# References

Generation of density perturbations due to the birth of baryons    

D.L. Khokhlov

Sumy State University, R.-Korsakov St. 2,   
Sumy 244007, Ukraine   
E-mail: khokhlov@cafe.sumy.ua

## Abstract

Generation of adiabatic density perturbations from fluctuations caused by the birth of baryons is considered. This is based on the scenario of baryogenesis in which the birth of protons takes place at the temperature equal to the mass of electron.

The observed large scale structure of the universe forms from the primary density perturbations after recombination $`z_{rec}=1400`$ . In the epoch of recombination, the photons decouple from the baryons and last scatter. After recombination the photons do not interact with the baryons, so the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy allows us to define the density perturbations of the baryonic matter in the epoch of recombination. Fluctuations in the CMB on the large scale detected by COBE satellite  are $`\mathrm{\Delta }T/T=1.06\times 10^5`$. Generation of adiabatic density perturbations from quantum fluctuations is considered within the framework of inflation cosmology .

Let us consider generation of adiabatic density perturbations from fluctuations caused by the birth of baryons. According to the scenario of baryogenesis proposed in , at $`T>m_e`$, primordial plasma consists of neutral fermions. Neutral electrons are in the state being the superposition of electron and positron

$$|e^0>=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(e^{}+e^+).$$
(1)   
Neutral protons are in the state being the superposition of proton and antiproton

$$|p^0>=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(\overline{p}+p).$$
(2)   
At $`T>m_e`$, there exists neutral proton-electron symmetry. Proton-electron equilibrium is defined by the proton-electron mass difference. At $`T=m_e`$, pairs of neutral electrons annihilate into photons, pairs of neutral protons and electrons survive as protons and electrons. At $`T=m_e`$, the baryon-photon ratio is given by

$$\frac{N_b}{N_\gamma }=\frac{3}{4}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^5\left(\frac{m_e}{m_p}\right)^2.$$
(3)   
Calculations yield $`N_b/N_\gamma =6.96\times 10^9`$. It should be noted that the observed value of $`N_b/N_\gamma `$ lies in the range $`215\times 10^{10}`$ . Possible explanation of the discrepancy between the result of calculations and the observed value is that the most fraction of baryonic matter decays into non-baryonic matter during the evolution of the universe.

The birth of baryons causes potential fluctuations

$$\frac{\delta \phi }{\phi }=\frac{\rho _b}{\rho }.$$
(4)   
In the case of homogeneous universe, the spectrum of fluctuations is flat. At $`T=m_e`$, the value of fluctuations (4) is given by

$$\frac{\delta \phi }{\phi }=\frac{4}{3}\times \frac{7}{8}\frac{N_b}{N_\gamma }\frac{m_p}{m_e}.$$
(5)   
Here the factor $`4/3\times 7/8`$ describes transition from the particle number density to the energy density. Calculations yield $`\delta \phi /\phi =1.49\times 10^5`$.

Density perturbations are related to potential fluctuations via the Poisson equation. Let us assume that the state of the fluid in the universe is given by

$$|\psi >=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(|\psi _x>+|\psi _y>+|\psi _z>).$$
(6)   
In comparison with the separate particles $`|\psi _x>`$, $`|\psi _y>`$, $`|\psi _z>`$, for the particles being in the superpositional state (6), the probability density is three times greater. In this case the adiabatic speed of sound is given by

$$v_s=\left(\frac{3p}{\rho }\right)^{1/2}.$$
(7)   
For radiation with the equation of state

$$p=\frac{\rho c^2}{3}$$
(8)   
the adiabatic speed of sound is equal to the speed of light

$$v_s=c.$$
(9)   
At $`T=m_e`$, the fluid is radiation dominated. Relation between potential fluctuations and density perturbations of radiation is given by

$$\frac{\delta \phi }{\phi }=\frac{\delta \rho _\gamma }{\rho _\gamma }.$$
(10)   
Relation between density perturbations of the baryonic matter and density perturbations of radiation is given by

$$\frac{\delta \rho _b}{\rho _b}=\frac{3}{4}\frac{\delta \rho _\gamma }{\rho _\gamma }.$$
(11)   
In view of (7), fluctuations in the CMB is given by

$$\frac{\delta T}{T}=\frac{\delta \rho _b}{\rho _b}.$$
(12)   
Calculations yield $`\delta T/T=1.12\times 10^5`$.