# Implications of Precision Electroweak Measurements for Physics Beyond the SMTalk presented at the Division of Particles and Fields Conference (DPF 99), Los Angeles, CA, January 5–9, 1999.

## I Introduction

Using the top quark and $`Z`$ boson masses, $`m_t`$ and $`M_Z`$, the QED coupling, $`\alpha `$, and the Fermi constant, $`G_F`$, as input, other precision observables can be computed within the SM as functions of the Higgs boson mass, $`M_H`$. For relatively low values of $`M_H`$, the agreement with the measurements is found to be excellent, establishing the SM at the one-loop level. I will briefly review the constraints on $`M_H`$ and the experimental situation before moving beyond the SM.

Besides the recent high precision measurements of the $`W`$ boson mass , $`M_W`$, the most important input into precision tests of electroweak theory continues to come from the $`Z`$ factories LEP 1  and SLC . The vanguard of the physics program at LEP 1 with about 20 million recorded $`Z`$ events is the analysis of the $`Z`$ lineshape. Its parameters are $`M_Z`$, the total $`Z`$ width, $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_Z`$, the hadronic peak cross section, $`\sigma _{\mathrm{had}}`$, and the ratios of hadronic to leptonic decay widths, $`R_{\mathrm{}}=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{had})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{}^+\mathrm{}^{})}`$, where $`\mathrm{}=e`$, $`\mu `$, or $`\tau `$. They are determined in a common fit with the leptonic forward-backward (FB) asymmetries, $`A_{FB}(\mathrm{})=\frac{3}{4}A_eA_{\mathrm{}}`$. With $`f`$ denoting the fermion index,

$$A_f=\frac{2v_fa_f}{v_f^2+a_f^2}$$
(1)   
is defined in terms of the vector ($`v_f=I_{3,f}2Q_f\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _f^{\mathrm{eff}}`$) and axial-vector ($`a_f=I_{3,f}`$) $`Zf\overline{f}`$ coupling; $`Q_f`$ and $`I_{3,f}`$ are the electric charge and third component of isospin, respectively, and $`\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _f^{\mathrm{eff}}\overline{s}_f^2`$ is an effective mixing angle.

An average of about 73% polarization of the electron beam at the SLC allows for a set of competitive and complementary measurements with a much smaller number of $`Z`$’s ($`\stackrel{>}{_{}}500,000`$). In particular, the left-right (LR) cross section asymmetry, $`A_{LR}=A_e`$, represents the most precise determination of the weak mixing angle by a single experiment (SLD) . Mixed FB-LR asymmetries, $`A_{LR}^{FB}(f)=\frac{3}{4}A_f`$, single out the final state coupling of the $`Z`$ boson.

For several years there has been an experimental discrepancy at the $`2\sigma `$ level between $`A_{\mathrm{}}`$ from LEP and the SLC. With the 1997/98 high statistics run at the SLC, and a revised value for the FB asymmetry of the $`\tau `$ polarization, $`𝒫_\tau ^{FB}`$, the two determinations are now consistent with each other,

$$\begin{array}{c}A_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{LEP})=0.1470\pm 0.0027,\hfill \\ A_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{SLD})=0.1503\pm 0.0023.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2)   
The LEP value is from $`A_{FB}(\mathrm{})`$, $`𝒫_\tau `$, and $`𝒫_\tau ^{FB}`$, while the SLD value is from $`A_{LR}`$ and $`A_{LR}^{FB}(\mathrm{})`$. The data is consistent with lepton universality, which is assumed here. There remains, however, a $`2.5\sigma `$ discrepancy between the two most precise determinations of $`\overline{s}_{\mathrm{}}^2`$, namely $`A_{LR}`$ and $`A_{FB}(b)`$ (assuming no new physics in $`A_b`$).

Of particular interest are the results on the heavy flavor sector  including $`R_q=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(q\overline{q})}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\mathrm{had})}`$, $`A_{FB}(q)`$, and $`A_{LR}^{FB}(q)`$, with $`q=b`$ or $`c`$. There is a theoretical prejudice that the third family is the one which is most likely affected by new physics. Interestingly, the heavy flavor sector has always shown the largest deviations from the SM. E.g., $`R_b`$ deviated at times by almost $`4\sigma `$. Now, however, $`R_b`$ is in good agreement with the SM, and thus puts strong constraints on many types of new physics. At present, there is some discrepancy in $`A_{LR}^{FB}(b)=\frac{3}{4}A_b`$, and $`A_{FB}(b)=\frac{3}{4}A_eA_b`$, both at the $`2\sigma `$ level. Using the average of Eqs. (2), $`A_{\mathrm{}}=0.1489\pm 0.0018`$, both can be interpreted as measurements of $`A_b`$. From $`A_{FB}(b)`$ one would obtain $`A_b=0.887\pm 0.022`$, and the combination with $`A_{LR}^{FB}(b)=\frac{3}{4}(0.867\pm 0.035)`$ would yield $`A_b=0.881\pm 0.019`$, which is almost $`3\sigma `$ below the SM prediction. Alternatively, one could use $`A_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{LEP})`$ above (which is closer to the SM prediction) to determine $`A_b(\mathrm{LEP})=0.898\pm 0.025`$, and $`A_b=0.888\pm 0.020`$ after combination with $`A_{LR}^{FB}(b)`$, i.e., still a $`2.3\sigma `$ discrepancy. An explanation of the 5–6% deviation in $`A_b`$ in terms of new physics in loops, would need a 25–30% radiative correction to $`\widehat{\kappa }_b`$, defined by $`\overline{s}_b^2\widehat{\kappa }_b\mathrm{sin}^2\widehat{\theta }_{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}(M_Z)\widehat{s}_Z^2`$. Only a new type of physics which couples at the tree level preferentially to the third generation , and which does not contradict $`R_b`$ (including the off-peak measurements by DELPHI ), can conceivably account for a low $`A_b`$. Given this and that none of the observables deviates by $`2\sigma `$ or more, we can presently conclude that there is no compelling evidence for new physics in the precision observables, some of which are listed in Table I. Very good agreement with the SM is observed. Only $`A_{LR}`$ and the two measurements sensitive to $`A_b`$ discussed above, show some deviation, but even those are below $`2\sigma `$.

The data show a strong preference for a low $`M_H𝒪(M_Z)`$. Unlike in previous analyses, the central value of the global fit to all precision data, including $`m_t`$ and excluding further constraints from direct searches,

$$M_H=107_{45}^{+67}\text{ GeV},$$
(3)   
is now above the direct lower limit, $`M_H>90\text{ GeV [95\% CL]}`$, from searches at LEP 2 . It coincides with the $`5\sigma `$ discovery limit from LEP 2 running at 200 GeV center of mass energy with 200 pb<sup>-1</sup> integrated luminosity per experiment . The 90% central confidence interval from precision data only is given by $`39\text{ GeV}<M_H<226\text{ GeV}`$. The fit result (3) is consistent with the predictions for the lightest neutral Higgs boson , $`m_{h^0}\stackrel{<}{_{}}130`$  GeV, within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) \[and its extensions\].

For the determination of the proper $`M_H`$ upper limits, we scan equidistantly over $`\mathrm{ln}M_H`$, combining the likelihood $`\chi ^2`$ function from the precision data with the exclusion curve (interpreted as a prior probability distribution function) from LEP 2 . This curve is from Higgs searches at center of mass energies up to 183 GeV. We find the 90 (95, 99)% confidence upper limits,

$$M_H<220\text{ (255, 335) GeV}.$$
(4)   
Notice, that the LEP 2 exclusion curve increases the 95% upper limit by almost 30 GeV. The upper limits (4) are rather insensitive to the $`\alpha (M_Z)`$ used in the fits. This is due to compensating effects from the larger central value of $`\alpha (M_Z)`$ (corresponding to lower extracted Higgs masses) and the larger error bars in the data driven approach  as compared to evaluations relying more strongly on perturbative QCD . While the limits are therefore robust within the SM, it should be cautioned that the results on $`M_H`$ are strongly correlated with certain new physics parameters, as discussed in Section II.

The accurate agreement of theory and experiment allows severe constraints on possible TeV scale physics, such as unification or compositeness. For example, the ideas of technicolor and non-supersymmetric Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) are strongly disfavored. On the other hand, supersymmetric unification, as generically predicted by heterotic string theory, is supported by the observed approximate gauge coupling unification at an energy slightly below the Planck scale, and by the decoupling of supersymmetric particles from the precision observables. As I will discuss in the following Sections, those types of new physics which tend to decouple from the SM are favored, while non-decoupling new physics generally conflicts with the data.

## II Oblique parameters: bounds on extra matter

The data is precise enough to constrain additional parameters describing physics beyond the SM. Of particular interest is the $`\rho _0`$-parameter, which is a measure of the neutral to charged current interaction strength and defined by

$$\rho _0=\frac{M_W^2}{M_Z^2\widehat{c}_Z^2\widehat{\rho }(m_t,M_H)}.$$
(5)   
The SM contributions are absorbed in $`\widehat{\rho }`$. Examples for sources of $`\rho _01`$ include non-degenerate extra fermion or boson doublets, and non-standard Higgs representations.

In a fit to all data with $`\rho _0`$ as an extra fit parameter, there is a strong (73%) correlation<sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup>*$`\rho _0`$ is also strongly anticorrelated with the strong coupling $`\alpha _s`$ ($`53\%`$) and $`m_t`$ ($`46\%`$). with $`M_H`$. As a result, upper limits on $`M_H`$ are weaker when $`\rho _0`$ is allowed. Indeed, $`\chi ^2(M_H)`$ is very shallow with $`\mathrm{\Delta }\chi ^2=\chi ^2(1\text{ TeV})\chi ^2(M_Z)=4.5`$, and its minimum is at $`M_H=46`$ GeV, which is already excluded. For comparison, within the SM a 1 TeV Higgs boson is excluded at the 5 $`\sigma `$ level. We obtain,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\rho _0\hfill & =& \hfill 0.9996_{0.0006}^{+0.0009},\\ m_t\hfill & =& \hfill 172.9\pm 4.8\text{ GeV},\\ \alpha _s(M_Z)\hfill & =& \hfill 0.1212\pm 0.0031,\end{array}$$
(6)   
in excellent agreement with the SM ($`\rho _0=1`$). The central values are for $`M_H=M_Z`$, and the uncertainties are $`1\sigma `$ errors and include the range, $`M_ZM_H167`$ GeV, in which the minimum $`\chi ^2`$ varies within one unit. Note, that the uncertainties for $`\mathrm{ln}M_H`$ and $`\rho _0`$ are non-Gaussian: at the $`2\sigma `$ level ($`\mathrm{\Delta }\chi ^24`$), Higgs boson masses up to 800 GeV are allowed, and we find

$$\rho _0=0.9996_{0.0013}^{+0.0031}\text{ (}2\sigma \text{)}.$$
(7)   
This implies strong constraints on the mass splittings of extra fermion and boson doublets ,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }m^2=m_1^2+m_2^2\frac{4m_1^2m_2^2}{m_1^2m_2^2}\mathrm{ln}\frac{m_1}{m_2}(m_1m_2)^2,$$
(8)   
namely, at the $`1\sigma `$ and $`2\sigma `$ levels, respectively, ($`C_i`$ is the color factor)

$$\underset{i}{}\frac{C_i}{3}\mathrm{\Delta }m_i^2<\text{ (38 GeV)}^2\text{ and (93 GeV)}^2.$$
(9)   
Due to the restricted Higgs mass range in the presence of supersymmetry (SUSY), stronger $`2\sigma `$ constraints result here,

$$\rho _0\text{ (MSSM) }=0.9996_{0.0013}^{+0.0017}\text{ (}2\sigma \text{)}.$$
(10)   
The $`2\sigma `$ constraint in (9) would therefore tighten from $`\text{(93 GeV)}^2`$ to $`\text{(64 GeV)}^2`$.

Constraints on heavy degenerate chiral fermions can be obtained through the $`S`$ parameter , defined as a difference of $`Z`$ boson self-energies,

$$\frac{\widehat{\alpha }(M_Z)}{4\widehat{s}_Z^2\widehat{c}_Z^2}S\frac{\mathrm{\Pi }_{ZZ}^{\mathrm{new}}(M_Z^2)\mathrm{\Pi }_{ZZ}^{\mathrm{new}}(0)}{M_Z^2}.$$
(11)   
The superscripts indicate that $`S`$ includes new physics contributions only. Likewise, $`T=(1\rho _0^1)/\widehat{\alpha }`$ and the third oblique parameter, $`U`$, also vanish in the SM. A fit to all data with $`S`$ allowed yields,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}S\hfill & =& \hfill 0.20_{0.17}^{+0.24},\\ M_H\hfill & =& \hfill 390_{310}^{+690}\text{ GeV},\\ m_t\hfill & =& \hfill 172.9\pm 4.8\text{ GeV},\\ \alpha _s\hfill & =& \hfill 0.1221\pm 0.0035.\end{array}$$
(12)   
It is seen, that in the presence of $`S`$ constraints on $`M_H`$ virtually disappear. In fact, $`S`$ and $`M_H`$ are almost perfectly anticorrelated ($`92\%`$). By requiring $`M_ZM_H1`$ TeV, we find at the $`3\sigma `$ level,

$$S=0.20_{0.33}^{+0.40}\text{ (}3\sigma \text{)}.$$
(13)   
A heavy degenerate ordinary or mirror family contributes $`2/3\pi `$ to $`S`$. A degenerate fourth generation is therefore excluded at the 99.8% CL on the basis of the $`S`$ parameter alone. Due to the correlation with $`T`$, the fit becomes slightly better in the presence of a non-degeneracy of the new doublets. A non-vanishing $`T=0.15\pm 0.08`$ is favored, but even in this case a fourth family is excluded at least at the 98.2% CL. This is in agreement with a different constraint on the generation number, using very different assumptions: allowing the invisible $`Z`$ width as a free parameter, yields the constraint, $`N_\nu =2.992\pm 0.011`$, on the number of light standard neutrino flavors.

A simultaneous fit to $`S`$, $`T`$, and $`U`$, can be performed only relative to a specified $`M_H`$. If one fixes $`M_H=600`$ GeV, as is appropriate in QCD-like technicolor models, one finds

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill S& =& \hfill 0.27\pm 0.12,\\ \hfill T& =& \hfill 0.00\pm 0.15,\\ \hfill U& =& \hfill 0.19\pm 0.21.\end{array}$$
(14)   
Notice, that in such a fit the $`S`$ parameter is significantly smaller than zero. From this an isodoublet of technifermions, assuming $`N_{TC}=4`$ technicolors, is excluded by almost 6 standard deviations, and a full technigeneration by more than $`15\sigma `$. However, the QCD-like models are excluded on other grounds, such as FCNC. These can be avoided in models of walking technicolor in which $`S`$ can also be smaller or even negative .

## III Extra $`Z^{}`$ bosons

Many GUTs and string models predict extra gauge symmetries and new exotic states. For example, $`SO(10)`$ GUT contains an extra $`U(1)`$ as can be seen from its maximal subgroup, $`SU(5)\times U(1)_\chi `$. The $`Z_\chi `$ boson is also the unique solution to the conditions of (i) no extra matter other than the right-handed neutrino, (ii) absence of gauge and mixed gauge/gravitational anomalies, and (iii) orthogonality to the hypercharge generator. Relaxing condition (iii) allows other solutions (including the $`Z_{LR}`$ appearing in left-right models with $`SU(2)_L\times SU(2)_R\times U(1)`$ gauge symmetry) which differ from the $`Z_\chi `$ boson by a shift proportional to the third component of the right-handed isospin generator . Equivalently, a non-vanishing kinetic mixing term  can also parametrize these other solutions .

Similarly, $`E_6`$ GUT contains the subgroup $`SO(10)\times U(1)_\psi `$, giving rise to another $`Z^{}`$. It possesses only axial-vector couplings to the ordinary fermions. As a consequence its mass, $`M_{Z_\psi ^{}}`$, is generally less constrained (see Fig 1).

The $`Z_\eta `$ boson is the linear combination $`\sqrt{3/8}Z_\chi \sqrt{5/8}Z_\psi `$. It occurs in Calabi-Yau compactifications of the heterotic string if $`E_6`$ breaks directly to a rank 5 subgroup  via the Hosotani mechanism.

The potential $`Z^{}`$ boson is in general a superposition of the SM $`Z`$ and the new boson associated with the extra $`U(1)`$. The mixing angle $`\theta `$ satisfies the relation ,

$$\mathrm{tan}^2\theta =\frac{M_{Z_1^0}^2M_Z^2}{M_Z^{}^2M_{Z_1^0}^2},$$
(15)   
where $`M_{Z_1^0}`$ is the SM value for $`M_Z`$ in the absence of mixing. Note that $`M_Z<M_{Z_1^0}`$, and that the SM $`Z`$ couplings are changed by the mixing. If the Higgs $`U(1)^{}`$ quantum numbers are known, as well, there will be an extra constraint,

$$\theta =C\frac{g_2}{g_1}\frac{M_Z^2}{M_Z^{}^2},$$
(16)   
where $`g_{1,2}`$ are the $`U(1)`$ and $`U(1)^{}`$ gauge couplings with $`g_2=\sqrt{\frac{5}{3}}\mathrm{sin}\theta _W\sqrt{\lambda }g_1`$. $`\lambda =1`$ (which we assume) if the GUT group breaks directly to $`SU(3)\times SU(2)\times U(1)\times U(1)^{}`$. $`C`$ is a function of vacuum expectation values (VEVs). For minimal Higgs sectors it can be found in Table III of reference . Fig. 1 shows allowed contours for $`\rho _0`$ free (see Section II), as well as $`\rho _0=1`$ (only Higgs doublets and singlets). Notice, that in the cases of minimal Higgs sectors the $`Z^{}`$ mass limits are pushed into the TeV region. For more details and other examples see Ref. .

## IV Supersymmetry

The good agreement between the SM predictions and the data favors those types of new physics for which contributions decouple from the precision observables. In particular, supersymmetric extensions of the SM with heavy (decoupling) superpartners are in perfect agreement with observation. Other regions of parameter space, however, where some of the supersymmetric states are relatively light are strongly constraint by the data.

In a recent analysis  we systematically studied these constraints within the MSSM with various assumptions about the mediation of SUSY breaking (i.e. about the soft SUSY breaking terms). In a first step, we identified the allowed region in parameter space taking into account all direct search limits on superparticles, but ignoring the additional information from the precision data. We then added the indirect constraints arising from SUSY loop contributions. We found that a significant region of MSSM parameter space has to be excluded, and that the lower limits on superparticles and extra Higgs states strengthen. See the results in Fig. II from an update of our analysis for this conference .

## V Conclusions

The precision data confirms the validity of the SM at the electroweak loop level, and there is presently no compelling evidence for deviations. A low Higgs mass is strongly favored by the data. While the precise range of $`M_H`$ is rather sensitive to $`\alpha (M_Z)`$, the upper limit is not. However, in the presence of non-standard contributions to the $`S`$ or $`T`$ parameters, no strong $`M_H`$ bounds can be found.

There are stringent constraints on parameters beyond the SM, such as $`S`$, $`T`$, $`U`$, and others. This is a serious problem for models of dynamical symmetry breaking, compositeness, and the like, and excludes a fourth generation of quarks and leptons at the $`3\sigma `$ level. Those constraints are, however, consistent with the MSSM, favoring its decoupling limit. Moreover, the low favored $`M_H`$ is in agreement with the expected mass range for the lightest neutral Higgs boson in the MSSM. Precision tests also impose stringent limits on extra $`Z^{}`$ bosons suggested in many GUT and string models. They limit their mixing with the ordinary $`Z`$, and put competitive lower limits on their masses, especially in concrete models in which the $`U(1)^{}`$ charges of the Higgs sector are specified.

## Acknowledgement

It is a pleasure to thank Paul Langacker and Damien Pierce for collaboration.