# Pairing in low-density Fermi gases

## Appendix

To include the effective range we add the effective range potential

$$g_2V^2\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{d^3k^{}}{(2\pi )^3}(kk^{})^2a_{k,}^{}a_{k,}^{}a_{k^{},}a_{k^{},}$$
(12)   
to the Hamiltonian (1). The gap equation then becomes

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_p=\frac{V}{2}\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{g+g_2(pk)^2}{\sqrt{(ϵ_k\lambda )^2+\mathrm{\Delta }_k^2}}\mathrm{\Delta }_k$$
(13)   
and is explicitly momentum dependent. We make the quadratic ansatz $`\mathrm{\Delta }_p=\mathrm{\Delta }+p^2\delta `$ for the momentum dependence and obtain two coupled equations that express $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ and $`\delta `$ in terms of (divergent) integrals. To deal with the divergencies we observe that the integrals’ dependence on the Fermi momentum is given by

$$\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{k^{2n}}{\sqrt{(ϵ_k\lambda )^2+(\mathrm{\Delta }+k^2\delta )^2}}=\frac{k_F^{2n+1}m}{2\pi ^2\lambda }J_{n+1/2}(x,y),$$
(14)   
where $`x=\mathrm{\Delta }/\lambda `$, $`y=\delta k_F^2/\lambda `$ and $`J_{n+1/2}(x,y)`$ is the dimensionless function

$$J_\alpha (x,y)\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝑑t\frac{t^\alpha }{\sqrt{(t1)^2+(x+yt)^2}}.$$
(15)   
In effective field theory an expansion in momenta is quite useful . In what follows we truncate each of the gap equations to its leading order in the Fermi momentum and obtain

$`1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{Vgmk_F}{4\pi ^2}}J_{1/2}(x,y),`$ (16)   
$`\delta `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{Vg_2\mathrm{\Delta }mk_F}{4\pi ^2}}J_{1/2}(x,y).`$ (17)   
Obviously we have $`\delta /\mathrm{\Delta }=g_2/g`$. To make contact with low energy scattering data we expand the scattering amplitude

$$𝒜(p)=Vg\left[1+VgI(p)+\frac{g_2}{g}p^2+\left(VgI(p)\right)^2\right]$$
(18)   
up to quadratic order in momenta. The loop integral is

$$I(p)\frac{1}{2}\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi )^3}\frac{1}{ϵ_pϵ_k+i\eta }=\frac{mp}{4\pi ^2}\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝑑t\frac{t^{1/2}}{1t+i\eta }$$
(19)   
At low energies the scattering amplitude is given in terms of the scattering length $`a`$ and the effective range $`r_0`$

$$𝒜(p)=\frac{4\pi a}{m}\left[1iap+(ar_0/2a^2)p^2\right].$$
(20)   
Note that the divergence of the integral $`J_{1/2}(x,y)`$ appearing in the gap equations (16) is similar to that of the loop integral $`I(p)`$ appearing in the expression (18) for the scattering amplitude. Thus, both divergencies may be taken care off by a a renormalization of the coupling constants $`g`$ and $`g_2`$. We use dimensional regularization to compute the divergent integrals. One obtains $`I(p)=i(m/4\pi )p`$ and a comparison of (18) and (20) yields $`g_2/g=ar_0/2`$ and $`g=4\pi a/m`$. Finally we have

$$J_\alpha (x,y)=\frac{\pi }{\mathrm{sin}\pi \alpha }(1+y^2)^{1/2}\left(\frac{1+x^2}{1+y^2}\right)^{\alpha /2}P_\alpha (z),$$
(21)   
where $`z=(1xy)/\sqrt{(1+x^2)(1+y^2)}`$. This yields the final results

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{k_Fa}}`$ $`=`$ $`(1+y^2)^{1/2}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1+x^2}{1+y^2}}\right)^{1/4}P_{1/2}(z),`$ (22)   
$`y`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ar_0}{2}}k_F^2x.`$ (23)   
Note that these equations add corrections of the order $`k_F^2ar_0`$ to the gap equation (8). These corrections are small only in the low–density regime $`k_Fa1`$. For a description of neutron matter ($`a=18.8`$fm $`r_0=2.75`$fm) at larger densities, at least the inclusion of pions seems to be necessary. Note also, that the gap equations (22) become singular for $`k_F^22/ar_0`$ (i.e. $`yx`$) due to the logarithmic singularity of the Legendre function for $`z1`$. This behavior results from the quadratic approximation for the interaction potential and the truncations in the gap equation. It is related to the change in sign of the truncated potential at $`k_F=\sqrt{2/ar_0}`$ . Again, the introduction of pions or higher potential terms seem to be necessary to alter this behavior.

## Acknowledgments

We acknowledge discussions with P. Bedaque, A. Bulgac, H. Grießhammer, D. Kaplan and M. Savage. We thank J. Hormuzdiar and S.D.H. Hsu for pointing out a correction to formula (9). This work was supported by the Dept. of Energy under Grant DE-FG-06-90ER-40561.