# Untitled Document

IF-UFRJ/99

HAWKING RADIATION IN THE DILATON GRAVITY

WITH A NON-MINIMALLY COUPLED

SCALAR FIELD

M. ALVES

Instituto de Fisica - UFRJ

Rio de Janeiro-RJ

Brazil

ABSTRACT

We discuss the two-dimensional dilaton gravity with a scalar field as the source matter where the coupling with gravity is given, besides the minimal one, through an external field. This coupling generalizes the conformal anomaly in the same way as those found in recent literature, but with a diferent motivation. The modification to the Hawking radiation is calculated explicity and show an additional term that introduces a dependence on the (effective) mass of the black-hole.

PACS: 04.60.+n; 11.17.+y; 97.60.Lf

e-mail: MSALVES@if.ufrj.br

1 INTRODUCTION

It is widely recognized that two-dimensional models of gravity can give us a better understanding of the gravitational quantum effects. These models, derived either from a string motivated effective action  or from some low-dimensional version of the Einstein equations , have a rich structure in spite of their relative simplicity. Gravitational collapse, black holes and quantum effects are examples of subjects whose description is rather complicated in four-dimensional gravity while their lower-dimensional versions turn out to be more treatable, sometimes completely solved. This is the case of the seminal work of Callan, Giddings, Harvey and Strominger (CGHS), where black-hole solutions are found and analysed semi-classically, giving us a two dimensional version of the Hawking effect.

In the CGHS model, the starting point is the four-dimensional Einstein-Hilbert action in the spherically symmetric metric, where the Schwarzchild one is the simplest case. Then, the assumption of dependence in two variables for all the fields is done and, with a suitable form of the metric, it is possible to integrate the angular dependence. The final result is a two-dimensional action with a new field, besides the gravitational one, called the dilaton, that can be taken as the relic of the integrated coordinates. This is the two-dimensional dilaton gravity. Some improvements have been done  to circumvent difficulties that arise from its quantum version, but leaving the initial purpose unchanged.

Black-hole solutions are found to be formed from non-singular initial conditions, namely a source of scalar matter coupled minimally with the two-dimensional gravity sector (the terminology will be clarified later). There is also a linear vacuum region, which turns to be relevant to these models.

Since these results are classical, the next step is the search for quantum effects: it is well known that whereas classical black-holes radiate nothing the semi-classical ones render a thermal radiation by a proccess called Hawking-Beckestein effect. An important feature of the semi-classical version for this effect is the conformal anomaly, since the Hawking radiation can be derived from this quantity. Recently, a series of works gives atention to the generalization of the conformal anomaly to the CGHS model, with diferent coupling between the scalar field and gravitation.

By semi-classical version of this theory we mean the scalar field quantized in the curved, classical, background. However , as pointed out before , we must be careful with the field variable to be considered when we use the Fujikawa method. In the present case we make a redefinition of the scalar field variable that, in the two dimensional case, results in a more general expression for the trace anomaly. We discuss here how this redefinition generates the same expression to the generalized anomaly found in  in a simple and direct way. This is one of the results of this work.

On other hand, since the anomaly is used to calculate the Hawking radiation in the two dimensional case, we can expect new contributions to this quantity from the new terms of the conformal anomaly. In the CGHS model, these new terms give a generalization to the expression of the Hawking radiation that depend of the effective mass of the black-hole, absent in the original calculation.

This article is organized as follows: in the next section we discuss the motivation for the definition of a new field variable, the modification in the original action and the resulting expression for the trace anomaly in a direct way. After that, we present without details the main results of the CGHS model concerning the black hole radiation to fix notation, then, following the same steps as in , we calculate the new expression for the Hawking radiation derived from the modified anomaly. Discussions and final remarks are in the conclusion.

2 THE 2d DILATON GRAVITY WITH NON-MINIMAL COUPLING 

The semi-classical quantization via functional method requires the integration over fields (the scalar one in this particular case). On the other hand, we are interested in theories that have the full quantized version free of anomalies. This paradigm can be worked out via the BRST analysis of the theory by using the Fujikawa’s technique . In this framework, the quantized theory is anomaly-free provided the functional measure is BRST-invariant. It follows that this invariance requires a redefinition of the field variables, the so-called gravitational dressing, and we must consider these new fields as the variables of the model that we are studying. We stress that without this modification the conservation of the quantized energy-momentum tensor (EMT) is not verified . Another remarkable fact is that the trace anomaly would be null (only in the 2d case).

For the present case, 2d scalar field $`f`$, this redefinition means

$$f\stackrel{~}{f}=(g)^{(\frac{1}{4})}f,$$
(1)   
where $`g=detg_{\mu \nu }`$.

The original action can be rewriten in terms of this new variable:

$$S[f,g_{\mu \nu }]=\frac{1}{2\pi }d^2x\sqrt{g}_\mu f^\mu fS[\stackrel{~}{f},g_{\mu \nu }]=\frac{1}{2\pi }d^2x_\mu \stackrel{~}{f}^\mu \stackrel{~}{f}$$
(2)   
It is straightforward to see that the action for the new variables is not conformal invariant, since by a transformation as

$$g_{\mu \nu }^{^{}}=e^{2\alpha }g_{\mu \nu }$$
(3)   
the field $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ transform as

$$\stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{f}^{^{}}=e^\alpha \stackrel{~}{f}.$$
(4)   
Now, let us use the conformal gauge

$$g_{\mu \nu }=e^{2\rho }\eta _{\mu \nu }(g)^{(\frac{1}{4})}=e^\rho $$
(5)   
and write

$$\stackrel{~}{f}^{^{}}=(e^\rho f)^{^{}}=e^\alpha e^\rho f$$
(6)   
so, in this gauge, a conformal transformation on $`f^{^{}}`$ is equivalent to make

$$\rho \rho ^{^{}}=\rho +\alpha $$
(7)   
Using these relations, we can define a non-minimal coupling to the field variable through a gauge type field, namely

$$\stackrel{~}{}_\mu \stackrel{~}{f}=(_\mu A_\mu )\stackrel{~}{f}$$
(8)   
where

$$A_\mu =_\mu \rho $$
(9)   
tranforms as

$$A_\mu ^{^{}}=A_\mu +_\mu \alpha $$
(10)   
With the definition (8), we can write a conformally invariant action to the fields $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ and $`g_{\mu \nu }`$:

$$S[\stackrel{~}{f},g_{\mu \nu }]=\frac{1}{2\pi }d^2x\stackrel{~}{}^\mu \stackrel{~}{f}\stackrel{~}{}_\mu \stackrel{~}{f}$$
(11)   
or

$$S[\stackrel{~}{f},g_{\mu \nu }]=\frac{1}{2\pi }d^2x\stackrel{~}{f}(^\mu _\mu A^\mu A_\mu +^\mu A_\mu )\stackrel{~}{f}$$
(12)   
This modification leads to a generalization of the value of trace anomaly which is easily calculated, since the field $`A_\mu `$ is not quantized and can be considered as an external field. The resulting anomaly is :

$$RR_{(generalized)}=R+\beta (A^\mu A_\mu ^\mu A_\mu )$$
(13)   
Here, the parameter $`\beta `$ shows us the presence of non-minimal coupling ($`\beta =1`$) or its absence ($`\beta =0`$).

Antecipating a result from the next section, to wit the conformal factor $`\rho `$ equal to the dilaton field $`\varphi `$, we have:

$$R_{(generalized)}=R+\beta (^\mu \varphi _\mu \varphi +_\mu ^\mu \varphi )$$
(14)   
There are many recent works  dealing with this general value for the 2d trace anomaly, some of them with others but related motivation , rendering different numerical values for the extra terms in (14). This does not change our analysis.

3 THE CGHS MODEL FOR THE 2d DILATON GRAVITY AND THE HAWKING RADIATION

Intending to compare results, we present in this section the CGHS model for the two dimensional gravity and, specifically, the expression of the radiation of the black hole, derived from the semi-classical version following the same steps as in .

The starting point is the action

$$S=\frac{1}{2\pi }d^2x\sqrt{g}e^{2\varphi }\left\{R+4(\varphi )^2+4\lambda ^2\right\}.$$
(15)   
Here, $`R`$ is the bidimensional scalar curvature and $`\lambda `$ is to be considered as a cosmological constant. As mentioned before, the dilaton field $`\varphi `$, that in two dimensional space time is a scalar, came from the angular part of the original 4d metric , so that this action must be considered as the pure gravitational part. Stressing this affirmative is the possibility to make the dilaton equal to the gravitational field, at least classically.

Using the light-cone coordinates and the conformal gauge, the metric becomes

$$g_+=\frac{1}{2}e^{2\rho },g_{++}=g_{}=0.$$
(16)   
This two dimensional model shows a black hole type solution when scalar fields $`\phi `$ are considered as matter source in $`x^+=x_0^+`$, traveling in the $`x^{}`$ direction, with the intensity proportional to the constant $`a`$.

The solutions for the resulting equations are:

$$e^{2\rho }=e^{2\varphi }=\frac{M}{\lambda }\lambda ^2x^{}x^+$$
(17)   
for $`x^+>x_0^+`$ and for $`x^+<x_0^+`$ we have the vacuum. $`M=ax_0^+\lambda `$ is identified with the mass of the hole. Note that $`\rho =\varphi `$ is a consequence of the calculation and it will be used later.

Up to this point, all the results are classical and to obtain information about the Hawking radiation we must consider quantum effects. This can be done through the relation between the trace anomaly and the components of the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of the energy momentum tensor (EMT)  . In two dimensions, the VEV for the massless field is given by

$$T_\mu ^\mu =\frac{N}{24}R$$
(18)   
where $`R`$ is the scalar curvature and $`N`$ is related with the number of the fields in the model. Of course, the RHS of this equation is only due to the quantum corrections since the classical expression for the trace of the EMT is null for zero mass fields. Up to numerical factors, the expression to this anomaly is the same to all kinds of fields.

The conservation of the EMT must be imposed, so

$$^\nu T_{\mu \nu }=0.$$
(19)   
The solutions of these equations are, in the conformal gauge,

$$T_{}=_{}\rho _{}\rho _+^2\rho +t_{}(x^+)$$
(20)   
and

$$T_{++}=_+\rho _+\rho _{}^2\rho +t_+(x^{})$$
(21)   
The limits of (20) and (21) at the assimptotical regions , $`I^+`$ and $`I^{}`$, give us the value of $`t_+`$ and $`t_{}`$. In order to compare with the literature, we use the same coordinates as in \[CGHS\]:

$$x^+=\frac{1}{\lambda }e^{\lambda y^+}\text{and}x^{}=\frac{1}{\lambda }e^{\lambda y^{}}+\frac{a}{\lambda ^2}.$$
(22)   
These definitions result in a new metric but conformally related with the flat one like the former or, in others words, they preserve the conformal gauge. This new metric is obtained by writing (17) in terms of the variables $`y^+`$ and $`y^{}`$ giving the conformal factor as

$$e^{2\rho }=\begin{array}{c}(1+\frac{a}{\lambda }e^{\lambda y^{}})^1\text{for}y^+<y_0^+\hfill \\ \\ \\ (1+\frac{a}{\lambda }e^{\lambda (y^{}y^++y_0^+)})^1\text{for}y^+>y_0^+,\hfill \end{array}$$
(23)   
where $`\lambda x_0^+=e^{\lambda y_0^+}`$.

The requeriment that these expressions vanish in the vacuun ( $`x^+<x_0^+`$) gives us the values of $`t_+`$ and $`t_{}`$ and can be calculated at the limits $`e^{\lambda y^{}}\mathrm{}`$ and $`e^{\lambda y^{}}\frac{a}{\lambda }`$. This condition applied in (20), give us

$$t_{}=\frac{\lambda ^2}{4}(1(1+\frac{a}{\lambda }e^{\lambda y^{}})^2).$$
(24)   
The value for the $`T_{}`$ component at $`y^+\mathrm{}`$ ($`x^+\mathrm{}`$) is the flux across the future null infinity and, taken this limit again in (20), we see that the remaining term is just $`t_{}`$.

The Hawking radiation is the value of the $`T_{}`$ near the horizon ( at $`y^{}\mathrm{}`$, it vanishes):

$$x^{}\frac{a}{\lambda ^2}\text{or}e^{\lambda y^{}}0,$$
(25)   
Using (24) and (20), the final expression is:

$$T_{}^{horizon}=\frac{\lambda ^2}{4}.$$
(26)   
At this point, it is worth mentionning that the absence of the mass in (26) is peculiar of the CGHS model.

Now, let us consider the modifications in the expression to the anomaly and show how this result affects the expression for the Hawking radiation. Our strategy will be to follow the same steps as those showed above, using the expression (13) in (18) and (19).

With our choice to the gauge, the trace anomaly is now given by

$$R=e^{2\rho }(8_+_{}\rho 6\beta (16_+_{}\rho +64_+\rho _{}\rho )).$$
(27)   
The non-zero components of relation (18) turns to be

$$T_+=\alpha _+_{}\rho +\beta _+\rho _{}\rho ,$$
(28)   
where the constants $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ were redefined in terms of those ones of (13). In this way, it is simple to see that the new contribution comes from the second term in RHS of (28).

Following the same steps as before, namely using (28) in the (18) and (19), we have , e.g, for the $`T_{}`$ component

$$T_{}=T_{}^{\beta =0}+\beta [\frac{1}{2}(_{}\rho )^2+\rho _{}^2\rho 2\rho (_{}\rho )^2]+t(y^{})$$
(29)   
where $`T_{}^{\beta =0}`$ is given by (20) or (21), depending on which portion of the space time we are considering: at the $`y^+<y_0^+`$ region, there is no extra contribution, since the new terms do not depend on $`y^+`$. Consequently $`t(y^{})`$ has the same value calculated previously.

As before, the expression for $`t(y^{})`$ at $`y^+>y_0^+`$is obtained by applying the assimptotical limit at the vacuum region, $`y^{}0`$:

$$t(y^{})=t(y^{})^{\beta =0}+\beta \frac{\lambda }{4}(\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}e^{4\rho }2\rho ),$$
(30)   
with $`t(y^{})^{\beta =0}`$ given by(26) and $`\rho `$ by (23).

Finally, taking the appropriated limits, we arrive at the desired expression,

$$T_{}^{horizon}=\frac{\lambda ^2}{4}[\alpha +\beta ln(\frac{M}{a})]$$
(31)   
where the constants $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ were redefined again for simplicity.

The modification of the expression of the Hawking radiation (31) was already expected, since the expression to the anomaly was modified. The dependence with the effective mass arises due the nonlinearity of the extra term in (27) and is a direct consequence of the new couplings introduced before. This is another result of this work.

4 CONCLUSIONS AND FINAL REMARKS

In this paper, we use the non-minimal coupling between the scalar field and 2d gravitation that gives rise to a generalization to the trace anomaly. The non-minimal coupling includes a type-gauge field , given in terms of the gravitation (or the dilaton in the CGHS model ) field. The motivation of the introduction of this extra coupling is the requirement of the conformal invariance of the action for the redefined field that, differently to the original, is not conformally invariant.

The semiclassical quantization allows us to consider this gauge field as an external one, rendering the calculation of the anomaly very simple: we just need to add the new terms that appear in the equation of motion derived from (12).

The expression for the auxiliary field is due to the fact that in two dimensions we allways can use the conformal gauge. In higher dimensions, this choice would be very restrictive but, in this case, it is not nescessary to redefine the matter field to satisfy (19) and the definition of the conformal gauge field is straightfoward  . Actually, in the 4d case, (19) is used to fix some of numerical values of the EMT .

In two dimensional space-time the calculation of the Hawking radiation is easily obtained via its relation with the trace anomaly . The calculations using the CGHS model yield a expression for black hole radiation that do not depend on the mass of the hole. On the contrary, in the Schwarzchild black hole, there is such dependence and has important consequences on the behaviour of these objects.

When we use the generalized conformal anomaly the resulting expression to the Hawking radiation has a dependence with the mass. The modification in the Hawking radiation was expected because the relations (13) and (18) and we can expect a more general behaviour for these structures. We mention also that, in the CGHS model, the dependence of the radiation with the temperature is assured by the relation with the $`\lambda `$ parameter, since the temperature in this case is given by :

$$T=\frac{\lambda }{2\pi }$$
(32)   
and it is found to be the same as in the four dimensional case, to wit, $`T_{}T^2`$ (in this case, $`TM`$ and $`T_{}M^2`$). However, the modification in (31) breaks the relation between radiation and temperature so this result must be taken as a higher order term and not as the complete expression.

Finally, it must be interesting to study others models using the non-minimal coupling to see what are the consequences of this choice. Works in this direction are in progress.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is grateful to Prof. Carlos Farina for reading the manuscript and useful comments. This work was partially supported by Fundação Universitária José Bonifácio, FUJB.

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