# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Field-Antifield formalism  is based on an analysis of local symmetries of a Lagrangian, and has a great adventage of representing manefestly covariant formulation of a theory. However, in general, local gauge symmetries are not systematically obtained in an action while constructing a Lagrangian. Even though they are related with the generalized Bianchi-like identities , it may be difficult to see the full local symmetries for some complicated Lagrangians.

On the other hand, the Batalin, Fradkin, and Tyutin (BFT) Hamiltonian method  has been applied to several second class constrained systems , which yield the strongly involutive first class constraint algebra in an extended phase space by introducing new fields. Recently, we have quantized other interesting models including the Proca models by using our improved BFT formalism . However, the Hamiltonian approach  to the quantization of constrained systems has the drawback of not necessarily leading to a manifestly Lorentz covariant partition function. This problem is also avoided in the Lagrangian field-antifield approach. In this respect, the systematic and exhaustive determinations of local symmetries constitute an integral part of the field-antifield quantization program.

In this paper, we will consider Lagrangian approach of the first class constrained systems. In section 2, after embedding the abelian Proca model on the extended phase space by the BFT method, we explicitly show how to derive the exact form of the well-known local symmetry of the first class Proca model as a simple example from the view of Lagrangian without resorting to a Hamiltonian formulation. In section 3, we apply the Lagrangian approach to abelian pure Chern-Simons (CS) model which is invariant under the U(1) gauge transformation but has still second class constraint due to the symplectic structure. As results, we show that for the embedded symplectic structure of the CS model there exist additional novel local symmetries as well as the usual U(1) gauge symmetry. Our conclusions are given in section 4.

## 2 Proca Model

We first consider the abelian Proca model  whose dynamics are given by

$$S=d^4x[\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }+\frac{1}{2}m^2A_\mu A^\mu ],$$
(1)   
where $`F_{\mu \nu }=_\mu A_\nu _\nu A_\mu `$, and $`g_{\mu \nu }=diag(+,,,)`$. In the Hamiltonian formulation the canonical momenta of gauge fields are given by $`\pi _0=0`$, and $`\pi _i=F_{i0}`$. Then, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1=\pi _00`$ is a primary constraint, and the canonical Hamiltonian

$$H_c=d^3x\left[\frac{1}{2}\pi _i^2+\frac{1}{4}F_{ij}F^{ij}+\frac{1}{2}m^2\{(A^0)^2+(A^i)^2\}A_0\mathrm{\Omega }_2\right].$$
(2)   
Here $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2`$ is the Gauss’ law constraint which comes from the time evolution of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ with the primary Hamiltonian $`H_p=H_c+d^3xv^1\mathrm{\Omega }_1`$ as

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_2=^i\pi _i+m^2A^00.$$
(3)   
We now convert these second class constraints into the corresponding first class ones via a la BFT Hamiltonian embedding. This BFT method is by now well-known, and thus we would like to avoid the explicit calculation here and quote the results of Ref. . The effective first class constraints $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_i`$ are given by

$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_i`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }_i+\mathrm{\Omega }_i^{(1)}=\mathrm{\Omega }_i+m\mathrm{\Phi }^i.`$ (4)   
with the introduction of auxiliary fields $`\mathrm{\Phi }^i`$ satisfying $`\{\mathrm{\Phi }^i(x),\mathrm{\Phi }^j(y)\}=\omega ^{ij}(x,y)=ϵ^{ij}\delta ^3(xy)`$, and the first class Hamiltonian $`\stackrel{~}{H}`$ corresponding to the canonical Hamiltonian $`H_c`$ by

$`\stackrel{~}{H}(A^\mu ,\pi _\nu ;\mathrm{\Phi }^i)=H_c(A^\mu ,\pi _\nu )+{\displaystyle d^3x\left[\frac{1}{2}(\mathrm{\Phi }^2)^2+\frac{1}{2}(_i\mathrm{\Phi }^1)^2+m\mathrm{\Phi }^1_iA^i\frac{1}{m}\mathrm{\Phi }^2\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_2\right]},`$ (5)   
which is strongly involutive, i.e., $`\{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_i,\stackrel{~}{H}\}=0`$.

It seems appropriate to comment on generators of local symmetry transformation in the Hamiltonian formulation, which are given by the first class constraints. Defining the generators by

$$G=\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{2}{}}d^2x(1)^{\alpha +1}ϵ^\alpha (x)\mathrm{\Omega }_\alpha (x),$$
(6)   
we have

$`\delta A^0=ϵ^1,\delta \pi _0=m^2ϵ^2,`$   
$`\delta A^i=^iϵ^2,\delta \pi _i=0,`$   
$`\delta \rho =ϵ^2,\delta \pi _\rho =m^2ϵ^1.`$ (7)   
Here we inserted $`(1)^{\alpha +1}`$ factor in Eq. (6) in order to make the gauge transformation usual, and also identified the new variables $`\mathrm{\Phi }^i`$ as a canonically conjugate pair ($`\rho `$, $`\pi _\rho `$) in the Hamiltonian formalism through $`(\mathrm{\Phi }^i)(m\rho ,\frac{1}{m}\pi _\rho )`$. Now, it can be easily seen that the extended action

$$S_\mathrm{E}=d^4x(\pi _\mu \dot{A}^\mu +\pi _\rho \dot{\rho }\stackrel{~}{H})$$
(8)   
is invariant under the gauge transformations (S2.Ex1) with $`ϵ^1=^0ϵ^2`$.

Next, from the partition function given by the Faddeev-Popov formula  as

$$Z=𝒟A^\mu 𝒟\pi _\mu 𝒟\rho 𝒟\pi _\rho \underset{i,j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\delta (\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_i)\delta (\mathrm{\Gamma }_j)\text{det}\{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Omega }}_i,\mathrm{\Gamma }_j\}e^{iS},$$
(9)   
where

$$S=d^4x\left(\pi _\mu \dot{A}^\mu +\pi _\rho \dot{\rho }\stackrel{~}{}\right),$$
(10)   
and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_j`$ are the gauge fixing functions. One could integrate all the momenta out with the delta functional in Eq. (9). As results, we have the well-known action

$$S=d^4x=d^4x\left[\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }+\frac{1}{2}m^2(A_\mu +_\mu \rho )^2\right],$$
(11)   
which is invariant under $`\delta A^\mu =^\mu ϵ^2`$ and $`\delta \rho =ϵ^2`$.

Now, we are ready to use a recently proposed Lagrangian approach  of constrained systems in the configuration space. Starting from the gauge invariant action (11), our purpose is to find the gauge transformation rules systematically without resorting to the language of the Hamiltonian formulation.

The equations of motion following from (11) are of the form

$$L_i^{(0)}(x)=d^3y\left[W_{ij}^{(0)}(x,y)\ddot{\phi }^j(y)+\alpha _i^{(0)}(y)\delta ^3(xy)\right]=0,i=1,2,\mathrm{},5,$$
(12)   
where $`W_{ij}^{(0)}(x,y)`$ is the Hessian matrix

$`W_{ij}^{(0)}(x,y)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^2}{\delta \dot{\phi }^i(x)\delta \dot{\phi }^j(y)}}`$ (18)   
$`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& m^2\end{array}\right)\delta ^3(xy)=\stackrel{~}{W}_{ij}^{(0)}\delta ^3(xy),`$   
$`(\phi ^i)^\mathrm{T}(x)`$ $`=`$ $`(A^0,A^1,A^2,A^3,\rho )(x),`$ (19)   
$`(\alpha _i^{(0)})^\mathrm{T}(x)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^3y\left[\frac{^2}{\phi ^j(y)\dot{\phi }^i(x)}\dot{\phi }^j(y)\right]}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\phi ^i(x)}}`$ (20)   
$`=`$ $`(\alpha _{A^0},\alpha _{A^1},\alpha _{A^2},\alpha _{A^3},\alpha _\rho )(x)`$   
with

$`\alpha _{A^0}=_i(\dot{A}^i+_iA^0)m^2(A^0+\dot{\rho }),`$   
$`\alpha _{A^i}=_i\dot{A}^0_jF^{ij}+m^2(A^i_i\rho ),`$   
$`\alpha _\rho =m^2\dot{A}^0+m^2_i(A^i_i\rho ).`$ (21)   
Since the Hessian matrix (18) is of rank four, there exists a “zeroth generation” null eigenvector $`\lambda ^{(0)}(x,y)`$ satisfying

$$d^3y\lambda _i^{(0)}(x,y)W_{ij}^{(0)}(y,z)=0.$$
(22)   
For simplicity, let us normalize it to have components

$$\lambda ^{(0)}(x,y)=(1,0,0,0,0)\delta ^3(xy).$$
(23)   
Correspondingly we have a “zeroth generation” constraint in the Lagrangian sense as

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_1^{(0)}(x)=d^3y\lambda _i^{(0)}(x,y)L_i^{(0)}(y)=L_1^{(0)}(x)=\alpha _{A^0}=0,$$
(24)   
when multiplied with the equations of motion (12).

We now require the “zeroth generation” Lagrange constraint (24) to vanish in the evolution of time, and add this to the equations of motion (12) through the equation of $`\dot{\mathrm{\Omega }}_1^{(0)}=0`$. The resulting set of six equations may be summarized in the form of the set of “first generation” equations, $`L_{i_1}^{(1)}(x)=0,i_1=1,\mathrm{},6`$, with

$$L_{i_1}^{(1)}(x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}L_i^{(0)},i=1,\mathrm{}5,\hfill & \\ \frac{d}{dt}(\lambda _i^{(0)}L_i^{(0)}).\hfill & \end{array}$$
(25)   
$`L_{i_1}^{(1)}(x)`$ can be written in the general form

$$L_{i_1}^{(1)}(x)=d^3y\left[W_{i_1j}^{(1)}(x,y)\ddot{\phi }^j(y)+\alpha _{i_1}^{(1)}(y)\delta ^3(xy)\right]=0,i_1=1,,6,$$
(26)   
where

$$W_{i_1j}^{(1)}(x,y)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}& \\ \stackrel{~}{W}_{ij}^{(0)}& \\ & \\ & \\ & \\ \begin{array}{ccccc}0& _x^1& _x^2& _x^3& m^2\end{array}& \end{array}\right)\delta ^3(xy),$$
(27)   
and

$$(\alpha _{i_1}^{(1)})^\mathrm{T}(x)=((\alpha _i^{(0)})^\mathrm{T},\alpha _6^{(1)})(x)$$
(28)   
with

$`\alpha _6^{(1)}=_i_i\dot{A}^0m^2\dot{A}^0.`$ (29)   
We now repeat the previous analysis taking Eq. (26) as a starting point, and looking for solutions of a first generation null eigenvector as

$$d^3y\lambda _{i_1}^{(1)}(x,y)W_{i_1j}^{(1)}(y,z)=0.$$
(30)   
Since $`W_{i_1j}^{(1)}(x,y)`$ is still of rank four, there exit two null eigenvectors, $`\lambda ^{(1)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}`$. The $`\lambda ^{(1)}`$ is the previous null eigenvector (23) with an extension such as $`\lambda ^{(1)}(x,y)=(\lambda _i^{(0)},0)`$, and the other null eigenvector $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}`$ of $`W_{i_ij}^{(1)}(x,y)`$ is of the form $`(0,_x^1,_x^2,_x^3,1,1)v(x)\delta ^3(xy)`$. We could thus choose it as

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_{i_1}^{(1)}(x,y)=(0,_x^1,_x^2,_x^3,1,1)\delta ^3(xy).$$
(31)   
The associated constraint is found to vanish “identically”

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_2^{(1)}(x)=d^3y\mathrm{\Sigma }_{i_1}^{(1)}(x,y)L_{i_1}^{(1)}(y)=^i\alpha _{A^i}^{(1)}+\alpha _5^{(1)}+\alpha _6^{(1)}=0.$$
(32)   
The algorithm ends at this point.

The local symmetries of the action (11) are encoded in the identity (32). Recalling (12) and (26) we see that the identity (32) can be rewritten as follows

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_2^{(1)}(x)=^iL_i^{(0)}+L_5^{(0)}+{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}L_1^{(0)}=0.`$ (33)   
This result is a special case of a general theorem stating  that the identities $`\mathrm{\Omega }_k^{(l)}0`$ can always be written in the form

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_k^{(l)}=\underset{s=0}{}d^3y\left((1)^{s+1}\frac{d^s}{dt^s}\varphi _k^{i(s)}(x,y)L_i^{(0)}(y)\right).$$
(34)   
For the Proca case we have the following relations

$`\varphi _2^{2(0)}(x,y)=^1\delta ^3(xy),`$   
$`\varphi _2^{3(0)}(x,y)=^2\delta ^3(xy),`$   
$`\varphi _2^{4(0)}(x,y)=^3\delta ^3(xy),`$   
$`\varphi _2^{5(0)}(x,y)=\delta ^3(xy),`$   
$`\varphi _2^{1(1)}(x,y)=\delta ^3(xy).`$ (35)   
It again follows from general considerations  that the action (11) is invariant under the transformation

$$\delta \phi ^i(y)=\underset{k}{}d^3x\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }_k(x)\varphi _k^{i(0)}(x,y)+\dot{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_k(x)\varphi _k^{i(1)}(x,y)\right).$$
(36)   
For the case in question this corresponds to the transformations

$`\delta A^\mu (x)=^\mu \mathrm{\Lambda }_2,`$   
$`\delta \rho (x)=\mathrm{\Lambda }_2.`$ (37)   
These are the set of symmetry transformations which is identical with the previous result (S2.Ex1) of the extended Hamiltonian formalism, when we set $`ϵ^1=^0ϵ^2`$ and $`ϵ^2=\mathrm{\Lambda }_2`$, similar to the Maxwell case . As results, we have systematically derived the set of symmetry transformations starting from the Lagrangian of the first class Proca model.

## 3 Chern-Simons Model

Similar to the Proca case, we have recently applied the BFT method to the pure CS theory whose dynamics are given by

$$S=d^3x\frac{\kappa }{2}ϵ_{\mu \nu \rho }A^\mu ^\nu A^\rho .$$
(38)   
This is invariant under the U(1) gauge transformation, $`\delta A^\mu =^\nu \mathrm{\Lambda }`$, but has still second class constraints due to the symplectic structure of the CS theory. As a result, we have obtained the following fully first class CS action  as

$$S=d^3x\left(\frac{\kappa }{2}ϵ_{\mu \nu \rho }A^\mu ^\nu A^\rho \frac{1}{2}ϵ_{ij}\mathrm{\Phi }^i\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^j+\sqrt{\kappa }\mathrm{\Phi }^jF_{0j}\right),$$
(39)   
where $`\mathrm{\Phi }^i`$ satisfy the relation $`\{\mathrm{\Phi }^i(x),\mathrm{\Phi }^j(y)\}=ϵ^{ij}\delta (xy)`$. Then, we may raise a question what is the symmetry transformation corresponding to the additional first class constraints originated from the symplectic structure of the CS theory. We would like to find them through the similar analysis of the previous Lagrangian approach.

The equations of motion following from (39) are of the form

$`(L_i^{(0)})^T(x)`$ $`=`$ $`(L_{A^0},L_{A^1},L_{A^2},L_{\mathrm{\Phi }^1},L_{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}),`$ (40)   
$`(\alpha _i^{(0)})^T(x)`$ $`=`$ $`(\alpha _{A^0},\alpha _{A^1},\alpha _{A^2},\alpha _{\mathrm{\Phi }^1},\alpha _{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}).`$ (41)   
The starting Hessian matrix is trivial for this pure CS case due to the first order Lagrangian as follows

$$W_{ij}^{(0)}(x,y)=\left(\begin{array}{ccccc}0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right)\delta ^2(xy)\stackrel{~}{W}_{ij}^{(0)}\delta ^2(xy),$$
(42)   
which shows that there are no true dynamical degrees of freedom. Explicitly, the equations of motion are given by

$`L_{A^0}`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa ϵ_{ij}^iA^j\sqrt{\kappa }_1\mathrm{\Phi }^1\sqrt{\kappa }_2\mathrm{\Phi }^2=\alpha _{A^0},`$   
$`L_{A^1}`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa \dot{A}^2\sqrt{\kappa }\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1+\kappa _2A^0=\alpha _{A^1},`$   
$`L_{A^2}`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa \dot{A}^1\sqrt{\kappa }\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2\kappa _1A^0=\alpha _{A^2},`$   
$`L_{\mathrm{\Phi }^1}`$ $`=`$ $`\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2+\sqrt{\kappa }(\dot{A}^1+_1A^0)=\alpha _{\mathrm{\Phi }^1},`$   
$`L_{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}`$ $`=`$ $`\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1+\sqrt{\kappa }(\dot{A}^2+_2A^0)=\alpha _{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}.`$ (43)   
Since the Hessian matrix (42) is of rank zero, there exist five “zeroth generation” null eigenvectors as

$$\lambda _i^{(0)a}(x,y)=\delta _i^a\delta ^2(xy),i,a=1,\mathrm{},5.$$
(44)   
Correspondingly we have “zeroth generation” Lagrange constraints

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_i^{(0)}=L_i^{(0)}=\alpha _i^{(0)}.$$
(45)   
Moreover, the equations of motion (S3.Ex12) are not independent. We can thus obtain the following identical relations as

$`\alpha _2^{(0)}\sqrt{\kappa }\alpha _5^{(0)}=0,`$   
$`\alpha _3^{(0)}+\sqrt{\kappa }\alpha _4^{(0)}=0.`$ (46)   
As results, we can rewrite the “zeroth generation” Lagrange constraints as follows

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_i^{(0)}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\Omega }_{\overline{i}}^{(0)}=\mathrm{\Omega }_i^{(0)},i,\overline{i}=1,2,3,\hfill & \\ \mathrm{\Omega }_{\widehat{i}}^{(0)},\widehat{i}=1,2,\hfill & \end{array}$$
(47)   
where the bar in the subscript denotes the independent constraints while the carrot identities as

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\widehat{1}}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _2^{(0)}\sqrt{\kappa }\alpha _5^{(0)}=L_2^{(0)}\sqrt{\kappa }L_5^{(0)}=0,`$   
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\widehat{2}}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _3^{(0)}+\sqrt{\kappa }\alpha _4^{(0)}=L_3^{(0)}+\sqrt{\kappa }L_4^{(0)}=0.`$ (48)   
We now require the independent “zeroth generation” Lagrange constraints to vanish in time evolution. Then, the resulting set of eight equations may be summarized in the form of the set of “first generation” equations, $`L_{i_1}^{(1)}=0,i_1=1,\mathrm{},8`$, with

$$L_{i_1}^{(1)}(x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}L_i^{(0)},i=1,\mathrm{}5,\hfill & \\ \frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{\Omega }_{\overline{i}}^{(0)}).\hfill & \end{array}$$
(49)   
$`L_{i_1}^{(1)}(x)`$ can be written in the general form as

$$L_{i_1}^{(1)}(x)=d^2y\left[W_{i_1j}^{(1)}(x,y)\ddot{\phi }^j(y)+\alpha _{i_1}^{(1)}(y)\delta ^2(xy)\right]=0,$$
(50)   
where the Hessian matrix is given by

$$W_{i_1j}^{(1)}(x,y)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}& \\ \stackrel{~}{W}_{ij}^{(0)}& \\ & \\ & \\ & \\ \begin{array}{ccccc}0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& \kappa & \sqrt{\kappa }& 0\\ 0& \kappa & 0& 0& \sqrt{\kappa }\end{array}& \end{array}\right)\delta ^2(xy),$$
(51)   
and

$$(\alpha _{i_1}^{(1)})^T(x)=((\alpha _i^{(0)})^T,\alpha _6^{(1)},\alpha _7^{(1)},\alpha _8^{(1)}),$$
(52)   
with

$`\alpha _6^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa ϵ_{ij}^i\dot{A}^j\kappa _1\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1\sqrt{\kappa }_2\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2,`$   
$`\alpha _7^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _2\dot{A}^0,`$   
$`\alpha _8^{(1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\kappa _1\dot{A}^0.`$ (53)   
We now repeat the previous analysis taking Eq. (50) as a starting point, and looking for solutions of a first generation null eigenvector as

$$d^2y\lambda _{i_1}^{(1)}(x,y)W_{i_1j}^{(1)}(y,z)=0.$$
(54)   
Since $`W_{i_1j}^{(1)}(x,y)`$ is of rank two, there exist six null eigenvectors, $`\lambda _i^{(1)a}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}`$. These $`\lambda _i^{(1)a}`$ are the previous null eigenvector (44) with an extension such as $`\lambda _{i_1}^{(1)a}(x,y)=(\lambda _i^{(0)a},0)`$, and a new null eigenvector $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}`$ as

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}(x,y)=(0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0)\delta ^2(xy).$$
(55)   
The associated constraint of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}(x,y)`$ generates one more Lagrange constraint as

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{\overline{1}}^{(1)}(x,y)=d^2y\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}(x,y)L_{i_1}^{(1)}(y)=\kappa ϵ_{ij}^i\dot{A}^j\kappa _1\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^1\sqrt{\kappa }_2\dot{\mathrm{\Phi }}^2=0.$$
(56)   
Now, the resulting set of nine equations may be summarized in the form of “second generation”, $`L_{i_2}^{(2)}=0,i_1=1,\mathrm{},9`$, with

$$L_{i_2}^{(2)}(x)=\{\begin{array}{cc}L_{i_1}^{(1)},i_1=1,\mathrm{},8,\hfill & \\ \frac{d}{dt}(\mathrm{\Omega }_{\overline{1}}^{(1)}),\hfill & \end{array}$$
(57)   
which can be written in the general form

$$L_{i_2}^{(2)}(x)=d^2y\left[W_{i_2j}^{(2)}(x,y)\ddot{\phi }^j(y)+\alpha _{i_2}^{(2)}(y)\delta ^2(xy)\right]=0,$$
(58)   
where

$$W_{i_2j}^{(2)}(x,y)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}& \\ \stackrel{~}{W}_{ij}^{(0)}& \\ & \\ & \\ & \\ \begin{array}{ccccc}0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& \kappa & \sqrt{\kappa }& 0\\ 0& \kappa & 0& 0& \sqrt{\kappa }\\ 0& \kappa _x^2& \kappa _x^1& \sqrt{\kappa }_x^1& \sqrt{\kappa }_x^2\end{array}& \end{array}\right)\delta ^3(xy),$$
(59)   
and

$$(\alpha _{i_2}^{(2)})^T(x)=((\alpha _{i_1}^{(1)})^T,\alpha _9^{(2)}).$$
(60)   
with identically vanishing component of $`\alpha _9^{(2)}=0`$.

We now repeat the analysis starting from Eq. (58). Since $`W_{i_2j}^{(2)}(x,y)`$ is still of rank two, there exists one more new null eigenvector $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(2)}`$ as

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(2)}(x,y)=(0,0,0,0,0,0,_x^1,_x^2,1)\delta ^2(xy).$$
(61)   
with the properly extended previous null eigenvectors $`\lambda _{i_1}^{(1)a}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{(1)}`$. The associated constraint is now found to vanish “identically”

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{\widehat{1}}^{(2)}(x)=d^3y\lambda _{i_2}^{(2)}(x,y)L_{i_2}(y)=^1L_7(x)+^2L_8(x)+L_9(x)=0,$$
(62)   
and the algorithm stops at this stage. As results, we gather all the identities, which will provide the explicit form of symmetry transformations, as follows

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\widehat{1}}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }_1^{(0)}=L_2\sqrt{\kappa }L_5=0,`$   
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\widehat{2}}^{(0)}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }_2^{(0)}=L_3+\sqrt{\kappa }L_4=0,`$   
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_{\widehat{1}}^{(2)}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }_3^{(2)}=^1L_7+^2L_8+L_9={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dt}}(^1L_2+^2L_3)+{\displaystyle \frac{d^2}{dt^2}}L_1=0.`$ (63)   
Comparing these with Eq. (34), we have the following relations

$`\varphi _1^{2(0)}(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`\delta ^2(xy),`$   
$`\varphi _1^{5(0)}(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\kappa }\delta ^2(xy),`$   
$`\varphi _2^{3(0)}(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`\delta ^2(xy),`$   
$`\varphi _2^{4(0)}(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\kappa }\delta ^2(xy),`$   
$`\varphi _3^{2(1)}(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`_x^1\delta ^2(xy),`$   
$`\varphi _3^{3(1)}(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`_x^2\delta ^2(xy),`$   
$`\varphi _3^{1(2)}(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`\delta ^2(xy),`$ (64)   
and making use of the following general expression of

$$\delta \phi ^i(y)=\underset{k}{}d^2x\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }_k(x)\varphi _k^{i(0)}(x,y)+\dot{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_k(x)\varphi _k^{i(1)}(x,y)+\ddot{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_k(x)\varphi _k^{i(2)}(x,y)\right),$$
(65)   
we finally obtain the extended symmetry transformations of the first class pure CS theory as

$`\delta A^0(x)`$ $`=`$ $`^0\dot{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_3,`$   
$`\delta A^i(x)`$ $`=`$ $`^i\dot{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_3+\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,`$   
$`\delta \mathrm{\Phi }^i(x)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\kappa }ϵ^{ij}\mathrm{\Lambda }_j.`$ (66)   
Therefore, we see that the gauge parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_3`$ is related with the usual U(1) gauge transformation, while $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_i(i=1,2)`$ generate novel symmetries originated from the symplectic structure of the CS theory. Note that if we further restrict the transformation as $`\dot{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_3=\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_i=0`$, then we easily recognize this novel extended symmetries reduce to the original well-known U(1) symmetry.

## 4 Conclusion

In this paper we have considered the Lagrangian approach of the first class abelian Proca and CS models. First, we have turned the second class Lagrangians into first class ones following the BFT method. Although the gauge invariant Lagrangian for the simple Proca model corresponding to the first class Hamiltonian exhibits the well-known local symmetry, we have explicitly shown, following the version of the Lagrangian approach, how this symmetry could be systematically derived on a purely Lagrangian level, without resorting to a Hamiltonian formulation. On the other hand, we have also studied the fully first class CS model by embedding the so called symplectic structure on the extended space. As results, we have found that there exist novel symmetries as well as the usual U(1) gauge symmetry by the Lagrangian method. We hope that the Lagrangian approach employed in these derivation will be of much interest in the context of the field-antifield formalism.

## Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by the Basic Science Research Institute Program, Ministry of Education, Project No. BSRI–98–2414.