# References

Relations among QCD corrections beyond leading order <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1Work supported in part by EU contract FMRX-CT98-0194

J. Blümlein, V. Ravindran and W.L. van Neerven <sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2On leave of absence from Instituut-Lorentz, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 HA Leiden, The Netherlands. 

DESY-Zeuthen, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

Symmetries are known to be a very useful guiding tool to understand the dynamics of various physical phenomena. Particularly, continuous symmetries played an important role in particle physics to unravel the structure of dynamics at low as well as high energies. In hadronic physics, such symmetries at low energies were found to be useful to classify various hadrons. At high energy, where the masses of the particles can be neglected, one finds in addition to the above mentioned symmetries new symmetries such as conformal and scale invariance. This for instance happens in deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering (DIS) where the energy scale is much larger than the hadronic mass scale. At these energies one can in principle ignore the mass scale and the resulting dynamics is purely scale independent .

We first discuss the Drell-Levy-Yan relation (DLY)  which relates the structure functions $`F(x,Q^2)`$ measured in deep inelastic scattering to the fragmentation functions $`\stackrel{~}{F}(\stackrel{~}{x},Q^2)`$ observed in $`e^+e^{}`$-annihilation. Here $`x`$ denotes the Bjørken scaling variable which in deep inelastic scattering and $`e^+e^{}`$-annihilation is defined by $`x=Q^2/2p.q`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{x}=2p.q/Q^2`$ respectively. Notice that in deep inelastic scattering the virtual photon momentum $`q`$ is spacelike i.e. $`q^2=Q^2<0`$ whereas in $`e^+e^{}`$-annihilation it becomes timelike $`q^2=Q^2>0`$. Further $`p`$ denotes the in or outgoing hadron momentum. The DLY relation looks as follows

$`\stackrel{~}{F}_i(\stackrel{~}{x},Q^2)=x𝒜c\left[F_i(1/x,Q^2)\right],`$ (1)   
where $`𝒜c`$ denotes the analytic continuation from the region $`0<x1`$ (DIS) to $`1<x<\mathrm{}`$ (annihilation region). At the level of splitting functions we have

$`\stackrel{~}{P}_{ij}(\stackrel{~}{x})=x𝒜c\left[P_{ji}(1/x)\right].`$ (2)   
At LO, one finds $`\stackrel{~}{P}_{ij}^{(0)}(\stackrel{~}{x})=P_{ji}^{(0)}(x)`$, for $`x<1`$ which is nothing but Gribov-Lipatov relation . This relation in terms of physical observables is known to be violated when one goes beyond leading order. There is a similar violation of the DLY relation among coefficient functions as well. The DLY (analytical continuation) relation defined above holds at the level of physical quatities provided the analytical continuation is performed in both $`x`$ as well as the scale $`Q^2`$ ($`Q^2Q^2`$). For example the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}`$ appearing in the following physical observables 

$$Q^2\frac{}{Q^2}\left(\begin{array}{c}F_A\\ F_B\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{AA}& \mathrm{\Gamma }_{AB}\\ \mathrm{\Gamma }_{BA}& \mathrm{\Gamma }_{BB}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}F_A\\ F_B\end{array}\right)$$

satisfy the DLY relation, where $`F_A,F_B`$ are any two structure functions and $`Q`$ is the scale involved in the process. The violation of the DLY relation for the splitting functions and the coefficient functions is just an artifact of the adopted regularization method and the subtraction scheme. When these coefficient functions are combined with the splitting functions in a scheme invariant way, as for instance happens for the structure functions and fragmentation functions the DLY relation holds. The reason for the cancellation of the DLY violating terms among the splitting functions and coefficient functions is that the former are generated by simple scheme transformations.

We now discuss Supersymmetric relations among splitting functions which determine the evolution of quark and gluon parton densities. These relations are valid when QCD becomes a supersymmetric $`𝒩=1`$ gauge field theory where both quarks and gluons are put in the adjoint representation with respect to the local gauge symmetry $`SU(N)`$. In this case one gets a simple relation between the colour factors which become $`C_F=C_A=2T_f=N`$. In the case of spacelike splitting functions, which determine the evolution of the parton densities in deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering, one has made the claim (see ) that the combination defined by

$`^{(i)}=P_{qq}^{(i)}P_{gg}^{(i)}+P_{gq}^{(i)}P_{qg}^{(i)},`$ (3)   
is equal to zero, i.e., $`^{(i)}=0`$. This relation should follow from an $`𝒩=1`$ supersymmetry although no proof has been given yet. An explicit calculation at leading order(LO) confirms this claim so that we have $`^{(0)}=0`$. However at next to leading order(NLO), when these splitting functions are computed in the $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$-scheme, it turns out that $`_{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}^{(1)}0`$. The reason that this relation is violated can be attributed to the regularization method and the renormalization scheme in which these splitting functions are computed. In this case it is $`D`$-dimensional regularization and the $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$-scheme which breaks the supersymmetry. In fact, the breaking occurs already at the $`ϵ`$ dependent part of the leading order splitting functions. Although this does not affect the leading order splitting functions in the limit $`ϵ0`$ it leads to a finite contribution at the NLO level via the $`1/ϵ^2`$ terms which are characteristic of a two-loop calculation. If one carefully removes such breaking terms at the LO level consistently, one can avoid these terms at NLO level. They can also be avoided if one uses $`D`$-dimensional reduction which preserves the supersymmetry. The above observations also apply to the timelike splitting functions, which determine the evolution of fragmentation functions.