# A jet-disk symbiosis model for Gamma Ray Bursts: fluence distribution, CRs and 𝜈’s

### (To appear in Proceedings of the 10th Annual October Astrophysics Conference in Maryland: Cosmic Explosions !)

## Introduction

Gamma-Ray Bursts are short bursts that peak in the soft $`\gamma `$-ray band, between 100 KeV and a few MeV. The duration of their emission goes from $`10\times 10^3`$ s to $`10^3`$ s, and they show variability of the order of $`\mathrm{ms}`$. They also show persistent emissions in the X, optical, infrared and radio bands (afterglow), a spatially isotropic distribution, and a nonthermal spectrum. It is believed that GRBs are associated with relativistic shocks caused by a relativistic fireball in a pre-existing gas, such as the interstellar medium or a stellar wind/jet, producing and accelerating electrons/positrons to very high energies, which produce the gamma-emission and the various afterglows observed paczy86 ; rees93 . More than 30 years after their discovery, thanks to the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) and the Italian-Dutch satellite BeppoSax, the scientific community knows that Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) are isotropically distributed in the sky and that at least some of them are at cosmological distances. But the present data available for redshift position and host galaxy localization are still too few to give us good statistics to study the evolution of GRBs and their redshift distribution. Because of this lack of information, it is still necessary to assume that GRBs follow the statistical distribution of some other well known objets to obtain the GRBs fluence or flux distribution itself feni95 ; cohe95 .

## GRB jet model: key points

In our model pugl99 , GRBs develop in a pre-existing jet. We consider a binary system formed by a neutron star and an O/B/WR companion in which the energy of the GRB is due to the accretion-induced collapse of the neutron star to a black hole. To fix the jet parameters we use the basic ideas of the jet-disk symbiosis model by Falcke $`\&`$ Biermann falc95 . In this model, accretion disk, jet, and compact object are considered as an entire system. Mass and energy conservation are applied and the total jet power $`Q_{\mathrm{jet}}`$ is found to be a substantial fraction of disk luminosity $`L_{\mathrm{disk}}`$. We assume that the collapse of a neutron star to a black hole in a binary system induces a highly anisotropic energy release along the existing jet: a violent twist and jerk of the magnetic field. It initiates a relativistic shock wave, with an initial bulk Lorentz factor of about $`10^4`$. Baryonic mass is known to be low in jets. The bulk Lorentz factor evolution derives from the sweep up of the jet material. Magnetic field and particle number density evolution are obtained from the jump conditions in the ultrarelativistic shock. We consider a power law electron energy distribution with a low energy cut-off. Pre-existing energetic electrons/positrons are further accelerated in the shock. The afterglow emission is due to synchrotron and Inverse Compton processes from the shock region. The fluence of the initial burst is determined by shock, dissipation, and $`\gamma `$-$`\gamma `$ optical depth effects. The emission region is optically thin very early on and always in the fast cooling regime. There are only two parameters for the explosion: the energy in bulk flow along the jet, $`E_{51}10^{51}\mathrm{erg}`$, and the fraction $`\delta `$ of shock energy in relativistic particles. The parameters from the binary system jet are: the mass flow $`\dot{M}10^5M_{}/\mathrm{yr}`$, the speed of the unperturbed jet $`0.3v_{0.3}`$, as well as the minimum electron Lorentz factor $`100\gamma _{\mathrm{m},2}`$. With these parameters and a distance $`D_{28.5}10^{28.5}\mathrm{cm}`$, a time $`t_510^5\mathrm{s}`$, and a frequency $`\nu _{14}10^{14}\mathrm{Hz}`$, we obtain the correct flux level of the afterglow:

$$F_\nu ^{(\mathrm{ob})}(t)7.45\times 10^{28}\delta (E_{51}^{5/4}\dot{M}_{5\mathrm{j}}^{1/4}v_{0.3}^{1/4})\gamma _{\mathrm{m},2}D_{28.5}^2t_5^{5/4}\nu _{14}^1\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{cm}^2\mathrm{s}^1\mathrm{Hz}^1$$
(1)   
## Contribution to cosmic ray and neutrino flux

We calculated the GRB rate and compared the corresponding cumulative distribution in fluence with the data. We used the SFR as a function of the redshift presented by Madau mada96  with a flatter SFR at high redshift to obtain the corresponding fluence distribution of GRBs with the redshift and to use their rate to study the eventual contribution of GRBs to the cosmic ray distribution, both in our Galaxy and in the extragalactic region. We checked if in our jet model GRBs were standard candles. The corrected data for the 4B BATSE catalogue fluence distribution petr99  require the adoption of a luminosity function with a power $`\varphi (f)f^{1.55}`$. The result of our calculations is shown in Fig. 1(left), in which the theoretical fluence distribution curve is compared with the 4B corrected data. Considering the total number of GRBs in BATSE catalogue, an observing time of 8 years, a volume scale of $`h^310^{10.8}\mathrm{Mpc}^3`$, with $`H_0=h(100\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1\mathrm{Mpc}^1)`$ the Hubble constant, a beaming factor $`\frac{4\pi }{2\pi \theta ^2}=200\theta _{1\mathrm{j}}^2`$, with $`\theta `$ the jet opening angle, the rate of GRBs is:

$`10^{5.4}(h^3\theta _{1\mathrm{j}}^2)\mathrm{GRBs}\mathrm{per}\mathrm{year}\mathrm{per}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}100}\mathrm{Mpc}^3`$ (2)   
We used the GRB rate obtained with the SFR from Madau and two different approaches to calculate the contribution from GRBs to the cosmic rays and the neutrino spectra. First we considered that each GRB gives the same contribution equal to $`10\%`$ of the initial energy, here $`10^{51}\mathrm{ergs}`$. Secondly we assume that each GRB contributes proportionally to its own fluence; the fluence distribution adopted has a power law. In Fig. 1(right) we compared the all particle energy spectrum as measured by different ground-based experiment with the spectrum from GRBs in the case that each of them gives the same contribution (dashed line) and with the one in which the contribution is proportional to the fluence (solid line) for the extragalactic case. In the jet-disk symbiosis model for GRBs any extragalactic origin at high energies for cosmic rays is ruled out considering that for energies greater than $`10^{18}`$ eV (dotted line), the interactions with the microwave background are relevant and decrease the curve substantially. A corresponding analysis for the cosmic ray contribution from GRBs inside our Galaxy leads to the same result: Near $`10^{18}`$ eV the arrival directions of CRs are observed to be ispotropic to an excellent approximation, and yet their diffusion time out of the Galaxy is much shorter than the time scale between GRBs in our Galaxy. Therefore the time for isotropization is not available, ruling out any contribution from GRBs.

## Conclusions

To summarize, our model can explain the initial gamma ray burst, the spectrum and temporal behaviour of the afterglows, the low baryon load, an optical rise, and do all this with a modest energy budget. Moreover, this GRB model is developed within an existing framework for galactic jet sources, using a set of observationally well determined parameters. Using a relatively small set of parameters, the jet-disk symbiosis model applied to GRBs, a tested SFR, and the fundamental physics of the photohadronic interactions we arrive at the conclusion that GRBs are unlikely to give any contribution to the high energy cosmic ray spectrum both inside and outside our Galaxy and to the neutrino spectrum as well.