# 1 De Sitter-Schwarzschild configurations. The mass is normalized to 𝑚_{𝑐⁢𝑟}.

Size of Fundamental Particles and Selfgravitating Particlelike Structure with the de Sitter Core   
I. Dymnikova<sup>1</sup>, A. Hasan<sup>2</sup>, and J. Ulbricht<sup>2</sup>   
<sup>1</sup>Pedagogical University of Olsztyn, PL-10-561 Olsztyn, Poland   
<sup>2</sup>Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland   
The processes $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\mathrm{n}\gamma (\mathrm{n}2)`$ are studied to estimate the total and differential cross sections of these reactions using the L3 data collected during 1991–1998 at energies ($`\sqrt{s}`$) in the range 91–183 GeV. The lower limits obtained at 95% CL are, on a contact interaction energy scale $`\mathrm{\Lambda }>1065`$ GeV, on the mass of an excited electron $`m_\mathrm{e}^{}>263`$ GeV. The upper and lower limits on the gravitational size of fundamental particles are estimated using the model of selfgravitating particlelike structure with de Sitter core, which gives an estimate for self-coupling of the Higgs field $`\lambda \pi /16`$ and for the mass of the Higgs scalar $`m_H154`$ GeV. 

The processes $`\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^{}\mathrm{n}\gamma (\mathrm{n}2)`$ are studied to estimate the total and differential cross sections of these reactions using the L3 data collected during 1991–1998 at energies ($`\sqrt{s}`$) in the range 91–183 GeV. The observed rates and distributions are in agreement with the QED predictions. This puts constraints on the existence of an excited electron of mass $`m_e^{}`$ which may replace the virtual electron in the QED process  and also on the model with deviation from QED arising from an effective interaction with non-standard $`e^+e^{}\gamma `$ couplings and $`e^+e^{}\gamma \gamma `$ contact terms  . In the first case, the L3 data deliver $`m_\mathrm{e}^{}>263`$ GeV with the QED cut-off parameters $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_+>262`$ GeV and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{}>245`$ GeV  and in the second case, limit the geometrical diameter of the interaction area to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }>1065`$ GeV ( $`1.9\times 10^{17}`$ cm ).   
The L3 analysis  and the CDF  data exclude excited electrons below $`263`$ GeV and excited quarks between $`80`$ and $`570`$ GeV and between $`580`$ and $`760`$ GeV. The limits for the direct contact term measurements of ref.  and the g-2 experiments  are in the range $`10^{17}`$cm - $`10^{22}`$ cm. As in the QED it seems that the fundamental particles (FPs) have no internal substructure and their size is down to zero.

To find some limits on a size of a FP we need a model for extended particle. In recent years a variety of models of selfgravitating structures with non-Abelian fields has been found including black holes with non-Abelian hair . Among them there exists a neutral type for which a non-Abelian structure can be approximated by a sphere of the uniform vacuum density $`\rho _{vac}`$ whose radius is the Compton wave length of a massive non-Abelian field; numerical results suggest that an additional horizon must exist and a black hole is approximated near it by de Sitter-Schwarzschild spacetime .

De Sitter-Schwarzschild spacetime has been studied in the literature with the original motivation to replace a black hole singularity by de Sitter regular core. The exact analytic solution describing de Sitter-Schwarzschild spacetime was found by one of us , and it appeared to present three types of objects dependently on a mass: a nonsingular neutral black hole with two horizons for mass $`m>m_{cr}0.3m_{Pl}(\rho _{Pl}/\rho _{vac})^{1/2}`$, extreme black hole with the degenerate horizon for $`m=m_{cr}`$, and neutral particlelike structure without horizons for $`m<m_{cr}`$ (see Fig.1). In the course of Hawking evaporation a black hole loses its mass, and the configuration evolves towards a particlelike structure . Its geometrical (gravitational) size can be estimated from curvature considerations. The scalar curvature $`R`$ is negative near $`r0`$ and proportional to $`r_0^2`$, where $`r_0`$ is de Sitter horizon defined by $`\sqrt{3c^2/8\pi G\rho _{vac}}`$. Exterior curvature is positive, $`Rr_gr^3`$, where $`r_g=2Gm/c^2`$ and $`m`$ is the gravitational mass. Then a surface of zero curvature, $`r(r_0^2r_g)^{1/3}`$, can be chosen as characteristic size for a particlelike structure $`r_p`$. In the particular model of Ref  it is determined by

$$r_p=(4r_0^2r_g/3)^{1/3}=\frac{l_{Pl}}{\pi ^{1/3}}\left(\frac{m}{m_{Pl}}\right)^{1/3}\left(\frac{\rho _{Pl}}{\rho _{vac}}\right)^{1/3}$$

In the context of spontaneous symmetry breaking de Sitter core can be related to the vacuum expectation value $`v`$ of a Higgs field giving mass to a particle. Then $`\rho _{vac}/\rho _{Pl}=\lambda v^4/4`$, where $`\lambda `$ is self-coupling of a Higgs field. It gives a particle mass $`m=gv`$, where $`g`$ is the relevant coupling. The ratio of geometric size to a quantum size $`\lambda _c`$ (Compton wave length) is given by

$$\frac{r_p}{\lambda _c}=\left(\frac{4g^4}{\pi \lambda }\right)^{1/3}$$

Taking into account that for Higgs scalar $`g=\sqrt{2\lambda }`$, we can estimate its self-coupling $`\lambda `$ from the requirement that geometrical size of a particle can not be bigger than its quantum size. It gives $`\lambda \pi /16`$, which allows us to find the upper limit for a mass of the Higgs scalar. In the Weinberg-Salam theory $`v=246`$ GeV, and we get for the Higgs mass $`m_H154`$ GeV.   
With the upper bound for self-coupling $`\lambda `$, we can estimate upper limits for sizes of leptons. It gives $`r_e<1.91\times 10^{18}`$ cm, $`r_\mu <1.13\times 10^{17}`$cm, and $`r_\tau <2.89\times 10^{17}`$cm. To estimate a lower limit on a size of a particle we take into account a possible cosmological scenario of particle production in the course of phase transitions in the early Universe. In this context the limiting scale for a vacuum expectation value $`v`$ is the scale at which Compton wave length $`\lambda _c`$ of a particle fits within the causal horizon $`r_0=H^1=\sqrt{3c^2/8\pi G\rho _{vac}}`$. It gives the lower limits for FP sizes as $`r_e>6.21\times 10^{26}`$cm, $`r_\mu >1.05\times 10^{26}`$cm, and $`r_\tau >4.10\times 10^{27}`$cm. References   
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