# 1. Introduction

## 1. Introduction

Kramer has introduced the icosahedrally symmetric tiling of the (3dimensional) space by seven (proto)tiles . Sadoc and Mosseri have rebuilt these prototiles and reduced their number to four: $`z`$, $`h`$, $`s`$ and $`a`$. But the inflation class (inflation specie ) of the tilings of the space by the four Mosseri–Sadoc prototiles has lost the icosahedral symmetry . In Ref.  a projection class (projection specie ) of the tilings $`𝒯^{(MS)}`$ by the Mosseri–Sadoc prototiles has been locally derived from the canonical icosahedrally projected (from the lattice $`D_6`$) local isomorphism class of the tilings $`𝒯^{(2F)}`$.

In this paper we derive the inflation rules for the decorated prototiles $`z`$, $`r`$, $`m`$, $`s`$ and $`a`$ of the projection class $`𝒯^{(MS)}`$. These rules enforce the inflation rules for the decorated Mosseri–Sadoc tiles $`z`$, $`h`$, $`s`$ and $`a`$ in agreement with those suggested by Sadoc and Mosseri , up to the decoration. Using the Dehn invariants  for the prototiles (apart from the volumes of the prototiles) we reproduce algebraically the inflation matrix for the prototiles.

## 2. Inflation of Decorated Mosseri–Sadoc Tiles

Mosseri and Sadoc have given the inflation rules for their $`z`$, $`h`$, $`s`$ and $`a`$ tiles . These rules were for the Steininflation  of the tiles. By definition, an inflation is a Steininflation if the inflated tiles are composed of the whole original tiles.

The inflation factor for the Mosseri–Sadoc tiles is $`\tau =\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}`$. The inflation matrix of the Steininflation of the tiles is clearly the matrix with integer coefficients. It has been given by Sadoc and Mosseri 

$`M=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 1& 1\\ 2& 1& 2& 2\\ 1& 1& 1& 2\\ 0& 0& 1& 2\end{array}\right),`$ (5)   
in the following ordering of the tiles: $`z`$, $`h`$, $`s`$ and $`a`$.

In the case of the Mosseri–Sadoc tiles, the Steininflation is breaking the symmetry of the tiles. The authors of Ref.  haven’t given a decoration of the tiles which would take care about the symmetry breaking and uniquely define the inflation–deflation procedure at every step.

In  it has been shown that the projection class of the locally isomorphic tilings $`𝒯^{(2F)}`$ (the tilings of the 3dimensional space by the six tetrahedra with all edges parallel to the 2fold symmetry axis of an icosahedron, of two lengths, the standard one denoted by $``$2 , the “short” edge, and $`\tau `$ $``$2 , the “long” edge, ) by the “golden” tetrahedra  can be locally transformed into the tilings $`𝒯^{(MS)}`$, $`𝒯^{(2F)}`$ $``$ $`𝒯^{(MS)}`$. The class $`𝒯^{(MS)}`$ of locally isomorphic tilings by Mosseri–Sadoc tiles has been defined by the projection . The important property is that the minimal packages of the six golden tetrahedra in $`𝒯^{(2F)}`$, such that their equilateral faces (orthogonal to the directions of the 3fold symmetry axis of an icosahedron) are covered, led to five tiles $`a`$, $`s`$, $`z`$, $`r`$ and $`m`$ .

In Fig. 1 we show how the decorated prototiles  $`A^{}`$, $`B^{}`$, $`C^{}`$, $`D^{}`$, $`F^b`$, $`F^r`$, $`G^b`$ and $`G^r`$ of the projection class of tilings $`𝒯^{(2F)}`$ are locally transformed into the decorated composite tiles denoted by $`a`$, $`m`$, $`r`$, $`z`$ and $`s`$.

Moreover, the tiles $`r`$ and $`m`$ appear always as a union $`rm`$, that is, the tile $`h`$ of Sadoc and Mosseri with three mirror symmetries . In Fig. 2 we show how the decorated tiles $`r`$ and $`m`$ are locally transformed into a decorated tile $`h`$. Hence, the projection class of tilings $`𝒯^{(MS)}`$ has four decorated prototiles $`a`$, $`h`$, $`z`$ and $`s`$. The decoration is such that it breaks all the symmetries of the tiles.

From the inflation rules of the $`𝒯^{(2F)}`$ tiles $`A^{}`$, $`B^{}`$, $`C^{}`$, $`D^{}`$, $`F^b`$, $`F^r`$, $`G^b`$ and $`G^r`$  we derive the inflation rules for the five composite decorated prototiles $`a`$, $`m`$, $`r`$, $`z`$ and $`s`$ and present them in Figs. 3–7. Using the rule of the composition of the decorated tile $`h`$ given in the Fig. 2 one easily concludes how the decorated tile $`h`$ inflates. The derived inflation rules of the four prototiles $`a`$, $`h`$, $`z`$ and $`s`$ in the projection species $`𝒯^{(MS)}`$ are, up to a decoration, the same as those proposed by Sadoc and Mosseri . Hence, we identify the inflation  and the projection species  and denote them by the same symbol, $`𝒯^{(MS)}`$.

## 3. Dehn Invariants and Steininflation of Mosseri–Sadoc Tiles

The Dehn invariant of a polyhedron $`P`$  takes values in a ring $`𝐑𝐑_\pi `$ where $`𝐑_\pi `$ is the additive group of residues of real numbers modulo $`\pi `$; the tensor product is over $`𝐙`$, the ring of rational integers. Denote by $`l_i`$ the lengths of edges of $`P`$. Denote by $`\alpha _i`$ the corresponding lateral angles and by $`\overline{\alpha _i}`$ – the classes of $`\alpha _i`$ modulo $`\pi `$. The Dehn invariant, $`𝒟(P)`$, of $`P`$ is equal to

$$𝒟(P)=l_i\overline{\alpha _i},$$
(6)   
with the sum over all edges of $`P`$. The important property of Dehn invariants is their additivity: if a polyhedron is cut in pieces, the Dehn invariant is the sum of the Dehn invariants of pieces. This property implies that the vector of Dehn invariants of tiles is an eigenvector of the inflation matrix (5) with an eigenvalue $`\tau `$.

The vector of Dehn invariants for the Mosseri–Sadoc tiles is:

$$\stackrel{}{d}_{MS}=𝒟\left(\begin{array}{c}z\\ h\\ s\\ a\end{array}\right)=5\left(\begin{array}{c}\tau \\ 2\\ \tau 1\\ \tau \end{array}\right)\overline{\alpha },$$
(7)   
$`\mathrm{cos}\alpha `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\tau }{\tau +2}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}}.`$ (8)   
Thus, the space of Dehn invariants of the Mosseri–Sadoc tiles is one–dimensional, there is only one independent lateral angle. For the Dehn invariants applied to the inflation, see Ref. 

For the vector of volumes of the Mosseri–Sadoc tiles one obtains

$$\stackrel{}{v}_{MS}=\mathrm{Vol}\left(\begin{array}{c}z\\ h\\ s\\ a\end{array}\right)=\frac{1}{12}\left(\begin{array}{c}4\tau +2\\ 6\tau +4\\ 4\tau +3\\ 2\tau +1\end{array}\right).$$
(9)   
We show that the inflation matrix for Mosseri–Sadoc tiles $`z`$, $`h`$, $`s`$ and $`a`$ can be uniquely reconstructed from the Dehn invariants (and the volumes).

Denote the inflation matrix by $`M_{MS}`$.

The vectors $`\stackrel{}{d}_{MS}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{v}_{MS}`$ are eigenvectors of the inflation matrix, with the eigenvalues $`\tau `$ and $`\tau ^3`$ correspondingly (the eigenvalue is equal to the inflation factor to the power which is the dimension of the corresponding invariant).

Explicitely,

$$M_{MS}\left(\begin{array}{c}4\tau +2\\ 6\tau +4\\ 4\tau +3\\ 2\tau +1\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}16\tau +10\\ 26\tau +16\\ 18\tau +11\\ 8\tau +5\end{array}\right)$$
(10)   
for the vector of volumes and

$$M_{MS}\left(\begin{array}{c}\tau \\ 2\\ \tau 1\\ \tau \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\tau +1\\ 2\tau \\ 1\\ \tau 1\end{array}\right)$$
(11)   
for the the vector of Dehn invariants.

Assume that the inflation matrix is rational. Then, decomposing eqs. (10) and (11) in powers of $`\tau `$, we obtain four vector equations for $`M_{MS}`$ or a matrix equation

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill M_{MS}\left(\begin{array}{cccc}4& 2& 1& 0\\ 6& 4& 0& 2\\ 4& 3& 1& 1\\ 2& 1& 1& 0\end{array}\right)& \\ \hfill =\left(\begin{array}{cccc}16& 10& 1& 1\\ 26& 16& 2& 0\\ 18& 11& 0& 1\\ 8& 5& 1& 1\end{array}\right)& .\end{array}$$
(12)   
The solution of this equation is unique and we find the matrix (5).

## Acknowledgements

The work of Z. Papadopolos was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Z. Papadopolos is grateful for the hospitality to the center of the Theoretical Physics in Marseille, where this work has been started. The work of O. Ogievetsky was supported by the Procope grant 99082. We also thank the Geometry–Center at the University of Minnesota for making Geomview freely available.