# References

FGI-99-4

math.QA/9812145

Quantum Analogue of the Neumann Function of Integer Order

H. Ahmedov<sup>1</sup> and I. H. Duru<sup>2,1</sup>

1. Feza Gürsey Institute, P.O. Box 6, 81220, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1E–mail : hagi@gursey.gov.tr and duru@gursey.gov.tr.

2. Trakya University, Mathematics Department, P.O. Box 126, Edirne, Turkey.

Abstract: q-Neumann function of integer order $`N_n(x;q)`$ is obtained and some of its properties are given. q-Psi function which is used in deriving $`N_n(x;q)`$ is also introduced and some of its properties are presented.

March 1999

1. Introduction

The Hahn-Exton q-Bessel functions $`J_\nu (x;q)`$ which are closely connected to the quantum group of the plane motions are well studied . Note that for $`\nu =n`$ is integer the functions $`J_n(x;q)`$ and $`J_n(x;q)`$ are not independent of each other. To our knowledge the quantum analogues of the Bessel functions of integer order which are independent of $`J_n(x;q)`$ have not been addressed.

The main purpose of this note is to introduce the second independent solution $`N_n(x;q)`$ of the q-Bessel difference equation. This function possess the same recurrence relations as the Hahn-Exton q-Bessel function and in $`q1^{}`$ becomes Neumann function of the order $`n`$. We call it the q-Neumann function of order $`n`$. This solution is non regular at $`x=0`$. It is well known that non-regular solutions are important, since the Green functions are given in terms of them. For example the q-Legendre function of the second kind shows up as the Green function on the quantum sphere . The recently obtained Green function on the quantum plane is in fact the superposition of the Hahn-Exton q-Bessel and q-Neumann functions of the order $`0`$ .

Since the classical Neumann function of integer order $`N_n(x)`$ is obtained by taking the derivatives of the Bessel functions $`J_\nu (x)`$ and $`J_\nu (x)`$ with respect to the order $`\nu `$, it involves the psi functions. Therefore to derive the q-Neumann function of integer order we first have to have q-psi function in hand.

The Section 2 is devoted to the introduction of the q-psi function and some of its properties which are employed to derive the q-Neumann function of integer order.

In Section 3 we obtained the q-Neumann function of integer order and presented some relations involving it.

2. q-Psi Function 

We define the q-psi function as

$$\psi _q(\nu )=\frac{d}{d\nu }\mathrm{log}\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(\nu ),$$
(1)   
where the q-gamma function $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(\nu )`$ is defined by ( $`0<q<1`$ )

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(\nu )=(1q)^{1\nu }\underset{l=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1q^l}{1q^{\nu +l}}.$$
(2)   
Many properties of the gamma function were derived by Askey . It is obvious from (2) that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(\nu )`$ has poles at $`\nu =0,1,2,...`$. The residue at $`\nu =n`$ is

$$\underset{\nu n}{lim}(\nu +n)\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(\nu )=(1)^n\frac{(q1)q^{n(n+1)/2}}{\mathrm{log}q\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(n+1)}.$$
(3)   
The explicit form of $`\psi _q(\nu )`$ is

$$\psi _q(\nu )=\mathrm{log}(1q)+\mathrm{log}q\underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{q^{\nu +l}}{1q^{\nu +l}}$$
(4)   
The recurrence relations and asymptotic conditions satisfied by this function are

$$\psi _q(\nu +n)=\psi _q(\nu )\mathrm{log}q\underset{l=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\frac{q^{\nu +l}}{1q^{\nu +l}},$$
(5)   
$$\psi _q(\nu n)=\psi _q(\nu )+\mathrm{log}q\underset{l=0}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{q^{\nu l}}{1q^{\nu l}}$$
(6)   
and

$$\underset{\nu \mathrm{}}{lim}\psi _q(\nu )=\mathrm{log}(1q);\underset{\nu \mathrm{}}{lim}\psi _q(\nu )=\mathrm{}.$$
(7)   
$`\psi _q(\nu )`$ has poles at $`\nu =0,1,2,...`$ with the residue

$`\underset{\nu n}{lim}(\nu +n)\psi _q(\nu )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{log}q\underset{\nu n}{lim}(\nu +n){\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^{\nu +l}}{1q^{\nu +l}}}`$ (8)   
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{log}q\underset{\nu +n}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{(\nu +n)}{1q^{\nu +n}}}=1`$   
Equations (3) and (8) imply that

$$\underset{\nu n}{lim}\frac{\psi _q(\nu )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(\nu )}=(1)^nq^{n(n+1)/2}\frac{\mathrm{log}q}{1q}\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(n+1).$$
(9)   
Before closing this section we like to present the $`q1^{}`$ limit of $`\psi _q(\nu )`$. We first rewrite it as

$$\psi _q(\nu )=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}(\mathrm{log}\frac{1q^{l+1}}{1q^l}+\frac{q^{\nu +l1}\mathrm{log}q}{1q^{\nu +l1}})$$
(10)   
Taking the $`q1^{}`$ limit in the finite sum in the above formula we have

$`\underset{q1^{}}{lim}\psi _q(\nu )=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}(\mathrm{log}(n+1){\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\nu +l1}})`$   
$`=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}(\mathrm{log}(n+1){\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n+1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{l}}+{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{l}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\nu +l1}})+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n+1}})`$   
$`=C+{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{l+1}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\nu +l}})=\psi (\nu ),`$ (11)   
where

$$C=\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}(\underset{l=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{1}{l}\mathrm{log}n)=\psi (1)$$
(12)   
is the Euler number . It is then natural to define the q-Euler number

$$C_q\psi _q(1).$$
(13)   
3. q-Neumann Function of Integer Order 

The Hahn-Exton q-Bessel function of order $`\nu `$ is defined as

$$J_\nu (x;q)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{(1)^kq^{\frac{k(k+1)}{2}}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(k+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(k+\nu +1)}x^{2k+\nu }$$
(14)   
satisfies the q-difference equation

$$J_\nu (q^{1/2}x;q)+J_\nu (q^{1/2}x;q)+q^{\nu /2}((1q)^2x^2q^\nu 1)J_\nu (x;q)=0.$$
(15)   
For non-integer $`\nu `$ let us define the function

$$N_\nu (x;q)=\frac{\mathrm{cos}(\pi \nu )J_\nu (x;q)q^{\nu /2}J_\nu (q^{\nu /2}x;q)}{\mathrm{sin}(\pi \nu )}$$
(16)   
which is the second independent solution of the q-difference equation (15). it satisfies the same recurrence relations as the Hahn-Exton q-Bessel functions. For example we have

$$q^{(\nu +1)/2}N_{\nu +1}(q^{1/2}x;q)N_{\nu +1}(x;q)=(q1)xN_\nu (x;q),$$
(17)   
$$q^{\nu /2}N_\nu (q^{1/2}x;q)N_\nu (x;q)=(q1)xN_{\nu +1}(x;q),$$
(18)   
Note that for integer $`\nu =n`$ one has the property

$$J_n(x;q)=(1)^nq^{n/2}J_n(q^{n/2}x;q).$$
(19)   
Therefore to derive the form of (16) for integer order we use the L’Hospital rule

$$\pi N_n(x;q)=\frac{d}{d\nu }J_\nu (x;q)_{\nu =n}(1)^n\frac{d}{d\nu }(q^{\nu /2}J_\nu (q^{\nu /2}x;q))_{\nu =n}.$$
(20)   
Making use of (9) and (19) for $`nZ_+`$ we get

$`\pi N_n(x;q)=2J_n(x;q)\mathrm{log}(q^{1/4}x)+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{log}q}{1q}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(nk)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(k+1)}}x^{2kn}`$   
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^kq^{\frac{k(k+1)}{2}}x^{2k+n}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(k+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(k+n+1)}}(\psi _q(k+n+1)+\psi _q(k+1)+k\mathrm{log}q).`$ (21)   
Using the recurrence relation (5) and the definition (13) we arrive at

$`\pi N_n(x;q)=2J_n(x;q)(\mathrm{log}(q^{1/4}x)+C_q)+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{log}q}{1q}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(nk)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(k+1)}}x^{2kn}`$   
$`+\mathrm{log}q{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^kq^{\frac{k(k+1)}{2}}x^{2k+n}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(k+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(k+n+1)}}({\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k+n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^l}{1q^l}}+{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1q^l}})`$   
$`+\mathrm{log}q{\displaystyle \frac{x^n}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(n+1)}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{q^k}{1q^k}}.`$ (22)   
For $`n=0`$ we follow the similar steps and obtain

$`\pi N_0(x;q)`$ $`=`$ $`2J_0(x;q)(\mathrm{log}(q^{1/4}x)+C_q)`$ (23)   
$`+`$ $`\mathrm{log}q{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(1)^kq^{\frac{k(k+1)}{2}}x^{2k}}{\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(k+1)\mathrm{\Gamma }_q(k+1)}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1+q^l}{1q^l}}.`$   
It is obvious that (S0.Ex5) and (23) become the usual Neumann functions in $`q1^{}`$ limit. From the construction it is clear that the q-Neumann functions of integer order satisfy the difference equation (15) and possess all recurrence relations satisfied by the Harh-Exton q-Bessel functions of integer order. We also have

$$N_n(x;q)=(1)^nq^{n/2}N_n(q^{n/2}x;q).$$
(24)   
Before closing the section we note that several relations involving the q-Neumann functions can be obtained from those of the Hahn-Exton q-Bessel functions. For example using the product formula 

$`{\displaystyle \underset{s=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}q^zJ_x(q^{z/2};q)J_{x\nu }(q^{z/2};q)J_\nu (rq^{(y+\nu +z)/2};q)=`$   
$`=J_0(rq^{(x+y)/2};q)J_\nu (rq^{(\nu +y)/2};q)`$ (25)   
which is valid for $`r`$, $`x`$, $`y`$, $`\nu C`$; $`Re(x)>1`$, $`r^2q^{1+Re(x)+Re(y)}<1`$ and $`r0`$ we obtain the product formula for $`x=y=\nu /2`$

$$\underset{s=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}q^zJ_{\nu /2}(q^{z/2};q)J_{\nu /2}(q^{z/2};q)N_\nu (rq^{(\nu /4+z/2)};q)=J_0(r;q)N_\nu (rq^{\nu /4};q).$$
(26)