# Gravitation as a Quantum Diffusion11footnote 1Published in: ”Z.Zakir (2003) Structure of Space-Time and Matter, CTPA, Tashkent.”

## 1 Introduction

In  inhomogeneous conservative diffusion with the tensor of diffusion $`\nu ^{ab}(x,t)`$ has been considered, and the similarities in the geometric descriptions of gravitation and quantum fluctuations have been discussed. The proposed idea about the physical nature of gravitation is that gravitation is inhomogeneous Nelson’s diffusion, i.e. a consequence of the quantum fluctuations. This treatment may be applied also to some gauge fields by means of the Kaluza-Klein mechanism.

In  only the behavior of a sample particle on inhomogeneous stochastic background has been described. In this paper the influence of the source to this stochastic background will be considered, and gravitation will be described fully in terms of the general quantum diffusion. Then the Einstein equations will be related with the corresponding diffusion equations.

## 2 Sample particles on inhomogeneous stochastic background

At inhomogeneous diffusion, considered in , the mean acceleration $`E[a^i(x,t)]`$ does not contain terms with the osmotic velocity $`u^i`$, and for the diffusion of the free particle we have:

$$E\left[\frac{v_i}{t}+(𝐯)v_i\right]=0.$$
(1)   
Here a new diffusional acceleration appears due to the presence of derivatives of the metrics in the Laplace-Beltrami operator $``$:

$$E\left[\frac{v_i}{t}+(𝐯)v_i\right]=E[\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^kv^jv_k].$$
(2)   
The diffusional acceleration $`E[\mathrm{\Gamma }_{ij}^kv^jv_k]`$ does not depend on the mass $`m`$ of the sample particle, i.e. we have an exact analog of the equivalence principle.

L.Smolin  had paid attention to the equality of the quantum diffusional mass $`m_q`$, determining from the diffusion coefficient $`\nu =\mathrm{}/2m_q,`$ and the inertial mass $`m_{in}`$ with the high accuracy $`(m_{in}m_q)/m_{in}<4\times 10^{13}`$. Here we can consider this fact as following from the generalized equivalence principle \- the equivalence between the inertial motion in curved spacetime, the motion in the gravitational field and inhomogeneous quantum diffusion.

Independence of the acceleration on the mass of the sample particle leads also to the same acceleration of macroscopic objects and the basises of reference frames. The acceleration of the reference frame means the appearance of non-trivial macroscopic metric and non-zero curvature of space-time.

## 3 The influence of matter to the stochastic background

At the interaction with the stochastic background, a massive classical particle of a bare mass $`m_0`$ undergoes the stochastic fluctuations. At these fluctuations the energy of the vacuum around the particle partly transforms into the energy of particle’s fluctuations. As the result, particle’s energy increases to the quantum fluctuations energy $`T_{ik}^{(q)}(m_0^1)`$ which is inverse proportional to the bare mass $`m_0`$, and the physical energy momentum density of matter becomes equal to:

$$T_{ik}(m)=T_{ik}^{(0)}(m_0)+T_{ik}^{(q)}(\frac{1}{m_0}).$$
(3)   
Due to this energy transfer the vacuum energy density around the source decreases with respect to the unperturbed vacuum at the spatial infinity. This lowering of the vacuum energy density is maximal near the source and vanish at large distances. The such inhomogeneity of the vacuum energy density leads to a coordinate dependence of the diffusion coefficient $`\nu _{ik}(x)`$ which can be considered as the metric tensor of the effective Riemannian manifold. As it was shown in , the lowering of the energy density near the massive object leads to the diffusional acceleration of sample particles to that source so that this acceleration does not depend on the mass of the sample particles.

As a physical model of this effect we can consider the behavior of two classical particles in an accelerated frame of reference. Let the first particle’s trajectory be a geodesic line. This particle does not interact with the frame of reference and its ”gravitational energy” is zero. Let the second particle be accelerated together with one of the local frames of the accelerated frame, and it is at rest in this frame. In this case the local frame expends the energy for the acceleration of the particle. As a result, the energy of the particle increases while the energy of the local frame interacting with the particle decreases. If the local frames at some surface of the extended reference frame are bonded by elastic springs (same as a trampoline), then the acceleration of the particle with one of the local frames leads to the formation of a smooth curved surface around this frame.

Thus, a gravitational energy density is related with the lowering of the vacuum energy density around the source, i.e. by the decreasing of the intensity of the quantum fluctuations. This fact we can take into account in the standard action function $`A`$:

$$A=\frac{1}{2}𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }\sqrt{\gamma }\left(\frac{1}{\kappa }R+L_{(m)}\right),$$
(4)   
by the variation not the Lagrangian with the Ricci tensor $`R_{ik}`$, but directly containing the Riemann tensor $`R_{ilkm}`$ as in . We have:

$$\delta A=\frac{1}{2}𝑑\mathrm{\Omega }\sqrt{\gamma }[G_{iklm}+T_{iklm}]\gamma ^{il}\delta \gamma ^{km}=0,$$
(5)   
and

$$G_{iklm}+T_{iklm}=0.$$
(6)   
Here:

$$G_{iklm}=\frac{1}{\kappa }[R_{iklm}\frac{1}{6}(\gamma _{il}\gamma _{km}\gamma _{im}\gamma _{kl})R],$$
(7)   
$$T_{iklm}=V_{iklm}+\frac{1}{2}(\gamma _{km}T_{il}\gamma _{kl}T_{im}+\gamma _{il}T_{km}\gamma _{im}T_{kl})\frac{1}{6}(\gamma _{il}\gamma _{km}\gamma _{im}\gamma _{kl})T.$$
(8)   
The energy-momentum density tensor of the source $`T_{iklm}`$ contains the energy-momentum density of the matter $`T_{ik}`$, its scalar $`T=g^{ik}T_{ik}`$, and the new term $`V_{iklm}`$ which is the 4-index energy-momentum density tensor for the gravitational field  with zero contraction $`g^{il}V_{iklm}=0`$. In the vacuum the $`R_{iklm}`$ is equal to the Weyl tensor $`C_{iklm}`$ which, in fact, determines the energy-momentum density of the gravitational field as:

$$\frac{1}{\kappa }C_{iklm}=V_{iklm}.$$
(9)   
In the asymptotically flat spacetime this definition of the gravitational energy leads to the same total energy of the source and its gravitational field as the pseudotensor and Hamiltonian approaches.

Another evidence of the quantum diffusional nature of gravitation is the explanation of the time dilation in the gravitational field. Due to the slowering of the quantum fluctuations around the massive source (the vacuum around had ”lost” the energy for the fluctuating the source), the frequencies of the wave functions of sample particles and energy levels of atoms, related with the intensity of the quantum fluctuations, become redshifted, i.e. all quantum processes near the source occur slower than at the spatial infinity.