# (2+1)-Gravity and the embedding its dynamiycal symmetry and para-supersymmetry into 𝑆⁢𝑂⁢(4,𝑐) group

## 1 INTRODUCTION

Due to vanishing of Weyl tensor in $`(2+1)`$ dimensions, the Riemann curvature tensor can be identified with zero in matter-void regions of spacetime. Consequently, spacetime is flat in local vacua. Addition of cosmological constant term in the absence of matter leads to solutions with constant curvature, where the sign of cosmological constant determines the sign of scalar curvature . In the last few years many interesting problems have been investigated in $`(2+1)`$ dimensional gravity, such as the spacetime metric of multi-point particle with or without spin . The Einstein-Maxwell equations in $`(2+1)`$ dimensions have already been treated . Indeed, in many physical situations in $`(3+1)`$ dimensions there is no structure along one of spatial dimension like an infinite cosmic string, where the theory becomes $`(2+1)`$ dimensional. There are also some interesting works concerning the quantum mechanics of a point mass particle in the presence of a very heavy particle in $`(2+1)`$ dimensions, both relativistically and nonrelativistically .

We introduce the Einstein-Maxwell action in the presence of matter together with cosmological term in $`(2+1)`$ spacetime dimension. Then, we choose the solutions that correspond to a spacetime with a spatial part of locally constant curvature surface with deficit of angle at location of a very heavy point mass, and magnetic field of a magnetic monopole. For positive cosmological term we have Minkowskian and Euclidean spacetimes with spatial part of locally constant curvature. For vanishing cosmological term we have a spacetime with locally flat spatial part. Over these spacetimes, in absence of angular deficit, the quantum Hamiltonian associated with a free test particle leads to solvable systems with degeneracy group $`GL(2,c)`$, where their eigen-states can be obtained algebraically, too. We will show that quantum solvable models will be obtained by restricting the Casimir of $`SO(4,c)`$ group to the Casimir of $`SL(2,c)`$ group. These models possess simultaneously the degeneracy group $`SL(2,c)`$ and shape invariance symmetry, where both symmetries are kind of realization of para-supersymmetry of arbitrary order.

## 2 SOME SPECIAL EXACT SOLUTIONS OF EINSTEIN EQUATIONS

In $`(2+1)`$ dimensions the Einstein-Hilbert action of gravity coupled to matter and electromagnetic field, together with the cosmological term can be written as

$$S=d^3x\sqrt{g}\{\frac{1}{4\pi G}(R+2\mathrm{\Lambda })+\frac{1}{4}F_{\mu \nu }F^{\mu \nu }_M\},$$
(2.1)   
where $`_{}`$ is the matter Lagrangian. We have rescaled G by a factor of $`4`$. Variation of the action (2.1) leads to Einstein-Maxwell equations in $`(2+1)`$ dimensions

$$R_{\mu \nu }\frac{1}{2}g_{\mu \nu }R=2\pi GT_{\mu \nu }^{eff}$$
(2.2a)   
$$_\mu (\sqrt{g}F^{\mu \nu })=0$$
(2.2b)   
with $`T_{\mu \nu }^{eff}=T_{\mu \nu }^{(M)}+T_{\mu \nu }^{(EM)}+\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }}{2\pi G}g_{\mu \nu }`$. The energy-momentum tensor of matter $`T_{\mu \nu }^{(M)}`$ and electromagnetic $`T_{\mu \nu }^{(EM)}`$ are respectively

$$T_{\mu \nu }^{(M)}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{g}}\frac{\delta (\sqrt{g}_M)}{\delta g^{\mu \nu }},$$
(2.3a)   
$$T_{\mu \nu }^{(EM)}=g^{\alpha \beta }F_{\mu \alpha }F_{\nu \beta }+\frac{1}{4}g_{\mu \nu }F_{\lambda \sigma }F^{\lambda \sigma }.$$
(2.3b)   
We assume that our spacetime is described by the axial symmetric static metric, that is $`(_tg_{\mu \nu }=0,g_{_{0i}}=0)`$ :

$$ds_{(3)}^2=N^2(𝐫)dt^2\rho (𝐫)(dr^2+r^2d\varphi ^2),$$
(2.4)   
where $`0r<\mathrm{}`$ and $`0\varphi <2\pi `$ are the usual polar coordinates. The non-zero components of electromagnetic field tensor are

$$F_{0r}=E(r),F_{r\varphi }=B(r)andF_{0\varphi }=0$$

with E and B as electric and magnetic fields, respectively. After, changing the coordinates as $`x^1=r\mathrm{cos}\varphi `$ and $`x^2=r\mathrm{sin}\varphi `$, the electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor (2.3b) takes the following form

$$T_{\alpha \beta }^{(EM)}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{1}{2\rho }(\frac{N^2}{\rho r^2}B^2+E^2)& \frac{x^2}{\rho r^2}EB& \frac{x^1}{\rho r^2}EB\\ \frac{x^2}{\rho r^2}EB& \frac{1}{2\rho r^2}B^2+\frac{(x^2)^2(x^1)^2}{2r^2N^2}E^2& \frac{x^1x^2}{N^2r^2}E^2\\ \frac{x^1}{\rho r^2}EB& \frac{x^1x^2}{N^2r^2}E^2& \frac{1}{2\rho r^2}B^2\frac{(x^2)^2(x^1)^2}{2r^2N^2}E^2\end{array}\right).$$
(2.5)   
In this article we consider the matter as a point mass located at the origin $`(x^1=x^2=0)`$ with the only nonvanishing component of $`T_{\mu \nu }^{(M)}`$ as $`T_0^{(M)0}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{{}_{}{}^{(2)}g}}M\delta (x^1)\delta (x^2)`$, where $`{}_{}{}^{(2)}g`$ is the determinant of the spatial part of the metric. We remind that the Ricci scalar for metric (2.4) is

$$R=\frac{2}{\rho N}^2N+\frac{1}{\rho ^2}^2\rho \frac{1}{\rho ^3}(\stackrel{}{}\rho )^2,$$
(2.6)   
where $`^2`$ and $`\stackrel{}{}`$ are the usual Euclidean 2-dimensional Laplacian and gradient operators, respectively. For a spatially conformal metric with $`\rho (𝐫)=\rho ___0e^{2GM\mathrm{ln}r+\chi }`$, the singular term on the right hand side of Eqs. (2.2a) disappears. Thus, the equations can be written in the following singularity free form

$`EB=0`$   
$`^2\chi +2\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0r^{2GM}e^\chi +{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi G}{\rho ___0}}r^{2GM2}e^\chi B^2+{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi G}{N^2}}E^2=0`$   
$`_1_2N{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(_1N_2\chi +_1\chi _2N)+{\displaystyle \frac{GM}{r^2}}(x^2_1N+x^1_2N)2\pi G{\displaystyle \frac{x^1x^2}{Nr^2}}E^2=0`$   
$`_2^2N+\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0Nr^{2GM}e^\chi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(_1\chi _1N_2\chi _2N)GMr^2(x^1_1Nx^2_2N)`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi G}{\rho ___0}}Nr^{2GM2}e^\chi B^2\pi Gr^2{\displaystyle \frac{(x^2)^2(x^1)^2}{N}}E^2=0`$   
$`_1^2N+\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0Nr^{2GM}e^\chi +{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(_2\chi _2N_1\chi _1N)GMr^2(x^2_2Nx^1_1N)`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi G}{\rho ___0}}Nr^{2GM2}e^\chi B^2\pi Gr^2{\displaystyle \frac{(x^1)^2(x^2)^2}{N}}E^2=0.`$ (2.7)   
Letting $`E=0`$ in Eqs. (2.7) and using the following ansatz for the magnetic field $`B`$

$$B^2=h\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0^2}{\pi G}r^{24GM}e^{2\chi }$$

where $`h`$ is a constant parameter. Then, with a change of variable $`u=r^{1GM}`$, the Eqs. (2.7) can be written as

$$\frac{1}{u}\frac{d}{du}(u\frac{d}{du})\chi +\frac{2(1+h)\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0}{(1GM)^2}e^\chi =0$$
(2.8a)   
$$\frac{1}{u}\frac{dN}{du}=\frac{c}{1GM}e^\chi $$
(2.8b)   
$$\frac{1}{u}\frac{d}{du}(u\frac{d}{du})N+\frac{2(1h)\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0}{(1GM)^2}Ne^\chi =0,$$
(2.8c)   
where $`c`$ is a constant of integration. Choosing the following ansatz as a solution for the Eq. (2.8a)

$$e^\chi =\frac{1}{(1+\frac{(1+h)\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0}{4(1GM)^2}u^2)^2},$$
(2.9)   
we make use of (2.9) to solve the Eq. (2.8b) as

$$N=c\frac{\frac{2(1GM)}{(1+h)\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0}}{1+\frac{(1+h)\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0}{4(1GM)^2}u^2}+d,$$

where $`d`$ is another constant of integration. Next, having inserted the results just obtained for $`\chi `$ and $`N`$ in Eq. (2.8c), we get the following equations for constants $`d`$ and $`c`$

$`{\displaystyle \frac{(1h^2)\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0}{1GM}}d(1+h)c=0`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{(1h)\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0}{1GM}}d{\displaystyle \frac{13h}{1+h}}c=0.`$ (2.10)   
The nontrivial solutions of Eqs. (2.10) exist only for $`h=0`$ and $`1`$. If $`h=0`$, the magnetic field vanishes and Maxwell Eqs. (2.2b) are satisfied. Then, (2.4) becomes the metric of spacetime in the presence of a point mass located at the origin, together with the cosmological term which has already been studied in Refs. .

But, for $`h=1`$ we have $`N=1`$ and

$$B^2=\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0^2}{\pi G}\frac{r^{24GM}}{(1+\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0}{2(1GM)^2}r^{22GM})^4},$$
(2.11)   
together with the following metric of spacetime

$$ds_{(3)}^2=dt^2\frac{\rho ___0r^{2GM}}{(1+\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0}{2(1GM)^2}r^{22GM})^2}(dr^2+r^2d\varphi ^2).$$
(2.12)   
It turns out that the magnetic field (2.11) and the metric (2.12) satisfy Einstein-Maxwell Eqs. (2.2). Using the formula (2.6) we calculate the scalar curvature of metric (2.12)

$$R=4\mathrm{\Lambda }4\pi GMr^{2GM}(1+\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }\rho ___0}{2(1GM)^2}r^{22GM})^2\delta ^2(𝐫).$$

Hence, except for a delta singularity at the origin, the spacetime has a constant curvature. We will discuss the solutions of Einstein equations in $`(2+1)`$-dimensional spacetime corresponding to a point mass located at origin in the presence of cosmological constant and magnetic field in the next section. In the zero limit of cosmological constant, the magnetic field (2.11) vanishes and the metric (2.12) changes to the metric of a point mass located at origin with angular deficit . Note that, we have considered here only the most simple solution of Liouville equation (2.8a), while one can take some less trivial solutions using the Backlund transformations.

## 3 EMBEDDING OF DEGENERACY AND SHAPE INVARIANCE OF QUANTUM STATES IN $`SO(4,c)`$ GROUP

We investigate the solutions (2.12) of Einstein equation in $`(2+1)`$ dimensions with nonnegative cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$, point mass $`M`$ and magnetic field (2.11) as sources of energy-momentum tensor. Now, we introduce the parameter $`\gamma `$ which only takes the values $`0`$, $`1`$ and $`i=\sqrt{1}`$ and redefine the cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ as $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\gamma ^2\lambda `$. In this article, $`\lambda `$ and $`\rho ___0`$ are arbitrary positive (negative) nonvanishing constants for $`\gamma =0`$ and $`1`$ ($`i`$). With change of variables

$`{\displaystyle \frac{r^{1GM}}{1GM}}=\sqrt{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{\lambda \rho ___0}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{tan}\frac{\gamma \theta }{2}}{\gamma }}`$   
$`\mathrm{\Phi }:=(1GM)\varphi ,`$ (3.1)   
the metric (2.12) takes the form

$$ds_{(3)}^2=dt^2\frac{1}{2\lambda }(d\theta ^2+\frac{\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma \theta }{\gamma ^2}d\mathrm{\Phi }^2).$$
(3.2)   
It is obvious that for $`\gamma =i`$ the spacetime is described by an Euclidean metric, while for $`\gamma =0`$ and $`1`$ the spacetime is described by Minkowskian metrics. Using the general coordinate transformation, the magnetic field can be written as (3.3) in terms of the new coordinates $`\theta `$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$

$$=q\gamma \mathrm{sin}\gamma \theta ,$$
(3.3)   
where

$`q=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi G\lambda }}\hfill & \text{if }\gamma =0\text{ , }1\hfill \\ \frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi G|\lambda |}}\hfill & \text{if }\gamma =i.\hfill \end{array}`$ (3.6)   
The magnetic potential one-form $`A`$ corresponding to magnetic field (3.3) is $`A=q(1\mathrm{cos}\gamma \theta )(\frac{i\gamma }{\mathrm{sin}\gamma \theta }d\theta +d\mathrm{\Phi })`$. Obviously, in terms of the new coordinates $`\theta `$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, the choice of $`\gamma =0`$ leads to a Minkowskian metric with flat spatial part and angular deficit in its metric. Here, $`\theta `$ is its radial coordinate and the magnetic field $``$ is zero. The choice of $`\gamma =1`$ leads to Minkowskian metric of $`(2+1)`$-dimensional spacetime with local constant curvature together with angular deficit and magnetic field $`\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi G\lambda }}\mathrm{sin}\theta `$. Finally, for $`\gamma =i`$, we get Euclidean metric of $`(2+1)`$-dimensional spacetime with local constant curvature and deficit of angle and magnetic field $`\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi G|\lambda |}}\mathrm{sinh}\theta `$.

In the presence of the magnetic field (3.3), the quantum states of a point mass with mass $``$, which is negligible compared to the mass $`M`$ of a point source located at the origin, i.e. $`M`$, can be described in terms of the energy spectrum of the Hamiltonian $`H=\frac{1}{2}D_i^AD^{Ai}`$ with $`D_i^A=_iiA_i`$ as covariant derivative. Using the metric (3.2) and the given connection one-form, the Hamiltonian can be written as

$$H=\frac{\lambda }{}\{\frac{^2}{\theta ^2}+\gamma (\frac{12q}{\mathrm{tan}\gamma \theta }+\frac{2q}{\mathrm{sin}\gamma \theta })\frac{}{\theta }+\frac{\gamma ^2}{\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma \theta }\frac{^2}{\mathrm{\Phi }^2}+2iq\gamma ^2(\frac{1}{\mathrm{tan}^2\gamma \theta \mathrm{cos}\gamma \theta }\frac{1}{\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma \theta })\frac{}{\mathrm{\Phi }}+q\gamma ^2\},$$
(3.7)   
with the spectrum given by

$$E(n)=\frac{\lambda \gamma ^2}{}[n(n+1)q(2n+1)],$$
(3.8)   
where in absence of angular deficit $`n`$ is a non-negative integer . Writting the eigenstates of the Hamitonian (3.4) in the following form

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{n,m}(\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })=(e^{i\mathrm{\Phi }}\frac{\mathrm{tan}\frac{\gamma \theta }{2}}{\mathrm{sin}\gamma \theta })^qe^{i\frac{m}{1GM}\mathrm{\Phi }}(1\mathrm{cos}\gamma \theta )^{\frac{1}{2}|\frac{m}{1GM}+q|}(1+\mathrm{cos}\gamma \theta )^{\frac{1}{2}|\frac{m}{1GM}q|}F(\mathrm{cos}\gamma \theta )$$

and choosing the change of variable $`z=\frac{1\mathrm{cos}\gamma \theta }{2}`$, the eigenvalue equation turns in to hypergeometric differential equation

$`z(1z){\displaystyle \frac{d^2}{dz^2}}F+[1+|{\displaystyle \frac{m}{1GM}}+q|(|{\displaystyle \frac{m}{1GM}}q|+|{\displaystyle \frac{m}{1GM}}+q|+2)z]{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}F`$   
$`+[nq{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(|{\displaystyle \frac{m}{1GM}}q|+|{\displaystyle \frac{m}{1GM}}+q|)][nq+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(|{\displaystyle \frac{m}{1GM}}q|+|{\displaystyle \frac{m}{1GM}}+q|)+1]F=0.`$   
The wave equations for relativistic and non-relativistic quantum states are

$$H\mathrm{\Psi }_{nonrel}(\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })=E(n)\mathrm{\Psi }_{nonrel}(\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })$$
(3.9a)   
$$H\mathrm{\Psi }_{rel}(\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })=\frac{E_{rel}^2^2}{2}\mathrm{\Psi }_{rel}(\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi }).$$
(3.6b)   
For $`\gamma =0`$ we define $`n\gamma =k`$, which for $`n`$ very large $`k`$ is an arbitrarily finite constant, and we get $`E(n)\frac{k^2}{2}`$. Then, with assumption $`E_{rel}>`$, solutions of Eqs. (3.6) are

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{nonrel}}(\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })=e^{i\frac{m}{1GM}\mathrm{\Phi }}J_{\frac{|m|}{1GM}}(k\theta )$$
(3.7a)   
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{rel}}(\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })=e^{i\frac{m}{1GM}\mathrm{\Phi }}J_{\frac{|m|}{1GM}}(\frac{1}{2\lambda }\sqrt{E_{rel}^2^2}\theta ).$$
(3.7b)   
It is straitforward to see that by defining $`\gamma =i\delta `$ and taking the zero limit of $`\delta `$ as $`n\delta =k`$ together with $`E_{rel}<`$, we get the solutions of Eqs. (3.6) in terms of modified Bessel functions

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{nonrel}}(\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })=e^{i\frac{m}{1GM}\mathrm{\Phi }}K_{\frac{|m|}{1GM}}(k\theta )$$
(3.8a)   
$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{rel}}(\theta ,\mathrm{\Phi })=e^{i\frac{m}{1GM}\mathrm{\Phi }}K_{\frac{|m|}{1GM}}(\frac{1}{2\lambda }\sqrt{^2E_{rel}^2}\theta ).$$
(3.8b)   
Therefore, in the presence of a heavy particle $`M`$ which is located at origin we get scattering and bound states of a point particle with mass $``$, similar to Eqs. (3.7) and (3.8). These results are in agreement with reference .

So far the domain of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ was $`[0,2\pi (1GM)]`$, but, from now on, for simplicity, we ignore the presence of this angular deficit in the rest of the article. In general, in order to obtain the eigen-spectrum algebraically, we introduce generators of $`gl(2,c)`$ Lie algebra as

$`[L_+,L_{}]=2\gamma ^2L_32q\gamma ^2I`$   
$`[L_3,L_\pm ]=\pm L_\pm `$   
$`[𝐋,I]=0.`$ (3.9)   
Note that the algebra (3.9) becomes $`iso(2)u(1)`$ algebra for $`\gamma =0`$, $`u(2)`$ Lie algebra for $`\gamma =1`$, and $`u(1,1)`$ Lie algebra for $`\gamma =i`$. The raising $`L__+`$ and lowering $`L_{_{}}`$ operators have the following coordinate representations 

$`L_+`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi }({\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}+{\displaystyle \frac{i\gamma }{\mathrm{tan}\gamma \theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }})L_3={\displaystyle \frac{1}{i}}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }}`$   
$`L_{}`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\varphi }({\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}+{\displaystyle \frac{i\gamma }{\mathrm{tan}\gamma \theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }}+2q{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{\mathrm{tan}\gamma \theta }}2q{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{\mathrm{sin}\gamma \theta }})I=1.`$ (3.10)   
It is easy to show that the Hamiltonian (3.4) without angular deficit is the Casimir operator of $`gl(2,c)`$ Lie algebra, that is

$`H={\displaystyle \frac{2\lambda }{M}}[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}L__+L_{_{}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}L_{_{}}L__++{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^2L__3^2q\gamma ^2L__3].`$ (3.11)   
For $`\gamma 0`$, its highest weight can be obtained as follows

$$\mathrm{\Psi }_{n,n}(\theta ,\varphi )=e^{in\varphi }(\frac{1}{\gamma }\mathrm{sin}\frac{\gamma \theta }{2})^n(\mathrm{cos}\frac{\gamma \theta }{2})^n,$$

where $`n`$ is a nonnegative integer of integration constant. The other states can be obtained by applying the lowering operator $`L_{}`$ over $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{n,n}(\theta ,\varphi )`$ repeatedly. That is,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{nonrel}}(\theta ,\varphi )`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{n,m}(\theta ,\varphi )=(L_{})^{nm}\mathrm{\Psi }_{n,n}(\theta ,\varphi )`$   
$`=`$ $`(2q2n)_{nm}e^{im\varphi }({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{sin}\frac{\gamma \theta }{2}}{\gamma }})^m(\mathrm{cos}{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma \theta }{2}})^{2nm}F(mn,2qn,2q2n,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{cos}^2\frac{\gamma \theta }{2}}}).`$   
Hence, using the usual properties of hypergeometric function , up to a constant coefficient $`(1)^{n2q}(2q2n)_{_{nm}}`$, in the limit $`n\mathrm{}`$ and $`\gamma 0`$ such that $`n\gamma =k=`$finite, the solution of algebraic method can be written as

$`\mathrm{\Psi }__m(\theta ,\varphi )`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}k^me^{im\varphi }\mathrm{cos}^{4q}({\displaystyle \frac{k\theta }{2n}})n^m\mathrm{tan}^m({\displaystyle \frac{k\theta }{2n}})F(2qn,n+1,m+1,\mathrm{sin}^2({\displaystyle \frac{k\theta }{2n}}))`$   
$`=`$ $`k^me^{im\varphi }\mathrm{\Gamma }(m+1)J_m(k\theta ),`$   
which is the same as special case $`M=0`$ in Eq. (3.7a). It is obvious that with the definition $`\gamma =i\delta `$, we will again get the solution (3.8a) without angular deficit in the zero limit of $`\delta `$.

For the left and right invariant generators of $`SL(2,c)`$ group manifold with $`sl(2,c)`$ Lie algebra

$`J__\pm ^{(L)}=e^{\pm i\varphi }(\pm {\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}+i{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{\mathrm{tan}\gamma \theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }}i{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{\mathrm{sin}\gamma \theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\psi }})`$   
$`J__3^{(L)}=i{\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }},`$ (3.12)   
$`J__\pm ^{(R)}=e^{\pm i\psi }(\pm {\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}i{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{\mathrm{sin}\gamma \theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }}+i{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{\mathrm{tan}\gamma \theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\psi }})`$   
$`J__3^{(R)}=i{\displaystyle \frac{}{\psi }},`$ (3.13)   
where $`\theta `$, $`\varphi `$ and $`\psi `$ are complex variables at present, the Casimir operators are equal with each other, i.e. $`H_{_{sl(2,c)}}=H^{(L)}=H^{(R)}`$, such that

$`H^{(L,R)}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}J__+^{(L,R)}J_{_{}}^{(L,R)}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}J_{_{}}^{(L,R)}J__+^{(L,R)}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^2J__3^{(L,R)^2}.`$ (3.14)   
Since $`so(4,c)=sl(2,c)sl(2,c)`$, therefore the Casimir operator of $`so(4,c)`$, can be given in terms of the $`sl(2,c)`$ Casimir operators as $`H_{_{so(4,c)}}=H^{(L)}+H^{(R)}`$, but note that, choosing the coordinates of left and right generators the same will be equivalent to restricting the space of $`so(4,c)`$ Lie algebra to one of the subspaces $`sl(2,c)`$. Now we restrict ourselves to real values of $`\theta `$, $`\varphi `$ and $`\psi `$ variables such that $`0\varphi <2\pi `$ and $`0\psi <4\pi `$ for all values of $`\gamma `$, while we choose $`0\theta <\pi `$ for $`\gamma =1`$ and $`0\theta <\mathrm{}`$ for other cases. Due to this restriction, the $`sl(2,c)`$ algebra reduces to its different real forms as follows: in the case of $`\gamma =1`$ the $`sl(2,c)`$ Lie algebra reduces to $`su(2)`$, while for $`\gamma =i`$ it reduces to $`su(1,1)`$ Lie algebra and finally for $`\gamma =0`$ it reduces to $`iso(2)`$ Lie algebra . We should remind that for $`\gamma =1`$, $`\gamma =i`$ and $`\gamma =0`$ the direct sum of left and right invariant generators becomes $`so(4)=su(2)su(2)`$, $`so(2,2)=su(1,1)su(1,1)`$ and $`iso(2)iso(2)`$ Lie algebra respectively, which are different real forms of $`so(4,c)`$.

If we define $`l:=nq`$, the eigenvalue equation for Casimir operator $`H_{_{sl(2,c)}}`$ will be 

$$H_{_{sl(2,c)}}\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{l,m,q}}(\theta ,\varphi ,\psi )=\frac{1}{2}\gamma ^2l(l+1)\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{l,m,q}}(\theta ,\varphi ,\psi )$$
(3.15)   
with $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{l,m,q}}(\theta ,\varphi ,\psi )=e^{im\varphi iq\psi }P_{_{m,q}}^l(\mathrm{cos}\gamma \theta ).`$ After transfer the $`\psi `$ dependence factor $`e^{iq\psi }`$ to the left hand side of equation (3.15), the reduced Casimir operator with degeneracy group $`SL(2,c)`$, is

$`H_{_{sl(2,c)}}(q)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}J__+^{(L)}(q)J_{_{}}^{(L)}(q)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}J_{_{}}^{(L)}(q)J__+^{(L)}(q)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\gamma ^2J__3^{(L)^2}(q),`$ (3.16)   
where

$`J__\pm ^{(L)}(q)=e^{\pm i\varphi }(\pm {\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}+{\displaystyle \frac{i\gamma }{\mathrm{tan}\gamma \theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }}{\displaystyle \frac{q\gamma }{\mathrm{sin}\gamma \theta }})`$   
$`J__3^{(L)}(q)=i{\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }}.`$   
The above reduced $`sl(2,c)`$ generators are related to (3.10) generators of $`gl(2,c)`$ through a similarity transformation together with a change of basis, such that, one can obtain the eigenstates of $`gl(2,c)`$ Casimir operator. Thus, the eigenvalue equation (3.15) reduces to

$$H_{_{sl(2,c)}}(q)\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{l,m,q}}(\theta ,\varphi )=\frac{1}{2}\gamma ^2l(l+1)\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{l,m,q}}(\theta ,\varphi ),$$
(3.17)   
with $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{l,m,q}}(\theta ,\varphi )=e^{im\varphi }P_{_{m,q}}^l(\mathrm{cos}\gamma \theta )`$. From there we can introduce the eigenfunction

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{n,m}(\theta ,\varphi )=(2{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{tan}\frac{\gamma \theta }{2}}{\mathrm{sin}\gamma \theta }}e^{i\varphi })^qe^{im\varphi }P_{_{m,q}}^l(\mathrm{cos}\gamma \theta ),`$   
for Hamiltonian (3.11) with the same eigenvalue (3.15). Then, we see that the Dirac’s quantization of magnetic charge follows very naturally from the $`SL(2,c)`$ representation, that is integrity of $`q`$. Also, the $`so(4,c)`$ Lie algebra is the dynamical group of the quantum dynamics of a point mass particle in the presence of a constant magnetic field over two dimensional surface with global constant curvature with $`gl(2,c)`$ sub-algebra as its degeneracy group.

Transferring the function $`e^{iq\psi }`$ to the left of the Casimir operator $`H_{_{sl(2,c)}}`$ in the eigenvalue equation (3.15), the Casimir operator $`H_{_{sl(2,c)}}(q)`$ can be written as

$$H_{_{sl(2,c)}}(q)=\frac{1}{2}J__+^{(R)}(q+1)J_{_{}}^{(R)}(q)+\frac{1}{2}q(q+1)\gamma ^2$$
(3.18a)   
$$=\frac{1}{2}J_{_{}}^{(R)}(q1)J__+^{(R)}(q)+\frac{1}{2}q(q1)\gamma ^2$$
(3.18b)   
with

$`J__\pm ^{(R)}(q)=\pm {\displaystyle \frac{}{\theta }}i{\displaystyle \frac{\gamma }{\mathrm{sin}\gamma \theta }}{\displaystyle \frac{}{\varphi }}+{\displaystyle \frac{q\gamma }{\mathrm{tan}\gamma \theta }}.`$   
Using the Eqs. (3.18) in the eigenvalue equation (3.17) we obtain

$`J__+^{(R)}(q)J_{_{}}^{(R)}(q1)\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{l,m,q1}}(\theta ,\varphi )=E__q\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{l,m,q1}}(\theta ,\varphi )`$   
$`J_{_{}}^{(R)}(q1)J__+^{(R)}(q)\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{l,m,q}}(\theta ,\varphi )=E__q\mathrm{\Psi }_{_{l,m,q}}(\theta ,\varphi ),`$   
where $`E__q`$ is defined as

$`E__q=\gamma ^2[l(l+1)q(q1)].`$   
The restriction of $`so(4,c)`$ Lie algebra to $`sl(2,c)`$, together with $`H_{_{sl(2,c)}}`$ reduction, lead to eigenvalue equation (3.17) which can be obtained from Hamiltonian (3.11) via similarity transformation. The Hamiltonian $`H_{_{sl(2,c)}}(q)`$, on the one hand, is quadratic Casimir operator of $`sl(2,c)`$ Lie algebra with $`J__\pm ^{(L)}(q)`$ and $`J__3^{(L)}(q)`$ generators which, as a result, possesses $`gl(2,c)`$ degeneracy symmetry. On the other hand, writting the Hamiltonian in terms of $`J__\pm ^{(R)}(q)`$ will possess the shape invariance symmetry. Both properties are related to the realization of para-supersymmetry of arbitrary order .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to thank Dr. S.K.A. Seyed Yagoobi for carefully reading the article and for his constructive comments.