# RESONANT SINGLE CHARGINO AND NEUTRALINO VERSUS FERMION-ANTIFERMION PRODUCTION AT THE LINEAR COLLIDER 11footnote 1Presented at the 2^{𝑛⁢𝑑} ECFA/DESY study on Linear Colliders, Frascati, November 1998 (Alternative Theories working group).

hep-ph/9912217

CERN-TH/99-375

## Abstract

We study single superparticle productions at the linear collider, putting particular emphasis on resonant processes. We find that there exists a wide region of model parameters where single chargino and neutralino productions dominate over R-violating fermion-antifermion final states. For certain values of $`\mu `$ and $`M_2`$, it is possible to produce even the heavier charginos and neutralinos at significant rates, amplifying the total cross section and obtaining interesting chains of cascade decays. Effects from initial-state radiation are also included.

Although the main working tool for supersymmetry searches has been the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, the most general $`SU(3)_c\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y`$ invariant superpotential with the minimal field content also contains the terms

$$W=\lambda _{ijk}L_iL_j\overline{E}_k+\lambda _{ijk}^{}L_iQ_j\overline{D}_k+\lambda _{ijk}^{\prime \prime }\overline{U}_i\overline{D}_j\overline{D}_k$$
(1)   
where $`L`$ $`(Q)`$ are the left-handed lepton (quark) superfields while $`\overline{E},\overline{D},`$ and $`\overline{U}`$ are the corresponding right-handed fields. If both lepton- and baryon-number violating operators were present at the same time in the low energy Lagrangian, they would lead to unacceptably fast proton decay; to avoid this, a symmetry that forbids the terms in (1), R-parity , has been invoked. However, it has been shown that there exist symmetries which allow the violation of only a subset of these operators , resulting in a very rich phenomenology : single superparticle productions are allowed, while for couplings $`\stackrel{>}{}10^6`$, the lightest supersymmetric particle decays inside the detector . In both cases, the standard missing energy signature is substituted by multilepton and/or multijet events.

There are three basic categories of new signals:   
$``$ Pair superparticle productions and subsequent decays via R-violating operators. Such processes are favoured for small R-violating couplings.   
$``$ For reasonably large R-violating couplings, single superparticle productions may occur. In this case, the mass reach can be considerably larger than for MSSM processes at the same machine.   
$``$ Virtual effects, from sparticle exchanges. These provide the optimal signals for a very heavy superparticle spectrum.

Here, we put particular emphasis on resonant scalar-neutrino production and its subsequent decay to either sfermions or a single chargino or neutralino . In particular, we study the processes

$`e^+e^{}(\stackrel{~}{\nu })^{}f\overline{f}^{}\mathrm{and}e^+e^{}(\stackrel{~}{\nu })^{}\{\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{}_i^\pm \stackrel{~}{\chi }^{}\hfill & \\ \nu _i\stackrel{~}{\chi }^0\hfill & \end{array}`$ (4)   
and identify for which regions of the supersymmetric parameter space each channel is expected to dominate.

For a collider operating in the $`e^+e^{}`$ mode, the only couplings that involve two electrons are $`L_1L_2\overline{E}_1`$ and $`L_1L_3\overline{E}_1`$ (remember that from $`SU(2)`$ invariance, the two lepton doublets cannot have the same flavour) <sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2 In $`22`$ single superparticle productions one may generically probe only a subset of operators. All 45 operators can be simultaneously probed by going to a 3-body final state, for instance in rare $`Z^0`$ decays; however, this process is phase-space suppressed and was found to be more relevant for hadron colliders .. The bounds for these couplings (Table 1) scale proportionally to the superparticle masses  and therefore, for a heavy sparticle spectrum, the couplings can be quite large.

Close to the resonance (where the $`t`$\- and $`u`$\- channel exchanges can be neglected in comparison to the $`s`$-channel pole), the cross section productions can be approximated by a Breit-Wigner formula. For instance, for single neutralino production,

$`\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi s}{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{\nu }f\overline{f})\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{\nu }\nu \stackrel{~}{\chi }_0)}{(sm_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}^2)^2+m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}^2\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{total}}^2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{sm_{\stackrel{~}{\chi }^0}^2}{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}^2m_{\stackrel{~}{\chi }^0}^2}}\right]^2`$ (5)   
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{8\pi }{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}^2}}B(\stackrel{~}{\nu }f\overline{f})B(\stackrel{~}{\nu }\nu \stackrel{~}{\chi }^0)\text{, as }sm_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}^2`$   
Similar expressions arise for the other processes. The resonant cross sections can thus be deduced by the appropriate branching fractions.

Ignoring contributions to the vertices of the MSSM from mass terms, the latter are given by the following formulas:

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{\nu }\nu \chi _i^0)={\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{32\pi }}(N_{i2}\mathrm{tan}\theta _WN_{i1})^2m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{m_{\chi _i^0}^2}{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}^2}}\right)^2`$   
$`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{\nu }\mathrm{}^{}\chi _i^\pm )={\displaystyle \frac{g^2V_{j1}^2}{16\pi }}m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}(1{\displaystyle \frac{m_{\chi _i^\pm }^2}{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}^2}})^2,\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{\nu }f\overline{f})={\displaystyle \frac{\lambda _{ijk}^2}{16\pi }}m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}`$   
In the above, $`\lambda _{ijk}`$ is the appropriate R-parity violating Yukawa coupling generating the decay $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }f\overline{f}`$,while $`V_{i1}`$ and $`N_{i1}`$, $`N_{i2}`$ are the relevant matrix elements in the mixing matrix for charginos and neutralinos respectively.

Conclusively, whether single chargino and neutralino final states will dominate over the resonant fermion-antifermion productions depends on (i) the SUSY parameter space and (ii) the strength of $`\lambda `$. This is indicated in Figs. 1,2 where the branching ratio of the sneutrino decay to fermions is presented for the regions of the supersymmetry parameter space that are interesting for LEP (Fig. 1) and LC (Fig. 2) <sup>3</sup><sup>3</sup>3For squark decays, analogous results have been presented in .. Here, the U(1) gaugino mass $`M_1`$ is determined from the SU(2) gaugino mass $`M_2`$ by the unification relation $`M_1=(5/3)\mathrm{tan}^2\theta _WM_2`$. For lower values of $`M_2,\mu `$, a larger number of charginos and neutralinos can be produced at the final state, while the phase space suppression for their production is small. The picture starts changing as we pass to larger $`M_2,\mu `$ and this is indicated in the increase of the sneutrino decay rate to fermions. However, we can see that for a wide range of $`M_2`$ and $`\mu `$ the production of charginos and neutralinos at the LC tends to dominate. Moreover, there exist bands of the parameter space where the production of the heavier charginos and neutralinos may occur at a significant level. This is shown in Table 2, where we present the branching ratios for the production of each chargino and neutralino separately.

Subsequently, the charginos and neutralinos will decay to an R-parity even final state, with the possibility of an interesting chain of cascade decays with multi-lepton events and explicit lepton-number violation at the final state. The lightest neutralino decays via

$`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_1^0`$ $``$ $`\{(e^\pm ,l_i^{},\nu _e),(e^\pm ,e^{},\nu _i)\}`$   
For the charginos and the heavier neutralinos, there exist two possible decay modes: The first is the cascade decay via the lightest neutralino and the second the direct decay via the R-violating coupling(s), as discussed in . For instance, for the lighter chargino we have the channels

$`\stackrel{~}{\chi }_1^{}\stackrel{~}{\chi }_1^0+(W^{})^{}\stackrel{~}{\chi }_1^0+f\overline{f}^{}`$   
where $`f\overline{f}^{}`$ are the decay fermions of the (virtual) W-boson, or

$$\stackrel{~}{\chi }_1^{}e^{}e^+l_i^{},\stackrel{~}{\chi }_1^{}\nu _e\nu _ie^{}$$
(6)   
In the first case of (6) the total signal could be even more distinct since it involves four leptons at the final state (three being in the same semi-plane) without any missing energy, unlike the cascade chargino decay which always involves neutrinos at the final state <sup>4</sup><sup>4</sup>4 Which of the two processes will appear, clearly depends on (i) the strength of the R-parity violating operator: the strongest the operator the larger the decay rate for a direct decay of the chargino. (ii) the relative mass of chargino-neutralino: if the mass gap between the two states is very small, then the cascade decay is suppressed by phase space. . It turns out however that the charginos as well as the heavier neutralinos dominantly decay to $`\chi _1^0`$ and fermions for a wide region of the parameter space.

In all cases, the signals should be clearly visible at an $`e^+e^{}`$ collider, provided the cross-section is sufficiently large; the latter mainly depends on how large the unknown coupling $`\lambda `$ will be. We study the relevant cross section, at and away from the resonance. Ignoring contributions to the vertices of the MSSM from mass terms, we have two channels present ($`s`$ and $`t`$) for chargino production and all three ($`s`$, $`t`$ and $`u`$) for neutralino production. For the $`s`$-channel diagram we take into account the contribution due to the decay width of the scalar neutrino.

In Fig. 3, we show the cross sections for single chargino and neutralino productions, including effects from initial state radiation (ISR), for two different sneutrino masses. To illustrate the effects from the production of many charginos and neutralinos we chose a point of the parameter space where all several of these states are produced. Indeed, for the choice of parameters tha appears in the figure, the chargino masses are 201.9 and 273.1 GeV respectively, while the neutralino masses are 127.8, 192.9, 217.5 and 272.1 respectively.

As expected, the effect of initial state radiation is to lower the peak but widen the resonance. For instance, in our example we find that, for $`\sqrt{s}=500`$ GeV (where all charginos and neutralinos may be produced) and $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}=450`$ GeV, IR enhances the cross section by almost an order of magnitude. Actually, in this example, the heavier charginos and neutralinos may arise with large cross sections. Indeed, the partial cross sections that we find for the four neutralinos (from the lighter to the heavier), for $`\sqrt{s}=500`$ and $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}=450`$ GeV, are: 1.03 pb, 0.22 pb, 0.15 pb, 1.9 pb while for the charginos 1.8pb and 2.9 pb respectively.

From the above discussion, we conclude that single chargino and neutralino productions arise with significant cross sections and provide an interesting possibility for looking for R-violating supersymmetry at the Linear Collider.

Acknowledgement: I would like to thank P. Morawitz for collaborating at the first stages of this work and A. Belyaev, for his help with PAW.