# Holographic Bound in Brans-Dicke Cosmology

## I Introduction

In black hole theory, we know that the total entropy of matter inside a black hole cannot be greater than the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, which is $`1/4`$ of the area of the event horizon of the black hole measured in Planck units . The extension of this statement to more general situations leads to the holographic principle . The most radical version of the holographic principle motivated by the Ads/CFT conjecture is that all the information about a physical system in a spatial region is encoded in the boundary. The application of this idea to cosmology was first considered by Fischler and Susskind . For the universe, it does not have a boundary, how can we apply the holographic principle to cosmology? Fischler and Susskind answered this question by considering a space inside the particle horizon. They proposed that the matter entropy inside a spatial volume of particle horizon would not exceed $`1/4`$ of the area of the particle horizon measured in Planck units. They found that the flat universe and open universe obeyed this version of holographic principle. However, closed universe violates this principle. This may imply our universe is flat or open. On the other hand, this may imply we need to revise the holographic principle somehow. Easther and Lowe use the generalized second law of thermodynamics to replace the holographic principle . Bak and Rey  considered apparent horizon instead of particle horizon to solve the problem. In cosmology, there is a nature choice of length scale, the Hubble distance, $`H^1`$. $`H^1`$ coincides with the particle horizon and apparent horizon apart from an order 1 numerical factor for the flat universe, but it becomes much larger than the apparent horizon for the closed universe. So we know that the choice of $`H^1`$ as the horizon cannot solve the problem of violation of the holographic principle in the closed universe. The holographic principle in cosmology is also discussed in  and . Einstein’s theory may not describe gravity at very high energy. The simplest generalization of Einstein’s theory is Brans-Dicke theory. The recent interest in scalar-tensor theories of gravity arises from the inflationary cosmology, supergravity and string theory. There exists at least one scalar field, the dilaton field, in the low energy effective bosonic string theory. Scalar degrees of freedoms arise also upon compactification of higher dimensions. In this paper, we apply the Fischler and Susskind proposal to the Brans-Dicke cosmology in both the Jordan and Einstein frames.

## II Brans-Dicke Cosmology in Jordan Frame

The Brans-Dicke Lagrangian in Jordan frame is given by

$$_{BD}=\sqrt{\gamma }\left[\varphi \stackrel{~}{R}+\omega \gamma ^{\mu \nu }\frac{_\mu \varphi _\nu \varphi }{\varphi }\right]_m(\psi ,\gamma _{\mu \nu }).$$
(1)   
The above Lagrangian (1) is conformal invariant under the conformal transformations,

$$g_{\mu \nu }=\mathrm{\Omega }^2\gamma _{\mu \nu },\mathrm{\Omega }=\varphi ^\lambda ,(\lambda \frac{1}{2}),\sigma =\varphi ^{12\lambda },\overline{\omega }=\frac{\omega 6\lambda (\lambda 1)}{(2\lambda 1)^2}.$$

For the case $`\lambda =1/2`$, we make the following transformations

$$g_{\mu \nu }=e^{\alpha \sigma }\gamma _{\mu \nu },$$
(2)   
$$\varphi =\frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}e^{\alpha \sigma },$$
(3)   
where $`\kappa ^2=8\pi G`$, $`\alpha =\beta \kappa `$, and $`\beta ^2=2/(2\omega +3)`$. Remember that the Jordan-Brans-Dicke Lagrangian is not invariant under the above transformations (2) and (3). The homogeneous and isotropic Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) space-time metric is

$$ds^2=dt^2+a^2(t)\left[\frac{dr^2}{1kr^2}+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }\right],$$
(4)   
the above metric can be written as

$$ds^2=dt^2+a^2(t)\left[d\chi ^2+\mathrm{\Sigma }^2(d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\varphi ^2)\right],$$
(5)   
where

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\begin{array}{cc}\chi \hfill & k=0,\\ \mathrm{sinh}\chi \hfill & k=1,\\ \mathrm{sin}\chi \hfill & k=1.\end{array}$$
(6)   
Based on the FRW metric and the perfect fluid $`T_m^{\mu \nu }=(\rho +p)U^\mu U^\nu +pg^{\mu \nu }`$ as the matter source, we can get the evolution equations of the universe from the action (1)

$$H^2+\frac{k}{a^2}+H\frac{\dot{\varphi }}{\varphi }\frac{\omega }{6}\left(\frac{\dot{\varphi }}{\varphi }\right)^2=\frac{8\pi }{3\varphi }\rho ,$$
(7)   
$$\ddot{\varphi }+3H\dot{\varphi }=4\pi \beta ^2(\rho 3p),$$
(8)   
$$\dot{\rho }+3H(\rho +p)=0.$$
(9)   
If we are given a state equation for the matter $`p=\gamma \rho `$, then the solution to Eq. (9) is

$$\rho a^{3(\gamma +1)}=C_1.$$
(10)   
Most of the cosmological solutions in this paper were given in . For the case $`k=0`$, we can get the power-law solutions to the Eqs. (7) and (8) with the help of Eq. (10),

$$a(t)=a_0t^p,\varphi (t)=\varphi _0t^q,$$
(11)   
where

$$p=\frac{2+2\omega (1\gamma )}{4+3\omega (1\gamma ^2)},q=\frac{2(13\gamma )}{4+3\omega (1\gamma ^2)},1\gamma <1\frac{2}{3+\sqrt{6}/\beta },$$
(12)   
$`a_0`$ and $`\varphi _0`$ are integration constants, and $`[q(q1)+3pq]\varphi _0=4\pi \beta ^2(13\gamma )C_1a_0^{3(\gamma +1)}`$. The solution for $`\gamma =1/3`$ is very special because the scalar field does not evolve. We will take care of this case later. The particle horizon is

$$r_H=_0^t\frac{d\stackrel{~}{t}}{a(\stackrel{~}{t})}=\frac{4+3\omega (1\gamma ^2)}{a_0[2+\omega (1\gamma )(1+3\gamma )]}t^{1p}.$$
(13)   
Therefore, the ratio between the entropy inside the particle horizon and the area of the horizon is

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{4}{3G}ϵ\frac{r_H}{a^2}=\frac{4ϵ}{3G}\frac{4+3\omega (1\gamma ^2)}{a_0^3[2+\omega (1\gamma )(1+3\gamma )]}t^{13p},$$
(14)   
where $`ϵ`$ is the constant comoving entropy density, and $`13p=[2+3\omega (1\gamma )^2]/[4+3\omega (1\gamma ^2)]`$. The holographic bound is satisfied for $`\gamma `$ in the range given by Eq. (12) if the above ratio is not greater than 1 initially.

For the case $`k=\pm 1`$, we do not have a general solution for all values of $`\gamma `$, so we consider two special cases: the matter dominated universe with $`\gamma =0`$ and the radiation dominated universe with $`\gamma =1/3`$. It is convenient to use the cosmic time $`d\eta =dt/a(t)`$.

For $`\gamma =1/3`$, we can solve Eq. (8) to get

$$a^3\dot{\varphi }=C_2,$$
(15)   
where $`C_20`$ is an integration constant.

* $`k=1`$, the solutions are

$$\varphi (\eta )=\varphi _0\left[\frac{4\pi C_1\mathrm{tan}(\eta +\eta _0)/3+\sqrt{16\pi ^2C_1^2/9+C_2^2/6\beta ^2}\sqrt{C_2^2/6\beta ^2}}{4\pi C_1\mathrm{tan}(\eta +\eta _0)/3+\sqrt{16\pi ^2C_1^2/9+C_2^2/6\beta ^2}+\sqrt{C_2^2/6\beta ^2}}\right]^{\sqrt{3\beta ^2/2}},$$
(16)   
$$a^2(\eta )\varphi (\eta )=\frac{4\pi C_1}{3}+\sqrt{\frac{16\pi ^2C_1^2}{9}+\frac{C_2^2}{6\beta ^2}}\mathrm{sin}[2(\eta +\eta _0)],$$
(17)   
where $`\eta _0`$ is an integration constant. The entropy to area ratio is

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{ϵ(2\eta \mathrm{sin}2\eta )\varphi (\eta )}{G\mathrm{sin}^2\eta \{4\pi C_1/3+\sqrt{64\pi ^2C_1^2/9+2C_2^2/3\beta ^2}\mathrm{sin}[2(\eta +\eta _0)]\}}.$$
(18)   
Note that $`02(\eta +\eta _0)\pi `$, so we see that the holographic bound can be satisfied if it is satisfied initially.
* $`k=1`$ and $`C_2^2<32\pi ^2\beta ^2C_1^2/3`$, we have solutions

$$a^2(\eta )\varphi (\eta )=\frac{4\pi C_1}{3}+\frac{1}{16}e^{2(\eta +\eta _0)}+\left(\frac{64\pi ^2C_1^2}{9}\frac{2C_2^2}{3\beta ^2}\right)e^{2(\eta +\eta _0)},$$
(19)   
$$\varphi =\varphi _0\left[\frac{(4\pi C_1/3+b)\mathrm{tanh}(\eta +\eta _0)c+C_2/\beta \sqrt{6}}{(4\pi C_1/3+b)\mathrm{tanh}(\eta +\eta _0)cC_2/\beta \sqrt{6}}\right]^{\sqrt{3\beta ^2/2}},$$
(20)   
where $`b=1/16+64\pi ^2C_1^2/92C_2^2/3\beta ^2`$ and $`c=1/1664\pi ^2C_1^2/9+2C_2^2/3\beta ^2`$. The Brans-Dicke scalar field changes very slowly compared to the scale factor. Therefore the holographic bound

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{ϵ(\mathrm{sinh}2\eta 2\eta )\varphi }{G\mathrm{sinh}^2\eta [4\pi C_1/3+e^{2(\eta +\eta _0)}/16+(64\pi ^2C_1^2/92C_2^2/3\beta ^2)e^{2(\eta +\eta _0)}]}1,$$
(21)   
will be satisfied if it is satisfied initially.
* $`k=0`$, the solutions are

$$a^2(\eta )\varphi (\eta )=\frac{8\pi C_1}{3}(\eta +\eta _0)^2\frac{C_2^2}{16\pi \beta ^2C_1},$$
(22)   
$$\varphi (\eta )=\varphi _0\left[\frac{\eta +\eta _0\sqrt{6}C_2/16\pi \beta C_1}{\eta +\eta _0+\sqrt{6}C_2/16\pi \beta C_1}\right]^{\sqrt{3\beta ^2/2}}.$$
(23)   
The Brans-Dicke scalar field $`\varphi `$ slowly increases up to $`\varphi _0`$ as the universe expands. The holographic bound

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{4ϵ}{3G}\frac{\eta \varphi (\eta )}{8\pi C_1(\eta +\eta _0)^2/3C_2^2/16\pi \beta ^2C_1}1$$
(24)   
can be satisfied if it is satisfied initially.

For $`\gamma =0`$, the solutions are:

$$a(\eta )=a_0e^{b\eta },\varphi =\varphi _0e^{b\eta },$$
(25)   
where $`b^2=2k/(2+\omega )`$ and $`4\pi \beta ^2C_1=a_0\varphi _0b^2`$.

* $`k=1`$ and $`2<\omega <3/2`$, the above solutions (25) are exponential expansion in the cosmic time $`\eta `$ or linear expansion in the coordinate time $`t`$. The entropy to area ration is

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{ϵ(\mathrm{sinh}2\eta 2\eta )}{Ga_0^2e^{2b\eta }\mathrm{sinh}^2\eta }.$$
(26)   
So the holographic bound can be satisfied for $`2<\omega <3/2`$ if it is satisfied initially.
* $`k=1`$ and $`\omega <2`$, the solutions (25) are linear in the coordinate time $`t`$. The entropy to area ratio is

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{ϵ(2\eta \mathrm{sin}2\eta )}{Ga_0^2e^{2b\eta }\mathrm{sin}^2\eta }.$$
(27)   
It is obvious that the holographic bound can be violated when $`\eta =n\pi `$ for any integer $`n`$.

In fact, the current experimental constraint on $`\omega `$ is $`\omega >500`$ or $`\beta ^2<0.002`$. The solutions (25) may not be physical. However, the low energy effective theory of the string theory can lead to $`\omega =1`$, we may need to explore the possibility of negative $`\omega `$. For positive $`\omega `$, we need to solve the equations numerically. When $`\omega \mathrm{}`$ and at late times, the Brans-Dicke cosmological solutions become general relativistic solutions.

## III Brans-Dicke Cosmology in Einstein Frame

The Brans-Dicke Lagrangian in Einstein frame is obtained by the conformal transformations (2) and (3),

$$=\sqrt{g}\left[\frac{1}{2\kappa ^2}R\frac{1}{2}g^{\mu \nu }_\mu \sigma _\nu \sigma \right]_m(\psi ,e^{\alpha \sigma }g_{\mu \nu }).$$
(28)   
The perfect fluid becomes $`T_m^{\mu \nu }=e^{2a\sigma }[(\rho +p)U^\mu U^\nu +pg^{\mu \nu }]`$. From the FRW metric in the Einstein frame, we can get the evolution equations of the universe from the action (28)

$$H^2+\frac{k}{a^2}=\frac{\kappa ^2}{3}\left(\frac{1}{2}\dot{\sigma }^2+e^{2\alpha \sigma }\rho \right),$$
(29)   
$$\ddot{\sigma }+3H\dot{\sigma }=\frac{1}{2}\alpha e^{2\alpha \sigma }(\rho 3p),$$
(30)   
$$\dot{\rho }+3H(\rho +p)=\frac{3}{2}\alpha \dot{\sigma }(\rho +p).$$
(31)   
With $`p=\gamma \rho `$, the solution to Eq. (31) is

$$\rho a^{3(\gamma +1)}e^{3\alpha (\gamma +1)\sigma /2}=C_3,$$
(32)   
where $`C_3`$ is a constant of integration. For the flat universe $`k=0`$, combining Eqs. (29), (30) and (31), we have

$$ae^{\alpha (1\gamma )\sigma /\beta ^2(13\gamma )}=C_4,$$
(33)   
where $`C_4`$ is an integration constant and the above equation is valid for $`1\gamma <12/(3+\sqrt{6}/\beta )`$ and $`\gamma 1/3`$. To obtain the above solution, we assume that $`\dot{\sigma }a^30`$ and $`\dot{a}a^20`$ when $`a0`$. From Eqs. (29), (32) and (33), we get

$$H^2=\frac{2\kappa ^2(1\gamma )^2C_3C_4^{\beta ^2(13\gamma )^2/2(1\gamma )}}{6(1\gamma )^2\beta ^2(13\gamma )^2}a^{[6(1\gamma ^2)+\beta ^2(13\gamma )^2]/2(1\gamma )}.$$
(34)   
The particle horizon is

$$r_H=_0^a\frac{d\stackrel{~}{a}}{\stackrel{~}{a}^2H}=Ba^{[2(1\gamma )(1+3\gamma )+\beta ^2(13\gamma )^2]/4(1\gamma )},$$
(35)   
where

$$B=\frac{4C_4^{\beta ^2(3\gamma 1)^2/4(1\gamma )}\sqrt{6(1\gamma )^2\beta ^2(13\gamma )^2}}{[2(1\gamma )(1+3\gamma )+\beta ^2(3\gamma 1)^2]\sqrt{2\kappa ^2C_3}}$$

is a constant coefficient. The entropy to area ratio is

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{4ϵB}{3G}a^{[6(1\gamma )^2\beta ^2(13\gamma )^2]/4(1\gamma )}.$$
(36)   
For $`\gamma =1`$, we find that

$$Ha^3=C_6,$$

where $`C_6`$ is an integration constant. The entropy to area ratio

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{2ϵ}{3GC_6},$$

is also a constant.

For $`\gamma =1/3`$, we have

$$a^3\dot{\sigma }=C_5,$$
(37)   
where $`C_50`$ is an integration constant.

1. $`k=0`$, the entropy to area ratio is

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{4ϵ}{G\kappa C_3}\frac{\sqrt{C_3a^2+C_5^2/2}\sqrt{C_5^2/2}}{\sqrt{3}a^2}.$$
(38)   
Therefore, from Eqs. (36) and (38), we see that the holographic principle is satisfied for $`1\gamma <12/(3+\sqrt{6}/\beta )`$ provided that it is satisfied initially.
2. $`k=1`$ and $`\kappa ^2C_3^26C_5^2`$, we have

$$e^{2\chi _H}=\frac{2\sqrt{a^4+\kappa ^2C_3^2a^2/3+\kappa ^2C_5^2/6}+2a^2+\kappa ^2C_3/3}{2\sqrt{\kappa ^2C_5^2/6}+\kappa ^2C_3/3}.$$
(39)   
The entropy to area ratio is

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{ϵ(\mathrm{sinh}2\chi _H2\chi _H)}{Ga^2\mathrm{sinh}^2\chi _H}.$$
(40)   
As $`a`$ increases, $`4S/GA`$ decreases. The holographic bound is satisfied if it is satisfied initially.
3. $`k=1`$, we have

$$2\chi _H=\mathrm{arcsin}\frac{\kappa C_3}{\sqrt{\kappa ^2C_3^2+6C_5^2}}+\mathrm{arcsin}\frac{6a^2\kappa ^2C_3}{\sqrt{\kappa ^4C_3^2+6\kappa ^2C_5^2}}.$$
(41)   
The holographic bound

$$\frac{S}{GA/4}=\frac{ϵ(2\chi _H\mathrm{sin}2\chi _H)}{Ga^2\mathrm{sin}^2\chi _H}1$$
(42)   
is satisfied if it is satisfied initially.

For $`\gamma =0`$ and $`k^2=1`$, we do not have any analytical solution. We need to solve the problem numerically.

## IV Conclusions

We analyze the holographic principle in Brans-Dicke theory. For the flat universe, we find that the holographic bound can be satisfied for any matter with $`1\gamma <12/(3+\sqrt{6}/\beta )`$. For the universe with $`k^2=1`$, we do not have general analytical solutions for all values of $`\gamma `$. In particular, we do not have analytical solution for the matter dominated $`k^2=1`$ universe. We know that in standard Friedman cosmology, the holographic principle is violated for the closed matter dominated universe near the maximal expansion. To check the holographic bound for the $`k=1`$ matter dominated Brans-Dicke cosmological model, we need to do numerical calculation. However, the numerical results in  tell us that the expansion rate in Brans-Dicke models are slower than those in Friedman models. At large times, the difference becomes negligible. Therefore we expect that the holographic bound is also violated for the $`k=1`$ matter dominated universe in Brans-Dicke cosmology.

More recently, Bousso  consider the holographic bound in regions generated by null geodesics. He gave a prescription to select light sheets which are hypersurfaces generated by surfaces orthogonal to null geodesics with non-positive expansion. This covariant entropy bound can be hold in general space times<sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup>*The author thanks Raphael Bousso for the references.. I believe that the covariant entropy bound is also satisfied for Brans-Dicke cosmological models. To defend this belief, we need to do numerical calculation.