# Analysis of radiatively stable entanglement in a system of two dipole-interacting three-level atoms

## I The model

Extending the model described in , we consider here two identical three-level atoms in a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ configuration (Fig. 1) fixed at a distance $`R`$. The dipole transitions $`|1|3`$ and $`|2|3`$ of both atoms are driven by two near-resonant laser fields. Taking the two limiting cases, we consider only two types of geometry: when the laser fields are either perpendicular or parallel to the radius vector $`\stackrel{}{R}`$ connecting the atoms (these geometries are shown in Fig. 2 and identified as symmetric and antisymmetric, respectively). Within the interaction picture and rotating wave approximation, the evolution of the system interacting with the laser fields is governed by the following master equation :

$$\frac{\widehat{\rho }}{t}=\frac{i}{\mathrm{}}[\widehat{}_{\mathrm{eff}},\widehat{\rho }]+\underset{i,j,k=1,2}{}\frac{\gamma _{k3}^{(ij)}}{2}\left(2\widehat{\sigma }_{3k}^{(i)}\widehat{\rho }\widehat{\sigma }_{k3}^{(j)}\widehat{\rho }\widehat{\sigma }_{3k}^{(i)}\widehat{\sigma }_{k3}^{(j)}\widehat{\sigma }_{3k}^{(i)}\widehat{\sigma }_{k3}^{(j)}\widehat{\rho }\right),$$
(1)   
where the upper indices, $`i`$ and $`j`$, number the atoms, the lower ones, $`k3`$ and $`3k`$ ($`k=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}`$), refer to dipole transitions of the atoms, and $`\sigma _{kl}^{(i)}`$ denotes the Heisenberg transition operators from level $`|k`$ to level $`|l`$ within the $`i`$th atom. Relaxation effects in the system are characterized by the single-atom decay rates, $`\gamma _{k3}=\gamma _{k3}^{(11)}=\gamma _{k3}^{(22)}`$, which correspond to the conventional radiative decay into free space, and the photon exchange rates, $`\gamma _{k3}^{(12)}=\gamma _{k3}^{(21)}`$, which describe collective relaxation, a well-known companion of the RDDI. The effective Hamiltonian $`\widehat{}_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ includes interaction with the laser field and the RDDI coupling on both transitions:

$$\widehat{}_{\mathrm{eff}}=\mathrm{}\underset{i,k=1,2}{}\left(\delta _{k3}\widehat{n}_k^{(i)}+\frac{\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(i)}}{2}\widehat{\sigma }_{k3}^{(i)}+\chi _{k3}\widehat{\sigma }_{k3}^{(1)}\widehat{\sigma }_{3k}^{(2)}+\text{H.\hspace{0.17em}c.}\right),$$
(2)   
where $`\widehat{n}_k^{(i)}`$ stands for the population operator of the level $`|k`$ in the $`i`$th atom, $`\delta _{k3}`$ are the detunings of the laser field frequencies from the corresponding transitions $`|k|3`$ of an isolated atom, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(i)}`$ is the Rabi frequency of the laser field acting on the $`|k|3`$ transition of the $`i`$th atom, and $`\chi _{k3}`$ is the RDDI coupling strength on the $`|k|3`$ transition. Throughout the rest of this paper we will consider the case of wide homogeneous laser beams, so that the Rabi frequencies acting on the two atoms may differ in phase but not in magnitude, $`|\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(1)}|=|\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(2)}|`$.

Normalizing the RDDI parameters, $`\chi _{k3}`$, $`\gamma _{k3}^{(12)}`$, and $`\gamma _{k3}^{(21)}`$, by the decay rate of an isolated atom, $`\gamma _{k3}`$, we introduce the dimensionless parameters

$$g_{k3}=\gamma _{k3}^{(12)}/\gamma _{k3}=\gamma _{k3}^{(21)}/\gamma _{k3},f_{k3}=\chi _{k3}/\gamma _{k3},$$
(3)   
which are given by the following expressions :

$$\begin{array}{cc}f_{k3}=F(\phi _{k3})=\hfill & \frac{3}{2}\left(\frac{\mathrm{cos}\phi _{k3}}{\phi _{k3}^3}+\frac{\mathrm{sin}\phi _{k3}}{\phi _{k3}^2}\frac{\mathrm{cos}\phi _{k3}}{\phi _{k3}}\right)\left[\stackrel{}{e}_1\stackrel{}{e}_2(\stackrel{}{e}_1\stackrel{}{e}_R)(\stackrel{}{e}_2\stackrel{}{e}_R)\right]\hfill \\ & 3\left(\frac{\mathrm{cos}\phi _{k3}}{\phi _{k3}^3}+\frac{\mathrm{sin}\phi _{k3}}{\phi _{k3}^2}\right)\left[(\stackrel{}{e}_1\stackrel{}{e}_R)(\stackrel{}{e}_2\stackrel{}{e}_R)\right],\hfill \\ g_{k3}=G(\phi _{k3})=\hfill & \frac{3}{2}\left(\frac{\mathrm{sin}\phi _{k3}}{\phi _{k3}}+\frac{\mathrm{cos}\phi _{k3}}{\phi _{k3}^2}\frac{\mathrm{sin}\phi _{k3}}{\phi _{k3}^3}\right)\left[\stackrel{}{e}_1\stackrel{}{e}_2(\stackrel{}{e}_1\stackrel{}{e}_R)(\stackrel{}{e}_2\stackrel{}{e}_R)\right]\hfill \\ & +3\left(\frac{\mathrm{sin}\phi _{k3}}{\phi _{k3}^3}\frac{\mathrm{cos}\phi _{k3}}{\phi _{k3}^2}\right)\left[(\stackrel{}{e}_1\stackrel{}{e}_R)(\stackrel{}{e}_2\stackrel{}{e}_R)\right],\hfill \end{array}$$
(4)   
where $`\stackrel{}{e}_i`$ ($`i=1,2`$) is the unit vector in the direction of the dipole moment matrix element of the corresponding transition $`|k|3`$ of the $`i`$th atom, $`\stackrel{}{e}_R`$ is the unit vector in the direction of $`\stackrel{}{R}`$, and $`\phi _{k3}=k_{k3}R`$ is the dimensionless distance between the atoms ($`k_{k3}=\omega _{k3}/c`$ is the wave number associated with the transition $`|k|3`$ of an isolated atom). Throughout the following discussion we will assume, for the sake of simplicity, that the dipole moments are real, collinear with each other, and perpendicular to the radius vector $`\stackrel{}{R}`$ (other dipole moment orientations lead to qualitatively the same results).

In the case of two-level atoms, the simplest description of the system dynamics is offered by the basis of the Dicke states, which is formed by the doubly excited state, $`|\mathrm{\Psi }_e=|e_1|e_2`$, the ground state, $`|\mathrm{\Psi }_g=|g_1|g_2`$, and the two singly excited maximally entangled states—the symmetric, $`|\mathrm{\Psi }_s=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|g_1|e_2+|e_1|g_2)`$, and the antisymmetric one, $`|\mathrm{\Psi }_a=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|g_1|e_2|e_1|g_2)`$ \[the corresponding energy diagram is shown in Fig. 3(a)\]. For the case of three-level atoms considered here it is useful to introduce simple generalizations of the Dicke states. The role of the ground and doubly excited Dicke states is then played by the three tensor product states $`|kk=|k_1|k_2,`$ $`k=1,2,3,`$ while the symmetric and antisymmetric Dicke states now are represented by the three symmetric and three antisymmetric maximally entangled states $`|s_{kl}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|k_1|l_2+|k_1|l_2)`$ and $`|a_{kl}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|k_1|l_2|k_1|l_2),`$ $`k,l=1,2,3;`$ $`k<l`$. The corresponding energy diagram is shown in Fig. 3(b). Note that in both two- and three-level models the energy levels can be grouped according to their type of symmetry: the unentangled states $`|kk=|k_1|k_2,`$ as well as the states $`|s_{kl}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|k_1|l_2+|k_1|l_2)`$, can be said to belong to one type of symmetry (symmetric with respect to the atom interchange), and the states $`|a_{kl}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|k_1|l_2|k_1|l_2)`$ to another (antisymmetric with respect to the atom interchange). The transitions between these levels can then be classified as symmetry-preserving and symmetry-breaking, respectively. It is easy to show that, due to the form of the transition matrix elements, the symmetry-preserving transitions are sensitive only to the sum of the Rabi frequencies, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(1)}+\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(2)}`$, acting on the atoms, and the symmetry-breaking transitions only to their difference, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(1)}\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(2)}`$.

In the following, we also assume that the system is initially stored in the $`|11`$ state, which can easily be achieved by conventional optical pumping methods .

## II Coherent entangling processes

### A Resonant Raman pulses

In our previous paper  we have shown that the maximally entangled Dicke states $`|\mathrm{\Psi }_s`$ or $`|\mathrm{\Psi }_a`$ of two two-level atoms can be efficiently populated at small interatomic distances simply by applying an appropriately tailored laser pulse. Assuming that initially the entire population of the system is concentrated in the ground state $`|\mathrm{\Psi }_g`$, this pulse should be tuned into resonance with a transition to only one of these maximally entangled states. Then, by applying a $`pi`$ pulse analog, a significant part of the population of the system can be transferred to one of these states, thereby creating entanglement in the system. We have also shown that the entanglement fidelity, defined as the population of the corresponding maximally entangled state, can be made arbitrarily close to unity as the interatomic distance $`R`$ goes to zero.

In this paper we propose new ways to create stable entanglement in a system of two three-level atoms. To be radiatively stable, the created entangled states should involve only the lower levels $`|1`$ and $`|2`$ of the original $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ system of each atom, as only these states are not vulnerable to radiative decay. Therefore, our goal here will be to achieve the maximum possible population of one of the maximally entangled states $`|a_{12}`$ or $`|s_{12}`$ (see Fig. 3(b)). The most straightforward way to do this is to extend the results of the two-level model to the three-level one, considered here, by using resonant Raman pulses. By the latter we mean a sequence of two coherent $`pi`$ pulses, the first of which transfers the population to one of the maximally entangled states involving the initial lower level of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ system and some quickly decaying upper lying “transit” level, while the second one transfers the entire population of the “transit” level to another radiatively stable lower level of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ system, thus removing the radiative instability of the entanglement.

In the considered system of two dipole-interacting three-level atoms, the role of the intermediate “transit” state can be played by the above-mentioned levels $`|a_{13}`$ or $`|s_{13}`$ (one should not forget that the system is initially in the state $`|11`$). During the first step, the pulse resonant, for example, with the $`|11|s_{13}`$ transition transfers the population to the maximally entangled state $`|s_{13}`$; the second step creates the radiatively stable maximally entangled state $`|s_{12}`$ by application of the symmetry-preserving $`pi`$ pulse resonant with the $`|s_{13}|s_{12}`$ transition. In fact, it is the symmetry preservation rules that prevent population from going into the $`|a_{13}`$ state in a transition that is also resonant with the second pulse.

For both pulses to be resonant, the parameters of the laser field should be chosen in the following way

$$\alpha _{k3}=0,\delta _{k3}=\chi _{13}/2,|\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(i)}||\chi _{13}|,$$
(5)   
where $`\alpha _{k3}`$ is the phase difference between the Rabi frequencies acting on the two atoms, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(1)}=\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(2)}\mathrm{exp}(i\alpha _{k3})`$ (considering laser beams formed by traveling waves, $`\alpha _{k3}`$ varies from zero for the symmetric geometry to $`\phi _{k3}`$ for the antisymmetric one, and takes all the intermediate values for other types of laser field geometry). The parameters given by (5) correspond therefore to the case when both lasers are used in the symmetric geometry, the “transit” state is $`|s_{13}`$, and the final radiatively stable maximally entangled state is $`|s_{12}`$. Other types of geometries and laser parameter sets can obviously be chosen when using the other intermediate state $`|a_{13}`$ and/or creating the other radiatively stable maximally entangled state $`|a_{12}`$. For example, to create the $`|a_{12}`$ state, one can use the following set of parameters:

$$\alpha _{13}=\phi _{13},\alpha _{23}=0,\delta _{k3}=\chi _{13}/2,|\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(i)}||\chi _{13}|.$$
(6)   
The phase differences $`\alpha _{k3}`$ in this case correspond to one of the lasers beams being used in the antisymmetric geometry, and the other in the symmetric one. Note that, when using antisymmetric geometry at small interatomic distances ($`\phi _{k3}1`$), most of the laser power is “wasted” since only a fraction of it contributes to the corresponding transition matrix element $`\left|11|\widehat{}_{\mathrm{eff}}/\mathrm{}|a_{13}\right|=|\mathrm{\Omega }_{13}^{(1)}\mathrm{\Omega }_{13}^{(2)}|/2=|\mathrm{\Omega }_{13}^{(i)}|\mathrm{sin}(\phi _{13}/2)|\mathrm{\Omega }_{13}^{(i)}|`$, and actually induces transitions $`|11|a_{13}`$.

While a simple estimate of the resulting fidelity of creation of the maximally entangled state is offered by a product of the fidelities of each step of the resonant Raman process (which were calculated in  within the two-level atoms model), rigorous results can be obtained only by explicit solution of the corresponding master equation. Due to the high dimensionality of the master equation (1), this calculation is rather demanding computationally, and was not included in the present treatment.

### B Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage

Another coherent method for creation of maximally entangled states is based on the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) technique , a well-known alternative to Raman pulses. The STIRAP method uses adiabatic following of the system state after the slowly changing parameters of the laser field, which are chosen to form a so-called counterintuitive pulse sequence. The STIRAP technique benefits from extremely low probabilities of losing coherence due to radiative decay of the intermediate states, and has already been proposed for use in entanglement-related problems . In our case, efficient transfer of the population from the state $`|11`$ to the state $`|a_{12}`$ or $`|s_{12}`$ may be deterred by existence of several intermediate states . However, as we show below, efficient transfer is still possible for appropriately chosen laser pulse parameters.

To realize STIRAP in our system we need to choose the frequencies and geometries of the two constituent laser pulses in a way that would leave active (i.e., resonant and having strong transition amplitudes due to the use of the corresponding geometries, see section I) only two transitions in the whole system. An appropriate choice is given by

$$\alpha _{13}=0,\alpha _{23}=\pi ,\delta _{k3}=\chi _{13}/2,\underset{t}{\mathrm{max}}|\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(i)}|=\mathrm{\Omega }_0|\chi _{13}|,$$
(7)   
where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ stands for the amplitude of the corresponding constituents of the counterintuitive laser pulse sequence. The condition $`\alpha _{23}=\pi `$, which is very important as it prevents leakage of population into other levels, can be easily realized by using two laser beams in antisymmetric geometry, which form a standing wave with one of the nodes situated exactly in the middle of the vector $`\stackrel{}{R}`$ connecting the two atoms . In this case only two transitions, $`|11|s_{13}`$ and $`|s_{13}|a_{13}`$, are active, and the adiabatic passage results in transfer of the total population to the radiatively stable state $`|a_{13}`$.

We have numerically calculated the final population (fidelity) of the state $`|a_{12}`$ after the STIRAP procedure by explicit solution of the corresponding Schrödinger equation with the Hamiltonian given by (2). The two laser field pulses had the same Gaussian form and were delayed with respect to each other by their length , and the rest of the parameters were given by (7). For determinacy, the length of the pulses was chosen to be equal to one-tenth of the lifetime of the excited level $`|3`$ of the original $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ system, $`\tau _p=0.1/(\gamma _{13}+\gamma _{23})`$. The final population of the level $`|a_{12}`$ is shown in Fig. 4(a) as a function of the pulses Rabi frequency amplitude, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$, for different values of the RDDI splitting parameter $`f_{13}`$. As one can see from the figure, for sufficiently high RDDI splittings (i.e., for sufficiently small atomic separations) the fidelity first grows with increasing $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$, reaching saturation at $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0\tau _p5`$, which corresponds to the adiabaticity condition on the pulse area . Then, after some point, the final inequality in (7) is no longer fulfilled and the efficiency of the process degrades due to nonresonant excitation of other levels caused by power broadening. For the same reasons, the fidelity does not reach unity at any values of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ for low RDDI splittings (large interatomic separations). In Fig. 4(b) we show the overall fidelity of the STIRAP method for optimized values of the Rabi frequency amplitude as a function of the interatomic distance $`\phi _{13}`$.

As we ignore relaxation processes in this model (a common practice for STIRAP simulations), one should beware of relaxation-induced errors. However, these errors assume significant values only for the case of long pulses, $`\tau _p1/(\gamma _{13}+\gamma _{23})`$, and low overall STIRAP process fidelity, i.e., situations that are not of great concern to us here.

## III An incoherent entangling process: Optical pumping

An interesting alternative to the coherent methods can be offered by optical pumping schemes where the stationary state of the system corresponds to one of the maximally entangled states. In this situation, the population of the system is pumped into the entangled state after asymptotically large time periods.

Consider the following choice of the laser field parameters:

$$\alpha _{k3}=0,\delta _{k3}=\chi _{k3}/2,|\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}||\chi _{k3}|.$$
(8)   
Neglecting nonresonant excitation at small interatomic distances, only a few transitions remain resonant and have the corresponding geometry. These active transitions are shown in Fig. 5(a) (the upper state $`|33`$ is omitted in the figure, as it is only negligibly excited at small interatomic distances ). As seen from the figure, the maximally entangled state $`|a_{12}`$ is not included in the chain formed by the laser-induced transitions; however, it is still populated as a result of the decay of the upper-lying levels, as shown by the dotted lines in the same figure. As the state $`|a_{12}`$ is stable with respect to both the laser-induced transitions and radiative decay, all of the population will eventually be pumped into this state. One should note, though, that as the interatomic distance goes to zero, the symmetry-breaking decay rates decrease, which leads to a corresponding increase of the required pumping time. If we choose another configuration that uses antisymmetric standing-wave geometry of the laser beams \[Fig. 5(b)\],

$$\alpha _{k3}=\pi ,\delta _{k3}=\chi _{k3}/2,|\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}||\chi _{k3}|,$$
(9)   
the increase of the pumping time is still brought on by the decrease of efficiency of the symmetry-breaking laser-induced transitions at small distances since the corresponding transfer matrix elements are proportional to $`|\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(1)}\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(2)}|\mathrm{sin}(\phi _{k3}/2)`$.

Strictly speaking, the above arguments hold only in the case when the RDDI coupling constants $`\chi _{k3}`$ on different transitions are equal (possibly, up to an error on the order of $`\gamma _{k3}`$). This condition is satisfied, for example, when the two lower levels of the original $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ system are sublevels of the same atomic level. However, even when the RDDI coupling on two transitions differs considerably, the present treatment is still applicable provided that one uses four lasers instead of two to satisfy all of the resonance conditions for transitions shown in Fig. 5. In contrast to the methods presented in the previous sections, it is also very important to avoid high a degree of mutual coherence of the components of the biharmonic laser pumping, as otherwise the population of each atom will be trapped in a corresponding dark state .

To prove the foregoing arguments, we have numerically calculated the stationary states of the master equation (1) with the laser pumping parameters given by (8) and (9). In order to disrupt trapping of the populations of the two atoms in the single-atom dark states, we introduced additional elastic dephasing of the lower level transition $`|1|2`$ in both atoms, which can be easily realized by the relative jitter of the two pumping laser frequencies. Assuming that this elastic dephasing is characterized by the rate $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{12}`$, the corresponding relaxation superoperator, which should be plugged into the master equation (1), has the form

$$_{\mathrm{jitter}}\widehat{\rho }=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{12}\underset{i,j=1,2}{}\left(2\sigma _z^{(i)}\widehat{\rho }\sigma _z^{(j)}\widehat{\rho }\widehat{\sigma }_z^{(i)}\widehat{\sigma }_z^{(j)}\widehat{\sigma }_z^{(i)}\widehat{\sigma }_z^{(j)}\widehat{\rho }\right),$$
(10)   
where $`\sigma _z^{(i)}=n_1^{(i)}n_{22}^{(i)}`$ is the lower level population difference operator in the $`i`$th atom. For simulations we used a realistic value $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{12}=0.01\gamma `$, where we again assume for simplicity $`\gamma =\gamma _{13}=\gamma _{23}`$. The results of the numerical calculations of the steady state population of the level $`|a_{12}`$ for different values of laser pumping Rabi frequencies $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ (in our calculations they are equal for all transitions and atoms, $`|\mathrm{\Omega }_{k3}^{(i)}|=\mathrm{\Omega }`$, $`i,k=1,2`$) are presented in Fig. 6 as a function of the interatomic distance $`\phi _{13}`$ for the two geometries discussed. As seen from the graphs, the fidelity of the entanglement produced first monotonically decreases with increasing Rabi frequency, and then strongly degrades when the magnitude of the Rabi frequency approaches that of the RDDI splitting due to power-broadening-induced nonresonant excitation. The graphs for $`\mathrm{\Omega }=0.001\gamma `$ in Fig. 6, therefore, decently represent the overall fidelity of the optical pumping method. For low Rabi frequency amplitudes, the antisymmetric geometry clearly shows better results and achieves fidelity of 0.8 at $`\phi _{13}1`$, which is much better than the fidelities achieved by other methods at such distances.

## IV Conclusions

We have considered three methods for creation of radiatively stable entanglement in a system of two dipole-interacting three-level atoms in a $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ configuration. It was shown that the radiatively stable maximally entangled states, $`|a_{12}`$ and $`|s_{12}`$, which involve only the lower levels of the original $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ systems, can be efficiently populated at small interatomic distances by employing coherent or incoherent methods.

The first of the coherent methods, which employs resonant Raman pulses for transfer of population (first to a radiatively unstable maximally entangled state and then to a stable maximally entangled state), makes use of specific resonance conditions and symmetry-preservation rules. The second coherent method, which utilizes a STIRAP process, realizes adiabatic transfer of the population of the system into the final state coinciding with one of the radiatively stable maximally entangled states. The STIRAP method, however, requires the use of standing waves to avoid leakage of population into unentangled states.

As a rather surprising result, we have also shown that entanglement can be deterministically created as a result of an incoherent process , optical pumping in our case. Creating a laser field configuration where one of the maximally entangled states, $`|a_{12}`$ or $`|s_{12}`$, is not included in the chain of laser-induced transitions, we achieve high populations of that state at asymptotically large times due to radiative decay into that state. An important restriction for realization of the optical pumping method is that one has to avoid high mutual coherence of the pumping laser beams, but this restriction becomes an advantage when realizing the proposed schemes experimentally as it is usually easier to provide an incoherent pumping than a coherent one.

For two of the proposed methods (STIRAP and optical pumping), the fidelity of the created approximations of the maximally entangled states was calculated, and it shows qualitatively the same dependence on the interatomic distance $`R`$ as in the previously considered two-level atom model . The fidelity of 0.8 (a good benchmark for Bell inequality violations) is achieved in all of the considered methods at interatomic separations between one-fifteenth and one-sixth of the wavelengths of the working transitions.

In conclusion, we have shown that radiatively stable maximally entangled states can be created in a system of two dipole-interacting atoms under conditions that can be experimentally implemented, for example, in optical lattices . The general form of the RDDI operator also suggests that simple analogs of the proposed methods can be employed in other physical systems, such as quantum dots in semiconductors  or cavity QED systems  (or, indeed, a combination of the latter two ).

###### Acknowledgements.

This work was partially supported by the programs “Fundamental Metrology” and “Physics of Quantum and Wave Processes” of the Russian Ministry of Science and Technology.