# 𝑈⁢𝐵⁢𝑉⁢𝐼 CCD photometry of two old open clusters NGC 1798 and NGC 2192

## 1 Introduction

Old open clusters provide us with an important information for understanding the early evolution of the Galactic disk. There are about 70 known old open clusters with age $`>1`$ Gyrs \[Friel 1995\]. These clusters are faint in general so that there were few studies about these clusters until recently. With the advent of CCD camera in astronomy, the number of studies on these clusters has been increasing. However, there are still a significant number of old open clusters for which basic parameters are not well known. For example, metallicity is not yet known for about 30 clusters among them.

Recently Phelps et al. (1994) and Janes & Phelps (1994) presented an extensive CCD photometric survey of potential old open clusters, the results of which were used in the study on the development of the Galactic disk by Janes & Phelps (1994). In the sample of the clusters studied by Phelps et al. there are several clusters for which only the non-calibrated photometry is available.

We have chosen two clusters among them, NGC 1798 and NGC 2192, to study the characteristics of these clusters using $`UBVI`$ CCD photometry. These clusters are located in the direction of anti-galactic centre. To date there is published only one photometric study of these clusters, which was given by Phelps et al. (1994) who presented non-calibrated $`BV`$ CCD photometry of these clusters. From the instrumental color-magnitude diagrams of these clusters Phelps et al. estimated the ages of these clusters using the morphological age indicators, obtaining the values of 1.5 Gyrs for NGC 1798 and 1.1 Gyrs for NGC 2192. However, no other properties of these clusters are yet known.

In this paper we present a study of NGC 1798 and NGC 2192 based on $`UBVI`$ CCD photometry. We have estimated the basic parameters of these clusters: size, reddening, metallicity, distance, and age. Also we have derived the luminosity function of the main sequence stars in these clusters. Section 2 describes the observations and data reduction. Sections 3 and 4 present the analysis for NGC 1798 and NGC 2192, respectively. Section 5 discusses the results. Finally Section 6 summarizes the primary results.

## 2 OBSERVATIONS AND DATA REDUCTION

### 2.1 Observations

$`UBVI`$ CCD images of NGC 1798 and NGC 2192 were obtained using the Photometrics 512 CCD camera at the Sobaeksan Observatory 61cm telescope in Korea for several observing runs between 1996 November and 1997 October. We have used also $`BV`$ CCD images of the central region of NGC 1798 obtained by Chul Hee Kim using the Tek 1024 CCD camera at the Vainu Bappu Observatory 2.3m telescope in India on March 4, 1998. The observing log is given in Table 1.

The original CCD images were flattened after bias subtraction and several exposures for each filter were combined into a single image for further reduction. The sizes of the field in a CCD image are $`4^{}.3\times 4^{}.3`$ for the PM 512 CCD image, and $`10^{}.6\times 10^{}.6`$ for the Tek 1024 CCD image. The gain and readout noise are, respectively, 9 electrons/ADU and 10.4 electrons for the PM 512 CCD, and 9 electrons/ADU and 10.4 electrons for the Tek 1024 CCD.

Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate grey scale maps of the $`V`$ CCD images of NGC 1798 and NGC 2192 made by mosaicing the images of the observed regions. It is seen from these figures that NGC 1798 is a relatively rich open cluster, while NGC 2192 is a relatively poor open cluster.

### 2.2 Data Reduction

Instrumental magnitudes of the stars in the CCD images were obtained using the digital stellar photometry reduction program IRAF<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which are operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. under contract with the National Science Foundation./DAOPHOT (Stetson 1987, Davis 1994). The resulting instrumental magnitudes were transformed onto the standard system using the standard stars from Landolt (1992) and the M67 stars in Montgomery et al. (1993) observed on the same photometric nights. The transformation equations are

$$V=v+a_V(bv)+k_VX+Z_V,$$

$$(BV)=a_{BV}(bv)+k_{BV}X+Z_{BV},$$

$$(UB)=a_{UB}(ub)+k_{UB}X+Z_{UB},\mathrm{and}$$

$$(VI)=a_{VI}(vi)+k_{VI}X+Z_{VI},$$

where the lower case symbols represent instrumental magnitudes derived from the CCD images and the upper case symbols represent the standard system values. X is the airmass at the midpoint of the observations. The results of the transformation are summarized in Table 2. The data obtained on non-photometric nights were calibrated using the photometric data for the overlapped region.

The total number of the measured stars is 1,416 for NGC 1798 and 409 for NGC 2192. Tables 3 and 4 list the photometry of the bright stars in the C-regions of NGC 1798 and NGC 2192, respectively. The $`X`$ and $`Y`$ coordinates listed in Table 3 and 4 are given in units of CCD pixel ($`=0^{\prime \prime }.50`$). The $`X`$ and $`Y`$ values are increasing toward north and west, respectively.

We have divided the entire region of the fields into several regions, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, for the analysis of the data. The C-region represents the central region of the cluster, and the F-regions (F, Fb, Fir, and Fi regions) represent the control field regions, and the N-region represents the intermediate region between the central region and the field region. The radius of the C-region is 300 pixel for NGC 1798 and NGC 2192. The ratio of the areas of the C-region, N-region, Fb-region, and (Fi + Fir)-regions for NGC 1798 is 1:1.50:1.00:1.07, and the ratio of the areas of the C-region, N-region, and F-region for NGC 2192 is 1:1.26:0.98.

## 3 ANALYSIS FOR NGC 1798

### 3.1 The Size of the Cluster

We have investigated the structure of NGC 1798 using starcounts. The centre of the cluster is estimated to be at the position of ($`X=710`$ pixel, $`Y=1110`$ pixel), using the centroid method. Fig. 3 illustrates the projected surface number density profile derived from counting stars with $`V<19.5`$ mag in the entire CCD field. The magnitude cutoff for starcounts was set so that the counts should be free of any photometric incompleteness problem. Fig. 3 shows that most of the stars in NGC 1798 are concentrated within the radius of 250 pixel ($`=125^{\prime \prime }`$), and that the outskirts of the cluster extend out to about 500 pixel ($`=250^{\prime \prime }`$) from the center. The number density changes little with radius beyond 500 pixel, showing that the outer region of the observed field can be used as a control field. Therefore we have estimated the approximate size of NGC 1798 for which the cluster blends in with the field to be about $`500^{\prime \prime }`$ in diameter, which corresponds to a linear size of 10.2 pc for the distance of NGC 1798 as determined below.

### 3.2 Color-Magnitude Diagrams

Figs. 4 and 5 show the $`V(BV)`$ and $`V(VI)`$ color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of the measured stars in the observed regions in NGC 1798. These figures show that the C-region consists mostly of the members of NGC 1798 with some contamination of the field stars, while the F-regions consist mostly of the field stars. The N-region is intermediate between the C-region and the F-region.

The distinguishable features seen in the color-magnitude diagrams of the C-region are: (a) There is a well-defined main sequence the top of which is located at $`V16`$ mag; (b) There is seen a distinct gap at $`V16.2`$ mag in the main sequence, which is often seen in other old open clusters (e.g. M67); (c) There is a poorly defined red giant branch and these is seen some excess of stars around $`(BV)=1.3`$ and $`V=15.6`$ mag on this giant branch, which is remarked by the small box in the figures. This may be a random excess of stars. However, the positions of the stars in the CMDs are consistent with the positions of known red giant clump in other old open clusters. Therefore most of these stars are probably red giant clump stars; and (d) There are a small number of stars along the locus of the red giant branch.

### 3.3 Reddening and Metallicity

NGC 1798 is located close to the galactic plane in the anti-galactic centre direction ($`b=4^{}.85`$ and $`l=160^{}.76`$) so that it is expected that the reddening toward this cluster is significant. We have estimated the reddening for NGC 1798 using two methods as follows.

First we have used the mean color of the red giant clump. Janes & Phelps (1994) estimated the mean color and magnitude of the red giant clump in old open clusters to be $`(BV)_{RGC}=0.87\pm 0.02`$ and $`M_{V,RGC}=0.59\pm 0.09`$, when the difference between the red giant clump and the main sequence turn-off of the clusters, $`\delta V`$, is smaller than one. The mean color of the red giant clump in the C-region is estimated to be $`(BV)_{RGC}=1.34\pm 0.01`$ ($`(VI)_{RGC}=1.47\pm 0.01`$, and $`(UB)_{RGC}=1.62\pm 0.04`$), and the corresponding mean magnitude is $`V_{RGC}=15.57\pm 0.05`$. $`\delta V`$ is estimated to be $`0.8\pm 0.2`$, which is the same value derived by Phelps et al. (1994). From these data we have derived a value of the reddening, $`E(BV)=0.47\pm 0.02`$.

Secondly we have used the color-color diagram to estimate the reddening and the metallicity simultaneously. We have fitted the mean colors of the stars in the C-region with the color-color relation used in the Padova isochrones \[Bertelli et al. 1994\]. This process requires iteration, because we need to know the age of the cluster as well as the reddening and metallicity. We have iterated this process until all three parameters are stabilized.

Fig. 6 illustrates the results of fitting in the $`(UB)(BV)`$ color-color diagram. It is shown in this figure that the stars in NGC 1798 are reasonably fitted by the color-color relation of the isochrones for \[Fe/H\] $`=0.47\pm 0.15`$

with a reddening value of $`E(BV)=0.55\pm 0.05`$. The error for the metallicity, 0.15, was estimated by comparing isochrones with different metallicities. As a reference the mean locus of the giants for solar abundance given by Schmidt-Kaler (1982) is also plotted in Fig. 6. Finally we derive a mean value of the two estimates for the reddening, $`E(BV)=0.51\pm 0.04`$.

### 3.4 Distance

We have estimated the distance to NGC 1798 using two methods as follows. First we have used the mean magnitude of the red giant clump. We have derived a value of the apparent distance modulus $`(mM)_V=14.98\pm 0.10`$ from the values for the mean magnitudes of the red giant clump stars described above.

Secondly we have used the the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) fitting, following the method described in VandenBerg & Poll (1989). VandenBerg & Poll (1989) presented the semi-empirical ZAMS as a function of the metallicity \[Fe/H\] and the helium abundance Y:

$$V=M_V(BV)+\delta M_V(Y)+\delta M_V([\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}])$$

where $`\delta M_V(Y)=2.6(Y0.27)`$ and $`\delta M_V([\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}])=[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}](1.444+0.362[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}])`$.

Before the ZAMS fitting, we subtracted statistically the contribution due to the field stars in the CMDs of the C-region using the CMDs of the Fb-region for $`BV`$ photometry and the CMDs of the Fi+Fir region for $`VI`$ photometry. The size of the bin used for the subtraction is $`\mathrm{\Delta }V=0.25`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(BV)=0.1`$. The resulting CMDs are displayed in Fig. 7. We used the metallicity of \[Fe/H\] = –0.47 as derived above and adopted $`Y=0.28`$ which is the mean value for old open clusters \[Gratton 1982\]. Using this method we have obtained a value of the apparent distance modulus $`(mM)_V=14.5\pm 0.2`$. Finally we calculate a mean value of the two estimates, $`(mM)_V=14.7\pm 0.2`$. Adopting the extinction law of $`A_V=3.2E(BV)`$, we derive a value of the intrinsic distance modulus $`(mM)_0=13.1\pm 0.2`$. This corresponds to a distance of $`d=4.2\pm 0.3`$ kpc.

### 3.5 Age

We have estimated the age of NGC 1798 using two methods as follows. First we have used the morphological age index (MAI) as described in Phelps et al. (1994). Phelps et al. (1994) and Janes & Phelps (1994) presented the MAI–$`\delta V`$ relation,

$$MAI[\mathrm{Gyrs}]=0.73\times 10^{(0.256\delta V+0.0662\delta V^2)}.$$

From the value of $`\delta V`$ derived above, $`0.8\pm 0.2`$ mag, we obtain a value for the age, MAI $`=1.3\pm 0.2`$ Gyrs.

Secondly we have estimated the age of the cluster using the theoretical isochrones given by the Padova group \[Bertelli et al. 1994\]. Fitting the isochrones for \[Fe/H\] = –0.47 to the CMDs of NGC 1798, as shown in Fig. 8, we estimate the age to be $`1.4\pm 0.2`$ Gyrs. Both results agree very well.

### 3.6 Luminosity Function

We have derived the $`V`$ luminosity functions of the main sequence stars in NGC 1798, which are displayed in Fig. 9. The Fb-region was used for subtraction of the field star contribution from the C-region and the magnitude bin size used is 0.5 mag. This control field may not be far enough from the cluster to derive the field star contribution. If so, we might have oversubtracted the field contribution, obtaining flatter luminosity functions than true luminosity functions. However, the fraction of the cluster members in this field must be, if any, very low, because the surface number density of this region is almost constant with the radius as shown in Fig. 3. The luminosity function of the C-region in Fig. 9(a) increases rapidly up to $`V16.5`$ mag, and stays almost flat for $`V>16.5`$ mag. The luminosity functions of the N-region and the (R+Fir)-region are steeper than that of the C-region. A remarkable drop is seen at $`V=16.2`$ mag ($`M_V=1.5`$ mag) in the luminosity function of the C-region based on smaller bin size of 0.2 mag in Fig.9(b). This corresponds to the main sequence gap described above.

## 4 ANALYSIS FOR NGC 2192

### 4.1 The Size of the Cluster

We have investigated the structure of NGC 2192 using starcounts. We could not use the centroid method to estimate the centre of this cluster, because this cluster is too sparse. So we have used eye-estimate to determine the centre of the cluster to be at the position of ($`X=465`$ pixel, $`Y=930`$ pixel). Fig. 10 illustrates the projected surface number density profile derived from counting stars with $`V<18`$ mag in the entire CCD field. The magnitude cutoff for starcounts was set so that the counts should be free of any photometric incompleteness problem. Fig. 10 shows that most of the stars in NGC 2192 are concentrated within the radius of 200 pixel ($`=100^{\prime \prime }`$), and that the outskirts of the cluster extend out to about 440 pixel ($`=220^{\prime \prime }`$) from the centre. Therefore the approximate size of NGC 2192 is estimated to be about $`440^{\prime \prime }`$ in diameter,which corresponds to a linear size of 7.5 pc for the distance of NGC 2192 as determined below.

### 4.2 Color-Magnitude Diagrams

Figs. 11 and 12 show the $`V(BV)`$ and $`V(VI)`$ color-magnitude diagrams of the measured stars in the observed regions in NGC 2192. The distinguishable features seen in the color-magnitude diagrams of the C-region are: (a) There is a well-defined main sequence the top of which is located at $`V14`$ mag; (b) There are a group of red giant clump stars at $`(BV)=1.1`$ and $`V=14.2`$ mag, which are remarked by the small box in the figures; and (c) There are a small number of stars along the locus of the red giant branch.

### 4.3 Reddening and Metallicity

NGC 2192 is located 11 degrees above the galactic plane in the anti-galactic centre direction ($`b=10^{}.64`$ and $`l=173^{}.41`$) but higher than NGC 1798 so that it is expected that the reddening toward this cluster is significant but smaller than that of NGC 1798. We have estimated the reddening for NGC 2192 using two methods as applied for NGC 1798.

First we have used the mean color of the red giant clump. The mean color of the red giant clump in the C-region is estimated to be $`(BV)_{RGC}=1.08\pm 0.01`$ ($`(VI)_{RGC}=1.07\pm 0.01`$, and $`(UB)_{RGC}=0.61\pm 0.02`$), and the corresponding mean magnitude is $`V_{RGC}=14.20\pm 0.05`$. $`\delta V`$ is estimated to be $`0.6\pm 0.2`$, which is similar to the value derived by Phelps et al. (1994). From these data we have derived a value of the reddening, $`E(BV)=0.19\pm 0.03`$.

Secondly we have used the color-color diagram to estimate the reddening and the metallicity simultaneously. We have fitted the mean colors of the stars in the C-region with the color-color relation used in the Padova isochrones \[Bertelli et al. 1994\]. Fig. 13 illustrates the results of fitting in the $`(UB)(BV)`$ color-color diagram. It is shown in this figure that the stars in NGC 2192 are reasonably fitted by the color-color relation of the isochrones for \[Fe/H\] $`=0.31\pm 0.15`$ dex with a reddening value of $`E(BV)=0.21\pm 0.01`$. The error for the metallicity, 0.15, was estimated by comparing isochrones with different metallicities. As a reference the mean locus of the giant for solar abundance given by Schmidt-Kaler is also plotted in Fig. 13. Finally we derive a mean value of the two estimates for the reddening, $`E(BV)=0.20\pm 0.03`$.

### 4.4 Distance

We have estimated the distance to NGC 2192 using two methods as for NGC 1798. First we have used the mean magnitude of the red giant clump. We have derived a value of the apparent distance modulus $`(mM)_V=13.61\pm 0.10`$ from the values for the mean magnitudes of the red giant clump stars described previously.

Secondly we have used the ZAMS fitting. Before the ZAMS fitting, we subtracted statistically the contribution due to the field stars in the CMDs of the C-region using the CMDs of the F-region. The size of the bin used for the subtraction is $`\mathrm{\Delta }V=0.25`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(BV)=0.1`$.

The resulting CMDs are displayed in Fig. 14. We used the metallicity of \[Fe/H\] = –0.31 as derived before and adopted $`Y=0.28`$. Using this method we have obtained a value of the apparent distance modulus $`(mM)_V=13.1\pm 0.2`$. Finally we calculate a mean value of the two estimates, $`(mM)_V=13.3\pm 0.2`$. Adopting the extinction law of $`A_V=3.2E(BV)`$, we derive a value of the intrinsic distance modulus $`(mM)_0=12.7\pm 0.2`$. This corresponds to a distance of $`d=3.5\pm 0.3`$ kpc.

### 4.5 Age

We have estimated the age of NGC 2192 using two methods as follows. First we have used the morphological age index. From the value of $`\delta V`$ derived above, $`0.6\pm 0.2`$ mag, we obtain a value for the age, MAI $`=1.1\pm 0.2`$ Gyrs. Secondly we have estimated the age of the cluster using the theoretical isochrones given by the Padova group \[Bertelli et al. 1994\]. Fitting the isochrones for \[Fe/H\] = –0.31 to the CMDs of NGC 2192, as shown in Fig. 15, we estimate the age to be $`1.1\pm 0.1`$ Gyrs. Both results agree very well.

### 4.6 Luminosity Function

We have derived the $`V`$ luminosity functions of the main sequence stars in NGC 2192, which are displayed in Fig. 16. The F-region was used for subtraction of the field star contribution from the C-region. The luminosity function of the C-region in Fig. 16(a) increases rapidly up to $`V14`$ mag, and stays almost flat for $`V>15`$ mag. The luminosity function of the N-region is steeper than that of the C-region. Fig. 16(b) displays a comparison of the luminosity functions of NGC 1798, NGC 2192, and NGC 7789 which is another old open cluster of similar age \[Roger et al. 1994\]. Fig. 16(b) shows that the luminosity functions of these clusters are similar in that they are almost flat in the faint part. The flattening of the faint part of the luminosity functions of old open clusters has been known since long, and is believed to be due to evaporation of low mass stars \[Friel 1995\].

## 5 DISCUSSION

We have determined the metallicity and distance of NGC 1798 and NGC 2192 in this study. We compare them with those of other old open clusters here. Fig. 17 illustrates the radial metallicity gradient of the old open clusters compiled by Friel (1995) and supplemented by the data in Wee & Lee (1996) and Lee (1997). Fig. 17 shows that the mean metallicity decreases as the galactocentric distance increases. The positions of NGC 1798 and NGC 2192 we have obtained in this study are consistent with the mean trend of the other old open clusters. The slope we have determined for the entire sample including these two clusters is $`\mathrm{\Delta }[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]/R_{GC}=0.086\pm 0.011`$ dex/kpc, very similar to that given in Friel (1995), $`\mathrm{\Delta }[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]/R_{GC}=0.091\pm 0.014`$ dex/kpc.

There are only four old open clusters located beyond $`R_{GC}=13`$ kpc in Fig. 17. These four clusters follow the mean trend of decreasing outward. However, the number of the clusters is not large enough to decide whether the metallicty keeps decreasing outward or it stops decreasing somewhere beyond $`R_{GC}=13`$ kpc and stays constant. Further studies of more old open clusters beyond $`R_{GC}=13`$ kpc are needed to investigate this point.

## 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

We have presented $`UBVI`$ photometry of old open clusters NGC 1798 and NGC 2192. From the photometric data we have determined the size, reddening, metallicity, distance, and age of these clusters. The luminosity functions of the main sequence stars in these clusters are similar to those of the other old open clusters. The basic properties of these clusters we have determined in this study are summarized in Table 5.

## Acknowledgments

Prof.Chul Hee Kim is thanked for providing the $`BV`$ CCD images of NGC 1798. This research is supported in part by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation Grant No. 95-0702-01-01-3.

FIGURE CAPTIONS

Figure 1. A grey scale map of the $`V`$ CCD image of NGC 1798 made by mosaicing the images of observed regions. North is right and east is up. The size of the field is $`10^{}.6\times 13^{}.8`$. The circle and lines represent the boundary of each region described in the text. 

Figure 2. A grey scale map of the $`V`$ CCD image of NGC 2192 made by mosaicing the images of observed regions. North is right and east is up. The size of the field is $`7^{}.2\times 10^{}.8`$. The circle and line represent the boundary of each region described in the text. 

Figure 3. Projected surface number density of the stars with $`V<19.5`$ mag in the NGC 1798 area. 

Figure 4. $`V`$–($`B`$$`V`$) color-magnitude diagrams of NGC 1798: the entire region, the C-region, the N-region, and Fb-region. The square represents the position of the red giant clump. 

Figure 5. $`V`$–($`V`$$`I`$) color-magnitude diagrams of NGC 1798: the entire region, the C-region, the N-region, and the Fir-region plus Fi-region. The square represents the position of the red giant clump. 

Figure 6. ($`U`$$`B`$)–($`B`$$`V`$) diagram of stars with small photometric errors in the C-region of NGC 1798. The dotted line and solid line represent, respectively, the mean line for the giants with solar abundance (III) given by Schmidt-Kaler (1982) and the mean line for the Padova isochrones with \[Fe/H\] = –0.47, which were shifted according to the reddening of $`E(BV)=0.55`$. 

Figure 7. ZAMS fitting for the C-region of NGC 1798. The solid line represents the empirical ZAMS for \[Fe/H\] = –0.47, and $`Y=0.28`$, shifted according to the reddening and distance of NGC 1798. The dashed lines represent the upper and lower envelope corresponding to the fitting errors. 

Figure 8. Isochrone fitting for the C-region of NGC 1798 in the color-magnitude diagrams. The solid line represents the Padova isochrone for age = 1.4 Gyrs, \[Fe/H\] = –0.47, shifted according to the reddening and distance of NGC 1798. The dashed lines represents isochrones for ages of 1.2 and 1.6 Gyrs. 

Figure 9. (a) Luminosity functions of the main sequence stars in the C-region (filled circles), N-region (open squares) and R-region plus Fir-region (open triangles) of NGC 1798. (b) The luminosity function for the C-region based on a smaller bin size of 0.2 mag. 

Figure 10. Projected surface number density of the stars with $`V<18`$ mag in the NGC 2192 area. 

Figure 11. $`V`$–($`B`$$`V`$) color-magnitude diagrams of NGC 2192: the entire region, the C-region, the N-region, and the F-region. The square represents the position of the red giant clump. 

Figure 12. $`V`$–($`V`$$`I`$) color-magnitude diagrams of NGC 2192: the entire region, the C-region, the N-region, and the F-region. The square represents the position of the red giant clump. 

Figure 13. ($`U`$$`B`$)–($`B`$$`V`$) diagram of stars with small photometric errors in the C-region of NGC 2192. The dotted line and solid line represent, respectively, the mean line for the giants with solar abundance (III) given by Schmidt-Kaler (1982) and the mean line for the Padova isochrones with \[Fe/H\] = –0.31, which were shifted according to the reddening of $`E(BV)=0.19`$. 

Figure 14. ZAMS fitting for the C-region of NGC 2192. The solid line represents the empirical ZAMS for \[Fe/H\] = –0.31, and $`Y=0.28`$, shifted according to the reddening and distance of NGC 2192. The dashed lines represent the upper and lower envelope corresponding to the fitting errors. 

Figure 15. isochrone fitting for the C-region of NGC 2192 in the color-magnitude diagrams. The solid line represents the Padova isochrone for age = 1.1 Gyrs, \[Fe/H\] = –0.31, shifted according to the reddening and distance of NGC 2192. The dashed lines represents isochrones for ages of 1.0 and 1.2 Gyrs. 

Figure 16. (a) Luminosity functions of the main sequence stars in the C-region (filled circles) and N-region (open squares) of NGC 2192. (b) Comparison of the luminosity functions of NGC 2192 (filled circles), NGC 1798 (open triangles) and NGC 7789 (open circles). 

Figure 17. Metallicity versus the galactocentric distance of NGC 1798 (the filled circle) and NGC 2192 (the filled square) compared with other old open clusters (open circles).