# New “Electric” Description of Supersymmetric Quantum Chromodynamics *footnote **footnote *To be published in Phys. Lett. B.

## Abstract

Responding to the recent claim that the origin of moduli space may be unstable in $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” supersymmetric quantum chromodynamics (SQCD) with $`N_f`$ $``$ $`3N_c/2`$ ($`N_c>2`$) for $`N_f`$ flavors and $`N_c`$ colors of quarks, we explore the possibility of finding nonperturbative physics for $`\mathrm{}`$electric” SQCD. We present a recently discussed effective superpotential for $`\mathrm{}`$electric” SQCD with $`N_c+2`$ $``$ $`N_f`$ $``$ $`3N_c/2`$ ($`N_c>2`$) that generates chiral symmetry breaking with a residual nonabelian symmetry of $`SU(N_c)_{L+R}`$ $`\times `$ $`SU(N_fN_c)_L`$ $`\times `$ $`SU(N_fN_c)_R`$. Holomorphic decoupling property is shown to be respected. For massive $`N_fN_c`$ quarks, our superpotential with instanton effect taken into account produces a consistent vacuum structure for SQCD with $`N_f`$ = $`N_c`$ compatible with the holomorphic decoupling.

It has been widely accepted that physics of $`N`$=1 supersymmetric quantum chromodynamics (SQCD) at strong $`\mathrm{}`$electric” coupling is well described by the corresponding dynamics of SQCD at weak $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” coupling. This dynamical feature is referred to as Seiberg’s $`N`$=1 duality. In order to apply the $`N`$=1 duality to the physics of SQCD, one has to adjust dynamics of $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” quarks so that the anomaly-matching conditions are satisfied. In SQCD with quarks carrying $`N_f`$ flavors and $`N_c`$ colors for $`N_f`$ $``$ $`N_c`$+2, the $`N`$=1 duality is respected as long as $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” quarks have $`N_fN_c`$ colors. Appropriate interactions of $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” quarks can be derived in SQCD embedded in a softly broken $`N`$=2 SQCD that possesses the manifest $`N`$=2 duality. In SQCD with 3$`N_c`$/2 $`<`$ $`N_f`$ $`<`$ 3$`N_c`$, its phase is characterized by an interacting Coulomb phase, where the $`N`$=2 duality can be transmitted to $`N`$=1 SQCD. On the other hand, in SQCD with $`N_f`$ $``$ 3$`N_c`$/2, it is not clear that the $`N`$=1 duality is supported by the similar description in terms of the $`N`$=2 duality although it is believed that the result for 3$`N_c`$/2 $`<`$ $`N_f`$ can be safely extended to apply to this case.

Lately, several arguments have been made to discuss other possibilities than the physics based on the $`N`$=1 duality, especially for SQCD with $`N_f`$ $``$ 3$`N_c`$/2. It is clamed in Ref. that the origin of moduli space becomes unstable in $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” SQCD and that the spontaneous breakdown of the vectorial $`SU(N_f)_{L+R}`$ symmetry is expected to occur. An idea of an anomalous $`U(1)`$ symmetry, $`U(1)_{anom}`$, taken as a background gauge symmetry has been employed. Their findings are essentially based on the analyses made in the slightly broken supersymmetric (SUSY) vacuum. On the other hand, emphasizing nonperturbative implementation of $`U(1)_{anom}`$, the authors of Ref. have derived a new type of an effective superpotential applicable to $`\mathrm{}`$electric” SQCD. However, the physical consequences based on their superpotential have not been clarified yet. Finally, extensive evaluation of formation of condensates has provided a signal due to spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetries although there is a question on the reliability of their dynamical gap equations. These attempts suggest that, in order to make underlying property of SQCD more transparent, it is helpful to employ a composite chiral superfield composed of chiral gauge superfields that is responsible for relevant expression for $`U(1)_{anom}`$.

In a recent article, we have discussed what physics is suggested by SQCD with $`N_c+2`$ $``$ $`N_f`$ $``$ $`3N_c/2`$ and have found that, once SQCD triggers the formation of one condensate made of a quark-antiquark pair, the successive formation of other condensates is dynamically induced to generate spontaneous breakdown of the chiral $`SU(N_f)`$ symmetry to $`SU(N_fN_c)`$ as a residual chiral nonabelian symmetry. <sup>§</sup><sup>§</sup>§ Another case with a chiral $`SU(N_fN_c+1)`$ symmetry has also been discussed.  The anomalies associated with original chiral symmetries are matched with those from the Nambu-Goldstone superfields. As in Ref., our suggested dynamics can also be made more visible by taking softly broken SQCD in its supersymmetric limit. The derived effective superpotential has the common structure to the one discussed in Ref.. It should be noted that the $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” description should be selected by SQCD if SQCD favors the formation of no condensates.

In this paper, we further study effects of SUSY-preserving masses. It is shown that our superpotential is equipped with holomorphic decoupling property. In the case that quarks carrying flavors of $`SU(N_fN_c)`$ are massive, our superpotential supplemented by instanton contributions correctly reproduces consistent vacuum structure with the decoupling property.

In SQCD with $`N_c+2`$ $``$ $`N_f`$ $``$ $`3N_c/2`$ ($`N_c`$ $`>`$ 2), our superpotential takes the form of

$$W_{\mathrm{eff}}=S\left\{\mathrm{ln}\left[\frac{S^{N_cN_f}\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)f(Z)}{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3N_cN_f}}\right]+N_fN_c\right\}$$
(1)   
with an arbitrary function, $`f(Z)`$, to be determined, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the scale of SQCD. The composite superfields are specified by $`S`$ and $`T`$:

$$S=\frac{1}{32\pi ^2}\underset{A,B=1}{\overset{N_c}{}}W_A^BW_B^A,T_j^i=\underset{A=1}{\overset{N_c}{}}Q_A^i\overline{Q}_j^A,$$
(2)   
where chiral superfields of quarks and antiquarks are denoted by $`Q_A^i`$ and $`\overline{Q}_i^A`$ and gluons are by $`W_A^B`$ with Tr($`W`$) = 0 for $`i`$ = 1 $``$ $`N_f`$ and $`A`$, $`B`$ = 1 $``$ $`N_c`$. The remaining field, $`Z`$, describes an effective field. Its explicit form can be given by

$$Z=\frac{_{i_1\mathrm{}i_{N_f},j_1\mathrm{}j_{N_f}}B^{[i_1i_2\mathrm{}i_{N_c}]}T_{j_{N_c+1}}^{i_{N_c+1}}\mathrm{}T_{j_{N_f}}^{i_{N_f}}\overline{B}_{[j_1j_2\mathrm{}j_{N_c}]}}{\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)}\left(\frac{BT^{N_fN_c}\overline{B}}{\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)}\right),$$
(3)   
where 

$`B^{[i_1i_2\mathrm{}i_{N_c}]}={\displaystyle \underset{A_1\mathrm{}A_{N_c}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N_c!}}\epsilon ^{A_1A_2\mathrm{}A_{N_c}}Q_{A_1}^{i_1}\mathrm{}Q_{A_{N_c}}^{i_{N_c}},`$ (4)   
$`\overline{B}_{[i_1i_2\mathrm{}i_{N_c}]}={\displaystyle \underset{A_1\mathrm{}A_{N_c}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N_c!}}\epsilon _{A_1A_2\mathrm{}A_{N_c}}\overline{Q}_{i_1}^{A_1}\mathrm{}\overline{Q}_{i_{N_c}}^{A_{N_c}}.`$ (5)   
This superpotential is derived by requiring that not only it is invariant under $`SU(N_f)_L`$ $`\times `$ $`SU(N_f)_R`$ as well as under two additional $`U(1)`$ symmetries but also it is equipped with the transformation property under $`U(1)_{anom}`$ broken by the instanton effect, namely, $`\delta `$ $``$ $`F^{\mu \nu }\stackrel{~}{F}_{\mu \nu }`$, where $``$ represents the lagrangian of SQCD and $`F^{\mu \nu }`$ ($`\stackrel{~}{F}_{\mu \nu }ϵ_{\mu \nu \rho \sigma }F^{\rho \sigma }`$) is a gluon’s field strength. Note that $`Z`$ is neutral under the entire chiral symmetries including $`U(1)_{anom}`$ and the $`Z`$-dependence of $`f(Z)`$ cannot be determined by the symmetry principle.

Although the origin of the moduli space, where $`T`$ = $`B`$ = $`\overline{B}`$ = 0, is allowed by $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}`$, the consistent SQCD must automatically show the anomaly-matching property with respect to unbroken chiral symmetries. Since the anomaly-matching property is not possessed by SQCD realized at $`T`$ = $`B`$ = $`\overline{B}`$ = 0, composite fields are expected to be dynamically reshuffled so that the anomaly-matching becomes a dynamical consequence. Usually, one accepts that SQCD is described by $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” degrees of freedom instead of $`T`$, $`B`$ and $`\overline{B}`$. However, it is equally possible to occur that $`\mathrm{}`$electric” SQCD dynamically rearranges some of $`T`$, $`B`$ and $`\overline{B}`$ to develop vacuum expectation values (VEV’s). In this case, chiral symmetries are spontaneously broken and the presence of the anomalies can be ascribed to the Nambu-Goldstone bosons for the broken sector and to chiral fermions for the unbroken sector. If the consistent SQCD with broken chiral symmetries is described by our superpotential, the anomaly-matching constraint must be automatically satisfied and is indeed shown to be satisfied by the Nambu-Goldstone superfields. In the ordinary QCD with two flavors, we know the similar situation, where QCD with massless proton and neutron theoretically allows the existence of the unbroken chiral $`SU(2)_L`$ $`\times `$ $`SU(2)_R`$ symmetry but real physics of QCD chooses its spontaneous breakdown into $`SU(2)_{L+R}`$. However, since the SUSY-invariant theory possesses any SUSY vacua, which cannot be dynamically selected, both $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” and $`\mathrm{}`$electric” vacua will correspond to a true vacuum of SQCD.

In the classical limit, where the SQCD gauge coupling $`g`$ vanishes, the behavior of $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is readily found by applying the rescaling $`S`$ $``$ $`g^2S`$ and invoking the definition $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ $``$ $`\mu \mathrm{exp}(8\pi ^2/(3N_cN_f)g^2)`$, where $`\mu `$ is a certain reference mass scale. The resulting $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ turns out to be $`WW/4`$, which is the tree superpotential for the gauge kinetic term. If $`S`$ is integrated out, one reaches the ADS-type superpotential:

$$W_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{ADS}}=\left(N_fN_c\right)\left[\frac{\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)f(Z)}{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3N_cN_f}}\right]^{1/(N_fN_c)}.$$
(6)   
In this case, $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{ADS}}`$ vanishes in the classical limit only if $`f(Z)`$ = 0, where the constraint of $`BT^{N_fN_c}\overline{B}`$ = $`\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)`$, namely $`Z`$ = 1, is satisfied. The simplest form of $`f(Z)`$ that satisfies $`f(Z)`$ = 0 can be given by

$$f(Z)=(1Z)^\rho (\rho >0),$$
(7)   
where $`\rho `$ is a free parameter.

If one flavor becomes heavy, our superpotential exhibits a holomorphic decoupling property. Add a mass to the $`N_f`$ flavor, then we have

$$W_{\mathrm{eff}}=S\left\{\mathrm{ln}\left[\frac{S^{N_cN_f}\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)f(Z)}{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3N_cN_f}}\right]+N_fN_c\right\}mT_{N_f}^{N_f}.$$
(8)   
Following a usual procedure, we divide $`T`$ into $`\stackrel{~}{T}`$ with a light flavor $`(N_f1)`$ $`\times `$ $`(N_f1)`$ submatrix and $`T_{N_f}^{N_f}`$ and also $`B`$ and $`\overline{B}`$ into light flavored $`\stackrel{~}{B}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\overline{B}}`$ and heavy flavored parts. At SUSY minimum, the off-diagonal elements of $`T`$ and the heavy flavored $`B`$ and $`\overline{B}`$ vanish and $`T_{N_f}^{N_f}`$ = $`S/m`$ is derived. This relation is referred to as Konishi anomaly relation. Inserting this relation into Eq.(8), we obtain

$$W_{\mathrm{eff}}=S\left\{\mathrm{ln}\left[\frac{S^{N_cN_f+1}\mathrm{det}(\stackrel{~}{T})f(\stackrel{~}{Z})}{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{3N_cN_f+1}}\right]+N_fN_c1\right\},$$
(9)   
where $`\stackrel{~}{Z}`$ = $`\stackrel{~}{B}\stackrel{~}{T}^{N_fN_c1}\stackrel{~}{\overline{B}}`$/$`\mathrm{det}(\stackrel{~}{T})`$ from $`Z`$ = $`\stackrel{~}{B}T_{N_f}^{N_f}\stackrel{~}{T}^{N_fN_c1}\stackrel{~}{\overline{B}}/T_{N_f}^{N_f}\mathrm{det}(\stackrel{~}{T})`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{3N_cN_f+1}`$ = $`m\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3N_cN_f}`$. Thus, after the heavy flavor is decoupled at low energies, we are left with Eq.(1) with $`N_f1`$ flavors.

We can also derive an effective superpotential for $`N_f`$ = $`N_c1`$ by letting one flavor to be heavy in Eq.(1) for $`N_f`$ = $`N_c`$. For $`N_f`$ = $`N_c`$, at SUSY vacuum, we find that

$$\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)f(Z)=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{2N_c},$$
(10)   
which turns out to be the usual quantum constraint of $`\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)B\overline{B}`$ = $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{2N_c}`$ if $`\rho `$ = 1 giving $`f(Z)`$ = $`1Z`$. The discussion goes through in the similar manner to the previous one. In this case, we find $`B`$ = $`\overline{B}`$ = 0, leading to $`Z`$ = 0, and $`t`$ = $`S/m`$ at SUSY minimum. As a result, Eq.(1) with $`N_f`$ = $`N_c1`$ is derived if $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{2N_c+1}`$ is identified with $`m\mathrm{\Lambda }^{2N_c}/f(0)`$, where $`f(0)`$ = 1 by Eq.(7). The induced $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ is nothing but the famous ADS superpotential after $`S`$ is integrated out. It is thus proved that our superpotential with Eq.(7) exhibits the holomorphic decoupling property and provides the correct superpotential for $`N_c`$ $`<`$ $`N_f`$.

Next, we proceed to discussing what physics is expected in SQCD especially with $`N_c+2`$ $``$ $`N_f`$ $``$ $`3N_c/2`$. It is known that keeping chiral symmetries unbroken requires the duality description using $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” quarks. Therefore, another dynamics, if it is allowed, necessarily induces spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetries. In our superpotential, Eq.(1), this dynamical feature is more visible when soft SUSY breaking effects are token into account. Although the elimination of $`S`$ from $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ gives no effects on the SUSY vacuum, to evaluate soft SUSY breaking contributions can be well handled by $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ with $`S`$. Since physics very near the SUSY-invariant vacua is our main concern, all breaking masses are kept much smaller than $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. The property of SQCD is then inferred from the one examined in the corresponding SUSY-broken vacuum, which is smoothly connected to the SUSY-preserving vacuum.

Let us briefly review what was discussed in Ref. in a slightly different manner. To see solely the SUSY breaking effect, we adopt the simplest term that is invariant under the chiral symmetries, which is given by the following mass term, $`_{mass}`$, for the scalar quarks, $`\varphi _A^i`$, and antiquarks, $`\overline{\varphi }_i^A`$:

$$_{mass}=\underset{i,A}{}\left(\mu _L^2|\varphi _A^i|^2+\mu _R^2|\overline{\varphi }_i^A|^2\right).$$
(11)   
Together with the potential term arising from $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}`$, we find that

$`V_{\mathrm{eff}}=G_T\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N_f}{}}}|W_{\mathrm{eff};i}|^2\right)+G_B\left({\displaystyle \underset{i=B,\overline{B}}{}}|W_{\mathrm{eff};i}|^2\right)+G_S|W_{\mathrm{eff};\lambda }|^2+V_{\mathrm{soft}},`$ (12)   
$`V_{\mathrm{soft}}=(\mu _L^2+\mu _R^2)\mathrm{\Lambda }^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N_f}{}}}|\pi _i|^2+\mathrm{\Lambda }^{2(N_c1)}\left(\mu _L^2|\pi _B|^2+\mu _R^2|\pi _{\overline{B}}|^2\right)`$ (13)   
with the definition of $`W_{\mathrm{eff};i}`$ $``$ $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}/\pi _i`$, etc., where $`\pi _{\lambda ,i,B,\overline{B}}`$, respectively, represent the scalar components of $`S`$, $`T_i^i`$, $`B^{[12\mathrm{}N_c]}`$ and $`\overline{B}_{[12\mathrm{}N_c]}`$. The coefficient $`G_T`$ comes from the K$`\ddot{\mathrm{a}}`$hlar potential, $`K`$, which is assumed to be diagonal, $`^2K/T_i^kT_j^{\mathrm{}}`$ = $`\delta _{ij}\delta _k\mathrm{}G_T^1`$ with $`G_T`$ = $`G_T(T^{}T)`$, and similarly for $`G_B`$ = $`G_B(B^{}B+\overline{B}^{}\overline{B})`$ and $`G_S`$ = $`G_S(S^{}S)`$.

Since the dynamics requires that some of the $`\pi `$ acquire non-vanishing VEV’s, suppose that one of the $`\pi _i`$ ($`i`$=1 $``$ $`N_f`$) develops a VEV, and let this be labeled by $`i`$ = $`1`$: $`|\pi _1|`$ = $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_T^2`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^2`$. This VEV is determined by solving $`V_{\mathrm{eff}}/\pi _i`$ = 0, yielding

$$G_TW_{\mathrm{eff};a}^{}\frac{\pi _\lambda }{\pi _a}\left(1\alpha _B\right)=G_SW_{\mathrm{eff};\lambda }^{}\left(1\alpha _B\right)+\beta _BX_B+M^2\left|\frac{\pi _a}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}\right|^2,$$
(14)   
for $`a`$=1$`N_c`$, where $`\alpha _B`$ = $`zf^{}(z)/f(z)`$ and $`\beta _B`$ = $`z\alpha _B^{}`$ with $`z`$ = $`0|Z|0`$, and

$`M^2=\mu _L^2+\mu _R^2+G_T^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }^2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{N_f}{}}}\left|W_{\mathrm{eff};i}\right|^2,`$ (15)   
$`X_B=G_T{\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{N_c}{}}}W_{\mathrm{eff};a}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi _\lambda }{\pi _a}}G_B{\displaystyle \underset{x=B,\overline{B}}{}}W_{\mathrm{eff};x}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{\pi _\lambda }{\pi _x}}.`$ (16)   
The SUSY breaking effect is specified by $`(\mu _L^2+\mu _R^2)|\pi _1|^2`$ in Eq.(14) through $`M^2`$ because of $`\pi _1`$ $``$ 0. This effect is also contained in $`W_{\mathrm{eff};\lambda }`$ and $`X_B`$. From Eq.(14), we find that

$$\left|\frac{\pi _a}{\pi _1}\right|^2=1+\frac{(M^2/\mathrm{\Lambda }^2)(\left|\pi _1\right|^2\left|\pi _a\right|^2)}{G_SW_{\mathrm{eff};\lambda }^{}\left(1\alpha _B\right)+(M^2/\mathrm{\Lambda }^2)\left|\pi _a\right|^2+\beta _BX_B},$$
(17)   
which cannot be satisfied by $`\pi _{a1}`$ = 0. In fact, $`\pi _{a1}`$ = $`\pi _1`$ is a solution to this problem, leading to $`|\pi _a|`$ = $`|\pi _1|`$ (= $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_T^2`$).

Since the classical constraint of $`f(z)`$ = 0 is expected not to be modified at the SUSY minimum, the SUSY breaking effect may arise as tiny deviation of $`f(z)`$ from 0, which is denoted by $`\xi `$ $``$ $`1z`$ ($``$ 1). By further using the explicit form of Eq.(7) for $`f(z)`$, we find

$$\left|\pi _{i=1N_c}\right|=\mathrm{\Lambda }_T^2,\left|\pi _{i=N_c+1N_f}\right|=\xi \left|\pi _{i=1N_c}\right|,|\pi _B|=|\pi _{\overline{B}}|\mathrm{\Lambda }_T^{N_c},\left|\pi _\lambda \right|\mathrm{\Lambda }^3\xi ^{\frac{\rho +N_fN_c}{N_fN_c}},$$
(18)   
in the leading order of $`\xi `$. Therefore, in softly broken SQCD, our superpotential indicates the breakdown of all chiral symmetries. This feature is in accord with the result of the dynamics of ordinary QCD.

Does the resulting SUSY-breaking vacuum structure persist in the SUSY limit? At the SUSY minimum with the suggested vacuum of $`|\pi _{a=1N_c}|`$ = $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_T^2`$, we find the classical constraint of $`f(z)`$ = 0, as expected, which is derived by using $`W_{\mathrm{eff};\lambda }`$ = 0 and by noticing that $`\pi _\lambda /\pi _{i=N_c+1N_f}`$ = 0 from $`W_{\mathrm{eff};i}`$ = 0. In the SUSY limit defined by $`\xi `$ $``$ 0, $`\pi _{i=N_c+1N_f}`$ vanish to recover chiral $`SU(N_fN_c)`$ symmetry and $`\pi _\lambda `$ vanishes to recover chiral $`U(1)`$ symmetry. The symmetry breaking is thus described by

$`SU(N_f)_L\times SU(N_f)_R\times U(1)_V\times U(1)_A`$ (19)   
$`SU(N_c)_{L+R}\times SU(N_fN_c)_L\times SU(N_fN_c)_R\times U(1)_V^{}\times U(1)_A^{},`$ (20)   
where $`U(1)_V^{}`$ is associated with the number of ($`N_fN_c`$)-plet superfields of $`SU(N_fN_c)`$ and $`U(1)_A^{}`$ is associated with the number of $`SU(N_c)_{L+R}`$ \- adjoin and - singlet fermions and of scalars of the ($`N_fN_c`$)-plet. The SUSY vacuum characterized by $`|\pi _{a=1N_c}|`$ = $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_T^2`$ yields spontaneous breakdown of $`SU(N_c)_L`$ $`\times `$ $`SU(N_c)_R`$ to $`SU(N_c)_{L+R}`$. In other words, once the spontaneous breaking is triggered, then $`|\pi _{i=1N_c}|`$ = $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_T^2`$ is a natural solution to SQCD, where soft SUSY breaking can be consistently introduced. This breaking behavior is translated into the corresponding behavior in the Higgs phase by the complementarity. To generate $`SU(N_c)_{L+R}`$ can be achieved by $`0|\varphi _A^a|0`$ = $`\delta _A^a\mathrm{\Lambda }_T`$ and $`0|\overline{\varphi }_a^A|0`$ = $`\delta _a^A\mathrm{\Lambda }_T`$, for $`a,A`$ = 1 $``$ $`N_c`$. The anomaly-matching is trivially satisfied in the Higgs phase. The complementarity shows that massless particles are just supplied by $`T_{a=1N_c}^{b=1N_c}`$ with Tr($`T_a^b`$) = 0, $`T_{i=N_c+1N_f}^{a=1N_c}`$, $`T_{a=1N_c}^{i=N_c+1N_f}`$, $`B^{[12\mathrm{}N_c]}`$ and $`\overline{B}_{[12\mathrm{}N_c]}`$, which are all contained in the Nambu-Goldstone superfields. Therefore, the anomaly-matching is automatically satisfied as a result of the spontaneous breakdown and is a dynamical consequence.

Let us discuss effects of SUSY-invariant mass terms. If any quarks with flavors of $`SU(N_fN_c)`$ are massive, we can determine their vacuum structure from the holomorphic decoupling property. On the other hand, if all quarks with flavors of $`SU(N_fN_c)`$ are massive, we can further utilize instanton contributions to prescribe vacuum structure. If our superpotential provides correct description of SQCD, both results must be consistent with each other.

The instanton calculation for the gluino and $`N_f`$ massless quarks and antiquarks concerns the following $`SU(N_c)`$ \- invariant amplitude:

$$(\lambda \lambda )^{N_c}\mathrm{det}(\psi ^i\overline{\psi }_j),$$
(21)   
where $`\psi (\overline{\psi })`$ is a spinor component of $`Q`$ $`(\overline{Q})`$, which can be converted into

$$\underset{a=1}{\overset{N_c}{}}\pi _a=c\mathrm{\Lambda }^{2N_c}\underset{i=Nc+1}{\overset{N_f}{}}\left(m_i/\mathrm{\Lambda }\right),$$
(22)   
where c ($``$ 0) is a coefficient to be fixed. At our SUSY minimum, the condition of $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}/\pi _\lambda `$ = 0 together with $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}/\pi _i`$ = 0 for $`i`$ = $`N_c+1`$ $``$ $`N_f`$ giving $`\pi _\lambda /\pi _i`$ = $`m_i`$ reads

$$f(z)=\underset{a=1}{\overset{N_c}{}}\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }^2/\pi _a\right)\underset{i=N_c+1}{\overset{N_f}{}}\left(m_i/\mathrm{\Lambda }\right).$$
(23)   
By combining these two relations, we observe that the mass dependence in $`f(z)`$ is completely cancelled and derive c = 1/$`f(z)`$ giving $`f(z)`$0 instead of $`f(z)`$ = 0 for the massless SQCD. Since $`f(z)`$ = $`(1z)^\rho `$, $`z`$ $``$ 1 is required and the classical constraint, corresponding to $`z`$ = 1, is modified. These VEV’s are the solution to

$$\mathrm{det}(\stackrel{~}{T})f(\stackrel{~}{Z})=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{2N_c},$$
(24)   
where $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{2N_c}`$ = $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3N_cN_f}_{i=Nc+1}^{N_f}m_i`$, which is the quantum constraint (10) for $`N_f`$ = $`N_c`$ and which is also consistent with the successive use of the holomorphic decoupling. Therefore, our superpotential for $`N_c+2`$ $``$ $`N_f`$ $``$ $`3N_c/2`$ supplemented by the instanton contributions is shown to provide a consistent vacuum structure for SQCD with $`N_f`$ = $`N_c`$ compatible with the holomorphic decoupling.

A comment is in order for the case with $`\rho `$ = 1. The quantum constraint for $`N_f`$ = $`N_c`$, Eq.(10), is rewritten as

$$\mathrm{det}(T)^{1\rho }\left[\mathrm{det}(T)B\overline{B}\right]^\rho =\mathrm{\Lambda }^{2N_c}.$$
(25)   
If $`\rho `$ $``$ 1, $`\mathrm{det}(T)`$ $``$ 0 is required and shows the spontaneous breakdown of chiral $`SU(N_f)`$ symmetry. There is no room for $`\mathrm{det}(T)`$ = 0. While, if $`\rho `$ = 1 as in the Seiberg’s choice, there are two options: one for the spontaneous breakdown of chiral $`SU(N_f)`$ symmetry and the other for that of vector $`U(1)`$ symmetry of the baryon number. The latter case corresponds to $`z`$ = $`\mathrm{}`$, which means that $`z_{a=1}^{N_c}\pi _a`$ cannot be separated into $`z`$ and $`_{a=1}^{N_c}\pi _a`$, and is possible to be realized by taking

$$\underset{a=1}{\overset{N_c}{}}\pi _a=0,\pi _B\pi _{\overline{B}}=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{2N_c}\underset{i=Nc+1}{\overset{N_f}{}}\left(m_i/\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)(=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}^{2N_c}),$$
(26)   
as instanton contributions.

In summary, we have demonstrated that dynamical symmetry breaking in the $`\mathrm{}`$electric” SQCD with $`N_c+2`$ $``$ $`N_f`$ $``$ $`3N_c/2`$ ($`N_c`$ $`>`$ 2) can be described by

$$W_{\mathrm{eff}}=S\left\{\mathrm{ln}\left[\frac{S^{N_cN_f}\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)\left(1Z\right)^\rho }{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3N_cN_f}}\right]+N_fN_c\right\}(\rho >0)$$
(27)   
with

$$Z=\frac{BT^{N_fN_c}\overline{B}}{\mathrm{det}(T)},$$
(28)   
which turns out to be $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{ADS}}`$ of the ADS-type:

$$W_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{ADS}}=(N_fN_c)\left[\frac{\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)\left(1Z\right)^\rho }{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3N_cN_f}}\right]^{1/(N_fN_c)}.$$
(29)   
This superpotential exhibits

1. holomorphic decoupling property,
2. spontaneously breakdown of chiral $`SU(N_c)`$ symmetry and restoration of chiral $`SU(N_fN_c)`$ symmetry described by $`SU(N_f)_L\times SU(N_f)_R\times U(1)_V\times U(1)_ASU(N_c)_{L+R}\times SU(N_fN_c)_L\times SU(N_fN_c)_R\times U(1)_V^{}\times U(1)_A^{}`$,
3. consistent anomaly-matching property due to the emergence of the Nambu-Goldstone superfields, and
4. correct vacuum structure for $`N_f`$ = $`N_c`$ reproduced by instanton contributions when all quarks with flavors of $`SU(N_fN_c)`$ become massive.

The breaking of chiral $`SU(N_f)`$ symmetry to $`SU(N_c)_{L+R}`$ includes the spontaneous breakdown of the vectorial $`SU(N_f)_{L+R}`$ symmetry, which has also been advocated in Ref.. The dependence of the SUSY-breaking effect on various VEV’s can be summarized as

$`\left|0|T_i^i|0\right|=\{\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Lambda }_T^2(i=1N_c)\hfill \\ \xi \mathrm{\Lambda }_T^2(i=N_c+1N_f)\hfill \end{array},`$ (32)   
$`\left|0|B^{[12\mathrm{}N_c]}|0\right|=\left|0|\overline{B}_{[12\mathrm{}N_c]}|0\right|\mathrm{\Lambda }_T^{N_c},\left|0|S|0\right|\mathrm{\Lambda }_T^3\xi ^{\frac{\rho +N_fN_c}{N_fN_c}},`$ (33)   
and the classical constraint of $`1Z`$=0 is modified into

$$1Z=\xi ,$$
(34)   
where $`\xi `$ $``$ 0 gives the SUSY limit.

The parameter $`\rho `$ will be fixed if we find $`\mathrm{}`$real” properties of SQCD beyond those inferred from arguments based on the symmetry principle only. The choice of

$$\rho =1$$
(35)   
seems natural since, in this case, $`W_{\mathrm{eff}}^{\mathrm{ADS}}`$ with $`N_f`$ = $`N_c+1`$ correctly reproduces the Seiberg’s superpotential. Furthermore, the superpotential derived in Ref.:

$$W_{\mathrm{eff}}=S\left(\mathrm{ln}𝒵+N_fN_c+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_n𝒵^n\right)$$
(36)   
with

$$𝒵=\frac{S^{N_cN_f}\mathrm{det}\left(T\right)\left(1Z\right)}{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3N_cN_f}}$$
(37)   
has the similar structure to Eq.(27). This form implies that $`\rho `$ = 1 although their additional terms may yield different physics from ours.

It should be stressed that, in addition to the usually believed physics of $`\mathrm{}`$magnetic” SQCD, where chiral $`SU(N_f)`$ symmetry is restored, our suggested physics of spontaneous chiral symmetry breakdown is expected to be realized in $`\mathrm{}`$electric” SQCD at least for $`N_c+2`$ $``$ $`N_f`$ $``$ $`3N_c/2`$. Therefore, we expect that there are two phases in SQCD: one with unbroken chiral symmetries realized in $`\mathrm{}`$magneic” SQCD and the other with spontaneously broken chiral symmetries realized in $`\mathrm{}`$electric” SQCD.