\stackrel{˘}{\alpha }`$ and that $`2\rho _c=\rho _{2c}`$. Hence

$$(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\rho _c)=((2\alpha )\stackrel{˘}{},\rho _{2c}).$$

Since $`2\alpha `$ is non-multiplicable, the right hand side is an integer by the preceding corollary. ∎

###### Corollary 8.

Let $`c`$ be a root length and $`wW`$. Then, $`w(\rho _c)Q\rho _c`$

###### Proof.

Note that

$$w(\rho _c)=\frac{1}{2}\underset{\alpha R_c^+}{}\sigma _\alpha (w)\alpha ,$$

where $`\sigma _\alpha (w)`$ is either $`1`$ or $`1`$. Hence, $`\rho _c+w(\rho _c)`$ is the sum of all $`\alpha R_c^+`$ such that $`\sigma _\alpha (w)=1`$. ∎

We are now ready for the next step leading to the required intertwining relation, which is to show that $`trig(P_\lambda )^W`$ is an invariant subspace of $`\mathrm{log}|A_c|`$. First, we have:

###### Proposition 9.

Let $`c`$ be a root length. If $`\varphi trig(P\rho _c)`$ is a relative invariant of $`W`$ with multiplier $`M_c`$, then $`\varphi =A_c\varphi _0`$ for some $`\varphi _0trig(P)^W`$.

###### Proof.

By assumption, $`\varphi _1=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\rho _c}\varphi `$ is an element of $`trig(P)`$. Let $`\alpha R_c^+`$ be given. The first claim is that $`\varphi _1`$ is divisible by $`\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha }1`$ in $`trig(P)`$. By assumption, $`\varphi `$ is a linear combination of expressions of the form $`\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda }\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda ^{}}`$ where $`\lambda +\rho _cP`$, and $`\lambda ^{}=s_\alpha (\lambda )`$. Since $`\lambda `$ is the difference of a weight and $`\rho _c`$, Corollary 7 shows that $`(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\lambda )`$. By switching $`\lambda `$ and $`\lambda ^{}`$, if necessary, one may assume without loss of generality that $`(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\lambda )`$. The claim follows by noting that

$$\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda }\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda ^{}}=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda }\left(1\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(\stackrel{˘}{\alpha },\lambda )\alpha }\right),$$

and by factoring the right hand side in the usual fashion.

Note that $`trig(P)`$ with the natural function multiplication is a unique factorization domain \[1, Ch. VI, $`\text{n}^\text{o}`$ 3.1\]. Hence the preceding claim implies that there exists a $`\varphi _0trig(P)`$ such that

$$\varphi _1=\varphi _0\underset{\alpha R_c^+}{}\left(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha }1\right).$$

The proof is concluded by noting that up to a constant factor, $`A_c`$ is equal to

$$\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\rho _c}\underset{\alpha R_c^+}{}\left(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha }1\right).$$

The $`W`$-invariance of $`\varphi _0`$ follows from the fact that $`A_c`$ and $`\varphi `$ are relative invariants with the same multiplier. ∎

We have:

###### Corollary 10.

Let $`c`$ be a root length. One has

$$(2\mathrm{i})^{\mathrm{\#}R_c}A_c=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}W_{\rho _c}}\underset{wW}{}M_c(w)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}w(\rho _c)}.$$
(1)   
###### Proposition 11.

The differential operator $`\mathrm{log}|A_c|`$ has a well-defined action on $`trig(P)^W`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\varphi trig(P)^W`$. The claim is that $`(\mathrm{log}|A_c|)(\varphi )trig(P)^W`$. By Corollaries 8 and 10, $`A_ctrig(Q\rho _c)`$, and hence $`A_c(\varphi )trig(P\rho _c)`$. Since $``$ is a $`W`$-invariant operator, $`A_c(\varphi )`$ is a relative invariant of $`W`$ with multiplier $`M_c`$. Hence, by Proposition 9, there exists a $`\varphi _0trig(P)^W`$ such that $`A_c(\varphi )=A_c\varphi _0`$. ∎

We now have:

###### Proposition 12.

If $`\lambda P^+`$, then $`trig(P_\lambda )^W`$ is an invariant subspace of $`\mathrm{log}|A_c|`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\varphi trig(P_\lambda )^W`$ be given. Set $`\varphi _0=(\mathrm{log}|A_c|)(\varphi )`$. By Proposition 11, $`\varphi _0trig(P)^W`$. Let $`\mu `$ be a maximal element of $`supp(\varphi _0)`$. Consequently $`\mu +\rho _c`$ is a maximal element of $`supp(A_c\varphi _0)`$. Now

$`A_c`$ $`=`$ $`b_1\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\rho _c}+\text{ lower order terms },`$   
$`\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`b_2\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda }+\text{ lower order terms },`$   
where $`b_1,b_2`$ are non-zero constants, and hence,

$$(A_c)(\varphi )=b_1b_2(\rho _c,\lambda )\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(\rho _c+\lambda )}+\text{ lower order terms }.$$

Since $`(\rho _c,\lambda )>0`$, one must have $`\rho _c+\lambda =\rho _c+\mu `$. Therefore $`\mu =\lambda `$, and $`\varphi _0trig(P_\lambda )^W`$. ∎

The basic identity which will give rise to the intertwining relation which we are looking for is given in the following proposition:

###### Proposition 13.

Let $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_n`$ be smooth real-valued functions on $`𝐕`$, let $`k_1,\mathrm{},k_n`$ be real constants and let

$$X=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}2k_i\mathrm{log}|f_i|,F=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}|f_i|^{k_i}.$$

We have the identity

$$F(\mathrm{\Delta }X)=(\mathrm{\Delta }+U)F,$$

where

$$U=\underset{i}{}k_i(k_i1)\frac{f_i^2}{f_i^2}+\underset{ij}{}k_ik_j\frac{(f_i,f_j)}{f_if_j}+\underset{i}{}k_i\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }f_i}{f_i}.$$

The application of this proposition to the Olshanetsky-Perelomov Hamiltonians $``$ requires a number of intermediate formulas.

###### Proposition 14.

Let $`c`$ be a root length. One has

$`\mathrm{\Delta }A_c`$ $`=\rho _c^2A_c,`$ (2)   
$`A_c^2`$ $`=\left(U_c\rho _c^2\right)A_c^2,`$ (3)   
###### Proof.

Note that for $`\lambda 𝐕^{}`$ one has $`\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda }=\lambda ^2\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda }.`$ Formula (2) follows immediately from (1). Note that

$$A_c=\frac{A_c}{2}\underset{\alpha R_c^+}{}\mathrm{cot}\frac{\alpha }{2}\alpha .$$
(4)   
Consequently,

$$A_c^2=\left(\frac{c^2}{4}\underset{\alpha }{}\mathrm{cot}^2\frac{\alpha }{2}+\frac{1}{4}\underset{\alpha \beta }{}(\alpha ,\beta )\mathrm{cot}\frac{\alpha }{2}\mathrm{cot}\frac{\beta }{2}\right)A_c^2$$
(5)   
Taking the divergence of (4) one obtains

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }A_c}{A_c}=\frac{(\mathrm{\#}R_c)c^2}{4}+\frac{1}{4}\underset{\alpha \beta }{}(\alpha ,\beta )\mathrm{cot}\frac{\alpha }{2}\mathrm{cot}\frac{\beta }{2}.$$

Solving for the second term of the right hand side of the latter equation, substituting into (5) and applying (2), we obtain (3). ∎

###### Proposition 15.

If $`c_1`$ , $`c_2`$ are distinct root lengths such that the corresponding roots are not homothetic, then

$$(A_{c_1},A_{c_2})=(\rho _{c_1},\rho _{c_2})A_{c_1}A_{c_2}$$
(6)   
If $`R`$ is non-reduced and $`c`$ is the length of the short roots, then

$$(A_c,A_{2c})=[U_c(\rho _c,\rho _{2c})]A_cA_{2c}$$
(7)   
###### Proof.

Let $`c_1`$, $`c_2`$ be given. A straightforward generalization of the argument in Proposition 9 yields

$$A_{c_1}A_{c_2}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\#}W_{\rho _{c_1}+\rho _{c_2}}}\underset{wW}{}M_{c_1}(w)M_{c_2}(w)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}w(\rho _{c_1}+\rho _{c_2})}.$$

Hence,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(A_{c_1}A_{c_2})=\rho _{c_1}+\rho _{c_2}^2A_{c_1}A_{c_2},$$

and the desired conclusion follows immediately from the usual product rule for the Laplacian.

Next, assume that the second of the Proposition’s hypotheses holds. Set $`S_c=_{\alpha R_c^+}\mathrm{cos}(\alpha /2),`$ and note that $`A_{2c}=2A_cS_c.`$ Since $`R`$ is of type $`\mathrm{BC}_n`$, a direct calculation will show that $`\mathrm{\Delta }S_c=\rho _c^2S_c`$. Consequently,

$`2(A_c,S_c)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{\Delta }A_{2c}A_c\mathrm{\Delta }S_cS_c\mathrm{\Delta }A_c=\rho _c^2A_{2c}.`$   
$`(A_c,A_{2c})`$ $`=\rho _c^2A_{2c}+2S_cA_c^2.`$   
The formula to be proved now follows from (3). ∎

We can now state and prove the intertwining relation which is fundamental to the proof of our main result.

###### Proposition 16.

Let

$$\stackrel{~}{}=\mathrm{\Delta }\underset{c}{}2k_c\mathrm{log}|A_c|.$$

We have

$$F\stackrel{~}{}=F\rho ^2.$$

###### Proof.

Apply Propositions 13, 14, 15. ∎

Finally, we are ready to give the proof of Theorem 1, that is of the algebraic exact solvability of the Olshanetsky-Perelomov Hamiltonian $``$. We begin with the following simple result from linear algebra.

###### Proposition 17.

Let $`𝐕`$ a finite-dimensional vector space over $``$, and $`𝐕_1𝐕`$ a codimension $`1`$ subspace. Let $`T`$ be an endomorphism of $`𝐕`$ such that $`𝐕_1`$ is an invariant subspace, and let $`\kappa `$ denote the unique eigenvalue of the corresponding endomorphism of $`𝐕/𝐕_1`$. If $`\kappa `$ is not an eigenvalue of $`T|_{𝐕_1}`$, then $`\kappa `$ is a multiplicity $`1`$ eigenvalue of $`T`$.

It should be noted that the assumption $`k_c0`$ in Theorem 1 is crucial. The necessity of this assumption is explained by the following Proposition. Indeed, one should remark that there exist certain negative values of $`k_c`$ for which the action of $``$ fails to be diagonalizable.

###### Proposition 18.

Let $`\mu <\lambda `$ be dominant weights. If $`k_c0`$ for each root length $`c`$, then $`\lambda +\rho >\mu +\rho `$.

###### Proof.

Note that

$$\lambda +\rho ^2\mu +\rho ^2=\lambda ^2\mu ^2+2(\lambda \mu ,\rho ).$$

Using the fact that $`\lambda \mu P^+`$ one can easily show that $`\lambda >\mu `$. Furthermore, since $`\lambda \mu `$ is a linear combination of basic roots with positive coefficients, Proposition 5 implies that $`(\lambda \mu ,\rho )>0`$. ∎

Finally, we have:

###### Proof of Theorem 1.

Let $`\lambda `$ be a dominant weight. By Proposition 12, $`trig(P_\lambda )^W`$ is an invariant subspace of $`\stackrel{~}{}`$. Using an argument similar to the one given in the proof of Proposition 12, it is not hard to verify that if $`\varphi trig(P_\lambda )^W`$, then

$$\left(\stackrel{~}{}\lambda ^22(\rho ,\lambda )\right)(\varphi )trig(P_\lambda ^{})^W.$$
(8)   
Note that $`trig(P_\lambda ^{})^W`$ is a codimension $`1`$ subspace of $`trig(P_\lambda )^W`$. Furthermore, by Proposition 18,

$$\lambda ^2+2(\lambda ,\rho )>\mu ^2+2(\mu ,\rho )$$

for all dominant weights $`\mu <\lambda `$. Hence, by Proposition 17, there exists a unique $`\varphi _\lambda trig(P_\lambda )^W`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{}\varphi _\lambda =(\lambda ^2+2(\rho ,\lambda ))\varphi `$. The first of the desired conclusions now follows by Proposition 16.

To prove the converse let $`F\varphi `$ with $`\varphi trig(P)^W`$ be an eigenfunction of $``$ with eigenvalue $`\kappa `$. Let $`\lambda P^+`$ be a maximal element of $`supp(\varphi )`$. Since $`trig(P_\lambda ^{})^W`$ is a codimension $`1`$ subspace of $`trig(P_\lambda )^W`$, (8) implies that $`\kappa =\lambda ^2+2(\lambda ,\rho )`$. Consequently $`\lambda `$ is the unique maximal element of $`supp(\varphi )`$. By Proposition 17, $`\kappa `$ has multiplicity $`1`$, and this gives the desired conclusion. ∎

## 4. A recursion formula for the eigenfunctions of $`\stackrel{~}{}`$

In the present section we show how to explicitly compute the eigenfunctions of the Olshanetsky-Perelomov Hamiltonian by using a $`k_c`$-parameterized analogue of the Freudenthal multiplicity formula. The generalized formula actually yields the eigenfunctions $`\varphi _\lambda `$ of the related operator $`\stackrel{~}{}`$. One should mention that the eigenfunctions $`\varphi _\lambda `$ first appeared in the investigations of Heckman and Opdam , who regard these functions as multi-variable generalizations of the Jacobi polynomials. The eigenfunctions of $``$ are of course obtained by multiplication with the gauge factor $`F`$.

By way of motivation it will be useful to recall the context of the original Freudenthal formula. Suppose that $`R`$ is reduced and let $`\chi _\lambda ,\lambda P^+`$ denote a character of the corresponding compact, simply connected Lie group. The Weyl character formula states that

$$\chi _\lambda =\frac{_{wW}sgn(w)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}w(\lambda +\stackrel{~}{\rho })}}{_{wW}sgn(w)\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}w(\lambda )}}$$
(9)   
where $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }`$ is the half-sum of the positive roots. Now if $`k_c=1`$ for all $`c`$, then the potential term of $``$ is zero, and the gauge factor $`F`$ is nothing but the $`W`$-antisymmetric denominator of (9). Furthermore the numerator in (9) is the unique $`W`$-antisymmetric eigenfunction of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ with highest order term $`\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}(\lambda +\stackrel{~}{\rho })}`$. Hence, by the intertwining relation described in Proposition 16, the Weyl character formula is equivalent to the statement that $`\chi _\lambda `$ is an eigenfunction of $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ with eigenvalue $`(\lambda ,\lambda +2\stackrel{~}{\rho })`$. This observation leads directly to the classical Freudenthal formula for the multiplicities of $`\chi _\lambda `$, and to the following generalization involving the parameters $`k_c`$. (See  for more details regarding the Weyl and Freudenthal formulas.)

###### Proposition 19.

Let $`\varphi _\lambda =\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\lambda }+_{\mu <\lambda }n_\mu \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\mu }`$ be the eigenfunction of $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ described in the statement and proof of Theorem 1. Setting $`n_\lambda =1`$ and $`n_\nu =0`$ for $`\nu \lambda `$, the remaining coefficients $`n_\mu ,\mu <\lambda `$, are given by the following recursion formula:

$$(\lambda +\rho ^2\mu +\rho ^2)n_\mu =2\underset{\alpha R^+}{}\underset{j1}{}k_{|\alpha |}(\alpha ,\mu +j\alpha )n_{\mu +j\alpha }$$
(10)   
###### Proof.

Rewriting

$$A_c=\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\rho _c}\underset{\alpha R_c^+}{}\left(1\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha }\right),$$

one obtains

$$\stackrel{~}{}=\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{i}\rho 2\mathrm{i}\underset{\alpha R^+}{}k_{|\alpha |}\frac{\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha }}{1\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\alpha }}\alpha $$

Let $`trig((P))`$ denote the vector space of formal power series $`_{\mu P}c_\mu \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\mu }`$. Since elements of $`trig(P)`$ are finitely supported sums, one has a well defined-multiplication operation $`trig((P))\times trig(P)trig((P)).`$ Thus, setting the domain of $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ to be $`trig(P)`$ one can extend the operator’s coefficient ring and write

$$\stackrel{~}{}=\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{i}\rho 2\mathrm{i}\underset{\alpha R^+}{}\underset{j1}{}k_{|\alpha |}\mathrm{e}^{j\mathrm{i}\alpha }\alpha $$

However, because of Proposition 11 one can take the codomain of $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ to be $`trig(P)`$ rather than all of $`trig((P))`$. Acting with the right hand side of the latter equation on $`\varphi _\lambda `$, collecting like terms, and using the fact that $`\varphi _\lambda `$ is an eigenfunction with eigenvalue $`(\lambda ,\lambda +2\rho )`$ immediately yields (10). ∎

It is important to remark that by Proposition 18 the coefficient of $`n_\mu `$ appearing in (10) is never zero. Consequently (10) can indeed be used as a recursive formula for the coefficients $`n_\mu `$. One should also remark that the $`W`$-symmetry of $`\varphi _\lambda `$ means that it suffices to use formula (10) to calculate $`n_\mu `$ with $`\mu P^+`$.