# GRB Redshift Distribution is Consistent with GRB Origin in Evolved Galactic Nuclei

## Introduction

In our previous work we2 , we have considered the generation of GRBs due to the radiative collisions of CSRs (for simplicity, taken to be solely NSs) in the central stellar clusters of evolved galactic nuclei. Depending on its initial radius and mass, the characteristic dynamical evolution time of a cluster, $`t_e`$, can either exceed the age of the Universe, $`t_0`$, (we call such clusters as ‘slowly evolving clusters’ hereinafter) or be less than $`t_0`$ (‘fast evolving clusters’). The GRB rate from slowly evolving clusters does not depend on redshift of the host galactic nuclei. Following an approach developed in qs87 , the mean rate of radiative collisions of NSs in the fiducial galactic nucleus with mass of a central cluster $`M`$, radius $`R`$, and stellar velocity dispersion $`v=(GM/2R)^{1/2}`$ is given by we2 :

$$\dot{N}_c9\sqrt{2}\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)^{17/7}\frac{c}{R}5.810^6\left(\frac{M}{10^7\mathrm{M}_{}}\right)^{17/14}\left(\frac{R}{0.1\mathrm{pc}}\right)^{31/14}\frac{\text{events}}{\text{yr galaxy}},$$
(1)   
where we use for normalization the likely values of $`M`$ and $`R`$ to fit the inferred rate of GRBs. The GRB rate from a unit comoving volume is $`\dot{n}_0=\dot{N}_cn_g`$, where the number density of galaxies $`n_g10^2`$ Mpc<sup>-3</sup> and $`\mathrm{}`$ is an averaging throughout all types of slowly evolving galactic nuclei.

A galactic nucleus with the gravitationally dominating SMBH of mass $`M_h>M`$ might belong to slowly evolving galactic nuclei as well. The corresponding GRB rate from such a nucleus is given by we2 

$$\dot{N}_{c,h}\frac{9}{2\sqrt{2}}\left(\frac{Nm}{M_h}\right)^2\left(\frac{v}{c}\right)^{17/7}\frac{c}{R},$$
(2)   
which differs from that given by Eq. (1) by a factor $`\left(M/M_h\right)^21`$.

One more possible contribution to GRB rate from a slowly evolving system is due to the coalescence of tight NS binaries in the galactic discs (which is a commonly believed scheme of cosmological GRB origin). In this paper, we assume that there was no strong evolution with cosmological time of the number of tight NS binaries both in the galactic disks and in the slowly evolving nuclei so that all these contributions result in the redshift-independent GRB rate $`\dot{n}_010^8`$ yrs<sup>-1</sup> Mpc<sup>-3</sup>.

Meanwhile the actual parameters of galactic nuclei vary in a wide range and some central clusters may, in fact, be fast evolving ($`t_e<t_0`$). The GRB rate from the fast evolving clusters depends on redshift. Below, we find the redshift distribution of the GRB rate from both slow and fast evolving clusters by (i) modelling the dynamical evolution of a fast evolving cluster in the galactic nucleus, which leads to the production of a SMBH; (ii) connecting the parameters of a fast evolving cluster with the mass of its central SMBH, and (iii) using the observed distributions in luminosity and redshift for quasars, as well as in mass for SMBHs in the galactic nuclei.

## Fast Evolving Galactic Nuclei

We introduce a dimensionless time variable $`yt_0/t_e=(1+z_e)^{3/2}`$, where $`t_e`$ is the time necessary for a SMBH formation, $`z_e`$ is the redshift at that instant. Evidently, $`y>1`$ for clusters collapsed to the present epoch $`t=t_0`$ (fast evolving clusters) and $`y<1`$ for clusters which do not collapse by $`t_0`$ (slowly evolving clusters). As we show elsewhere deo99 , the dynamical evolution of a stellar cluster, in the framework of a homologous Fokker-Plank approximation qs87 , leads to the following relationship between the initial mass of the cluster and the mass of the central SMBH formed there:

$$M_f=210^6y^{2.22}\left[\frac{M_i}{2.810^8M_{}}\right]^{5.44}M_{}.$$
(3)   
There are serious observational indications 9712076 , 0006 , 0003  that a fraction of galaxies with a central SMBH might be as high as $`\epsilon 0.1`$ and that there is a correlation between the central SMBH mass, $`M_h`$, and the luminosity of the host galaxy bulge, $`L_s`$, which in a simplified form can be expressed as $`M_h10^{2.5}(L_s/L_{})M_{}`$. This correlation, taken together with the Schechter luminosity function of galaxies sheh , gives the mass distribution of SMBHs, $`\varphi _1(M_h)dM_h`$ with $`\varphi _1(M_h)\epsilon `$. Then we use the observed boyle91  distribution of quasars in absolute magnitude $`M_B`$ and redshift $`z`$, $`\varphi _2(M_B,z)dM_Bdz`$, for $`z3`$. Finally, we assume the existence of an ‘Eddington luminosity phase’ in the evolution of quasars, when they shine with the Eddington luminosity (or with its fraction $`\lambda 1`$) during a certain finite time interval, which duration only depends upon $`\lambda `$ and the initial SMBH mass. In our calculations, the ‘final’ (i.e., by the end of the dynamical evolution) mass of a galactic nucleus is the initial mass of its new-born SMBH. The latter then experiences the ‘Eddington luminosity phase’, during which its mass grows up to the SMBH mass in the actually observed quasar. As a result, we find the mass distribution of active SMBHs, $`P(M_f,y)dM_fdy`$, in terms of the variables $`y`$ and mass $`M_f`$ at the instant of the SMBH formation (in the limit $`M_f<310^6M_{}`$). Thus, these active SMBHs arise due to the dynamical evolution of galactic nuclei with fast evolving central clusters.

## Distribution of GRB Rate in Redshift

In fast evolving galactic nuclei, the resulting rate of GRB generation per unit of comoving volume is given as a function of redshift $`z`$ by

$$\dot{n}_{ev}(z)=𝑑M_f\underset{1}{\overset{x(z)^3}{}}P(M_f,y)\dot{N}_{ci}(M_i(M_f),y)\frac{dyx^{3\xi }}{(x^3y)^\xi },$$
(4)   
where $`x=(1+z)^{1/2}`$, $`\xi 0.6`$, $`\dot{N}_{ci}`$ is found from Eq. (1) with $`M=M_i`$ and $`R=R_i`$, and function $`M_i(M_f)`$ is the inverse function given by Eq. (3). Numerical integration over the variable $`M_f`$ in Eq. (4) proceeds in the range $`M_f10^5310^6M_{}`$, which approximately correspond to the range of $`M_i10^7210^8M_{}`$.

The total rate of GRBs from all kinds of galactic nuclei, $`\dot{n}(z)`$, includes also the contribution $`\dot{n}_010^8`$ Mpc<sup>-3</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> from all slowly evolving galactic nuclei and disks with $`t_e>t_0`$, i.e. $`\dot{n}(z)=\dot{n}_0+\dot{n}_{ev}(z)`$. The total GRB rate as a function of $`z`$ can be fitted by a one-parametric function: $`\dot{n}(z)=\dot{n}_0(1+z)^\beta `$, where the range of $`\beta `$, $`1.5<\beta <2`$, accounts for the statistical uncertainties horack . This function is shown in Fig. 1. The consistency between the calculated and inferred GRB rates is achieved at $`\epsilon /\lambda 0.16`$. Since quasars shine at $`L(0.11)L_{\mathrm{Ed}}`$ (e.g., wandel ), it implies that $`\epsilon 0.0160.16`$, which is consistent with available data -.