# Galaxy Morphology in the GTO-NICMOS Northern Hubble Deep Field

## 1. Introduction

When coupled with distance estimates such as photometric redshifts, the study of morphology has the potential to probe the dynamical state and evolution of galaxies. However, morphological classification is only reliable to redshifts of a few tenths when hampered by ground-based seeing. The deep, high-resolution WFPC 2 imaging of the Hubble Deep Field (HDF, Williams et al. 1996) dramatically pushed the study of galaxy morphology to faint magnitudes and high redshifts, revealing that by $`I_{AB}>24`$, the traditional Hubble sequence no longer provides an adequate description of most galaxies (Abraham et al. 1996).

Some of the faint peculiar galaxies are sub-luminous irregulars at modest redshifts, while others are higher-$`z`$. But are they “true peculiars” – the counterparts to local irregulars? Matters are complicated by morphological $`k`$-corrections: for single waveband selection, shorter rest wavelengths are sampled in higher-$`z`$ galaxies. The rest-UV is dominated by sites of recent star formation, and it is known that the appearance of local Hubble-sequence galaxies can be very different in the UV compared to the optical (e.g., O’Connell 1997). This change in apparent morphology, resulting from a dispersion of stellar populations, is well illustrated by some HDF spirals at moderate redshift ($`z1`$) which undergo a complete metamorphosis from the observed optical to the near-IR (Fig. 2).

To address whether the apparent increased incidence of peculiars in the optical at faint magnitudes is attributable to genuine evolution in the fraction of irregular galaxies, or whether it is predominantly due to band-shifting effects, the appearance of galaxies over a variety of redshifts should be compared at the same rest wavelength (Fig. 3).

## 2. A Study of HDF-North

We have analyzed galaxy morphology to faint magnitudes in HDF-North using the optical & near-IR HST images (Bunker, Spinrad & Thompson 1999). We have studied the GTO-NICMOS data set (Thompson et al. 1999), a 1 arcmin<sup>2</sup> area of the HDF imaged for 49 orbits with NIC 3 in both F110W ($`J`$-band) and F160W ($`H`$-band). Combined with the four WFPC 2 pass-bands (Fig. 3), this data set provides deep, multi-color, high-resolution imaging extending out to 1.6 $`\mu `$m – the rest-optical at $`z2`$. We use the redshifts of the galaxies to match the rest-wavelengths, determine intrinsic luminosities, and to fit stellar populations/dust reddening to the spectral energy distributions. Where available, we use the spectroscopically-measured redshifts (from Cohen et al. 1996 unless otherwise noted). Where no published spectroscopic redshift exists, we adopt the photometric redshift estimate of Fernández-Soto, Lanzetta & Yahil (1999).

### Comparative Morphology:

Down to $`I_{AB}26`$ (the brightest 100 galaxies in GTO-NICMOS field): only about 1/6 of galaxies change their appearance greatly between the WFPC 2 and NICMOS images – these have large morphological $`k`$-corrections; about half of the galaxies retain the same morphology in all wavebands (above the redshifted Lyman break) and are “true irregulars”; the remaining third of galaxies are too compact for changes in morphology to be ascertained (the NIC 3 PSF has a FWHM of $`0.25`$arcsec); for most cosmologies, the higher-redshift systems are on average more compact.

### Spatially-Resolved Stellar Populations:

Once we correct for different resolutions of NIC 3 and WFPC 2 (through “PSF matching”), we can use the spatially-resolved colors to study different stellar populations and/or dust-reddening within a galaxy (see Figs. 2 & 5). Some of the galaxies which have the same appearance at all wavelengths fall outside the traditional Hubble tuning-fork diagram, but instead belong to new morphological groups, such as chain galaxies (Fig. 5; Cowie, Hu & Songaila 1995), tadpoles (van den Bergh et al. 1996) and bow-shock systems (Fig. 5).

### Barred Spirals:

Our data can also address the evolution of galactic bars: it has been claimed that at faint magnitudes, the fraction of barred spirals in the optical HDFs declines rapidly (van den Bergh et al. 1996, Abraham et al. 1999). If this is a truly evolutionary effect, then it has great significance for the physics of disk formation: bars are supported by disk self-gravity, so the implication would be either that at high-$`z`$ the halo mass dominates that of the disk, or there are significant random motions in the stellar orbits (Ostriker & Peebles 1973).

However, when the spirals are imaged in the near-IR, many are revealed to have bars which are absent in the WFPC 2 bands (Fig. 6): the bars have similar colors to the bulges (dominated by older, cooler, redder stars). It appears that morphological $`k`$-correction effects for the higher-$`z`$ spirals cause the apparent decline in optically-selected barred spirals at fainter magnitudes. From the small-number statistics of spirals in the GTO-NICMOS field, there is no significant evolution in the incidence of galactic bars.

## 3. Conclusions

Some Hubble tuning-fork galaxies only reveal their true morphology in near-IR. This is particularly so for galaxies with a large dispersion in stellar ages and spatially-distinct stellar populations, such as in spiral galaxies. However, such galaxies which undergo a morphological metamorphosis from the WFPC 2 to NIC 3 images are rare; most retain the same appearance in all wavebands, or are too compact for the structural parameters to be determined. Once the morphological $`k`$-corrections have been accounted for, it appears that the fraction of true irregulars does increase at faint magnitudes/high-$`z`$. Finally, the deep near-IR data shows that there is no significant evolution in the incidence of barred spirals with redshift: their apparent scarcity in the optical is a band-shifting effect on the older stellar population of their bars. A more detailed description of this work is given in Bunker, Spinrad & Thompson (1999).

#### Acknowledgments.

I wish to thank my collaborators on this program, Hyron Spinrad and Rodger Thompson. We are grateful to Ray Weymann and Lisa Storrie-Lombardi at OCIW for organizing an enjoyable and timely workshop on photometric redshifts, and thank Daniel Stern, Leonidas Moustakas and Mark Dickinson for useful discussions. A.J.B. acknowledges by a NICMOS postdoctoral research fellowship, supported in part by NASA grant NAG 5-3043. The observations were obtained with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Inc. under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.

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