# Closed 𝑆⁢𝑈⁢(2)_𝑞 invariant spin chain and it’s operator content

## A Introduction

Integrable models and between them in particular spin chains are very interesting to study various theoretical ideas. In particular in continuum limit they describe various relativistic field theories, e.g. XYZ spin chain is connected to massive Thirring model . Possible relevance of spin chains for high energy QCD was suggested in . Recently their connection to matrix models was emphasized .

Between spin chains a particularly interesting class are the quantum group invariant spin chains. The closed $`SU(2)_q`$ invariant Hamiltonian was constructed by . Further investigation showed that this Hamiltonian implied boundary conditions which depend on the coupling constant and quantum numbers of the sector . This second property together with the property that conformal anomaly was found to be smaller then one made this Hamiltonian different from the XXZ chain with the toroidal boundary conditions . The model showed also interesting properties of level crossing including the change in properties of ground state .The properties of ground state have been investigated by Bethe Ansatz methods. Bethe constraint equations have also been written for other groups . The excited spectrum for $`SU(2)_q`$ was previously studied for rational values of deformation parameter $`q`$  and a particular class of statistical models belonging to unitary minimal series was projected. Here we want to address the question of operator content for generic values of parameter $`q`$. Here differenly from the rational case there are no null-states corresponding to “bad” representations of $`SU(2)_q`$ and we shall be able to exploit that representation theory is isomorphic to the ordinary $`SU(2)`$.

## B Statistical systems and the quantum chain

We start with the Hamiltonian for the closed $`SU(2)_q`$ invariant chain 

$`H`$ $`=`$ $`Lq{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{L1}{}}}R_iR_0`$ (1)   
$`R_0`$ $`=`$ $`GR_{L1}G^1`$ (2)   
$`G`$ $`=`$ $`R_1\mathrm{}R_{L1}`$ (3)   
where $`R_i`$ are $`4\times 4`$ matrices

$`R_i=\sigma _i^+\sigma _{i+1}^{}+\sigma _i^{}\sigma _{i+1}^++{\displaystyle \frac{q+q^1}{4}}(\sigma _i^3\sigma _{i+1}^3+1)`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{qq^1}{4}}(\sigma _i^3\sigma _{i+1}^32).`$   
We choose the quantum group parameter $`q`$ to be on the unit circle

$`q`$ $`=`$ $`e^{i\phi }`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{q+q^1}{2}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}\phi =\mathrm{cos}\gamma .`$   
The operator $`G`$ plays the role of the translation operator

$$GR_iG^1=R_{i+1},R_L=R_0,i=1,\mathrm{},L1$$

and also commutes with the Hamiltonian. Contrary to , here we shall be interested in the generic case:

$$q^n\pm 1n𝐙$$

In this case, one can decompose the space of states into the direct sum of irreducible representations of the quantum group which are in one-to-one correspondence with the usual $`SU(2)`$ representations. It is therefore sufficient to treat the highest weight states. All other states can be obtained with the action of the $`S^{}`$ operator. We derived the Bethe Ansatz (BA) equation in . The energy eigenvalues are given by

$$E=2\underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}(\mathrm{cos}\phi \mathrm{cos}k_i),M=\frac{L}{2}Q.$$

Here $`Q`$ is the eigenvalue of $`S^3`$ and $`k_i`$ satisfy the BA constraints

$$Lk_i=2\pi I_i+2\phi (Q+1)\underset{\stackrel{j=1}{ji}}{\overset{M}{}}\mathrm{\Theta }(k_i,k_j),k_i\phi $$
(4)   
where $`I_i`$ are integers (half-integers) if $`M`$ is odd (even), and $`\mathrm{\Theta }(k_i,k_j)`$ is the usual two-particle phase defined in .

Owing to the antisymmetry of phase shifts, from (4) it follows that

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}k_i=\frac{2\pi }{L}\underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}I_i+\frac{2M}{L}\phi (Q+1).$$

This allows us to determine the eigenvalues of the translation operator $`G`$ or equivalently of the operator $`P`$

$$P=i\mathrm{ln}G.$$

In fact,

$`P`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}}k_i\phi \left(Q1+{\displaystyle \frac{L}{2}}\right)`$   
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{L}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}}I_i+\phi \left[{\displaystyle \frac{L}{2}}Q+1+{\displaystyle \frac{2M}{L}}(Q+1)\right].`$   
It was also shown in  that the finite-size correction to the thermodynamic limit of the ground-state energy was given by ($`L`$ even)

$$E_0(L)=E_0(\mathrm{})\frac{\pi c\zeta }{6L}+O\left(\frac{1}{L}\right)$$

where

$$\zeta =\frac{\pi \mathrm{sin}\gamma }{\gamma }.$$

The conformal anomaly $`c`$ was found to be

$$c=1\frac{6(\pi \phi )^2}{\pi \phi }$$

for $`\phi [\frac{\pi }{2},\pi ]`$ If we parametrize $`\phi `$ as:

$$\phi =\frac{\pi m}{m+1},m1.$$
(5)   
then we have ($`m`$ is irrational)

$$c=1\frac{6}{m(m+1)}$$
(6)   
Now we define scaled gaps

$`\overline{E}_n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{2\pi \zeta }}(E_nE_0)`$   
$`\overline{P}_n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{2\pi }}(P_nP_0+\phi Q).`$   
We introduce the partition function in some sector $`Q0`$ :

$$_Q(z,\overline{z},L)=\underset{\mathrm{all}\mathrm{states}}{}z^{\frac{1}{2}(\overline{E}_n+\overline{P}_n)}\overline{z}^{\frac{1}{2}(\overline{E}_n\overline{P}_n)}$$

As mentioned above, we are interested in partition function for the highest weight states:

$`𝒟_Q(z,\overline{z},L)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{\mathrm{highest}}{\mathrm{weight}\mathrm{states}}}{}}z^{\frac{1}{2}(\overline{E}_n+\overline{P}_n)}\overline{z}^{\frac{1}{2}(\overline{E}_n\overline{P}_n)}`$   
$`=`$ $`_Q(z,\overline{z},L)_{Q+1}(z,\overline{z},L)`$   
## C Quantum chain and the XXZ chain with a toroidal boundary condition

To determine $`𝒟_Q`$ in the limit $`L\mathrm{}`$, we can use results for XXZ chain with a toroidal boundary condition . The Hamiltonian is defined by

$$H(q,\varphi ,L)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{L}{}}\left\{\sigma _i^+\sigma _{i+1}^{}+\sigma _i^{}\sigma _{i+1}^++\frac{q+q^1}{4}\sigma _i^3\sigma _{i+1}^3\right\}$$
(7)   
$$\frac{q+q^1}{2}=\mathrm{cos}\phi =\mathrm{cos}\gamma $$

and

$$\sigma _{L+1}^\pm =e^{i\varphi }\sigma _1^\pm \varphi (\pi ,\pi ].$$

This Hamiltonian commutes with

$$S^z=\underset{i=1}{\overset{L}{}}\sigma _i^3$$

and with the translation operator

$$T=e^{i\varphi \sigma _1^3/2}P_1P_2\mathrm{}P_{L1}$$

where $`P_i`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},L1`$ are permutation operators

$$P_i=\sigma _i^+\sigma _{i+1}^{}+\sigma _i^{}\sigma _{i+1}^++\frac{1}{2}\left(\sigma _i^3\sigma _{i+1}^3+1\right).$$

The momentum operator is then

$$P=i\mathrm{ln}T.$$

The BA constraints for this system are 

$$Lk_i=2\pi I_i+\varphi \underset{\stackrel{j=1}{ji}}{\overset{M}{}}\mathrm{\Theta }(k_i,k_j),i=1,\mathrm{},M$$
(8)   
and give

$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{2}}\mathrm{cos}\phi +2{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}}(\mathrm{cos}\phi \mathrm{cos}k_i)`$   
$`P`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}}k_i={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{L}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{M}{}}}I_i+{\displaystyle \frac{M}{L}}\varphi .`$   
We define

$$\varphi =2\pi l,\frac{1}{2}<l\frac{1}{2}.$$
(9)   
and

$$h=\frac{\pi }{4\phi }$$

Let us denote by $`E_{Q;j}^l(L)`$ and $`P_{Q;j}^l(L)`$ the eigenvalues of $`H`$ and $`P`$ in the sector $`S^z=Q`$ with a boundary condition $`l`$. It was shown  that it was possible to project theories with $`c<1`$ by choosing a new ground state with energy $`E_{0;j_0}^{l_0}(L)`$. The number $`j_01`$ was chosen in such a way that the new ground state gave the contribution $`(z\overline{z})^{h(l_0+\nu _0)^2}=(z\overline{z})^{(1c)/24}`$ in the partition function. So the quantity $`(l_0+\nu _0)`$ is related to $`h`$ by the condition

$$c=124h(l_0+\nu _0)^2$$

where $`\frac{1}{2}<l_0\frac{1}{2}`$ and $`\nu _0𝐙`$. From (6) it follows that

$$l_0+\nu _0=[4hm(m+1)]^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$

Now new scaled gaps can be defined as

$`\overline{F}_{Q;j}^k(L)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{2\pi }}\left(E_{Q;j}^{k(l_0+\nu _0)}(L)E_{0;j_0}^{l_0}(L)\right)`$ (11)   
$`\overline{P}_{Q;j}^k(L)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{L}{2\pi }}P_{Q;j}^{k(l_0+\nu _0)}(L).`$ (12)   
The corresponding finite-size scaling partition function isPartition functions connected to the toroidal XXZ chain (7) have superscript in addition to subscript, in contrast to those connected to the our $`SU(2)_q`$ invariant chain (1).

$`_Q^k(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}_Q^k(z,\overline{z},L)`$   
$`=`$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{L}{Q+L/2}\right)}{}}}z^{\frac{1}{2}(\overline{F}_{Q;j}^k+\overline{P}_{Q;j}^k)}\overline{z}^{\frac{1}{2}(\overline{F}_{Q;j}^k\overline{P}_{Q;j}^k)}.`$   
According to , one subset of $`c<1`$ models compatible with (5) can be projected by imposing:

$$l_0+\nu _0=1\frac{1}{4h}=\frac{1}{m+1}.$$
(13)   
If we define

$$𝒟_Q^k(z,\overline{z},L)_Q^k(z,\overline{z},L)_k^Q(z,\overline{z},L)$$
(14)   
we obtain 

$`𝒟_Q^k(z,\overline{z})`$ $``$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}𝒟_Q^k(z,\overline{z},L)`$ (15)   
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\chi _{r,kQ}(z)\chi _{r,k+Q}(\overline{z}).`$ (16)   
Here $`\chi _{r,s}`$ are character functions of irreducible representations of the Virasoro algebra with highest weights $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}`$ given by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{r,s}=\frac{[(m+1)rms]^21}{4m(m+1)}.$$
(17)   
We should emphasize here that $`k`$ gives boundary condition, according to (9), (C) and (13), to be

$$\varphi =2\pi l=2\pi k(l_0+\nu _0)=2\pi \frac{k}{m+1}$$
(18)   
## D Quantum chain and CFT

Now we are going to make a connection with quantum chain. To do that, first we must have same Bethe equations. Comparing (4) and (8), and using (5) we see that

$`\varphi `$ $`=`$ $`2\phi (Q+1)(mod2\pi )=2\pi {\displaystyle \frac{m(Q+1)}{m+1}}(mod2\pi )`$ (19)   
$`=`$ $`2\pi {\displaystyle \frac{Q+1}{m+1}}(mod2\pi )`$ (20)   
Comparing now (20) and (18) it follows that we should take

$$k=(Q+1)$$
(21)   
If we define

$$H_Q^k(L)=H(q,\varphi ,L)𝒫_Q(L)$$

where $`H(q,\varphi ,L)`$ is toroidal XXZ Hamiltonian (7) (with $`\varphi `$ given by (18)) and $`𝒫_Q`$ is projection operator on sector $`S^z=Q`$, from  and Appendix of  follows:

$`S^+H_Q^{(Q+1)}`$ $`=`$ $`H_{Q+1}^QS^+`$ (23)   
$`S^+T_Q^{(Q+1)}`$ $`=`$ $`\pm T_{Q+1}^QS^+`$ (24)   
So, because when we make difference in

$`𝒟_Q^{(Q+1)}`$ $`=`$ $`_Q^{(Q+1)}_{(Q+1)}^Q`$   
$`=`$ $`_Q^{(Q+1)}_{Q+1}^Q`$   
(we have used charge simmetry generated by $`C=\sigma _j^x`$ which changes signs of $`S_z`$ and $`\varphi `$, see (2.12) in ) we make difference between spectra of $`H_Q^{(Q+1)}`$ and $`H_{Q+1}^Q`$, from (D) follows that we obtain only highest weight states of $`SU(2)_q`$. And these are exactly solutions of Bethe equations which are the same for both chains. Thus the quantum chain partition function is

$`𝒟_Q(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`\underset{L\mathrm{}}{lim}𝒟_Q(z,\overline{z},L)`$   
$`=`$ $`𝒟_Q^{(Q+1)}(z,\overline{z})`$   
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\chi _{r,(2Q+1)}(z)\chi _{r,1}(\overline{z})`$   
Using the formal relation $`\chi _{r,s}=\chi _{r,s}`$ we can write the final result

$$𝒟_Q(z,\overline{z})=\underset{r=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\chi _{r,2Q+1}(z)\chi _{r,1}(\overline{z})$$
(25)   
In our case the number $`m`$ appearing in Virasoro characters (see (17)) is connected to the $`q=\mathrm{exp}(i\phi )`$ parameter with relation (5).