# 1 Illustrating the variation of the dijet mass distribution with variation in the scale M_S at the Tevatron. The solid histogram shows the SM NLO prediction; dashed histograms show the prediction for M_S=800 GeV and 1 TeV (upper line and lower line, respectively.) Data are taken from the D0 collaboration.

TIFR/TH/99-13

TIFR-HECR-99-03

April 1999

Testing TeV Scale Quantum Gravity Using Dijet Production at the Tevatron   
Prakash Mathews<sup>1</sup><sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup>*prakash@theory.tifr.res.in, Sreerup Raychaudhuri<sup>2</sup>sreerup@iris.hecr.tifr.res.in, K. Sridhar<sup>1</sup>sridhar@theory.tifr.res.in   
1) Department of Theoretical Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,   
Homi Bhabha Road, Bombay 400 005, India.

2) Department of High Energy Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,   
Homi Bhabha Road, Bombay 400 005, India. <sup>§</sup><sup>§</sup>§Address after May 1, 1998 : Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology,   
Kanpur 208 016, India.

ABSTRACT

Dijet production at the Tevatron including effects of virtual exchanges of spin-2 Kaluza-Klein modes in theories with large extra dimensions is considered. The experimental dijet mass and angular distribution are exploited to obtain stringent limits ($`1.2`$ TeV) on the effective string scale $`M_S`$.

There have recently been major breakthroughs in the understanding of string theories at strong coupling in the framework of what is now known as $`M`$-theory . In particular, unification of gravity with other interactions now seems possible in the $`M`$-theoretic framework. But of tremendous interest to phenomenology is the possibility that the effects of gravity could become large at very low scales ($``$ TeV), because of the effects of large extra compact dimensions where gravity can propagate . Starting from a higher-dimensional theory of open and closed strings , the effective low-energy theory is obtained by compactifying to 3+1 dimensions, in such a way that $`n`$ of these extra dimensions are compactified to a common scale $`R`$ which is large, while the remaining dimensions are compactified to extremely tiny scales which are of the order of the inverse Planck scale. In such a scenario, the Standard Model (SM) particles correspond to open strings, which end on a 3-brane and are, therefore, confined to the $`(3+1)`$-dimensional spacetime. On the other hand, the gravitons (corresponding to closed strings) propagate in the $`(4+n)`$-dimensional bulk. The relation between the scales in $`(4+n)`$ dimensions and in $`4`$ dimensions is given by 

$$M_\mathrm{P}^2=M_S^{n+2}R^n,$$
(1)   
where $`M_S`$ is the low-energy effective string scale. This equation has the interesting consequence that we can choose $`M_S`$ to be of the order of a TeV and thus get around the hierarchy problem. For such a value of $`M_S`$, it follows that $`R=10^{32/n19}`$ m, and so we find that $`M_S`$ can be arranged to be a TeV for any value $`n>1`$. Effects of non-Newtonian gravity can become apparent at these surprisingly low values of energy. For example, for $`n=2`$ the compactified dimensions are of the order of 1 mm, just below the experimentally tested region for the validity of Newton’s law of gravitation and within the possible reach of ongoing experiments . In fact, it has been shown  that is possible to construct a phenomenologically viable scenario with large extra dimensions, which can survive the existing astrophysical and cosmological constraints. For some early papers on large Kaluza-Klein dimensions, see Ref.  and for recent investigations on different aspects of the TeV scale quantum gravity scenario and related ideas, see Ref. .

Below the scale $`M_S`$ , we have an effective theory with an infinite tower of massive Kaluza-Klein states. which contain spin-2, spin-1 and spin-0 excitations. The spin-1 couplings to the SM particles in the low-energy effective theory are not important, whereas the scalar modes couple to the trace of the energy-momentum tensor, which vanishes for massless particles. Other particles related to brane dynamics (for example, the $`Y`$ modes which are related to the deformation of the brane) have effects which are subleading, compared to those of the graviton. The only states, then, that contribute to low-energy phenomenology are the spin-2 Kaluza-Klein states. For graviton momenta smaller than the scale $`M_S`$, the effective description reduces to one where the gravitons in the bulk propagate in the flat background and couple to the SM fields via a (four-dimensional) induced metric $`g_{\mu \nu }`$. The interactions of the SM particles with the graviton, $`G_{\mu \nu }`$, can be derived from the following Lagrangian:

$$=\frac{1}{\overline{M}_P}G_{\mu \nu }^{(j)}T^{\mu \nu },$$
(2)   
where $`j`$ labels the Kaluza-Klein mode, $`\overline{M}_P=M_P/\sqrt{8\pi }`$ and $`T^{\mu \nu }`$ is the energy-momentum tensor. Given that the effective Lagrangian given in Eq. 2 is suppressed by $`1/\overline{M}_P`$, it may seem that the effects at colliders will be hopelessly suppressed. However, in the case of real graviton production, the phase space for the Kaluza-Klein modes cancels the dependence on $`\overline{M}_P`$ and, instead, provides a suppression of the order of $`M_S`$. For the case of virtual production, we have to sum over the whole tower of Kaluza-Klein states and this sum when properly evaluated  provides the correct order of suppression ($`M_S`$). The summation of time-like propagators and space-like propagators yield exactly the same form for the leading terms in the expansion of the sum  and this shows that the low-energy effective theories for the $`s`$ and $`t`$-channels are equivalent.

Recently, several papers have explored the consequences of the above effective Lagrangian for experimental observables at high-energy colliders. In particular, direct searches for graviton production at $`e^+e^{}`$, $`p\overline{p}`$ and $`pp`$ colliders, leading to spectacular single photon + missing energy or monojet + missing energy signatures, have been suggested . The virtual effects of graviton exchange in $`e^+e^{}f\overline{f}`$ and in high-mass dilepton production , in $`t\overline{t}`$ production  at the Tevatron and the LHC, and in deep-inelastic scattering at HERA  have been studied. The bounds on $`M_S`$ obtained from direct searches depend on the number of extra dimensions. Non-observation of the Kaluza-Klein modes yield bounds which are around 500 GeV to 1.2 TeV at LEP2  and around 600 GeV to 750 GeV at Tevatron (for $`n`$ between 2 and 6) . Indirect bounds from virtual graviton exchange in dilepton production at Tevatron yields a bound of around 950 GeV . Virtual effects in $`t\overline{t}`$ production at Tevatron yields a bound of about 650 GeV , while from deep-inelastic scattering a bound of 550 GeV results . At LHC, it is expected that $`t\overline{t}`$ production can be used to explore a range of $`M_S`$ values upto 4 TeV . More recently, these studies have been extended to the case of $`e^+e^{}`$ and $`\gamma \gamma `$ collisions at the NLC . There have also been papers discussing the implications of the large dimensions for higgs production  and electroweak precision observables . Astrophysical constraints, like bounds from energy loss for supernovae cores, have also been discussed .

In the present work, we study the effect of the virtual graviton exchange on the dijet production cross-section in $`p\overline{p}`$ collisions at the Tevatron. The presence of the new couplings from the low-energy effective theory of gravity leads to new diagrams for dijet production. Using the couplings given in Refs. , and summing over all the graviton modes, we have calculated the sub-process cross-section due to the new physics <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1The explicit expressions for the subprocess cross-sections will appear in a future publication . The graviton induced cross-sections involve two new parameters : the effective string scale $`M_S`$ and $`\lambda `$ which is the effective coupling at $`M_S`$. $`\lambda `$ is expected to be of $`𝒪(1)`$, but its sign is not known $`apriori`$. In our work we will explore the sensitivity of our results to the choice of the sign of $`\lambda `$.

Significant changes in the angular distribution of jets is expected when spin-2 particle exchanges are added to the spin-1 exchange of the SM. With this in mind, we study the normalised $`\chi `$ distribution, $`1/NdN/d\chi `$, where the variable $`\chi `$ is defined as

$$\chi =\frac{\widehat{u}}{\widehat{t}}\mathrm{exp}|\eta _1\eta _2|,$$
(3)   
with $`\eta _1`$ and $`\eta _2`$ being the pseudo-rapidities of the two jets, so as to be able to compare with the experimental results from the CDF  and the D0  collaborations. The $`\chi `$ distributions in both the experiments have been calculated in different mass bins, and we have used the same binning as used by the two experiments. Using the same kinematic cuts as used by the experimentalists (insofar as can be implemented in a parton-level analysis), we study the normalised $`\chi `$ distribution as a function of the effective string scale, $`M_S`$, and obtain the 95% C.L. limits on the string scale by doing a $`\chi ^2`$ fit to the data in each bin and to the data integrated over the entire mass range. For our computations, we have used CTEQ4M parton densities  taken from PDFLIB . The 95% C.L. limits on $`M_S`$ derived from the CDF and the D0 $`\chi `$ distributions, respectively, are displayed in Tables 1 and 2 for the cases $`\lambda =\pm 1`$. We find that the $`\chi `$ distribution integrated over the entire mass range yields a limit of 1070 (1108) GeV for $`\lambda =1(1)`$ for CDF and a limit of 1160 (1159) GeV for $`\lambda =1(1)`$ for D0. These bounds are the most stringent bounds obtained from processes involving virtual graviton exchange. Interestingly, the bounds obtained by considering the highest mass bin are almost as good as those obtained by comparing with all the data. This tells us that the deviations from the SM is greater as the invariant mass increases. We, therefore, consider the data in the invariant mass distribution as well.

Recently, dijet mass distributions from the D0 experiment have become available . We have studied these (using the cuts used by the D0 experiment) and obtain, as before, the 95% C.L. limits on $`M_S`$. In Fig. 1, we have plotted the mass distribution for different $`M_S`$ values and compared it to the experimental and the SM numbers. We find again that very stringent bounds for both signs of the $`\lambda `$ coupling are obtained. For $`\lambda =1`$, we find that the 95 % C.L. limit on $`M_S`$ is 1123 GeV, whereas for $`\lambda =1`$ it is 1131 GeV. Since the effect of the new physics is larger for larger values of dijet mass, we find that if we use a lower cut of 500 GeV on the dijet mass the resultant $`\chi ^2`$ fit can yield a better limit on $`M_S`$.

We have studied the implications of large extra dimensions and a low effective quantum gravity scale for dijet production at the Tevatron. Virtual exchange of the Kaluza-Klein states are considered and the sensitivity of the experimental cross-sections to this interesting new physics is studied. We find that this process allows us to put very stringent limits on the effective string scale $`M_S`$ – in fact, of all processes with virtual graviton exchanges considered so far, these bounds are by far the best. To obtain these bounds, we have considered the angular distributions and the mass distributions. The resulting limits from either of these observables are quite similar. Jet production at higher energies is able to probe the physics of large extra dimensions to much higher scales. These results will be presented in a future publication .

Acknowledgements: It is a pleasure to thank T. Askawa for help with the experimental data and Dilip K. Ghosh for discussions.