# References

Mass hierarchy of leptons and hadrons within the framework of electrodynamics   

D.L. Khokhlov

Sumy State University, R.-Korsakov St. 2   
Sumy 244007 Ukraine   
e-mail: khokhlov@cafe.sumy.ua

## Abstract

Structure of leptons and hadrons within the framework of electrodynamics is considered. Muon and tau-lepton have the structure of 3 electrons. The mass of muon is defined by the section of two-photon annihilation. The mass of tau-lepton is defined by the section of three-photon annihilation. Hadrons are characterized by the structure of 5 electrons. The masses of hadrons are defined via the masses of muon and tau-lepton.

According to the standard theory, hadrons have the quark structure. Baryons consist of 3 quarks, mesons consist of the quark-antiquark pair. In the $`SU(2)\times U(1)`$ electroweak theory , masses of the fermions, leptons and quarks, arise due to the Yukawa interaction

$$f(\overline{\psi }_L\psi _R\phi +\overline{\psi }_R\psi _L\overline{\phi })$$
(1)   
where the couplings $`f`$ are different for each fermion. The standard theory do not define the couplings $`f`$ and cannot explain the hierarchy of the leptons and quarks masses.

To explain the mass hierarchy between lepton generations within the framework of electrodynamics it was proposed  to consider muon and tau-lepton as composite particles. It was assumed that muon and tau-lepton have the following structure

$$\mu ^{}e^{}e^+e^{}$$
(2)   
$$\tau ^{}e^{}e^+e^{}.$$
(3)   
Muon arises due to the reaction

$$e^{}+2\gamma e^{}e^+e^{},$$
(4)   
and tau-lepton arises due to the reaction

$$e^{}+3\gamma e^{}e^+e^{}.$$
(5)   
The mass of muon is defined by the cross section of two-photon annihilation

$$m_\mu =\frac{\mathrm{}}{r_{2\gamma }}=70\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(6)   
The experimental value is $`m_\mu =106\mathrm{MeV}`$ . The mass of tau-lepton is defined by the cross section of three-photon annihilation

$$m_\tau =\frac{\mathrm{}}{r_{3\gamma }}=2200\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(7)   
The experimental value is $`m_\tau =1784\mathrm{MeV}`$ .

In order to describe the decays of muon and tau-lepton within the framework of electrodynamics the following reactions are introduced

$$\gamma \overline{\nu }_e\overline{\nu }_e$$
(8)   
$$\overline{\nu }_e+\gamma \nu _\mu $$
(9)   
$$\overline{\nu }_e+2\gamma \nu _\tau .$$
(10)   
Combining eqs. (2), (4), (8), (9) we obtain the reaction for the decay of muon

$$\mu ^{}e^{}e^+e^{}e^{}+2\gamma e^{}+\gamma \overline{\nu }_e\overline{\nu }_ee^{}+\overline{\nu }_e\nu _\mu .$$
(11)   
Combining eqs. (3), (5), (8), (10) we obtain the reaction for the decay of tau-lepton

$$\tau ^{}e^{}e^+e^{}e^{}+3\gamma e^{}+2\gamma \overline{\nu }_e\overline{\nu }_ee^{}+\overline{\nu }_e\nu _\tau .$$
(12)   
Let us assume that hadrons are characterized by the structure of 5 electrons

$$e^{}e^+e^{}e^+e^{}.$$
(13)   
In addition to reactions (8), (9), (10), let us introduce the following reactions

$$\overline{\nu }_e+3\gamma \nu _e$$
(14)   
$$\overline{\nu }_e+4\gamma \overline{\nu }_e.$$
(15)   
The structure of the meson-antimeson pair consists of ten electron-positron pairs. Let us assume that three electron-positron pairs transform into muon or tau-lepton pairs

$$e^{}e^+e^{}e^+e^{}e^+n(l^{}l^+)$$
(16)   
where $`l`$ denotes muon or tau-lepton, $`n`$ is the number of pairs equal to 1 or 3. Two electron-positron pairs transform into the pair of neutrino-antineutrino

$$e^{}e^+e^{}e^+4\gamma \overline{\nu }\overline{\nu }+3\gamma \overline{\nu }\nu .$$
(17)   
Consider the structure of pion which within the framework of the standard theory consists of $`u,d`$ quarks. Pair of the charged pions has the structure

$$\pi ^{}\pi ^+e^{}e^+e^{}e^+e^{}+e^+e^{}e^+e^{}e^+\mu ^{}\mu ^++\overline{\nu }_\mu \nu _\mu .$$
(18)   
The mass of pion is estimated as

$$m_\pi =m_\mu =106\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(19)   
The experimental value is $`m_\pi =140\mathrm{MeV}`$ . The pion structure of 5 electrons allows one to explain the probability of electron-positron annihilation into pions

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(e^{}e^+\pi \pi )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(e^{}e^+\mu \mu )}=\frac{q_i^2(\pi )}{q_i^2(\mu )}=\frac{5}{3}.$$
(20)   
Consider the structure of $`K`$ meson which within the framework of the standard theory includes strange $`s`$ quark. Pair of the charged $`K`$ mesons has the structure

$$K^{}K^+e^{}e^+e^{}e^+e^{}+e^+e^{}e^+e^{}e^+3\mu ^{}3\mu ^++\overline{\nu }_\mu \nu _\mu .$$
(21)   
The mass of $`K`$ meson is estimated as

$$m_K=3m_\mu =3\times 106=318\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(22)   
The experimental value is $`m_K=494\mathrm{MeV}`$ .

Consider the structure of $`D`$ meson which within the framework of the standard theory includes charm $`c`$ quark. Pair of the charged $`D`$ mesons has the structure

$$D^{}D^+e^{}e^+e^{}e^+e^{}+e^+e^{}e^+e^{}e^+\tau ^{}\tau ^++\overline{\nu }_\tau \nu _\tau .$$
(23)   
The mass of $`D`$ meson is estimated as

$$m_D=m_\tau =1784\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(24)   
The experimental value is $`m_D=1869\mathrm{MeV}`$ .

Consider the structure of $`B`$ meson which within the framework of the standard theory includes beauty $`b`$ quark. Pair of the charged $`B`$ mesons has the structure

$$B^{}B^+e^{}e^+e^{}e^+e^{}+e^+e^{}e^+e^{}e^+3\tau ^{}3\tau ^++\overline{\nu }_\tau \nu _\tau .$$
(25)   
The mass of $`B`$ meson is estimated as

$$m_B=3\times m_\tau =3\times 1784=5352\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(26)   
The experimental value is $`m_B=5271\mathrm{MeV}`$ .

Consider the structure of proton which within the framework of the standard theory consists of $`u,u,d`$ quarks. Proton structure can be given by

$$pe^++2\gamma +3\gamma e^++e^{}e^++e^{}e^+$$
(27)   
where electron-positron pairs are in the superposition of two-photon annihilation state and three-photon annihilation state. The mass of proton is estimated as

$$m_p=\frac{1}{2}(m_\mu +m_\tau )=\frac{106+1784}{2}=945\mathrm{MeV}.$$
(28)   
The experimental value is $`m_p=938\mathrm{MeV}`$ . In view of (8), (15), (27), the decay of proton is given by

$$pe^+e^{}e^+e^{}e^+e^++5\gamma e^++4\gamma +\nu _e\nu _ee^++\nu _e\nu _e.$$
(29)   
The birth of the pair of identical neutrinos violates the particle-antiparticle conservation law, so the decay of proton with the structure given by eq. (27) is forbidden.