# Light Gluino Predictions for Jet Cross Sections in Tevatron Run II

## Abstract

The CDF inclusive jet transverse energy cross section at $`1.8TeV`$ suggests anomalous behavior at both low and high transverse energies. In addition the scaled ratio of the $`0.63TeV`$ to $`1.8TeV`$ data lies significantly below the standard model prediction and suggests structure not attributable to standard model processes. These anomalies are in line with what would be expected in the light gluino scenario. We perform a unified fit and extrapolate to two TeV to predict the results at run II.

preprint:   UAHEP9812 November 1998 hep-ph/9812340    

The CDF collaboration at Fermilab has published  a study of the jet inclusive transverse energy cross section in $`p\overline{p}`$ cross sections at $`1.8TeV`$ which suggest the possibility of anomalous behavior in both the low and high transverse energy regions. D0 has not published results in the low transverse energy region but has presented data at high transverse energy which appear to be consistent with either the CDF result or the standard model. The apparent anomaly at high $`E_T`$ seen by CDF could, therefore, be a statistical fluctuation. It has also been suggested  that these results are compatible with the standard model if the gluon distribution at high x is appreciably higher than expected on the basis of previous fits. On the other hand, the anomalous behavior observed by CDF in both the low and high $`E_T`$ regions is also consistent with that expected if the gluino of supersymmetry is light (below $`10GeV`$ in mass is sufficient) . Although all direct searches for a light gluino have turned up negative, many indirect indications of such a light color octet parton have been noted. A partial list is contained in the references of .

The measured inclusive cross section at center of mass energy $`\sqrt{s}`$ to produce a jet of transverse energy $`E_T`$ averaged over a certain rapidity interval is theoretically expected to have the form

$`d\sigma /dE_T=\alpha _s(\mu )^2s^{3/2}F(X_T,{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{\sqrt{s}}},{\displaystyle \frac{m}{\sqrt{s}}})+𝒪(\alpha _s^3)`$ (1)   
Here $`\mu `$ is the scale parameter, $`X_T=2E_T/\sqrt{s},\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the QCD dimensional transmutation parameter, and m represents any of the masses of the strongly interacting particles in the theory. Taken to all orders the cross section is independent of $`\mu `$ but at finite order the theoretical result depends on $`\mu `$ which must therefore be treated as a parameter of the theory. The CDF best fits correspond to $`\mu =E_T/2`$. At high energy the scaling function F depends only on $`X_T`$ . The CDF data for this cross section compared to the next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD predictions are below unity at low $`E_T`$ and rise dramatically above unity at high $`E_T`$. In the Supersymmetry (SUSY) treatment of  this behavior was attributed to three phenomena.

* With a light gluino the strong coupling constant runs more slowly being higher than the standard model at high $`\mu `$ and lower at low $`\mu `$.
* The production of gluino pairs increases F by a roughly uniform factor of 1.06 for all $`E_T`$
* A squark, if present, will cause a bump in the cross section at about $`m_{\stackrel{~}{Q}}/2`$.

The fit of  used the CDF suggested value of $`\mu `$ and a value of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ corresponding to $`\alpha _s(M_Z)=0.113`$ and a squark mass of about $`106GeV`$. The theoretical ratio of the SUSY prediction relative to the standard model prediction is relatively insensitive to higher order corrections since both will have roughly equal higher order enhancements. In this work the CTEQ3 parton distribution functions (pdf’s) were used. In a later study , CDF considered the scaled ratio of the inclusive jet $`E_T`$ cross sections at $`630GeV`$ and $`1.8TeV`$.

$`r(X_T)={\displaystyle \frac{s^{3/2}d\sigma /dE_T(\sqrt{s}=630GeV)}{s^{3/2}d\sigma /dE_T(\sqrt{s}=1800GeV)}}`$ (2)   
Since at both energies, $`\sqrt{s}`$ is much greater than the QCD scale parameter $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and all the quark masses of the standard model (except the top quark which contributes negligibly at these energies), the standard model prediction modulo residual corrections from higher order and from scaling violation in the pdf’s is just

$`r(X_T)={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s^2(\lambda X_T0.630GeV/2)}{\alpha _s^2(\lambda X_T1.8TeV/2)}}`$ (3)   
We have assumed here that the appropriate choice of $`\mu `$ is $`\lambda E_T`$ with $`\lambda =1/2`$ being the result of the CDF best fit to the $`1.8TeV`$ data. The full standard model prediction with corrections incorporated seriously overestimates the CDF data. In addition there is a possible structure in r that, if real, might suggest the existence of a strongly interacting particle in the $`100GeV`$ region with a production cross section many times larger than that of top. As always, there is the possibility that the anomaly is due to systematic errors although it would be surprising if such errors induced structure in $`E_T`$. In fact, the D0 experiment does not confirm the existence  of structure in r suggesting, therefore, an explanation in terms of systematic errors. Although the systematic errors could easily affect the normalization of the r parameter, it would be surprising if they affect the point to point errors. These systematic errors derive primarily from the lower energy (630 GeV) data and hence the existence or non-existence of structure should be definitively resolved by comparing the ratio of the $`2TeV`$ data which will be available beginning in the year 2000 with the $`1.8TeV`$ data. Although the energy step is small, the greatly increased luminosity in run II coupled with the small systematic errors in the $`1.8TeV`$ data should guarantee sufficient sensitivity to settle the question.

The features observed by CDF in the scaling ratio are those expected in the light gluino scenario . The slower fall-off of $`\alpha _s`$ predicts that the r parameter should be generally lower than the standard model expectations in agreement with the data. In addition a squark in the $`100GeV`$ mass range would provide a bump in each cross section at roughly fixed $`E_T=m_{\stackrel{~}{Q}}/2`$. This would lead to a dip-bump structure separated by a factor of 1.8/0.63 in $`X_T`$ in qualitative agreement with the CDF data. If the bump had occured at lower $`X_T`$ than the dip there would have been no possibility of a fit in any model where the structure was attributed to a new particle. Reference  provided two fits to the CDF data. The first used the CTEQ3 pdf’s and the scale choice $`\mu =E_T/2`$ with a squark mass of $`130GeV`$. In the CTEQ3 pdf’s there are, of course, no initial state gluinos so the cross section bump derives from the reaction

$`qgq\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{g}`$ (4)   
with an intermediate squark in the $`q\stackrel{~}{g}`$ channel. The dynamics are such that the initial state gluon splits into two dominantly collinear gluinos one of which interacts with the initial state quark to produce the intermediate squark. Other non-resonant light gluino contributions to the cross section come from the parton level processes

$`q\overline{q}\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{g}`$ (5)   
$`gg\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{g}`$ (6)   
If the gluino is light it should have a pronounced presence in the proton dynamically generated from the gluon splitting discussed above. Two groups  have analyzed deep inelastic scattering allowing for a light gluino and presented fits to the gluino pdf as well as modifications of the other pdf’s due to the gluino presence. In ref.  we compared the scaling violation using the Rückl-Vogt pdf’s with that using the CTEQ3 set. With intrinsic gluinos there are extra contributions to the jet inclusive cross sections from the processes

$`g\stackrel{~}{g}g\stackrel{~}{g}`$ (7)   
$`q\stackrel{~}{g}q\stackrel{~}{g}`$ (8)   
$`\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{g}`$ (9)   
$`\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{g}gg`$ (10)   
$`\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{g}q\overline{q}`$ (11)   
The second process replaces the higher order reaction of Eq. (4) and provides a direct channel pole at the mass of the squark leading to a peak in the transverse energy cross sections. We treat the squark as a resonance in the quark-gluino channel. Each of these reactions of course is subject to higher order corrections but these tend to cancel in the scaling ratio and in the ratio of the SUSY transverse energy cross section to that of the standard model. In this second fit the scale $`\mu `$ was chosen to be the parton-parton CM energy.

The purpose of the current work is to return to the inclusive jet transverse energy cross section and seek a combined fit to this plus the scaling curve allowing for intrinsic gluinos in the proton. Fitting both the scaling curve $`r(X_T)`$ and the $`1.8TeV`$ cross section is equivalent to fitting the transverse energy cross section at both $`1.8TeV`$ and $`0.63TeV`$. Using the parameters of this combined best fit we then present the predictions for the $`E_T`$ cross section at $`2TeV`$ CM energy of run II and the scaling curve for $`1.8TeV/2TeV`$. The primary parameters of the combined fit are the scale $`\mu `$, the QCD $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ parameter or equivalently $`\alpha _s(M_Z)`$, and the squark mass $`m_{\stackrel{~}{Q}}`$. We find the optimal values

$`\mu =0.6E_T`$ (12)   
$`\alpha _s(M_Z)=0.116`$ (13)   
$`m_{\stackrel{~}{Q}}=133GeV`$ (14)   
In the fit we estimate NLO corrections by the K factor $`1+10\alpha _s(\mu )/\pi `$ and we simulate resolution smearing by increasing the width of the squark by a factor of 2 from its SUSY QCD prediction $`2\alpha _sm_{\stackrel{~}{Q}}/3`$. In addition it is known that the systematic errors in the $`630GeV`$ data form a fairly broad band . We therefore allow the scaling data to float by a uniform factor near unity. The results are presented in figures 1-4.

Figure 1 shows the fit to the $`1.8TeV`$ jet inclusive $`E_T`$ cross section averaged over the CDF rapidity range $`0.1<|\eta |<0.7`$. In order to compare with the data of ref. , the light gluino prediction is plotted relative to the QCD prediction given to us in a private communication by the author of that reference. At high $`E_T`$ the fit goes through the lower range of the CDF errors which suggests it is also consistent with the D0 data. The fit qualitatively reproduces the dip at low $`E_T`$ and shows a peak at low $`E_T`$ due to the $`133GeV`$ squark. Figure 2 shows the scaling function $`r(X_T)`$ as given in the light gluino scenario with a $`133GeV`$ squark and as given by the standard model. The data has been moved up by a uniform factor of 1.2 which is consistent with the effect of systematic errors in the $`630GeV`$ data. The height and width of the dip-bump structure is in qualitative agreement with the expectations of the light gluino plus $`133GeV`$ squark model. One might expect that a full simulation including hadronization and detector acceptance could somewhat shift this mass.

If a squark exists at $`133GeV`$ it should be apparent in the $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation cross section through the quark-squark-gluino final state . The L3 data  shows what is possibly an upward statistical fluctuation in the hadronic cross section in $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation in the $`130GeV`$ region. Since the gluino decays are expected to leave very little missing energy, the quark-squark-gluino final state might also explain an apparent surplus in the visible energy cross section at high $`E_{vis}`$ . In addition, a SUSY symmetry breaking scale of $`133GeV`$ would, in the light gluino scenario, predict stop quarks in the region just above the top and could explain some anomalies in the top quark events  and lead to an enhancement in the deep inelastic cross section at high $`Q^2`$ and high hadronic mass . If there is indeed a light gluino and a squark in the $`100135GeV`$ region, a dip-bump structure should also be found at Lep II in the scaling ratio of the inclusive dijet cross section in $`e^+e^{}`$ annihilation.

$`r(M^2/s)={\displaystyle \frac{s^2d\sigma /dM^2(\sqrt{s}=E_1)}{s^2d\sigma /dM^2(\sqrt{s}=E_2)}}`$ (15)   
where both $`E_1`$ and $`E_2`$ are above the squark mass. Since the squark decays in the present model into quark plus gluino, the excess should be in the four-jet sample but should not appear in the pair production of two high mass states.

In figure 3, we show the predictions for the jet inclusive $`E_T`$ cross section in $`p\overline{p}`$ collisions at the energy $`2TeV`$ relative to the standard model expectations. The curve shows a pronounced peak at $`m_{\stackrel{~}{Q}}/2`$ and is generally $`5`$ to $`10\%`$ below unity due to the slower running of $`\alpha _s`$ in the light gluino case and to the scaling violations in the parton distribution functions. In Figure 4 the scaling ratio

$`r(X_T)={\displaystyle \frac{s^{3/2}d\sigma /dE_T(\sqrt{s}=1.8TeV)}{s^{3/2}d\sigma /dE_T(\sqrt{s}=2TeV)}}`$ (16)   
is plotted for the case of light gluino plus $`133GeV`$ squark and for the case of light gluino but no squark present (non-resonant solid line). The dash-dotted curve gives the prediction of the standard model.

Although we have not attempted to estimate hadronization corrections nor resolution smearing (apart from doubling the squark width), we expect that run II will be sensitive to the predicted peaks if they exist and will therefore either discover or rule out a squark in the $`100GeV`$ mass region in conjunction with a light gluino. With additional information on dijet mass and angular distributions , the Run II measurements are sensitive to a light gluino with a squark up to $`1TeV`$. Since most of the value of SUSY would be lost with squarks so high in mass, Run II should definitively settle the question as to whether the light gluino indications including those referenced in  are the first signs of SUSY or merely an amazing string of coincidences attributable to systematic errors.

###### Acknowledgements.

This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under grant no. DE-FG02-96ER-40967. We acknowledge useful conversations on the Fermilab data with I. Terekhov.