# Dynamical Properties of Large 𝑁 Reduced Model of Yang-Mills Theory

## 1 Introduction

Recently the large $`N`$ reduced models  have been revived in the context of nonperturbative formulations of string theory . The IIB matrix model , which is the reduced model of ten-dimensional supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, is expected to be a nonperturbative formulation of superstring theory.

In this article, we study the large $`N`$ reduced model of Yang-Mills theory, which we refer to as the “bosonic model” in what follows. It is nothing but the bosonic part of the IIB matrix model. The action is given by

$$S=\frac{1}{4g^2}\text{Tr}([A_\mu ,A_\nu ]^2),$$
(1)   
where $`A_\mu `$ $`(\mu =1,\mathrm{},D)`$ are $`N\times N`$ traceless hermitian matrices.

We investigate the dynamical aspects of the model related to the eigenvalues of $`A_\mu `$, which correspond to the space-time coordinates in the IIB matrix model. One of the most important quantities is the extent of the space time defined by $`R=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\text{Tr}(A^2)}`$. We also define a quantity which represents the uncertainty of the space-time coordinates and an order parameter for the SSB of the Lorentz invariance. We determine these values for the bosonic model by Monte Carlo simulation.

## 2 The extent of the space time

For $`D`$ $`>`$ 2 with sufficiently large $`N`$, the integral of $`A_\mu `$ is convergent without any cutoff because of an attractive potential between the eigenvalues of $`A_\mu `$ . This enables us to absorb $`g`$ by rescaling $`A_\mu ^{}=A_\mu /\sqrt{g}`$ , which means that $`g`$ is nothing but a scale parameter. The large $`N`$ behavior of $`R`$ is, therefore, parametrized as $`\sqrt{g}N^\omega `$, since $`R`$ is proportional to $`\sqrt{g}`$ on dimensional grounds. In the IIB matrix model, $`\omega `$ plays an important role to deduce the space-time dimension, which is to be determined dynamically from the eigenvalue distibution of $`A_\mu `$ . We determine $`\omega `$ for the bosonic model.

The observables we measure are the following.

$`(a)`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\text{Tr}(A^2)\times \left(\sqrt{g}N^{1/4}\right)^2,`$   
$`(b)`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\text{Tr}((A_\mu A_\nu )^2)\times \left(\sqrt{g}N^{1/4}\right)^4,`$   
$`(c)`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\text{Tr}((A^2)^2)\times \left(\sqrt{g}N^{1/4}\right)^4,`$   
$`(d)`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\text{Tr}(F^2)\times \left(\sqrt{g}N^{1/4}\right)^4,`$ (2)   
where $`F_{\mu \nu }=i[A_\mu ,A_\nu ]`$. Here, we have normalized the above quantities so that they are dimensionless, and hence they are independent of $`g`$. We note that $`(d)`$ can be obtained analytically as $`(d)=D(11/N^2)`$ .

In the Fig. 1, we show our results of Monte Carlo simulation for $`D`$ $`=`$ 4 with $`N`$ $`=`$ 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256. One can see that $`(a)`$ $``$ $`(d)`$ are constant for $`N16`$. In Fig. 2, we plot the data for $`D`$ $`=`$ 10 with $`N`$ $`=`$ 2, 4, 8, 16, 32. Here again we find that $`(a)`$ $``$ $`(d)`$ are constant for $`N16`$.

From these results, we find that $`R`$ is of the order of $`O(\sqrt{g}N^{1/4})`$, which means that the upper bound determined by the perturbative argument is saturated. The large $`N`$ behaviors of $`(a)(c)`$ are consistent with the predictions from the perturbative expansion and the $`1/D`$ expansion of this model .

## 3 Breakdown of the classical space-time picture

In the IIB matrix model, the eigenvalues of $`A_\mu `$ represent the space-time coordinates. If $`A_\mu `$’s are commutable, they can be diagonalized simultaneously and the diagonal elements can be regarded as the classical space-time coordinates. Therefore it makes sense to ask to what extent the classical space-time picture is broken. To discuss this issue, we define a quantity which represents the uncertainty of the space-time coordinates.

We define such a quantity by the analogy to the quantum mechanics. We regard the matrices $`A_\mu `$’s as the linear operators which act on the linear space, which we identify as the space of states of particles. We take an orthonormal basis $`|e_i`$ ($`i=1,2,\mathrm{},N`$) and identify $`|e_i`$ with the state of the $`i`$-th particle. The space-time coordinate of the $`i`$-th particle is defined by $`e_i|A_\mu |e_i`$. The uncertainty of the coordinate can be defined by

$$\delta (i)^2=\underset{\mu }{}\left\{e_i|A_\mu ^2|e_i(e_i|A_\mu |e_i)^2\right\}.$$
(3)   
We take an average of $`\delta (i)^2`$ over all the particles and define the gauge-invariant quantity by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }^2=\underset{\{|e_i\}}{\mathrm{min}}\left(\frac{1}{N}\underset{i}{}\delta (i)^2\right).$$
(4)   
Note that $`\mathrm{\Delta }=0`$ if and only if $`A_\mu `$ are diagonalizable simultaneously.

We plot $`\mathrm{\Delta }^2`$ obtained by Monte Carlo simulation in Figs. 1 and 2. We find that $`\mathrm{\Delta }^2/(\sqrt{g}N^{1/4})^2`$ tends to a constant for large $`N`$. Thus we conclude that $`\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }^2}`$ is of the same order as $`R`$. If $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ were smaller than the typical distance between two particles, i.e., $`\mathrm{}=RN^{1/D}`$, we might say that the classical space-time picture is good. Our result, however, shows that the classical space-time picture is maximally broken.

## 4 No SSB of Lorentz invariance

The SSB of Lorentz invariance is of paramount importance in the IIB matrix model, since if the space time is to be four-dimensional, the 10D Lorentz invariance of the model must be spontaneously broken.

The SSB of Lorentz invariance can be probed by

$$J=\frac{1}{D}I_{\mu \nu }I_{\mu \nu }\left(\frac{1}{D}I_{\mu \mu }\right)^2,$$
(5)   
where $`I_{\mu \nu }`$ is defined by $`I_{\mu \nu }=\text{Tr}(A_\mu A_\nu )/N`$. $`J`$ represents nothing but the variation of the eigenvalues of $`I_{\mu \nu }`$.

If $`J/R^4`$ is nonzero in the large $`N`$ limit, the Lorentz invariance is spontaneously broken. Thus, $`J/(\sqrt{g}N^{1/4})^4`$ can be considered as an order parameter of the SSB of Lorentz invariance. In Ref., we show that when the large $`N`$ factorization holds, the order parameter goes to zero in the $`N\mathrm{}`$ limit. Indeed, we show that at all orders of the $`1/D`$ expansion, the factorization holds and the order parameter behaves as $`1/N^2`$.

In Fig. 3 we plot $`J/(\sqrt{g}N^{1/4})^4`$ against $`N`$ for $`D`$ $`=`$ 4, 6, 8, 10. We see that the order parameter vanishes in the large $`N`$ limit, which means that the Lorentz invariance is not spontaneously broken. Note also that the large $`N`$ behavior of the order parameter can be nicely fitted to $`1/N^2`$. This is in accordance with the prediction by the $`1/D`$ expansion.

## 5 Summary

We studied the dynamical aspects of the reduced model of bosonic Yang-Mills theory. We determined the extent of the space time and showed that the classical space-time picture is maximally broken. We also showed that Lorentz invariance is not spontaneously broken. We expect that our findings for the bosonic model provide a helpful comparison when we investigate the IIB matrix model.