# A construction of representations for quantum groups: an example of 𝒰_𝑞⁢(𝔰⁢𝔬⁢(5))

## 1 Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a construction of representations on an explicit example, namely the deformed enveloping algebra $`𝒰_q(𝔰𝔬(5))`$. We are going to describe the construction as well, however, its detailed presentation will appear elsewhere. The basic ingredient is the infinitesimal dressing transformation on a quantum homogeneous space, in analogy with the celebrated method of orbits due to Kirillov and Kostant.

The construction generalizes and simplifies some results derived in the papers  and also . Let us mention just a few additional papers dealing also with constructions of representations of quantum groups and/or with quantum homogeneous spaces , but taking a different point of view or applying other methods.

Concerning the deformation parameter, we assume that $`q>0`$, $`q1`$. All fractional powers of $`q`$ are supposed to be positive.

## 2 Construction

We assume that we are given a bialgebra $`𝒰`$ with the counit denoted by $`\epsilon `$ and the comultiplication denoted by $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$, and a unital algebra $`𝒞`$. Moreover, $`𝒞`$ is supposed to be a left $`𝒰`$-module with the action denoted by $`\xi `$, and fulfilling two conditions:

$`\xi _x1=\epsilon (x)\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},x𝒰,`$ (1)   
$`\xi _x(fg)=(\xi _{x_{(1)}}f)(\xi _{x_{(2)}}g),x𝒰,f,g𝒞.`$ (2)   
If convenient we shall write $`\xi (x)f`$ instead of $`\xi _xf`$. The second condition (2) is nothing but Leibniz rule. Here and everywhere in what follows we use Sweedler’s notation: $`\mathrm{\Delta }x=x_{(1)}x_{(2)}`$.

###### Proposition 1

Suppose that a linear mapping $`\phi :𝒰𝒞`$ satisfies $`\phi (1)=1`$ and

$$\phi (xy)=\left(\xi _{x_{(1)}}\phi (y)\right)\phi (x_{(2)}),x,y𝒰.$$
(3)   
Then the prescription

$$xf:=(\xi _{x_{(1)}}f)\phi (x_{(2)}),x𝒰,f𝒞,$$
(4)   
defines a left $`𝒰`$-module structure on $`𝒞`$ and it holds

$$x(fg)=(\xi _{x_{(1)}}f)(x_{(2)}g),x𝒰,f,g𝒞.$$
(5)   
Particularly,

$$\phi (x)=x1,x𝒰.$$
(6)   
Conversely, suppose that $`𝒰𝒞𝒞:xfxf`$ is a left $`𝒰`$-module structure on $`𝒞`$ such that the rule (5) is satisfied. Then the linear mapping $`\phi :𝒰𝒞`$ defined by the equality (6) fulfills (3), and consequently the prescription (4) holds true.

Let us suppose, as usual, that $`𝒰`$ is generated as an algebra by a set of generators $`𝒰`$. Let $``$ be the free algebra generated by $``$. Thus $`𝒰`$ is identified with a quotient $`/`$ where $``$ is the ideal generated by a set of defining relations $``$. Let $`\pi `$ be the factor morphism, $`\pi :𝒰`$. We set $`\stackrel{~}{\epsilon }:=\epsilon \pi `$ and

$$\stackrel{~}{\xi }_xf:=\xi _{\pi (x)}f,x,f𝒞.$$
(7)   
In addition we impose the following condition on the set of generators $`𝒰`$:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }()\text{span}_{}(_1_1)\text{where}_1:=\{1\}.$$
(8)   
Then it is natural to define a comultiplication $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}`$ on $``$ by the equality $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}(x_1\mathrm{}x_n):=\mathrm{\Delta }(x_1)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Delta }(x_n)`$, $`x_i`$. As $`𝒰`$ is a bialgebra $``$ must be, at the same time, a coideal.

It is not difficult to check that $``$ becomes this way a bialgebra and that the triple $`(,\stackrel{~}{\xi },𝒞)`$ fulfills the original conditions (1) and (2), just replacing $`𝒰`$ with $``$ and $`\xi `$ with $`\stackrel{~}{\xi }`$. One finds that to any mapping $`\phi :𝒞`$ there exists a unique linear extension $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }:𝒞`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }(1)=1`$ and the property

$$\stackrel{~}{\phi }(xy)=\left(\stackrel{~}{\xi }_{x_{(1)}}\stackrel{~}{\phi }(y)\right)\stackrel{~}{\phi }(x_{(2)}),$$
(9)   
is satisfied for all $`x,y`$.

The final step in the construction is to decide when the mapping $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$ can be factorized from $``$ to $`𝒰=/`$.

###### Proposition 2

Suppose that there is given a mapping $`\phi :𝒞`$ and let $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$ be its extension to $``$ as described above. If

$$(\pi \stackrel{~}{\phi })\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}()=0$$
(10)   
then $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }()=0`$ and so there exists a unique linear mapping $`\phi ^{}:𝒰𝒞`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }=\phi ^{}\pi `$. Moreover, $`\phi ^{}=1`$ and $`\phi ^{}`$ satisfies the condition (3).   
The same conclusions hold true provided $``$ fulfills a stronger condition than that of being a coideal, namely

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}()+,$$
(11)   
and $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }`$ satisfies a weaker condition

$$\stackrel{~}{\phi }()=0.$$
(12)   
Particularly this construction goes through for the standard deformed enveloping algebras $`𝒰=𝒰_q(𝔤)`$ in the FRT description  where $`𝔤`$ is any simple complex Lie algebra from the four principal series $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$, $`B_{\mathrm{}}`$, $`C_{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`D_{\mathrm{}}`$. So the generators are arranged in respectively upper and lower triangular matrices $`L^+`$ and $`L^{}`$, and the set $``$ is given by the usual RLL relations.

On the other hand the unital algebra $`𝒞`$ is generated by quantum antiholomorphic coordinate functions $`z_{jk}^{}`$, $`j<k`$, on the generic dressing orbit of dimension $`(dim_{}𝔤\text{rank}𝔤)/2`$. The elements are arranged in an upper triangular matrix $`Z`$ with units on the diagonal, and the defining relations are given in terms of its Hermitian adjoint $`Z^{}`$, namely

$$R_{12}Z_2^{}QZ_1^{}Q^1=Z_1^{}QZ_2^{}Q^1R_{12}$$
(13)   
where $`Q`$ is the diagonal part of the R-matrix $`R`$.

The infinitesimal dressing transformation $`\xi `$ is prescribed on the generators,

$$\xi (L_1^+)Z_2^{}=R_{21}^1Z_2^{}Q,\xi (L_1^{})Z_2^{}=Z_1^{}QZ_2^{}Q^1(Z_1^{})^1.$$
(14)   
It can be extended to an arbitrary element from $`𝒞`$ with the aid of Leibniz rule (2). The mapping $`\phi `$ is defined on the generators as well,

$$\phi (L^+)=D^1,\phi (L^{})=Z^{}D^2(Z^{})^1D^1$$
(15)   
where $`D`$ is an arbitrary complex diagonal matrix obeying the conditions

$$det(D)=1\text{and}K_{12}D_1D_2=K_{12}.$$
(16)   
Here $`K`$ is a matrix related to the R-matrix via the equality

$$R_{12}R_{21}^1=(qq^1)(PK_{12}),$$
(17)   
$`P`$ stands for the flip operator.

## 3 Example: $`𝒰_q(𝔰𝔬(5))`$

We shall use the Drinfeld–Jimbo description of $`𝒰_q(𝔰𝔬(5))`$ , with the six generators $`q^{H_1},q^{H_2},X_1^+,X_2^+,X_1^{},X_2^{}`$, the relations

$`[q^{H_1},q^{H_2}]=0,`$   
$`q^{H_1}X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }=q^{\pm 1}q^{H_1}X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm },q^{H_1}X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }=q^1q^{H_1}X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm },`$   
$`q^{H_2}X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }=q^1q^{H_2}X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm },q^{H_2}X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }=q^{\pm 2}q^{H_2}X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm },`$   
$`[X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{+},X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{}]={\displaystyle \frac{q^{H_1}q^{H_1}}{qq^1}},[X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+},X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{}]={\displaystyle \frac{q^{H_2}q^{H_2}}{qq^1}},`$ (18)   
$`[X_1^+,X_2^{}]=0,[X_2^+,X_1^{}]=0,`$   
$`(X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm })^2X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }\left(q^1+q\right)X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }+X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }(X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm })^2=0,`$   
$`\begin{array}{cc}(X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm })^3X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }\left(q^1+1+q\right)(X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm })^2X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }\hfill & \\ \text{ }+\left(q^1+1+q\right)X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }(X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm })^2X_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm }(X_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\pm })^3=0.\hfill & \end{array}`$ (21)   
and the comultiplication

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(q^{H_i})=q^{H_i}q^{H_i},\mathrm{\Delta }(X_i^\pm )=X_i^\pm q^{\frac{1}{2}H_i}+q^{\frac{1}{2}H_i}X_i^\pm ,i=1,2.$$
(22)   
One can pass from the FRT description to the Drinfeld–Jimbo generators using the equalities

$`L_{11}^+=L_{55}^{}=q^{H_1+H_2},L_{22}^+=L_{44}^{}=q^{H_1},`$   
$`L_{12}^+=(qq^1)q^{1/2}X_2^{}q^{H_1+\frac{1}{2}H_2},L_{23}^+=(qq^1)q^{1/2}X_1^{}q^{\frac{1}{2}H_1},`$ (23)   
$`L_{34}^{}=(qq^1)q^{1/2}X_1^+q^{\frac{1}{2}H_1},L_{45}^{}=(qq^1)q^{1/2}X_2^+q^{H_1+\frac{1}{2}H_2}.`$   
Only 4 among the 10 generators $`z_{jk}^{}`$, $`1j<k5`$, are independent. We denote the independent generators by $`w_1,\mathrm{},w_4`$ and make the following choice:

$$z_{12}^{}=w_1,z_{13}^{}=w_2,z_{14}^{}=w_3,z_{23}^{}=w_4.$$
(24)   
The remaining entries can be expressed in terms of $`w_1,\mathrm{},w_4`$ as well,

$`z_{45}^{}=w_1,z_{34}^{}=q^{1/2}w_4,z_{35}^{}=q^{1/2}w_2+q^{1/2}w_1w_4,`$   
$`z_{24}^{}={\displaystyle \frac{q^{1/2}}{1+q}}w_4^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}2}},z_{15}^{}=w_1w_3{\displaystyle \frac{q^{1/2}}{1+q}}w_2^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}2}},`$ (25)   
$`z_{25}^{}=q^1w_3q^{1/2}w_2w_4+{\displaystyle \frac{q^{1/2}}{1+q}}w_1w_4^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}2}}.`$   
The algebra $`𝒞`$ is then determined by the relations

$`w_2w_1=qw_1w_2,w_3w_2=qw_2w_3,w_3w_4=qw_4w_3,`$ (26)   
$`w_3w_1=w_1w_3q^{1/2}(q1)w_2^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}2}},w_4w_2=w_2w_4q^{1/2}(qq^1)w_3,`$   
$`w_4w_1=q^1w_1w_4+(1q^2)w_2.`$   
Consequently, the ordered monomials $`w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4}`$, $`n_1,n_2,n_3,n_4_+`$, form an algebraic basis of $`𝒞`$.

The infinitesimal dressing transformation is prescribed on the generators as follows:

$`\xi (q^{H_1})\{w_1,w_2,w_3,w_4\}=\{q^1w_1,w_2,qw_3,qw_4\},`$   
$`\xi (q^{H_2})\{w_1,w_2,w_3,w_4\}=\{q^2w_1,qw_2,w_3,q^1w_4\},`$   
$`\xi (X_1^{})\{w_1,w_2,w_3,w_4\}=\{0,q^{1/2}w_2,q^{1/2}w_3,1\},`$ (27)   
$`\xi (X_2^{})\{w_1,w_2,w_3,w_4\}=\{q^{1/2},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}\},`$   
$`\xi (X_1^+)\{w_1,w_2,w_3,w_4\}=\{q^{1/2}w_2,q^{1/2}w_3,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},q^{1/2}w_3,{\displaystyle \frac{q^{1/2}}{1+q}}w_4^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}2}}\},`$   
$`\xi (X_2^+)\{w_1,w_2,w_3,w_4\}`$   
$`=\{q^{1/2}w_1^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}2}},w_1w_2,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+q}}w_2^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}2}},q^1w_1w_4+q^2w_2\}.`$   
Let us turn to the mapping $`\phi `$. The constraints (16) imply that

$$D=\text{diag}(q^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _1+\sigma _2},q^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _1},1,q^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _1},q^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _1\sigma _2})$$
(28)   
where $`\sigma _1,\sigma _2`$ are parameters. A straightforward calculation gives

$`\phi (q^{H_1})=q^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _1},\phi (q^{H_2})=q^{\sigma _2},\phi (X_1^{})=\phi (X_2^{})=0,`$   
$`\phi (X_1^+)={\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}\frac{1}{4}\sigma _1}}{1+q}}[\sigma _1]_{q^{1/2}}w_4,\phi (X_2^+)=q^{\frac{1}{2}(1+\sigma _2)}[\sigma _2]_qw_1,`$ (29)   
where $`[m]_p:=(p^mp^m)/(pp^1)`$.

The final step is to calculate the modified action according to the prescription (4). Here is the result:

$`q^{H_1}w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4}=q^{n_1+n_3+n_4\frac{1}{2}\sigma _1}w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4},`$   
$`q^{H_2}w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4}=q^{2n_1+n_2n_4\sigma _2}w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4},`$   
$`X_1^{}w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4}=`$   
$`q^{\frac{1}{2}(n_1+n_2n_3n_4)+\frac{1}{4}\sigma _1}[n_2]_{q^{1/2}}w_1^{n_1+1}w_2^{n_21}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4}`$   
$`+q^{\frac{1}{2}(n_1+n_3n_4)+\frac{1}{4}\sigma _1}[n_3]_qw_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2+1}w_3^{n_31}w_4^{n_4}`$   
$`q^{\frac{1}{2}(n_1+n_3)+\frac{1}{4}\sigma _1}[n_4]_{q^{1/2}}w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_41},`$   
$`X_2^{}w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4}=`$   
$`q^{\frac{1}{2}(1n_2+n_4+\sigma _2)}[n_1]_qw_1^{n_11}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4},`$   
$`X_1^+w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4}=`$ (30)   
$`q^{1+\frac{1}{2}(n_1n_3n_4)+\frac{1}{4}\sigma _1}[n_1]_qw_1^{n_11}w_2^{n_2+1}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4}`$   
$`+q^{1+\frac{1}{2}(n_1+n_2n_3n_4)+\frac{1}{4}\sigma _1}[n_2]_{q^{1/2}}w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_21}w_3^{n_3+1}w_4^{n_4}`$   
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\frac{1}{2}(1n_1+n_3)\frac{1}{4}\sigma _1}}{1+q}}[n_4\sigma _1]_{q^{1/2}}w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4+1},`$   
$`X_2^+w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4}=`$   
$`q^{\frac{1}{2}(1n_2+n_4+\sigma _2)}[n_1+n_2n_4\sigma _2]_qw_1^{n_1+1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_4}`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{q^{1+n_1+\frac{1}{2}n_2+n_3\frac{3}{2}(n_4+\sigma _2)}}{1+q}}[n_3]_qw_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2+2}w_3^{n_31}w_4^{n_4}`$   
$`+q^{1+n_1+\frac{1}{2}n_2+n_3n_4\frac{3}{2}\sigma _2}[n_4]_{q^{1/2}}w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2+1}w_3^{n_3}w_4^{n_41}`$   
$`(q1)q^{\frac{5}{2}+n_1+\frac{1}{2}(n_2n_4)\frac{3}{2}\sigma _2}[n_4]_{q^{1/2}}[n_41]_{q^{1/2}}`$   
$`\times w_1^{n_1}w_2^{n_2}w_3^{n_3+1}w_4^{n_42}.`$   
Note that $`1𝒞`$ is a lowest weight vector ($`X_1^{}1=X_2^{}1=0`$), with the lowest weight determined by $`q^{H_1}1=q^{\frac{1}{2}\sigma _1}`$, $`q^{H_2}1=q^{\sigma _2}`$. Consequently, the cyclic submodule $`𝒰1`$ is finite-dimensional and irreducible provided $`\sigma _1,\sigma _2_+`$, and this way one can obtain, in principle, all finite-dimensional irreducible representations of $`𝒰_q(𝔰𝔬(5))`$. For example, if $`\sigma _1=1`$, $`\sigma _2=0`$, then $`𝒰1`$ is a 4-dimensional vector space spanned by the vectors: 1, $`w_4`$, $`w_2qw_1w_4`$, $`(1+q)w_3+q^{3/2}w_2w_4`$.

Acknowledgements. Partial support from the grant 202/96/0218 of Czech Grant Agency is gratefully acknowledged.