# References

JINR preprint E2-98-348

Nambu–Poisson reformulation of the finite dimensional dynamical systems 

Dumitru Baleanu<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1 Permanent address : Institute of Space Sciences, P.O.BOX, MG-36, R 76900,Magurele-Bucharest, Romania,E-Mail address: baleanu@thsun1.jinr.ru,baleanu@venus.ifa.ro

Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

and

Nugzar Makhaldiani<sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2e-mail address: mnv@cv.jinr.ru

Laboratory of Computing Techniques and Automation

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia

## Abstract

In this paper we introduce a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations which in a particular case reduces to Volterra’s system. We found in two simplest cases the complete sets of the integrals of motion using Nambu–Poisson reformulation of the Hamiltonian dynamics. In these cases we have solved the systems by quadratures.

1. Introduction   

The Hamiltonian mechanics (HM) is in the ground of mathematical description of the physical theories, . But HM is in a sense blind, e.g., it does not make difference between two opposites: the ergodic Hamiltonian systems (with just one integral of motion) and integrable Hamiltonian systems (with maximal number of the integrals of motion).   

By our proposal, Nambu’s mechanics (NM)  is proper generalization of the HM, which makes difference between dynamical systems with different numbers of integrals of motion explicit.   

In this paper we introduce a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations which in a particular case reduces to Volterra’s system,  and integrate this system using Nambu–Poisson formalism, .

In Sec.2 of this paper we introduce the dynamical system. In Sec.3 and Sec.4 we construct a complete set of integrals of motion in two particular cases for which we found the general solutions in quadratures. In Sec.5 we found some integrals of motion in the general case and present our conclusions.   

2. The system   

In this section we introduce the following dynamical system

$`\dot{x}_n=\gamma _n{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{p}{}}}(e^{x_{n+m}}e^{x_{nm}}),`$ (1)   
$`1nN,1p[(N1)/2],3N,`$ (2)   
$`x_{n+N}=x_n,`$ (3)   
where $`\gamma _n`$ are real numbers, and $`[a]`$ means the integer part of a.   
The system, (1) for $`\gamma _n=1`$, $`p=1`$ and $`x_n=lnv_n`$, becomes Voltera’s system

$$\dot{v}_n=v_n(v_{n+1}v_{n1}),$$
(4)   
then it is connected also to the Toda’s lattice system, 

$`\dot{y}_n=e^{y_{n+1}y_n}+e^{y_ny_{n1}}.`$   
Indeed if

$`x_n=y_ny_{n1},`$   
then

$`\dot{x}_n=e^{x_{n+1}}e^{x_{n1}}.`$   
If $`\gamma _n=1`$ and $`p1`$, the system (1) reduces to the so-called Bogoiavlensky lattice system, 

$$\dot{v}_n=v_n\underset{m=1}{\overset{p}{}}(v_{n+m}v_{nm}).$$
(5)   
For $`N=3`$, $`p=1`$ and arbitrary $`\gamma _n`$, (1) is connected to the system of three vortexes of two-dimensional ideal hydrodynamics, .   

3. The case of $`N=3,p=1`$   

It is well known that the system of $`N`$ vortexes can be described by the following system of differential equations, 

$$\dot{z}_n=i\underset{mn}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{\gamma _m}{z_n^{}z_m^{}},$$
(6)   
where $`z_n=x_n+iy_n`$ are complex coordinate of the centre of n-th vortex.

For $`N=3,`$ it is easy to verify that the quantities

$`x_1=ln|z_2z_3|^2,`$ (7)   
$`x_2=ln|z_3z_1|^2,`$   
$`x_3=ln|z_1z_2|^2`$   
satisfy the following system

$`\dot{x}_1=\gamma _1(e^{x_2}e^{x_3}),`$ (8)   
$`\dot{x}_2=\gamma _2(e^{x_3}e^{x_1}),`$ (9)   
$`\dot{x}_3=\gamma _3(e^{x_1}e^{x_2}),`$ (10)   
after change of the time parameter as

$$dt=\frac{e^{(x_1+x_2+x_3)}}{4S}d\tau =e^{(x_1+x_2+x_3)/2}Rd\tau ,$$
(11)   
where $`S`$ is the area of the triangle with vertexes in the centres of the vortexes and $`R`$ is the radius of the circle with the vortexes on it.

The system (8) has two integrals of motion

$`H_1={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{x_i}}{\gamma _i}},`$ (12)   
$`H_2={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{x_i}{\gamma _i}}`$   
and can be presented in the Nambu–Poisson form, 

$`\dot{x}_i=\omega _{ijk}{\displaystyle \frac{H_1}{x_j}}{\displaystyle \frac{H_2}{x_k}}`$ (13)   
$`=\{x_i,H_1,H_2\}=\omega _{ijk}{\displaystyle \frac{e^{x_j}}{\gamma _j}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\gamma _k}},`$   
where

$`\omega _{ijk}=ϵ_{ijk}\rho ,`$ (14)   
$`\rho =\gamma _1\gamma _2\gamma _3`$   
and the Nambu–Poisson bracket of the functions $`A,B,C`$ on the three-dimensional phase space is

$`\{A,B,C\}=\omega _{ijk}{\displaystyle \frac{A}{x_i}}{\displaystyle \frac{B}{x_j}}{\displaystyle \frac{C}{x_k}}.`$ (15)   
The fundamental bracket is

$`\{x_1,x_2,x_3\}=\omega _{ijk}.`$ (16)   
Then we can again change the time parameter as

$`du=\rho d\tau `$ (17)   
and obtain Nambu’s mechanics, 

$`\dot{x}_i=ϵ_{ijk}{\displaystyle \frac{H_1}{x_j}}{\displaystyle \frac{H_2}{x_k}}.`$   
4. The next important case is $`N=4`$ and $`p=1`$,

$`\dot{x}_1=\gamma _1(e^{x_2}e^{x_4}),`$ (18)   
$`\dot{x}_2=\gamma _2(e^{x_3}e^{x_1}),`$ (19)   
$`\dot{x}_3=\gamma _3(e^{x_4}e^{x_2}),`$ (20)   
$`\dot{x}_4=\gamma _4(e^{x_1}e^{x_3}).`$ (21)   
Like as $`N=3,p=1`$ case, for (18) we have two integrals of motion

$$H_1=\frac{e^{x_1}}{\gamma _1}+\frac{e^{x_2}}{\gamma _2}+\frac{e^{x_3}}{\gamma _3}+\frac{e^{x_4}}{\gamma _4},$$
(22)   
$$H_2=\frac{x_1}{\gamma _1}+\frac{x_2}{\gamma _2}+\frac{x_3}{\gamma _3}+\frac{x_4}{\gamma _4}.$$
(23)   
For the integrability of the system (18), we need one more integral of motion, $`H_3`$. To find that integral let us take Nambu’s form of the system (18)

$$\dot{x}_n=\{x_n,H_1,H_2,H_3\}=\gamma _1\gamma _2\gamma _3\gamma _4ϵ_{nmkl}\frac{H_1}{x_m}\frac{H_2}{x_k}\frac{H_3}{x_l}.$$
(24)   
We found from (24) a solution for $`H_3`$

$$H_3=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{x_1}{\gamma _1}\frac{x_2}{\gamma _2}+\frac{x_3}{\gamma _3}\frac{x_4}{\gamma _4}).$$
(25)   
Because we already have three integrals of motion, we can integrate the system (18). From (23) and (25) we get

$`x_4=\gamma _4({\displaystyle \frac{H_2+2H_3}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{x_2}{\gamma _2}}),`$ (26)   
$`x_3=\gamma _3({\displaystyle \frac{H_22H_3}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{x_1}{\gamma _1}})`$ (27)   
and (22) gives us

$$\frac{e^{x_1}}{\gamma _1}+\frac{e^{x_2}}{\gamma _2}+e^{x_1\frac{\gamma _3}{\gamma _1}}\frac{e^{\frac{\gamma _3}{2}(H_22H_3)}}{\gamma _3}+e^{x_2\frac{\gamma _4}{\gamma _2}}\frac{e^{\frac{\gamma _4}{2}(H_2+2H_3)}}{\gamma _4}=H_1.$$
(28)   
So $`x_2`$ is an implicit function of $`x_1`$, $`x_2=n_1(x_1,H_1,H_2,H_3)`$. When

$$\frac{\gamma _4}{\gamma _2}=\pm 1,\pm 2,\pm 3,4,$$
(29)   
the function $`n_1`$ reduces to the composition of the elementary functions. When

$$\frac{\gamma _3}{\gamma _1}=\pm 1,\pm 2,\pm 3,4,$$
(30)   
we have $`x_1`$ as a superposition of elementary functions of $`x_2`$. Similarly we can consider the cases for the ratios $`\frac{\gamma _3}{\gamma _2}`$ and $`\frac{\gamma _4}{\gamma _1}`$.

Now we can solve the equation for $`x_1`$,

$$\dot{x}_1=\gamma _1(e^{x_2}e^{x_4})=n_2(x_1),$$
(31)   
by one quadrature,

$$N(x_1)=_0^{x_1}\frac{dx}{n_2(x)}=tt_0.$$
(32)   
5. Conclusions   

As is well known, Nambu mechanics is a generalization of classical Hamiltonian mechanics introduced by Yoichiro Nambu, . In  it was demonstrated that several Hamiltonian systems possessing dynamical symmetries can be realized in the Nambu formalism of generalized mechanics.   

In this paper we invented the system (1) and investigate the integrability properties of the particular cases of the system by elementary methods using Nambu–Poisson reformulation of Hamiltonian mechanics.

For the general case we have two integrals of motion for the system (1)

$$H_1=\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{e^{x_n}}{\gamma _n},$$
(33)   
$$H_2=\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{x_n}{\gamma _n}.$$
(34)   
For even N, $`N=2M`$, we found a third integral of motion

$$H_3=\frac{1}{2}\underset{n=1}{\overset{2M}{}}\frac{(1)^nx_n}{\gamma _n},$$
(35)   
but when $`N5`$, for integrability, we need extra integrals of motion. The integrability properties of the system (1) in the general case are under investigation, .