# Optical Fiber Communications: Group of the Nonlinear Transformations

## Abstract

A new method for finding solutions of the nonlinear Shrödinger equation is proposed. Comutative multiplicative group of the nonlinear transformations, which operate on stationary localized solutions, enables a consideration of fractal subspaces in the solution space, stability and deterministic chaos. An increase of the transmission rate at the optical fiber communications can be based on new forms of localized stationary solutions, without significant change of input power. The estimated transmission rate is $`50Gbit/s`$, for certain available soliton transmission systems.

The propagation of pulsed light in an optical fiber can be described by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation,

$$i\frac{q(\xi ,\tau )}{\xi }+\frac{1}{2}\frac{^2q(\xi ,\tau )}{\tau ^2}+q(\xi ,\tau )^2q(\xi ,\tau )=0,$$
$`(1)`$   
where $`q(\xi ,\tau )`$ is a complex envelope function of the effective electric field amplitude and

$$\xi x,\tau (tx\frac{k}{\omega }).$$
$`(2)`$   
The higher order dispersion and the effect of fiber loss are neglected here . We take

$$q=q_0e^{i\frac{q_0^2}{2}\xi }y(\tau ),$$
$`(3)`$   
where $`y(\tau )`$ is a real function, and get

$$y\frac{1}{q_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}\frac{d^2y}{d\tau ^2}2y^3=0.$$
$`(4)`$   
The solution of this equation 

$$y_0(\tau )=\frac{1}{\mathrm{cosh}q_0\tau }$$
$`(5)`$   
describes the optical soliton. Its unchangeable shape is a property that makes it attractive for applaying to ultra high speed optical communications . The equation (1) is completely integrable one. The inverse scattering transformation method  yields the general solutions of such nonlinear partial differential equations. Our aim is to propose here an alternative approach to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and discus applicability of the obtained results to optical fiber communications.   

The equation (4) describes a stationary pulse in optical fiber. We take a localized solution $`y(\tau )`$ of this equation and define the nonlinear operator $`H_{c_1}`$:

$$H_{c_1}y=\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_jy^j,$$
$`(6)`$   
where $`c_j`$ are real coefficients. Does $`H_{c_1}y`$ satisfy the equation (4)? The case $`y=y_0`$ is considered yet and the answer is positive . Putting $`H_{c_1}y`$ into the equation (4), we find that $`H_{c_1}y`$ is actualy a solution of this equation if

$$c_{2j}=0,$$
$`(7)`$   
while $`c_{2j+1}`$ satisfy the recursive relation

$$c_{2j+1}=\frac{1}{2j(j+1)}\{j(2j1)c_{2j1}\underset{n=2}{\overset{2j}{}}c_{2j+1n}\underset{k=1}{\overset{n1}{}}c_{nk}c_k\},$$
$`(8)`$   
where $`c_1`$ is an arbitrary coefficient. Using the relations (6)-(8), with $`c_1=1`$, we get

$$H_1y=y.$$
$`(9)`$   
In the following text, $`H_{c_1}`$ will mean both the series (6) and the recursion (8) with (7). For a localized $`y(\tau )`$ and a finite $`c_1`$, convergence of the series (6) can be numerically tested. Our calculations yield that $`H_{c_1}y`$ is localized too. Therefore, using different values of $`c_1`$, we are able to get uncountable many new localized solutions of the equation (4) from only one known localized solution (fig. 1). In the following text ”the solution” will mean ”the localized solution of the equation (4)”. The solution value preciseness will be limited only by the number of calculated coeficients. The solution in form different from (6) does not exist. Each solution pair $`z(\tau )`$ and $`y(\tau )`$ must be in a relation $`z=H_{c_1}y`$, with specific value of $`c_1`$:

$$c_1=\underset{\tau \pm \mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{z(\tau )}{y(\tau )}.$$
$`(10)`$   
Starting with a solution $`y(\tau )`$ we can construct the complete solution space. There is an analogy to the superposition principle from linear theory. According to the relation (10), a solution is determined by its asymptotics.   

The nonlinear Schrödinger equation has infinite number of symmetries corresponding to the conserved quantities: total energy, momentum, Hamiltonian, … . We find that there are actually uncountable conserved quantities. Let us consider the total energy only (for $`H_{c_1}y`$):

$$q_0^2_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}(c_1y+c_3y^3+c_5y^5+\mathrm{})𝑑\tau .$$
$`(11)`$   
We can choose uncountable different values of $`c_1`$ and use the relations (7) and (8).   

The relations (6)-(8) yield

$$H_{a_1}H_{b_1}=H_{a_1b_1}.$$
$`(12)`$   
Hence

$$\{H_{c_1};c_10\}$$
$`(13)`$   
is the comutative multiplicative group of the nonlinear transformations (GNT). Group properties of the GNT originate from group properties of real numbers $`c_10`$. For example,

$$H_{c_1}H_{1/c_1}=H_1.$$
$`(14)`$   
For definite coefficient $`c_1`$ and solution $`y(\tau )`$, we can construct a fractal subspace of the solution space. The fractal subspace covers solutions of form

$$H_{c_1}H_{c_1}\mathrm{}H_{c_1}y.$$
$`(15)`$   
In the phase plain, a fractal subspace is represented by a geometrical fractal (fig. 2).

For optical fiber communications it is important question whether small disturbations will destroy the information carrying pulses. Solution parameters, amplitude (pulse width) and velocity (frequency), are affected by various perturbations: outside produced noise, incoherence of the light source, fiber inhomogenities, absorption, amplifier noise, soliton interactions… It is the experimental fact that optical solitons (equation (5)) are unlikely to be destroyed by perturbations - they are very robust. We expect that at least the part of new solutions we have expresed here are actually stable. We are going to consider this problem theoretically, although it will be open until an experimental verification. The GNT method enables the following statement: the stability of a solution $`y(\tau )`$ is equivalent to the relation

$$\underset{ϵ0}{lim}H_{1+ϵ}y=y.$$
$`(16)`$   
The relations (6)-(8) and (16) yield

$$y(\tau )1.$$
$`(17)`$   
A localized solution of the equation (4) is stable one if and only if the relation (17) holds (fig. 1a,b). As well as for the KdV soliton , the classical argument about the counterbalance between nonlinearity and dispersion is not sufficient to explain the stability. Consideration of the Lyapunov exponent,

$$\lambda (c_1)=\underset{j\mathrm{}}{lim}\frac{1}{j}ln\frac{dc_{2j+1}}{dc_1},$$
$`(18)`$   
yields that deterministic chaos will appear at close packing of solitons, when $`c_1`$ is large enough (fig. 3a). The deterministic chaos we can expect for $`c_1>2.4`$. Near $`c_1=1`$, stability is exceptional (fig. 3b).   

New forms of localized stationary solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation enable an increase of the transmission rate at the optical fiber communications, without significant change of input power. An information may be contained in the special form of soliton (fig. 1a,b). The known optical soliton, described by (5), is one of many possible stationary pulses. Let us consider an available soliton transmission system. If the fiber core cross sectional area is $`S=60\mu m^2`$, the carrier wavelength is $`\lambda =1.55\mu m`$, the soliton pulse (equation (5)) width is $`\tau _s=25ps`$, the peak power is $`P_m=2.1mW`$, and the separation between two adjacent solitons is $`3\tau _s`$, then the transmission rate is $`10Gbit/s`$. In the same transmission system, using stable pulses of form $`H_{c_1}y`$ with different $`c_1`$ (fig. 1a), the transmission rate will be greater. It becomes equal to $`50Gbit/s`$, at 40 photons resolution of energies. The new forms of stable solutions (fig. 1b) make possible increase of the transmission rate in the same system.   

In conclusion, we have proposed the GNT method for solving of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. New forms of the stationary localized solutions, usable for an improvement of the optical fiber communications, are obtained.   

The authors would like to thank H.J.S.Dorren for useful discussion of the GNT method. This work was supported by the Soros Fund Open Society (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the World University Service (Austria).