# Untitled Document

On the minimal normal compactification

of a polynomial in two variables

Angelo Vistoli<sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup>Partially supported by the University of Bologna, funds for selected research topics.

Dipartimento di Matematica

Università di Bologna

Piazza di Porta San Donato 5

40127 Bologna, Italy

E-mail address: vistoli@dm.unibo.it

1 Introduction

Let $`C`$ be an integral affine curve over a field $`\kappa `$, $`\alpha ,\beta :C𝐀^2`$ two closed embeddings. We say that $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ are equivalent when there is an automorphism $`\varphi `$ of $`𝐀^2`$ with $`\varphi \alpha =\beta `$. It was stated by B. Segre (\[Se\]) and proved by Suzuki in \[Su\] that when $`\kappa =𝐂`$ any embedding of $`𝐀^1`$ into $`𝐀^2`$ is equivalent to the standard embedding $`t(t,0)`$. This was generalized to the case that $`\kappa `$ is arbitrary, and the degree of $`f`$ is prime to the characteristic of $`\kappa `$, by Abhyankar and Moh (\[AM\]). This is what is usually called the Abhyankar–Moh theorem. On the other hand, there are many affine curves with an infinite number of non equivalent embeddings into $`𝐀^2`$: for example, $`𝐀^1\{0\}`$.

Suzuki in \[Su\] also proves a very nice result: if $`C`$ is smooth and has only one branch at infinity (that is, it is the complement of a point in a smooth projective curve) and $`f`$ is a generator of the ideal of $`C`$ in $`𝐀^2`$, then $`C`$ is an ordinary fiber of $`f`$, that is, $`f`$ is a topological fibration in a neighborhood of 0. In their important, and arduous, article \[AS\] Abhyankar and Singh carry the study of this case much further, over arbitrary fields; in particular, for example, such a curve $`C`$ has at most finitely many nonequivalent embeddings, with appropriate conditions on the characteristic of the field.

Another proof of Suzuki’s theorem was given by Artal Bartolo, in \[AB\], based on the results of \[EN\], relating knot theory with the theory of polynomials in two variables.

Now, let $`f:𝐀^2𝐀^1`$ be a polynomial in two variables defined over an algebraically closed field $`\kappa `$. We shall always assume that $`f`$ is primitive, that is, that the generic fiber of $`f`$ is integral. We consider the minimal normal compactification $`\overline{f}:X𝐀^1`$ of $`f`$, namely the only normal irreducible surface $`X`$ containing $`𝐀^2`$ as an open subset, together with a proper morphism $`\overline{f}:X𝐀^1`$ extending $`f`$, with the property that each fiber of $`f`$ is dense in the corresponding fiber of $`\overline{f}`$. It is often singular.

Let $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_r`$ be the horizontal components of $`X𝐀^2`$, namely the irreducible components of $`X𝐀^2`$ that dominate $`𝐀^1`$. By standard results, $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_r`$ are isomorphic to $`𝐀^1`$ and do not intersect (Proposition 1). To each $`E_i`$ we associate two integers. The first is the degree $`e_i`$ of $`E_i`$ over $`𝐀^1`$; one can think of $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_r`$ as the orders of the orbits of the monodromy group acting on the branches at infinity of a general fiber of $`f`$. The second is the least positive integer $`\delta _i`$ such that $`\delta _iE_i`$ is a Cartier divisor on $`X`$; since $`E_i`$ is smooth, we have that $`\delta _i=1`$ if and only if $`X`$ has no singularities along $`E_i`$.

Our result (Theorem 1) says that if the characteristic of $`\kappa `$ is 0, the greatest common divisor of $`\delta _1e_1,\mathrm{},\delta _re_r`$ is 1. In particular, if there only one component $`E_1`$, this maps isomorphically onto $`𝐀^1`$, and $`\overline{f}`$ is smooth along $`E_1`$. So, if one of the fibers of $`f`$ has only one branch at infinity, then there is a simultaneous resolution of singularities at infinity of $`f`$. This easily implies the Suzuki–Abhyankar–Moh embedding theorem.

One can show that the integers $`e_i\delta _i`$ coincide with the integers $`m_i`$ defined by Eisenbud and Neumann (see \[AB\], p. 102). So in characteristic 0 our result follows from \[EN\], section 4, although our proof is shorter.

In characteristic $`p`$ we only get that the greatest common divisor of $`\delta _1e_1,\mathrm{},\delta _re_r`$ is 1 when the degree of the polynomial is prime to $`p`$ (see Theorem 2). This implies the Suzuki–Abhyankar–Moh embedding theorem over a perfect field.

The proof of the Theorem 1 is entirely straightforward, and very short; it uses standard topological methods, plus some elementary facts about rational surface singularities. If one substitutes ordinary topological cohomology with étale cohomology with $`𝐙_{\mathrm{}}`$ coefficients, where $`\mathrm{}`$ is a prime different from the characteristic of $`\kappa `$, one gets a proof of Theorem 2. We do not include the proof of this general case, but anyone who is familiar with étale cohomology will be able to reconstruct the details.

2 Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Pierrette Cassou-Noguès for several helpful comments about the history of the results I quote. In particular she pointed out reference \[AB\] to me.

3 The results

Consider a complex polynomial in two variables, i.e., a morphism $`f:𝐀^2𝐀^1`$ defined over C. We shall always assume that $`f`$ is primitive, that is, that $`f`$ is not constant, and not obtained by composition with a polynomial in one variable of degree greater than 1. This the same as saying that the generic fiber of $`f`$ is integral, or that the subfield $`𝐂(f)`$ is algebraically closed in $`𝐂(x,y)`$.

We consider the minimal normal compactification $`\overline{f}:X𝐀^1`$ of $`f`$, obtained by taking the closure $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of the graph of $`f`$ in $`𝐏^2\times 𝐏^1`$, considering its normalization $`X^{}`$, and then calling $`X`$ the inverse image of $`𝐀^1`$ in $`X^{}`$. Then $`X`$ is a normal integral complex quasiprojective scheme over $`\kappa `$, containing $`𝐀^2`$ as an open subscheme. Furthermore the morphism $`f`$ extends to a morphism $`\overline{f}:X𝐀^1`$, which has the useful property that every fiber of $`f`$ is dense inside the corresponding fiber of $`\overline{f}`$. Let us call $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_r`$ the irreducible components of the complement $`E`$ of $`𝐀^2`$ in $`X`$. Each of the $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_r`$ is an affine integral curve dominating $`𝐀^1`$: we will call $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_r`$ the degrees of $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_r`$ over $`𝐀^1`$.

Furthermore, the divisor class groups of the local rings of $`X`$ are finite, because $`X`$ has rational singularities (\[Li\], Proposition 17.1.) We will call $`\delta _i`$ the least common multiple of the orders of $`E_i`$ in each of the divisor class groups of the local rings of $`X`$ at points of $`E_i`$; clearly $`\delta _iE_i`$ is a Cartier divisor on $`X`$, while $`\delta E_i`$ is not a Cartier divisor for any integer $`\delta `$ with $`0<\delta <\delta _i`$.

Theorem 1.Each of the $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_r`$ is isomorphic to $`𝐀^1`$, and they are pairwise disjoint.

Furthermore the greatest common divisor of the products $`\delta _1e_1,\mathrm{},\delta _re_r`$ is 1.

The first statement in the theorem is quite standard. It has an important consequence; if $`\delta _i`$ is 1, that is, if $`E_i`$ is a Cartier divisor on $`X`$, then $`X`$ is smooth at all point of $`E_i`$.

Corollary 1.Assume that $`X`$ has only one component at infinity. Then all the fibers of $`\overline{f}`$ are integral and smooth at infinity.

In particular, this happens when one of the fibers of $`f`$ has only one branch at infinity.

This follows immediately from the theorem, because the hypothesis implies that $`\delta _1=1`$, i.e., $`X`$ is smooth, and $`e_1=1`$, i.e., $`E_1`$ maps isomorphically onto $`𝐀^1`$.

From the corollary we get a new proof of the renowned Suzuki–Abhyankar–Moh theorem. For this we only need to assume that $`\kappa `$ is perfect.

The Suzuki–Abhyankar–Moh theorem over C.Any embedding of $`𝐀^1`$ into $`𝐀^2`$ defined over C is equivalent to the standard embedding $`t(t,0)`$.

Proof. . Let $`C`$ be a curve in $`𝐀^2`$ isomorphic to $`𝐀^1`$, $`f𝐂[x,y]`$ a generator of the ideal of $`C`$. Because of the corollary, each geometric fiber of $`\overline{f}`$ is isomorphic to $`𝐏^1`$, so $`X`$ is a $`𝐏^1`$-bundle on $`𝐀^1`$. If we call $`E`$ the complement of $`𝐀^2`$ in $`X`$, with its reduced scheme structure, then the projection from $`E`$ onto $`𝐀^1`$ is an isomorphism. Hence there is an isomorphism $`\varphi `$ of $`𝐏^1\times 𝐀^1`$ with $`X`$ carrying $`𝐀^1\times \mathrm{}`$ into $`E`$, and such that $`\overline{f}\varphi :𝐏^1\times 𝐀^1𝐀^1`$ is the second projection. The restriction of $`\varphi `$ to $`𝐀^2`$ carries the line with equation $`y=0`$ into $`C`$, and this proves the theorem. $`\mathrm{}`$

This can be made to work in positive characteristic. Let us fix an algebraically closed field $`\kappa `$, and call $`p`$ be the characteristic exponent of $`\kappa `$, namely the characteristic of $`\kappa `$ if this is positive, and 1 otherwise.

Consider a primitive polynomial in two variables, i.e., a morphism $`f:𝐀^2𝐀^1`$ defined over $`\kappa `$ with integral general fiber; as before, $`f`$ has a minimal normal compactification $`\overline{f}:X𝐀^1`$. Define $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_r`$, $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_r`$ and $`\delta _1,\mathrm{},\delta _r`$ as before. Then we can not conclude that the $`\delta _ie_i`$ are relatively prime; however, we have the following.

Theorem 2.Each of the $`E_1,\mathrm{},E_r`$ is isomorphic to $`𝐀^1`$, and they are pairwise disjoint.

Furthermore the greatest common divisor of the products $`\delta _1e_1,\mathrm{},\delta _re_r`$ is a power of $`p`$ and divides the degree of $`f`$.

We still get the corollary, in the following form.

Corollary 2.Assume that the degree of $`f`$ is prime to the $`p`$, and that $`X`$ has only one component at infinity. Then all the fibers of $`\overline{f}`$ are integral and smooth at infinity.

In particular, this happens when one of the fibers of $`f`$ has only one branch at infinity.

Remarkably, using a different technique one can prove that $`X`$ is smooth when it has only one component at infinity, without assuming that the degree of $`f`$ is prime to $`p`$. Unfortunately, I do not have any interesting application of this.

From Corollary 2 we get a new proof of the Suzuki–Abhyankar–Moh theorem over any perfect field.

The Suzuki–Abhyankar–Moh theorem over a perfect field.Any embedding of $`𝐀^1`$ into $`𝐀^2`$ defined over a perfect field, whose degree is relatively prime to the characteristic of $`\kappa `$ is equivalent to the standard embedding $`t(t,0)`$.

Proof of Theorem 1. Recall that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is the closure of the graph of $`f`$ in $`𝐏^2\times 𝐏^1`$, $`X^{}`$ its normalization, $`f^{}`$ and $`\pi `$ the projections of $`X^{}`$ onto $`𝐏^1`$ and $`𝐏^2`$, respectively. Let $`L=𝐏^2𝐀^2`$ be the line at infinity, $`L^{}`$ its proper transform in $`X^{}`$.

Let $`E_i^{}`$ be the closure of $`E_i`$ in $`X^{}`$: the first statement of the theorem is a consequence of the following fact.

Lemma 1.The curves $`L^{}`$ and $`E_i^{}`$, for each $`i=1,\mathrm{},r`$, are isomorphic to $`𝐏^1`$, and any two of them do not intersect in more than one point. Furthermore, if $`E_i^{}`$ and $`E_j^{}`$, with $`ij`$, intersect in a closed point $`pX^{}`$, then $`pL^{}`$.

Assuming Lemma 1, and keeping in mind that that $`L^{}`$ is the fiber of $`f^{}`$ over the point at infinity $`\mathrm{}𝐏^1(\kappa )`$, we see that each of the $`E_i^{}`$ can have only one point over $`\mathrm{}`$, and therefore the inverse image $`E_i`$ of $`𝐀^1`$ in $`E_i^{}`$ is isomorphic to $`𝐀^1`$. Also from Lemma 1 we get that the $`E_i`$ do not intersect.

Proof. The natural morphism $`\pi :X^{}𝐏^2`$ is birational and $`𝐏^2`$ is smooth, so $`\mathrm{R}^1\pi _{}𝒪_X^{}=0`$. Let $`\stackrel{~}{L}=\pi ^1(L)_{\mathrm{red}}`$. Since $`𝒪_{\stackrel{~}{L}}`$ is a quotient of $`𝒪_X^{}`$, so $`\mathrm{R}^1\pi _{}𝒪_{\stackrel{~}{L}}=0`$. We have $`\pi _{}𝒪_{\stackrel{~}{L}}=𝒪_L`$, so from the Leray spectral sequence

$$E_2^{ij}=\mathrm{H}^i(𝐏^1,\mathrm{R}^j\pi _{}𝒪_{\stackrel{~}{L}})\mathrm{H}^{i+j}(\stackrel{~}{L},𝒪)$$

we get that $`\mathrm{H}^1(\stackrel{~}{L},𝒪)=0`$. If $`Z`$ is subscheme of $`\stackrel{~}{L}`$, the sheaf $`𝒪_Z`$ is a quotient of $`𝒪_{\pi ^1(L)}`$, and if $``$ is the ideal of $`Z`$ in $`\pi ^1(L)`$ we have $`\mathrm{H}^2(\pi ^1(L),)=0`$, hence $`\mathrm{H}^1(Z,𝒪)=0`$. This in particular applies to any of the curves $`L^{}`$ and $`E_i^{}`$. Any integral projective curve with arithmetic genus 0 is isomorphic to $`𝐏^1`$.

Also, if $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ are two of these curve, from the fact that $`\mathrm{H}^1(C_1C_2,𝒪)=0`$ we see that $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ have at most one common point. Analogously, the fact that $`\mathrm{H}^1(L^{}E_i^{}E_j^{},𝒪)=0`$ implies that $`E_i^{}`$ and $`E_j^{}`$ cannot meet outside of $`L^{}`$, because $`L^{}`$ meets both $`E_i^{}`$ and $`E_j^{}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now consider the group $`PicX`$ of Cartier divisors on $`X`$, and the natural map $`PicXClX`$ into the group of Weil divisors. Since $`𝐀^2`$ is factorial, and all of its invertible regular functions are constant, it follows that $`ClX`$ is a free abelian group with basis $`E_1`$, …, $`E_r`$. Since the map $`PicXClX`$ is injective, because $`X`$ is normal, this proves the following.

Lemma 2.The group $`PicX`$ is free, with basis $`\delta _1E_1`$, …, $`\delta _rE_r`$.

The fact that the $`\delta _ie_i`$ are relatively prime is easily proved, after having established the following two facts.

Lemma 3.The first Chern class map $`PicX\mathrm{H}^2(X,𝐙)`$ is an isomorphism.

Lemma 4.Let $`C`$ be a general fiber of $`\overline{f}`$. The the restriction map $`\mathrm{H}^2(X,𝐙)\mathrm{H}^2(C,𝐙)`$ is surjective.

In fact, the restriction of $`\delta _iE_i`$ to $`C`$ has degree $`\delta _ie_i`$; the three lemmas together imply that the restriction of the $`\delta _iE_i`$ generate $`\mathrm{H}^2(C,𝐙)=𝐙`$, hence that 1 is a linear combination of the $`\delta _ie_i`$.

There remains to give proofs of the last two lemmas; both are rather formal.

Proof of Lemma 3. Let $`\rho :\stackrel{~}{X}X`$ be a resolution of the singularities of $`X`$, $`F_1,\mathrm{},F_s`$ the exceptional divisors, $`\stackrel{~}{E}_i`$ the proper transforms of the $`E_i`$. Then the complement of the $`F_j`$ and the $`\stackrel{~}{E}_i`$ in $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is $`𝐀^2`$; therefore the Picard group of $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is freely generated by the $`F_j`$ and the $`\stackrel{~}{E}_i`$. Likewise, $`\mathrm{H}^2(\stackrel{~}{X},𝐙)`$ is freely generated by the cohomology classes of the $`E_i`$ and $`F_j`$; so the first Chern class map $`Pic\stackrel{~}{X}\mathrm{H}^2(\stackrel{~}{X},𝐙)`$ is an isomorphism.

The pullback map $`PicXPic\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is clearly injective, and a divisor class in $`Pic\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is in the image of $`PicX`$ if and only if its restriction to each of the $`F_j`$ has degree 0. The reason is that $`X`$ has rational singularities (\[Li\], Theorem 12.1

Now take cohomology. We have that $`\mathrm{R}^1\rho _{}𝐙_{\stackrel{~}{X}}=0`$, while $`\rho _{}𝐙_{\stackrel{~}{X}}=𝐙`$, and $`\mathrm{R}^2\rho _{}𝐙_{\stackrel{~}{X}}`$ is a sheaf concentrated in the singular points of $`X`$, whose stalk over $`pX`$ is a direct sum of one copy of Z for each exceptional divisor over $`p`$. By considering the Leray spectral sequence of the map $`\rho :\stackrel{~}{X}X`$, one deduces that the restriction map $`\mathrm{H}^2(X,𝐙)\mathrm{H}^2(\stackrel{~}{X},𝐙)`$ is injective, and its image consists exactly of the classes in $`\mathrm{H}^2(\stackrel{~}{X},𝐙)`$ which have degree 0 on each $`F_j`$.

By putting these two statements together, we see that $`PicX`$ and $`\mathrm{H}^2(X,𝐙)`$ are identified with two subgroups of $`Pic\stackrel{~}{X}`$ and $`\mathrm{H}^2(\stackrel{~}{X},𝐙)`$ which correspond under the isomorphism $`Pic\stackrel{~}{X}\mathrm{H}^2(\stackrel{~}{X},𝐙)`$ given by the first Chern class. This proves Lemma 3. $`\mathrm{}`$

Proof of Lemma 4. Consider the Leray spectral sequence

$$E_2^{ij}=\mathrm{H}^i(𝐀^1,\mathrm{R}^j\overline{f}_{}𝐙_X)\mathrm{H}^{i+j}(X,𝐙);$$

since $`\mathrm{H}^2(𝐀^1,\mathrm{R}^1\overline{f}_{}𝐙_X)=0`$, because $`𝐀^1`$ is an affine curve and $`\mathrm{R}^1\overline{f}_{}𝐙_X`$ a constructible sheaf, we get that the map

$$\mathrm{H}^2(X,𝐙)\mathrm{H}^0(𝐀^1,\mathrm{R}^2\overline{f}_{}𝐙_X)$$

is surjective. Now take the trace map

$$tr:\mathrm{R}^2\overline{f}_{}𝐙_X𝐙_{𝐀^1}.$$

Because the general fiber of $`\overline{f}`$ is integral, the trace map is generically an isomorphism. Let $`F=\overline{f}^1(t)`$ be a fiber of $`\overline{f}`$ over a closed point $`t𝐀^1(\kappa )`$, $`F_1,\mathrm{},F_s`$ the irreducible components of $`F`$, $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_s`$ the lengths of the local rings of $`F`$ at $`F_1,\mathrm{},F_s`$. By proper base change the stalk $`(\mathrm{R}^2\overline{f}_{}𝐙_X)_t`$ is canonically isomorphic to

$$\mathrm{H}^2(F,𝐙)\underset{i=1}{\overset{s}{}}\mathrm{H}^2(F_i,𝐙)𝐙^s;$$

with this identification, the trace map on the stalks over $`t𝐀^1(\kappa )`$ is identified with the map from $`𝐙^s`$ to Z that sends $`(k_1,\mathrm{},k_s)`$ to $`k_1m_1+\mathrm{}+k_sm_s`$. But $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_s`$ are relatively prime, because $`f:S𝐀^1`$ does not have multiple fibers, so the trace map is surjective, and its kernel is concentrated on a finite number of points. By taking global sections we see that the global trace map

$$tr:\mathrm{H}^2(X,𝐙)𝐙$$

is surjective. But $`tr:\mathrm{H}^2(X,𝐙)𝐙`$ coincides with the restriction map $`\mathrm{H}^2(X,𝐙)\mathrm{H}^2(C,𝐙)𝐙`$. Hence this restriction map is surjective. This proves the lemma, and hence the theorem. $`\mathrm{}`$

Note. From the spectral sequence of the map $`X𝐀^1`$ one deduces that $`\mathrm{H}^3(X,𝐙)=0`$; furthermore, from the spectral sequence of a resolution $`\stackrel{~}{X}X`$ one sees that the restriction map $`\mathrm{H}^2(\stackrel{~}{X},𝐙)\mathrm{H}^2(F,𝐙)`$ is surjective. From this one can deduce that the class of $`E_i`$ generates the product $`_{pE_i}Cl\widehat{𝒪}_{X,p}`$; this means that $`\delta _i`$ can also be defined as the product of the orders of the group $`Cl\widehat{𝒪}_{X,p}`$ for $`pE_i`$.

To prove Theorem 2 one follows the steps in the proof of Theorem 1, subsituting étale cohomology with $`𝐙_{\mathrm{}}`$ coefficients to classical cohomology, where $`\mathrm{}`$ is a prime different from the characteristic of $`\kappa `$; in this way one shows that $`\mathrm{}`$ does not divide the greatest common divisor of the $`e_i\delta _i`$. We leave the details to the interested reader. The only thing that does not follow is that the greatest common divisor of the $`\delta _ie_i`$ divides the degree $`d`$ of $`f`$.

To show this, call $`C`$ the closure in $`𝐏^2`$ of a general fiber of $`f`$, $`C^{}`$ the proper transform of $`C`$ in $`X^{}`$. Then $`C^{}`$ is a general fiber of $`f^{}`$, hence it is a Cartier divisor on $`X^{}`$; the intersection number $`(C^{}L^{})`$ is 0, and $`(C^{}E_i^{})=e_i`$ for each $`i=1,\mathrm{},r`$. We have a decomposition of $`\pi ^{}(L)`$ as a Weil divisor

$$\pi ^{}[L]=[L^{}]+\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}m_iE_i$$

for certain positive integers $`m_1,\mathrm{},m_r`$. Since the restriction of the $`m_iE_i`$ to $`X`$ must be a Cartier divisor, we see that $`\delta _i`$ divides $`m_i`$, so we write

$$\pi ^{}[L]=[L^{}]+\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}n_i\delta _iE_i.$$

But

$$d=(CL)=(C^{}\pi ^{}[L])=(C^{}L^{})+\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}n_i\delta _i(C^{}E_i^{})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}n_i\delta _ie_i,$$

by the projection formula, and this completes the proof. $`\mathrm{}`$

4 References

\[AM\] Abhyankar, S. S., Moh, T. T.: Embeddings of the line in the plane, J. Reine Angew. Math. 276, 148–166 (1975).

\[AS\] Abhyankar, S. S., Singh, B.: Embeddings of certain curves, Am. J. of Math. 100, 99–175 (1978).

\[AB\] Artal Bartolo, E.: Une démonstration géométrique du théorème d’Abhyankar–Moh, J. Reine Angew. Math. 464, 97–108 (1995).

\[EN\] Eisenbud, D., Neumann, W. D.: Three-dimensional link theory and invariants of plane curve singularities, Ann. Math. Studies 101, Princeton University Press, Princeton N.Y. (1985).

\[Li\] Lipman, J.: Rational singularities, with applications to algebraic surfaces and unique factorization, Publications Mathématiques I.H.E.S. 36, 195–280 (1969).

\[Se\] Segre, B.: Forme differenziali e loro integrali, Docet, Roma (1956).

\[Su\] Suzuki, M.: Proprietes topologiques des polynomes de deux variables complexes et automorphismes algébrique de l’espace $`𝐂^2`$, J. Math. Soc. Japan 26, 241–257 (1974).