# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Wave interpretation of quantum phenomena was started in 1924 by de Broglie hypotesis,which says that wavelength of any particle with P momentum is equal to

$$\lambda =h/P$$
(1)   
where $`h`$ is Plank’s constant.

This hypothesis was first proved by experiment conducted by K.Davisson and L.Djermer . In this experiment by observing reflection of electron beam from nickel single cristal they have obtained pattern absolutely corresponding to wave diffraction with $`\lambda `$, defined by (1) and satisfied by the condition

$$bSin(\theta )=n\lambda $$
(2)   
where $`b`$ is cristal period,n is whole number,$`\theta `$ is observation angle of diffraction maxima.

To develop a stable (observable) diffraction pattern in classic optics it is required to have simultaneous arrival to point of observation of 2 (interference) or more than 2 (diffraction) monocromatic and coherent waves. From the point of view of quantum mechanics, one will obtain interference of wave with itself if a barrier with 2 slits will be put on a way of single particle.By multiple repetition of the experiment full diffraction picture will be received on the screen.The probable nature of wave function F allows doing that (of course, on paper).

Let’s assume that a microparticle passes through the first slit with probability $`\omega _1=|\psi _1|^2`$, and through the second slit with $`\omega _2=|\psi _2|^2`$.The superposition principle allows to write the following for the wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$

$$\mathrm{\Psi }=c_1\psi _1+c_2\psi _2,$$
(3)   
where $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ are normalization coefficients. By choosing $`\psi _1=a_1Sin(\omega t\varphi _1)`$ and $`\psi _2=a_2Sin(\omega t\varphi _2)`$ we will have

$$W=|\mathrm{\Psi }|^2=a_1^2+a_2^2+2a_1a_2Cos(\varphi _1\varphi _2),$$
(4)   
where $`W`$ is probability of particle to hit certain point of screen.

One can see from (4) that depending on $`(\varphi _1\varphi _2)`$ the last (interference) term can be either positive or negative,i.e.in different points of the screen the hitting probability of particles will be different,and by long exposure of the screen by single particles the full diffraction picture can be received. Let’s see what logical contradictions will occur from superposition principle in interpretation of the diffraction pattern. No doubt that by passing a barrier with two slits the particle(wave) is not spliting into 2 parts, otherwise it would be visible by experiment.This means that each particle passes through one of these two slits(doesn‘t matter through wich one exactly).Then in expression (3) for wave function $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ beyond the barrier either $`\psi _1=1`$, and consequently $`\psi _2=0`$ , or $`\psi _2=1`$, and $`\psi _1=0`$. In both cases the interference term disappears in (4).The interference maxima and minima observed in all experiments show that wave formalism introduced to explain diffraction pattern contradicts to experimental results.This conclusion becomes obvious if one looks at (3) from the point of view of simultaneous arrival of two waves to point of observation.To satisfy this condition , obligatory for the interference,the quantum mechanics divides tasitly the particle (wave) into 2 parts with the help of equition(3).Just in the same tacit way it is assumed that passing various paths these divided parts meet each other at a microscopic area $`\lambda ^2=10^{16}sm^2`$ ($`\lambda `$ is the de Broglie wavelengt equal to about $`1A^o`$ in the experiments  and ) of the macroscopic screen surface $`10cm^2`$.

In this work we show that the observed maxima and minima of the diffraction pattern can have other origin ,connected with the action discretness which served for the development of the quantum mechanics.In this way one can escape the wave presentation and the connected with them logical difficulties of explaining the interference of single particle(wave) with itself. To obtain an answer to this important question we propose a ,gedanken’ experiment considered by Feynman,which will give unambigeous answer on the validity of the wave presentations. The discussion of the corpuscular interpretation of the diffraction pattern is also given.

## 2 Two slits experiment

According to  the attempt to understand the phenomenon of single particle (wave) interference with itself is an unnecessary intellectual masochism. However,the absence of the unambigous test of the influence of the second slit through which the particle did not pass, makes such a statement groundless. The contemporary atomic interferometers  allow one to realize such a test according to the folloving scheme:it is necessary to compare the interferometer pattern, obtained with the help of two slit interferometer , for instance, when both slits are open,with the summary pattern composed of two expositions when consequently one of the slits is closed. In the last case the interference term in (4) is absent and the maxima and minima must not be observed. If the summary pattern will differ from the one when both slits are open,then this will be anambigeous experimental confirmation of the fact that the open slit, through which the particle did not pass,is not equivalent to the close slit and it influences the interference pattern. And vice versa,if the summary pattern will be identical to the one when both slits are open,then this will mean that the wave interpretation of the appearance of maxima and minima is incorrect,and it is necessary to look for other explanation.

## 3 The corpuscular interpretation

To overcome the above mentioned well known logical contradictions, connected with the interference of a single particle (wave) with itself,it is necessary to take into account the interaction of this particle with the slit matter (diffraction grating) as well as with subsidiary exiting electron  and laser  beams. At the first sight,the problem seems to have no solution. However, it can be solved using Planck’s constant $`h`$, common for all types of interactions quantum of action,together with the hypothesis that the action is multiple to $`h`$ for the unbound states,as for bound states. Let us follow how this can be done.

Let a parallel beam of microparticles wit momentum $`P`$ moves along the direction $`x`$ and falls on a single cristal with period $`b`$ (distance between the cristallographic planes),or on a slit with width $`b`$. As a result of interaction with the cristal(slit) matter the particle gets a transverse momentum $`P_r`$ and will be scattered under an angle $`\theta `$, defined by the relation:

$$Sin(\theta )=P_r/P$$
(5)   
It is necessary to find $`P_r`$ from the following differential equation

$$dP_r=F_rdt$$
(6)   
where $`F_r`$ is the force acting on the particle by the cristal in a direction perpendicular to the beam direction.

Multiplying (6) by $`dr`$ one obtains

$$dP_rdr=F_rdrdt=dS_r$$
(7)   
where $`dS_r`$ is the action on the path $`dr`$ in the direction $`r`$ for the time $`dt`$. Using the hypothesis of multiplicity of action to $`h`$ and choosing the integration limits from 0 to $`t`$ for the time and from 0 to $`b`$ for $`r`$ one obtains

$$bP_r=S_r=nh,$$
(8)   
or taking into account (5)

$$bSin(\theta )=nh/P=n\lambda $$
(9)   
where $`\lambda `$ is the well known de Broglie wave length. Formula (9) shows that the agreement the experimental data with the de Broglie hypothesis is not accidental. In a hidden form the de Broglie hypothesis contains the hypothesis of the multiplicity of action to $`h`$ in an interaction used in this work. Just for this reason,as it is seen from (9) the diffractive scattering angles take discrete volues,imitating the diffraction pattern.

## 4 Conclusion

To test the above proposed interpretation it is very important to perform the Feynmans,gedanken’ experiment with two slits completely with the help of atomic interferometers.