# On the Translation Invariance of Wavelet Subspaces

## 1. Introduction

A wavelet $`\psi L^2()`$ is a complete wandering vector for the unitary system $`\{D^nT^l:n,l\}`$, i.e. the collection $`\{D^nT^l\psi :n,l\}`$ is an orthonormal basis for $`L^2()`$, where $`D`$, $`T`$ are defined on $`L^2()`$ as: $`Df(x)=\sqrt{2}f(2x)`$ and $`Tf(x)=f(x1)`$. Every wavelet can be associated with a *Generalized Multiresolution Analysis*, or GMRA (see ). Indeed, define the subspaces $`V_j=\overline{span}\{D^nT^l\psi :n<j,l\}`$, then it is routine to verify that these subspaces satisfy the following four conditions:

1. $`V_jV_{j+1}`$,
2. $`DV_j=V_{j+1}`$,
3. $`_jV_j=\{0\}`$ and $`_jV_j`$ has dense span in $`L^2()`$,
4. $`V_0`$ is invariant under $`T`$.

We shall call $`V_0`$ the *core space* for $`\psi `$. Item 4 is of interest since the core space is invariant under translations by the group $``$. A natural question is: are there other groups of translations under which $`V_0`$ is invariant? This paper will answer this question by looking at groups of translations by dyadic rationals.

Denote by $`T_\alpha `$ the unitary operator $`T_\alpha f(x)=f(x\alpha )`$. $`T`$ is to be understood as $`T_1`$. Note that $`\widehat{T_\alpha }=M_{e^{i\alpha \xi }}`$. In this paper, we shall consider the groups of translations $`𝒢_n=\{T_{\frac{m}{2^n}}:m\}`$, and the group $`𝒢_{\mathrm{}}=\{T_\alpha :\alpha \}`$. Denote by $`_n`$ the collection of all wavelets whose core space is invariant under $`𝒢_n`$. Note that these collections are nested:

$$_0_1_2\mathrm{}_n_{n+1}\mathrm{}_{\mathrm{}}$$

We can then define an equivalence relation whose equivalence classes are given by $`_n=_n_{n+1}`$, with $`_{\mathrm{}}=_{\mathrm{}}`$. Hence, $`_n`$ is the collection of all wavelets such that $`V_0`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_n`$ but not $`𝒢_{n+1}`$. The goal of this paper is to characterize these equivalence classes, while showing that several of them are not empty.

In general, $`V_0`$ can be quite complicated in structure. Indeed, it may not even be generated by translations of a finite number of functions. Hence, we wish to restrict our analysis to $`W_0`$. Recall that $`W_j`$ is defined by $`V_{j+1}=V_jW_j`$. Clearly, $`W_j=\overline{span}\{D^jT^l\psi :l\}`$.

###### Lemma 1.

Let $`r<n`$ be integers, and let $`p=nr`$. The space $`V_r`$ (resp. $`W_r`$) is invariant under $`𝒢_k`$ if and only if the space $`V_n`$ (resp. $`W_n`$) is invariant under $`𝒢_{k+p}`$.

###### Proof.

By definition, $`fV_r`$ if and only if $`D^pfV_n`$. Suppose that $`gV_n`$ and define $`fV_r`$ such that $`D^pf=g`$. Consider the following commutation relation:

$`D^pT_{\frac{m}{2^k}}f(x)`$ $`=2^{\frac{p}{2}}T_{\frac{m}{2^k}}f(2^px)`$   
$`=2^{\frac{p}{2}}f(2^px+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{2^k}})`$   
$`=D^pf(x+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{2^{k+p}}})`$   
$`=T_{\frac{m}{2^{k+p}}}D^pf(x).`$   
This calculation establishes the statement. ∎

By lemma 1, another way to describe $`_n`$ is that $`\psi _n`$ if $`n`$ is the largest integer such that $`V_n`$ is invariant under integral translations. If $`\psi _n`$, we shall say $`\psi `$ has the *translation invariance of order n* property.

###### Theorem 2.

The core space $`V_0`$ for $`\psi `$ is invariant under the action of $`𝒢_n`$ if and only if $`W_0`$ is invariant under the action of $`𝒢_n`$.

###### If.

Suppose that $`W_0`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_n`$. Then, by lemma 1, for $`k>0`$, $`W_k`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_{n+k}`$, whence $`V_0^{}=_{k=0}^{\mathrm{}}W_k`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_n`$. If follows that $`V_0`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_n`$.

*Only If.* Suppose $`V_0`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_n`$. Then, again by lemma 1, $`V_1`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_{n+1}`$, and hence $`𝒢_n`$. Since $`V_1=V_0W_0`$, it follows that $`W_0`$ is also invariant under $`𝒢_n`$. ∎

For the purposes of this paper, we shall say that a set $`E`$ is *partially self-similar* with respect to $`\alpha `$ if there exists a set $`F`$ of non-zero measure such that both $`F`$ and $`F+\alpha `$ are subsets of $`E`$. Additionally, if $`G,H`$ are two subsets of $``$, we shall say that $`G`$ is $`2\pi `$ translation congruent to $`H`$ if there exists a measurable partition $`G_n`$ of $`G`$ such that the collection $`\{G_n+2n\pi :n\}`$ forms a partition of $`H`$, modulo sets of measure zero. The letter $`\lambda `$ will denote Lebesgue measure. Define a mapping $`\tau :[0,2\pi )`$ such that $`\tau (x)x=2\pi k`$ for some integer $`k`$.

## 2. A Characterization of $`_{\mathrm{}}`$

Recall that a wavelet set is a set $`W`$ such that the function $`\psi `$ defined by $`\widehat{\psi }=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\chi _W`$ is a wavelet. Such a wavelet $`\psi `$ is called a Minimally Supported Frequency (MSF) wavelet. The following theorem reveals some structure of wavelet sets.

###### Theorem 3.

Let $`fL^2()`$, and let $`E=supp(f)`$. Then $`\{e^{inx}f(x):n\}`$ is an orthonormal basis for $`L^2(E)`$ if and only if the following two conditions hold:

1. supp(f) is $`2\pi `$ translation congruent to $`[0,2\pi )`$,
2. $`|f(x)|=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}`$ for almost every $`x`$.

This next theorem completely characterizes wavelet sets; the proof of which uses the previous theorem.

###### Theorem 4.

Let $`W`$. Then $`W`$ is a wavelet set if and only if the following two conditions hold:

1. $`W`$ is $`2\pi `$ translation congruent to $`[0,2\pi )`$,
2. $`_j2^jW=`$

modulo null sets.

The proof of both theorems can be found in , chapter 4.

###### Theorem 5.

Let $`\psi `$ be a wavelet. Then, the following are equivalent:

1. $`\psi `$ is a MSF wavelet,
2. the subspace $`V_0`$ is invariant under translations by all real numbers,
3. the subspaces $`V_j`$ of the corresponding GMRA are invariant under integral translations.
4. the subspaces $`W_j`$ of the corresponding GMRA are invariant under integral translations.

###### Proof.

i) $``$ ii). If $`\psi `$ is a MSF wavelet with wavelet set $`W`$, then by theorem 3, $`\widehat{W_0}=L^2(W)`$. Clearly, $`\alpha `$, $`W_0`$ is invariant under $`T_\alpha `$ since $`\widehat{W_0}`$ is invariant under multiplication by $`e^{i\alpha }`$. It follows by theorem 2 that $`V_0`$ is invariant under all translations.

ii) $``$ iii). Since $`V_0`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_n`$ for all $`n0`$, by lemma 1, $`V_n`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_0`$.

iii) $``$ iv). By definition, $`V_{j+1}=V_jW_j`$. If both $`V_{j+1}`$ and $`V_j`$ are invariant under integral translations, it follows immediately that $`W_j`$ is also invariant under integral translations.

iv) $``$ i). Let $`𝒞`$ be the collection of all operators for which $`W_0`$ is invariant. An easy calculation shows that $`𝒞`$ is WOT (weak operator topology) closed.

If $`W_j`$ is invariant under integral translations, then again by lemma 1, $`W_0`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_j`$ for all $`j`$. Since $`_{n0}𝒢_n`$ is dense in $`𝒢_{\mathrm{}}`$, in the strong operator topology, it follows that $`W_0`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_{\mathrm{}}`$. If we take the Fourier transform, then we get that $`\widehat{W_0}`$ is invariant under multiplication by $`e^{i\alpha \xi }`$. The linear span of these operators are dense in the collection $`\{M_h:hL^{\mathrm{}}()\}`$ with respect to the WOT. It follows that $`\widehat{W_0}`$ is invariant under multiplication by any $`L^{\mathrm{}}()`$ function.

Next, we wish to show that $`\widehat{W_0}=L^2(E)`$, where $`E=supp(\widehat{\psi })`$. First note that since $`\{e^{in\xi }\widehat{\psi }(\xi )\}`$ forms an orthonormal basis for $`\widehat{W_0}`$, $`\widehat{\psi }(\xi )`$ has maximal support in the sense that if $`\widehat{f}\widehat{W_0}`$, then the support of $`\widehat{f}`$ is contained in the support of $`\widehat{\psi }`$. This immediately implies that $`\widehat{W_0}L^2(E)`$.

Let $`g(\xi )`$ be a compactly supported simple function, whose support $`F`$ is contained in $`E`$. Define $`E_n=\{\xi :\frac{1}{n1}\widehat{\psi }(\xi )>\frac{1}{n}\}`$, and define $`F_n=FE_n`$. Since $`g`$ is a simple function, it is uniformly bounded by some constant $`M`$. Let $`ϵ>0`$ be given. Choose an $`N`$ such that $`\lambda (_{n>N}F_n)<\frac{ϵ}{M}`$, and define $`h_0`$ to be $`\frac{g}{\widehat{\psi }}\chi _{_{nN}F_n}`$. Then, $`h_0(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi )=g(\xi )`$ on $`_{nN}F_n`$, so that $`h_0\widehat{\psi }g<ϵ`$. Since $`\widehat{W_0}`$ is closed, $`g\widehat{W_0}`$; furthermore all such $`g`$’s are dense in $`L^2(E)`$, whence $`L^2(E)\widehat{W_0}`$.

Since $`W_jW_k`$, $`2^jEE`$ is a set of measure zero, and since $`W_j`$ is dense in $`L^2()`$, it follows that $`_j2^jE=`$. Furthermore, by theorem 3, $`E`$ is $`2\pi `$ translation congruent to $`[0,2\pi )`$, hence, by theorem 4, $`E`$ is a wavelet set, and $`\psi `$ is a MSF wavelet. ∎

###### Corollary 6.

The equivalence class $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ can be characterized in the following two ways:

1. $`_{\mathrm{}}=_{n=0}^{\mathrm{}}_n`$,
2. $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ is precisely the collection of all MSF wavelets.

###### Proof.

By theorem 5, $`V_0`$ is invariant under $`𝒢_n`$ for all $`n`$ if and only if $`V_0`$ is invariant under translations by all real numbers. This is equivalent to $`\psi `$ being a MSF wavelet. ∎

## 3. A Characterization of $`_n`$

Suppose $`\psi `$ is a wavelet that is in $`_1`$. If $`T_{\frac{m}{2}}fW_0`$, then by taking the Fourier Transform, we have $`e^{i\frac{m}{2}}\widehat{f}\widehat{W_0}`$, and vice versa, so $`W_0`$ is invariant under translations by half integers if and only if $`\widehat{W_0}`$ is invariant under multiplication by $`e^{i\frac{m}{2}}`$. Because of this, we shall proceed with the analysis in the frequency domain.

If $`fW_0`$, then we can write $`f=_kc_kT^k\psi `$, so taking the Fourier transform of both sides yields $`\widehat{f}=h\widehat{\psi }`$ for some $`hL^2([0,2\pi ))`$. Hence, we can describe $`\widehat{W_0}`$ by $`\{h(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi ):hL^2([0,2\pi ))\}`$. Suppose that $`\xi E=supp(\widehat{\psi })`$. If $`\widehat{W_0}`$ is invariant under multiplication by $`e^{i\frac{m}{2}\xi }`$, then for $`m=1`$,

$$e^{i\frac{1}{2}\xi }h(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi )=g(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi )$$

for some $`gL^2([0,2\pi ))`$. Note that if $`\xi supp(\widehat{\psi })`$, then $`e^{i\frac{1}{2}\xi }h(\xi )=g(\xi )`$. Let $`\xi supp(\widehat{\psi })`$ and let $`k`$ be an odd integer. Then,

$`g(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi +2k\pi )`$ $`=g(\xi +2k\pi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi +2k\pi )`$   
$`=e^{i(\frac{1}{2})(\xi +2k\pi )}h(\xi +2k\pi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi +2k\pi )`$   
$`=e^{i\frac{1}{2}\xi }h(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi +2k\pi )`$   
$`=g(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi +2k\pi )`$   
This calculation shows that $`\widehat{\psi }`$ cannot have both $`\xi `$ and $`\xi +2k\pi `$ in its support. We have established the first characterization theorem.

###### Theorem 7.

Let $`\psi `$ be a wavelet. Then $`\psi _1`$ only if $`E=supp(\widehat{\psi })`$ is not partially self similar with respect to any odd multiple of $`2\pi `$.

###### Corollary 8.

If $`supp(\widehat{\psi })=`$, then $`\psi _0`$.

###### Corollary 9.

If $`\psi `$ is compactly supported, then $`\psi _0`$.

It is interesting to note that most of the wavelets used in practice have this property. It is unclear at this point if this has a meaningful interpretation from a numerical analysis point of view.

Theorem 7 extends to $`_n`$ in the following natural way.

###### Theorem 10.

Let $`\psi `$ be a wavelet. Then $`\psi _n`$ only if the support of $`\widehat{\psi }`$ is not partially self similar with respect to any odd multiple of $`2^j\pi `$ for all $`j=1,2,\mathrm{},n`$.

###### Proof.

Let $`\psi _n`$. Hence,

$$e^{i\frac{1}{2^n}\xi }h(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi )=g(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi )$$

for some $`gL^2([0,2\pi ))`$. Let $`1jn`$, and let $`k`$ be an odd integer. Then, by a similar computation,

$`g(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi +2^jk\pi )`$ $`=g(\xi +2^jk\pi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi +2k\pi )`$   
$`=e^{i(\frac{1}{2^n})(\xi +2^jk\pi )}h(\xi +2^jk\pi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi +2^jk\pi )`$   
$`=e^{i\frac{k}{2^{nj}}\pi }e^{i\frac{1}{2^n}\xi }h(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi +2^jk\pi )`$   
$`=e^{i\frac{k}{2^{nj}}\pi }g(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi +2^jk\pi )`$   
as above. ∎

We have now established necessary conditions for wavelets to be in the equivalence classes $`_k`$ for $`k`$ not equal to 1 or $`\mathrm{}`$. This does not shed light onto whether such wavelets exist. Fortunately, to aid in the search, the converse of theorem 10 also holds.

###### Theorem 11.

Let $`\psi `$ be a wavelet and let $`E=supp(\widehat{\psi })`$ be such that it is not partially self similar with respect to any odd multiple of $`2^j\pi `$ for $`j=1,2,\mathrm{},n`$. Then $`\psi _n`$.

###### Proof.

It suffices to show that

$$e^{i\frac{1}{2^n}\xi }\widehat{\psi }(\xi )=g(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi )$$

for some $`gL^2([0,2\pi ))`$.

Let $`FE`$ be such that $`\tau :F[0,2\pi )`$ is a bijection. (It can be easily shown that $`\tau :E[0,2\pi )`$ is a surjection.) The injective property of $`\tau `$ can be assured in the following manner: for each $`\xi [0,2\pi )`$, define the set $`Z_\xi =\{m_\xi :\xi +2m_\xi \pi E\}`$, then for $`\xi `$ choose $`k_\xi `$ to be 0 if $`\xi E`$, if not, choose $`k_\xi =min\{m>0:minZ_\xi \}`$, else choose $`k_\xi =max\{m<0:mZ_\xi \}`$. Let $`F=\{\xi +2k_\xi \pi :\xi [0,2\pi )\}`$. Note that by construction, $`F`$ is $`2\pi `$ translation congruent to $`[0,2\pi )`$. Hence,

$$e^{i\frac{1}{2^n}\xi }\chi _F(\xi )=g(\xi )$$

where $`g(\xi )L^2(F)`$ and is $`2\pi `$ periodic. Thus, for $`\xi F`$,

$$e^{i\frac{1}{2^n}\xi }\widehat{\psi }(\xi )=g(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi ).$$

For almost any $`\xi EF`$, there exists a $`\xi ^{}F`$ and an integer $`l_\xi `$ such that $`\xi \xi ^{}=2l_\xi \pi `$. Moreover, by hypothesis, $`l_\xi `$ is an even multiple of $`2^n`$, since $`E`$ is not partially self similar with respect to any odd multiple of $`2^j\pi `$. Since $`e^{i\frac{1}{2^n}\xi }`$ is $`2^n\pi `$ periodic, we have that for $`\xi EF`$,

$`e^{i\frac{1}{2^n}\xi }\widehat{\psi }(\xi )`$ $`=e^{i\frac{1}{2^n}(\xi ^{}+2l_\xi \pi )}\widehat{\psi }(\xi ^{}+2l\xi \pi )`$   
$`=e^{i\frac{1}{2^n}\xi ^{}}\widehat{\psi }(\xi ^{}+2l\xi \pi )`$   
$`=g(\xi ^{})\widehat{\psi }(\xi ^{}+2l\xi \pi )`$   
$`=g(\xi )\widehat{\psi }(\xi ).`$   
This completes the proof. ∎

We have established the following characterization of the $`_n`$’s.

###### Corollary 12.

The equivalence class $`_n`$ consists of all wavelets $`\psi `$ such that the support of $`\widehat{\psi }`$ is not partially self similar with respect to any odd multiples of $`2^k\pi `$, for $`k=1,2,\mathrm{},n`$ but is partially self similar with respect to some odd multiple of $`2^{n+1}\pi `$.

## 4. Examples

In this section, we will present examples of wavelets that are in the first four equivalence classes, with the last being in $`_0`$ but it is not an MRA wavelet, and hence cannot be compactly supported. The tool used to generate these wavelets is operator interpolation. Let $`\psi _{W_1}`$ and $`\psi _{W_2}`$ be MSF wavelets, with corresponding wavelet sets $`W_1`$ and $`W_2`$, respectively. By theorem 4, $`W_1`$ is $`2\pi `$ translation congruent to $`W_2`$. If $`\sigma :W_1W_2`$ is effected by this translation congruence, then $`\sigma `$ can be extended to a measurable bijection of $``$ by defining $`\sigma (x)=2^n\sigma (2^nx)`$ where $`n`$ is such that $`2^nxW_1`$.

If $`\sigma `$ is *involutive*, i.e. $`\sigma ^2`$ is the identity, and if $`h_1`$ and $`h_2`$ are measurable, essentially bounded, 2-dilation periodic functions (i.e. $`h_1(2x)=h_1(x)`$), then $`\psi `$ defined by

$$\widehat{\psi }=h_1\widehat{\psi }_{W_1}+h_2\widehat{\psi }_{W_2}$$

is again a wavelet provided the matrix

(1) 
$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}h_1& h_2\\ h_2\sigma ^1& h_1\sigma ^1\end{array}\right)$$

is unitary almost everywhere. (Since $`\sigma ^1`$ is 2-homogeneous, and the $`h_i`$’s are 2-dilation periodic, in general it suffices to check this condition on $`W_1`$.) A complete discussion of this can be found in . Note that the interpolated wavelet $`\psi `$ has the property that $`supp(\widehat{\psi })W_1W_2`$. Further, note that since $`\sigma `$ on $`W_1`$ is given by translations by integral multiples of $`2\pi `$, $`\sigma `$ completely describes the partial self similarity of $`W_1W_2`$ with respect to multiples of $`2\pi `$.

In the following examples, $`\sigma `$ will always be involutive.

###### Example 1.

We shall now present an example of a wavelet in $`_1`$, which by corollary 12 is equivalent to $`E=supp(\widehat{\psi })`$ being not partially self similar with respect to any odd multiples of $`2\pi `$, but does have partially self similarity with respect to some multiple of $`4\pi `$. Consider the following two wavelet sets:

$`W_1=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{7}})[{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi }{7}})[{\displaystyle \frac{24\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{7}})`$   
$`W_2=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{7}})[{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{3\pi }{7}})[{\displaystyle \frac{24\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{30\pi }{7}})`$   
$`[{\displaystyle \frac{31\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{7}})[{\displaystyle \frac{60\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{62\pi }{7}})`$   
A routine calculation shows:

$$\sigma (\xi )=\{\begin{array}{cc}\xi ,\hfill & \xi W_1W_2\hfill \\ \xi 4\pi ,\hfill & \xi [\frac{30\pi }{7},\frac{31\pi }{7})\hfill \\ \xi +8\pi ,\hfill & \xi [\frac{4\pi }{7},\frac{6\pi }{7})\hfill \end{array}$$

This $`\sigma `$ is involutive. Indeed, since $`\sigma ([\frac{30\pi }{7},\frac{31\pi }{7}))=[\frac{2\pi }{7},\frac{3\pi }{7})`$ and $`[\frac{2\pi }{7},\frac{3\pi }{7})=2[\frac{4\pi }{7},\frac{6\pi }{7})`$, for $`\xi [\frac{30\pi }{7},\frac{31\pi }{7})`$, $`\sigma ^2(\xi )=\sigma (\xi 4\pi )=\frac{1}{2}\sigma (2(\xi 4\pi ))=\frac{1}{2}(2\xi 8\pi +8\pi )=\xi `$. A similar computation shows that $`\sigma ^2`$ is the identity on $`[\frac{4\pi }{7},\frac{6\pi }{7})`$.

Construct $`h_1`$ and $`h_2`$ as follows:

$`h_1`$ $`=\chi _{W_1W_2}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\chi _{[\frac{4\pi }{7},\frac{6\pi }{7})[\frac{30\pi }{7},\frac{31\pi }{7})}`$   
$`h_2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(\chi _{[\frac{2\pi }{7},\frac{3\pi }{7})}\chi _{[\frac{60\pi }{7},\frac{62\pi }{7})}\right)`$   
We need to check the condition of the matrix in equation 1.

It suffices to verify that the matrix is unitary on $`W_1`$. Clearly, on $`W_1W_2`$ the matrix is unitary, indeed it is the identity there. On $`[\frac{30\pi }{7},\frac{31\pi }{7})`$, $`h_1=h_2\sigma ^1=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}`$. Furthermore, if $`\xi [\frac{30\pi }{7},\frac{31\pi }{7})`$, $`h_2(\xi )=h_2(2\xi )=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}`$. Finally, $`\sigma ^1(\xi )=\xi 4\pi [\frac{2\pi }{7},\frac{3\pi }{7})=\frac{1}{2}[\frac{4\pi }{7},\frac{6\pi }{7})`$, hence $`h_1\sigma ^1(\xi )=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}`$. Thus, the matrix is simply:

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\\ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\end{array}\right)$$

which is unitary as required. A similar computation shows that the matrix is also unitary on $`[\frac{4\pi }{7},\frac{6\pi }{7})`$.

###### Example 2.

Here we give an example of a wavelet in $`_2`$, which by corollary 12 is equivalent to $`E=supp(\widehat{\psi })`$ being not partially self similar with respect to any odd multiples of $`2\pi `$ or $`4\pi `$, but does have partially self similarity with respect to some multiple of $`8\pi `$. Consider the following two wavelet sets:

$`W_1=`$ $`[8\pi ,{\displaystyle \frac{112\pi }{15}})[{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{15}},\pi )[{\displaystyle \frac{14\pi }{15}},{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{15}})`$   
$`[{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{15}},{\displaystyle \frac{14\pi }{15}})[\pi ,{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{15}})[{\displaystyle \frac{112\pi }{15}},8\pi )`$   
$`W_2=`$ $`[8\pi ,{\displaystyle \frac{112\pi }{15}})[{\displaystyle \frac{14\pi }{15}},{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}})`$   
$`[{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{15}},{\displaystyle \frac{14\pi }{15}})[{\displaystyle \frac{225\pi }{30}},8\pi )[{\displaystyle \frac{224\pi }{15}},15\pi )`$   
A routine calculation shows:

$$\sigma (\xi )=\{\begin{array}{cc}\xi ,\hfill & \xi W_1W_2\hfill \\ \xi 8\pi ,\hfill & \xi [\frac{112\pi }{15},\frac{225\pi }{30})\hfill \\ \xi +16\pi ,\hfill & \xi [\frac{16\pi }{15},\pi )\hfill \end{array}$$

As in example 1, $`\sigma `$ is involutive, and define $`h_1`$ and $`h_2`$ analogously:

$`h_1`$ $`=\chi _{W_1W_2}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\chi _{[\frac{16\pi }{15},\pi )[\frac{112\pi }{15},\frac{225\pi }{30})}`$   
$`h_2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(\chi _{[\frac{8\pi }{15},\frac{\pi }{2})}\chi _{[\frac{224\pi }{15},15\pi )}\right)`$   
These functions satisfy 1.

###### Example 3.

We shall now present an example of a wavelet in $`_3`$. Consider the following wavelet sets.

$`W_1=`$ $`[16\pi ,{\displaystyle \frac{480\pi }{31}})[{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{31}},\pi )[{\displaystyle \frac{30\pi }{31}},{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{31}})`$   
$`[{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{31}},{\displaystyle \frac{30\pi }{31}})[\pi ,{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{31}})[{\displaystyle \frac{480\pi }{31}},16\pi )`$   
$`W_2=`$ $`[16\pi ,{\displaystyle \frac{480\pi }{31}})[{\displaystyle \frac{30\pi }{31}},{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}})`$   
$`[{\displaystyle \frac{16\pi }{31}},{\displaystyle \frac{30\pi }{31}})[\pi ,{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{31}})[{\displaystyle \frac{31\pi }{2}},16\pi )[{\displaystyle \frac{960\pi }{31}},31\pi )`$   
Then, $`\sigma `$ is given by:

$$\sigma (\xi )=\{\begin{array}{cc}\xi ,\hfill & \xi W_1W_2\hfill \\ \xi 16\pi ,\hfill & \xi [\frac{480\pi }{31},\frac{31\pi }{2})\hfill \\ \xi +32\pi ,\hfill & \xi [\frac{32\pi }{31},\pi )\hfill \end{array}$$

Again, as in example 1, $`\sigma `$ is involutive; analogously define $`h_1`$ and $`h_2`$ as:

$`h_1`$ $`=\chi _{W_1W_2}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\chi _{[\frac{32\pi }{31},\pi )[\frac{480\pi }{31},\frac{31\pi }{2})}`$   
$`h_2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(\chi _{[\frac{16\pi }{31},\frac{\pi }{2})}\chi _{[\frac{960\pi }{31},31\pi )}\right)`$   
###### Example 4.

In this example we shall construct a non-MRA wavelet in $`_0`$. Consider the following wavelet sets:

$`W_1=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{28\pi }{7}})[{\displaystyle \frac{7\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{7}})[{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{7\pi }{7}})[{\displaystyle \frac{28\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{7}})`$   
$`W_2=`$ $`[{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{7}})[{\displaystyle \frac{4\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{6\pi }{7}})[{\displaystyle \frac{24\pi }{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{32\pi }{7}})`$   
Both of these wavelets are non-MRA wavelets. It is shown in  that the interpolated wavelet also is not an MRA wavelet. We have that $`\sigma `$ is given by:

$$\sigma (\xi )=\{\begin{array}{cc}\xi ,\hfill & \xi [\frac{7\pi }{7},\frac{4\pi }{7})[\frac{4\pi }{7},\frac{6\pi }{7})[\frac{28\pi }{7},\frac{32\pi }{7})\hfill \\ \xi 2\pi ,\hfill & \xi [\frac{6\pi }{7},\frac{7\pi }{7})\hfill \\ \xi +8\pi ,\hfill & \xi [\frac{32\pi }{7},\frac{28\pi }{7})\hfill \end{array}$$

Construct $`h_1`$ and $`h_2`$ as follows:

$`h_1`$ $`=\chi _{W_1W_2}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\chi _{[\frac{32\pi }{7},\frac{28\pi }{7})[\frac{6\pi }{7},\frac{7\pi }{7})}`$   
$`h_2`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}\left(\chi _{[\frac{8\pi }{7},\frac{7\pi }{7})}\chi _{[\frac{24\pi }{7},\frac{28\pi }{7})}\right)`$