# Static Axially Symmetric Einstein-Yang-Mills-dilaton solutions: Addendum Asymptotic solutions

## Abstract

We discuss the asymptotic form of the static axially symmetric, globally regular and black hole solutions, obtained recently in Einstein-Yang-Mills and Einstein-Yang-Mills-dilaton theory.

Preprint gr-qc/9909160

Recently, we have constructed static axially symmetric regular and black hole solutions in SU(2) Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) and Einstein-Yang-Mills-dilaton (EYMD) theory . Representing generalizations of the spherically symmetric regular and black hole solutions , these solutions are characterized by two integers, their winding number $`n`$ and the node number $`k`$ of their gauge field functions. The spherically symmetric solutions have winding number $`n=1`$.

These non-abelian EYM and EYMD solutions are asymptotically flat. They have non-trivial magnetic gauge field configurations, but carry no global charge. To every globally regular solution there exists a corresponding family of black hole solutions with regular event horizon $`x_\mathrm{H}>0`$. These non-abelian black hole solutions demonstrate that neither the “no-hair” theorem nor Israel’s theorem hold in EYM and EYMD theory.

Here we give a detailed account of the asymptotic form of these static axially symmetric solutions. In particular we find, that the expansion of the gauge field functions in powers of $`1/x`$ must be supplemented with non-analytic terms for $`n=2`$ and 4.

Let us briefly recall the SU(2) Einstein-Yang-Mills-dilaton action

$$S=\left(\frac{R}{16\pi G}+L_M\right)\sqrt{g}d^4x$$
(1)   
with matter Lagrangian

$$L_M=\frac{1}{2}_\mu \mathrm{\Phi }^\mu \mathrm{\Phi }e^{2\kappa \mathrm{\Phi }}\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{Tr}(F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }),$$
(2)   
field strength tensor $`F_{\mu \nu }=_\mu A_\nu _\nu A_\mu +ie[A_\mu ,A_\nu ]`$, gauge field $`A_\mu =\frac{1}{2}\tau ^aA_\mu ^a`$, dilaton field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, and Yang-Mills and dilaton coupling constants $`e`$ and $`\kappa `$, respectively.

In terms of the polar coordinates $`r`$, $`\theta `$ and $`\varphi `$ the isotropic metric reads 

$$ds^2=fdt^2+\frac{m}{f}dr^2+\frac{mr^2}{f}d\theta ^2+\frac{lr^2\mathrm{sin}^2\theta }{f}d\varphi ^2,$$
(3)   
where $`f`$, $`m`$ and $`l`$ are only functions of $`r`$ and $`\theta `$, and regularity on the $`z`$-axis requires $`m|_{\theta =0}=l|_{\theta =0}`$ .

We parameterize the static axially symmetric gauge field as 

$$A_\mu dx^\mu =\frac{1}{2er}\left[\tau _\varphi ^n\left(H_1dr+\left(1H_2\right)rd\theta \right)n\left(\tau _r^nH_3+\tau _\theta ^n\left(1H_4\right)\right)r\mathrm{sin}\theta d\varphi \right],$$
(4)   
where $`n`$ denotes the winding number, the $`su(2)`$ matrices $`\tau _\phi ^n,\tau _r^n,\tau _\theta ^n`$ are defined in terms of Pauli matrices $`\tau _1,\tau _2,\tau _3`$ by

$$\tau _\phi ^n=\mathrm{sin}(n\phi )\tau _1+\mathrm{cos}(n\phi )\tau _2,\tau _r^n=\mathrm{sin}\theta \tau _\rho ^n+\mathrm{cos}\theta \tau _3,\tau _\theta ^n=\mathrm{cos}\theta \tau _\rho ^n\mathrm{sin}\theta \tau _3,$$
(5)   
with $`\tau _\rho ^n=\mathrm{cos}(n\phi )\tau _1+\mathrm{sin}(n\phi )\tau _2`$. The $`H_i`$ are only functions of $`r`$ and $`\theta `$, and regularity on the $`z`$-axis requires $`H_2|_{\theta =0}=H_4|_{\theta =0}`$.

Under abelian gauge transformations 

$$U=\mathrm{exp}\left\{i\mathrm{\Gamma }\tau _\phi ^n/2\right\},$$
(6)   
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a function of $`r`$ and $`\theta `$, the gauge potential (4) is form invariant and the functions $`H_i`$ transform like

$`H_1`$ $``$ $`\widehat{H}_1=H_1r_r\mathrm{\Gamma },`$ (7)   
$`H_2`$ $``$ $`\widehat{H}_2=H_2+_\theta \mathrm{\Gamma },`$ (8)   
$`H_3`$ $``$ $`\widehat{H}_3=\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Gamma }(H_3+\mathrm{cot}\theta )\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Gamma }H_4\mathrm{cot}\theta ,`$ (9)   
$`H_4`$ $``$ $`\widehat{H}_4=\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Gamma }(H_3+\mathrm{cot}\theta )+\mathrm{cos}\mathrm{\Gamma }H_4.`$ (10)   
We fix the gauge by choosing 

$$r_rH_1_\theta H_2=0.$$
(12)   
For convenience we introduce dimensionless quantities 

$$x=\frac{e}{\sqrt{4\pi G}}r,\phi =\sqrt{4\pi G}\mathrm{\Phi },\gamma =\frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi G}}\kappa .$$
(13)   
To obtain globally regular solutions or black hole solutions with a regular horizon with the proper symmetries, we must impose appropriate boundary conditions . For asymptotically flat, magnetically neutral solutions the boundary conditions at infinity are

$$f|_{x=\mathrm{}}=m|_{x=\mathrm{}}=l|_{x=\mathrm{}}=1,$$
(14)   
$$H_2|_{x=\mathrm{}}=H_4|_{x=\mathrm{}}=\pm 1,H_1|_{x=\mathrm{}}=H_3|_{x=\mathrm{}}=0,$$
(15)   
and we fix the scale invariance of the field equations by the condition $`\phi |_{x=\mathrm{}}=0`$.

We now consider the asymptotic form of the functions at infinity. In Appendix C of  we presented the expansion of the functions at infinity in powers of $`1/x`$, not considering possible non-analytic terms. This expansion reads 

$`H_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}\overline{H}_{12}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\theta +O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^3}}\right),`$ (16)   
$`H_2`$ $`=`$ $`\pm 1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2x^2}}\overline{H}_{12}\left(\mathrm{cos}^2\theta \mathrm{sin}^2\theta \right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^3}}\right),`$ (17)   
$`H_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\theta \overline{H}_{31}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x^2}}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\theta \left(\pm 2\overline{H}_{12}+\overline{H}_{31}\left(\overline{f}_1+2\gamma \overline{\phi }_1\right)\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^3}}\right),`$ (18)   
$`H_4`$ $`=`$ $`\pm \left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}\overline{H}_{31}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2x^2}}\overline{H}_{12}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4x^2}}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \left(\pm 2\overline{H}_{12}+\overline{H}_{31}\left(\overline{f}_1+2\gamma \overline{\phi }_1\right)\right)\right)+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^3}}\right),`$ (19)   
$`\phi `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}\overline{\phi }_1+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^3}}\right),`$ (20)   
$`f`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x}}\overline{f}_1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2x^2}}\overline{f}_1^2+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^3}}\right),`$ (21)   
$`m`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}\overline{l}_2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \overline{m}_2+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^3}}\right),`$ (22)   
$`l`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}\overline{l}_2+O\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^3}}\right),`$ (23)   
with constants $`\overline{H}_{12}`$, $`\overline{H}_{31}`$, $`\overline{f}_1`$, $`\overline{\phi }_1`$, $`\overline{m}_2`$ and $`\overline{l}_2`$.

The above expansion in powers of $`1/x`$ is, however, not necessarily complete, since non-analytic terms may be present. Inspection of the numerical solutions  reveals, that $`\mathrm{ln}x`$ terms must be included in the expansion of the gauge field functions for $`n=2`$ and 4, to obtain the proper asymptotic form of the solutions. In particular, for an even number of nodes and for winding number $`n=2`$ we obtain

$`H_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D_2\mathrm{ln}x\mathrm{sin}2\theta }{2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{D_2}{4}}\left[2({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}}\theta )\mathrm{cos}2\theta +\mathrm{cos}\theta (\mathrm{sin}\theta \pi )\right]D_0\mathrm{sin}2\theta \right\}`$ (25)   
$`+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$   
$`H_2`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{D_2\mathrm{ln}x\mathrm{cos}2\theta }{2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{D_2}{8}}\left[\mathrm{cos}2\theta +4\pi \mathrm{sin}\theta 4({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}}\theta )\mathrm{sin}2\theta \right]D_0\mathrm{cos}2\theta \right\}`$ (28)   
$`+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$   
$`F_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D_2\mathrm{ln}x\mathrm{cos}\theta }{2x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{x^2}}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{D_2}{16\mathrm{sin}\theta }}\left[4({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}}\theta )\mathrm{cos}2\theta +3\mathrm{sin}2\theta +\pi \mathrm{cos}\theta (3\mathrm{sin}^2\theta 2)\right]D_0\mathrm{cos}\theta \right\}`$ (31)   
$`+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$   
$`F_4`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D_1\mathrm{sin}\theta }{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{D_1(\overline{f}_1+2\gamma \overline{\phi }_1)\mathrm{sin}\theta }{4x^2}}+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$ (33)   
for $`n=3`$,

$`H_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D_2\mathrm{sin}2\theta }{2x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{D_3\mathrm{sin}2\theta }{2x^3}}+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$ (34)   
$`H_2`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{D_2\mathrm{cos}2\theta }{2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{D_3(9\mathrm{sin}^2\theta 2)}{6x^3}}+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$ (35)   
$`F_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D_2\mathrm{cos}\theta }{2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{cos}\theta }{18x^3}}\left[(9D_1D_25D_3)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta +6D_3\right]+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$ (36)   
$`F_4`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D_1\mathrm{sin}\theta }{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{D_1(\overline{f}_1+2\gamma \overline{\phi }_1)\mathrm{sin}\theta }{4x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\theta }{12x^3}}\left[\left(5D_3+3D_1D^{}+15D_4\right)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta 4D_312D_4\right]`$ (38)   
$`+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$   
and for $`n=4`$,

$`H_1`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D_2\mathrm{sin}2\theta }{2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{D_3\mathrm{ln}x\mathrm{sin}4\theta }{4x^4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{D_3}{16x^4}}\left[4({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}}\theta )\mathrm{cos}4\theta \mathrm{sin}4\theta \pi \mathrm{cos}\theta (215\mathrm{sin}^2\theta )\right]+{\displaystyle \frac{D_4\mathrm{sin}4\theta }{8x^4}}`$ (40)   
$`+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$   
$`H_2`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{D_2\mathrm{cos}2\theta }{2x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{D_3\mathrm{ln}x\mathrm{cos}4\theta }{4x^4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{D_3}{16x^4}}\left[4\pi \mathrm{sin}\theta (25\mathrm{sin}^2\theta )\mathrm{cos}4\theta 4({\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{2}}\theta )\mathrm{sin}4\theta \right]+{\displaystyle \frac{D_4\mathrm{cos}4\theta }{8x^4}}`$ (42)   
$`+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$   
$`F_3`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D_2\mathrm{cos}\theta }{2x^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{D_1D_2\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{sin}^2\theta }{2x^3}}{\displaystyle \frac{D_3\mathrm{ln}x\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}2\theta }{4x^4}}+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$ (43)   
$`F_4`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{D_1\mathrm{sin}\theta }{x}}{\displaystyle \frac{D_1(\overline{f}_1+2\gamma \overline{\phi }_1)\mathrm{sin}\theta }{4x^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\theta }{4x^3}}\left[\left(D_1D^{}5D_5\right)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta +4D_5\right]+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},`$ (44)   
where $`D_0`$$`D_5`$, $`\overline{\phi }_1`$ and $`\overline{f}_1`$ are constants and $`D^{}=[(\overline{f}_1+2\gamma \overline{\phi }_1)^2+2(\overline{f}_1^2+\overline{l}_22\overline{m}_2)]/4`$ . The gauge field functions $`H_3`$ and $`H_4`$ are related to the functions $`F_3`$ and $`F_4`$ by

$$H_3=\mathrm{sin}\theta F_3+\mathrm{cos}\theta F_4,1H_4=\mathrm{cos}\theta F_3\mathrm{sin}\theta F_4,$$
(45)   
and the asymptotic solutions for an odd number of nodes are obtained from the asymptotic solutions for an even number of nodes by multiplying the functions $`H_1`$, $`H_2`$ and $`H_4`$ by minus one. Note the explicit occurrence of $`\theta `$ in the expansions for $`n=2`$ and 4. For all $`n`$, the leading terms of the dilaton function are

$$\phi =\frac{\overline{\phi }_1}{x}+\frac{\overline{\phi }_3}{2x^3}(3\mathrm{cos}^2\theta 1)+\mathrm{higher}\mathrm{order}\mathrm{terms},$$
(46)   
and for the metric functions the equations (21)-(23) hold .

We now discuss the properties of these asymptotic solutions, assuming $`x>>1`$. First of all we note that along the $`z`$\- and $`\rho `$-axis all functions fulfill the proper boundary conditions . Furthermore, under the transformation $`\theta \pi \theta `$ the gauge field functions $`H_1`$ and $`F_3`$ are odd while $`H_2`$ and $`F_4`$ are even, consequently $`H_3`$ is odd while $`H_4`$ is even.

Concerning regularity of the asymptotic solutions along the symmetry axis, we found, using the analysis of ref. , that local gauge transformations $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{(z)}^{(n)}`$ exist, which lead to locally regular gauge potentials along the $`z`$-axis. Thus, up to the order of the expansion the asymptotic solutions are regular.

For $`n=2`$ we checked that the contributions from the next orders ($`\mathrm{ln}x/x^3`$ and $`1/x^3`$) do not change the regularity and symmetry properties of the asymptotic solutions. We conjecture that this is also true for the corresponding higher order terms of the $`n=3`$ and $`n=4`$ asymptotic solutions.

Since $`\mathrm{ln}x/x^2`$ and $`\mathrm{ln}x/x^4`$ can not be expanded as a power series in $`1/x`$ a naive construction of the asymptotic solutions as power series in $`1/x`$ does not lead to the proper solutions for $`n=2`$ and $`n=4`$, respectively.

Finally we note, that comparison of the asymptotic solution Eqs. (25)-(33) with the numerical solutions, e. g. for $`n=2`$ and $`k=1`$, yields excellent agreement.