# On the possibility of variation of the fundamental constants of physics in the static universe

## 1 Introduction

In 1938 Dirac  developed a cosmology based on a remarkable numerical coincidence among the fundamental quantities of physics. He proposed the gravitational constant changes with time only. There were many efforts to register this experimentally. Other scientists were varying different physical constants (the electron mass, the light velocity, etc.) to explain Large Numbers in physics or Hubble law .

We formulate our question another way: how fundamental constants and how many of them could be changed if the universe around us remained the same at all points of space and at all times. The synchronous variation of a number of fundamental constants is considered in the work . The static cosmological model has been made, based on the hypothesis of continuous variation (decrease) of the light velocity in vacuum. The author  gets the variation of the fine structure constant, and this variation may be observed for an interval of 10 years.

Our work is based on a ”perfect cosmological principle”: the universe is spatially isotropic and homogeneous and it looks the same at all times . We also suggest that the universe expands with time. In our work we are not making any suggestion about the expansion rate of the universe, described by the Hubble’s constant. The classical steady state model confirms the expansion must always occur at the same rate $`H_0`$ (Hubble’s constant) as we measure today. The greatest shortcomings of static model are an inability to describe microwave background radiation and the abundance of light elements in the universe. Troitskii explains the microwave background radiation by thermal radiation of galaxies . Burbidge and Hoyle conclude that all of the chemical elements and microwave background radiation were produced from hydrogen burning in stars .

The synchronous variation of fundamental constants is proposed in . Assumptions of the constancy of the fine structure constant, the Coulomb and Newton forces and electric charge are made. Here we start with a concept that all bodies including an atom, galaxies and the universe expand with time. Thus the universe is static for an observer. We assume that the velocity of light is constant for any local observer. One of the ways to make this assumption valid when dimensions of bodies increase is to suggest that the velocity of light increases at the same scale as expansion of bodies. We are getting that the Planck’s constant increases and masses of bodies decreases with time.

## 2 Assumptions

An expansion of the universe is accepted to explain redshift of a light from remote celestial bodies. A wavelength $`\lambda _0`$ observed here at time $`t_0`$ is related to a wavelength $`\lambda _1`$ emitted at time $`t_1`$ by

$$\frac{\lambda _0}{\lambda _1}=\frac{R(t_0)}{R(t_1)},$$
(1)   
where R(t) is a cosmic scale factor at time $`t`$. If the universe is expanding, then R( $`t_0`$) $`>`$ R( $`t_1`$), and (1) gives a red shift, while if the universe is contracting, then R( $`t_0`$) $`<`$ R( $`t_1`$), and (1) gives a blue shift.

We are making first our assumption: dimensions of all bodies varies with time at the same scale as the cosmic scale factor. Distances between bodies drawn on a rubber balloon expand as the balloon inflates and the dimensions of the bodies on the balloon increase at the same scale as the distances between them. The dimensions of an atom also have to expand. The expansion of bodies should be understood as averaged through the universe.

Our tools of the measurements are related to bodies and we are not able to check this altering of space and dimensions. So, the universe should obey a ”perfect cosmological principal” : it looks the same not only at all points and in all directions, but also at all times. It is a steady state model of the universe, but without the necessity of continuous creation of matter. However, it is also the static universe for an observer because he is not able to register this expansion.

When the length unit increases and the velocity of light and time rate remain unaltered the observer will register that the velocity of light decreases with time. By this, we mean that the length unit increases but it stays the length unit for the observer at all times. We are not able to observe its increasing in the other way but the result of decreasing of the velocity of light. We will save Einstein’s assumption of the constancy of the velocity of light by making another assumption, the assumption that the velocity of light increases from time $`t_1`$ to time $`t_0`$ ( $`t_1`$ $`<`$ $`t_0`$ ) by the factor:

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(t_1t_0)=\frac{\lambda _0}{\lambda _{1.}}$$
(2)   
Meaning, $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ $`>`$ 1. Further, we will use $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ instead of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$( $`t_1t_0`$). So we have supposed that dimensions of bodies are less when the velocity of light is smaller and a clock rate is the same. Therefore, observers are unable to register an altering of $`c`$. These assumptions can be written as

$$c_0=c_1\mathrm{\Omega },$$
(3)   
and

$$l_0=l_1\mathrm{\Omega }.$$
(4)   
At time $`t_0`$ ( $`t_1`$), $`c_0`$ and $`l_0`$ ( $`c_1`$, $`l_1`$) are the velocity of light and the length, respectively. From (4) we conclude that the velocity $`v_0`$ of the free body at time $`t_0`$ could be expressed by the velocity $`v_1`$ of the same body at time $`t_1`$ as

$$v_0=v_1\mathrm{\Omega }.$$
(5)   
It is important to note that the body has not been acted on by any forces when it was moving from time $`t_1`$ to time $`t_0`$. An observer will not register this velocity alteration since the dimensions alter at the same scale and the time rate remains unchanged.

## 3 Increasing of Planck’s constant

The assumption of the constancy of clock rate in the universe at all time means that forces acting between bodies do not change. A time derivative of momentum is equal to the force. So the momentum of a free body is not altering. It could be written as a product of body mass $`m`$ and velocity $`v`$. So, we get from equation (5) the relationship:

$$m_0=m_1/\mathrm{\Omega },$$
(6)   
where $`m_0`$ ( $`m_1`$) is the body mass at time $`t_0`$ ( $`t_1`$). The mass of the body is decreasing with time. Atoms are a constitution of each body. The dimension of the atoms could be expressed in units of Bohr radius which is equal to:

$$a_0=\frac{h^24\pi ϵ_0}{m_ee^2},$$
(7)   
where $`ϵ_0=10^7/4\pi c^2`$ is the permittivity of empty space, $`m_e`$ is the electron mass, $`e`$ is the electron charge and $`h`$ is the Planck’s constant. The variation of $`ϵ_0`$ depends on the variation of c. According to (3), (4), (6) and (7) we could express Planck’s constant $`h_0`$ at time $`t_0`$ through Planck’s constant $`h_1`$ at time $`t_1`$ when the electrical charge remains unchanged:

$$h_0=h_1\mathrm{\Omega },$$
(8)   
meaning, Planck’s constant increases with time as the velocity of light.

The variation of these fundamental constants leads to the variation of bodies dimensions. This corresponds to changes of space geometry. When the variation of constants depends on the space and time coordinates, we have curved spacetime. This curving of spacetime is caused by the changes of the linear dimensions of bodies. If the linear dimensions of an observer are less in some area than the linear dimensions of another observer in the same area then this area will be larger for the first observer and he will need more time to cross this area. So, we have curved spacetime. Meanwhile, dimensions of bodies change in our curved spacetime. Thus, our spacetime differs from the accepted model of curved spacetime, when dimensions of bodies remain unchanged but only space and time alters.

## 4 Variation of some physical quantities

The suggestion of unaltering time means that the gravitational and electromagnetical forces remain unchanged in any situation. When Newton force

$$F=\gamma \frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}$$
(9)   
remains unchanged, from equations (4) and (6) we get

$$\gamma _0=\gamma _1\mathrm{\Omega }^4.$$
(10)   
The gravitational constant $`\gamma `$ increases with time. A ratio of the gravitational potential

$$\phi =\gamma \frac{m}{r}$$
(11)   
with a square of the light velocity is constant. The Coulomb force

$$F=\frac{1}{4\pi ϵ_0}\frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}$$
(12)   
between two charges $`q_1`$ and $`q_2`$ separated by a distance $`r`$ remains unchanged according to our assumptions made above. The dimensionless constant (fine structure constant)

$$\alpha =\frac{1}{4\pi ϵ_0}\frac{e^2}{hc}$$
(13)   
remains unaltered after variations of $`ϵ_0`$, c and $`h`$ as we have proposed. In the same manner, we could get the variation of other electromagnetical quantities:

$`\stackrel{}{E}_0`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{}{E}_1,`$ (14)   
$`\stackrel{}{B}_0`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{}{B}_1/\mathrm{\Omega },`$   
$`\rho _0`$ $`=`$ $`\rho _1/\mathrm{\Omega }^3,`$   
$`\stackrel{}{j}_0`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{}{j}_1/\mathrm{\Omega }^2,`$   
and for $`\stackrel{}{}`$ operator

$$\stackrel{}{}_0=\frac{1}{\mathrm{\Omega }}\stackrel{}{}_1.$$
(15)   
Here $`\stackrel{}{E}`$ and $`\stackrel{}{B}`$ are the electric and magnetic field vectors, respectively; $`\rho `$ is the charge density and $`\stackrel{}{j}`$ is the current density.

The above mentioned variation of constants if applied to the Maxwell equations remains these equations without changes, when $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is constant, or dependence of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on time or space coordinates could be neglected. In the same way we may learn how we could vary other fundamental constants or quantities of physics.

## 5 Hubble law

Our proposed method of varying fundamental constants of physics corresponds to changes of energetical distances between levels in atoms. For example, energies of allowed states of the hydrogen atom are

$$E_n=\left(\frac{m_ee^4}{8ϵ_0^2h^2}\right)\frac{1}{n^2}.$$
(16)   
After varying $`ϵ_0`$, $`h`$ and $`m_e`$ we get

$$E_{n_0}=E{}_{n_1}{}^{}\mathrm{\Omega }.$$
(17)   
This means that when $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ $`>`$ 1, the corresponding levels of hydrogen atoms were higher, and the distances between them were smaller in the past.

So, a photon emitted at time $`t_1`$ has lower energy than the photon emitted at time $`t_0`$ ( $`t_1`$ $`<`$ $`t_0`$) by the same atom. An atomic spectrum from remote bodies is shifted to the red side because of the finite value of $`c`$. We should note that all physical quantities with same dimension varies in the same way during synchronous variation of constants. Thus, all lines (not only described by equation (16)) of distant objects are redshifted.

A time measurement based on transitions between levels in atoms shows the increase of the time rate when the light velocity increases. Meanwhile, a dynamical clock (for example, the period of revolution of the Earth about the Sun) rate does not depend on the light velocity variation.

It means that the light velocity measurement by the material length standard and the quantum clock will show the decrease of the light velocity with time. It is important to note the light velocity increases but the measurement shows the decrease. This happens since the quantum time rate increases when the light velocity and length standard increases too. Troitskii  gets that the light velocity measured in this way remains unchanged.

The length of meter definition  as a distance which the light covers in 1/299792458 seconds does not have meaning when it is not mentioned type of clocks. The measurements of time by dynamical and quantum clocks will show different length standard.

## 6 Conclusions

As we see, assumptions of the bodies expansion with time and the constancy of the light velocity for a local observer leads to a variation of other fundamental constants. Accepted cosmological theory forbids the expansion of bodies such as atoms, the Earth, the Sun and so on. The expansion of all material bodies is forbidden primarily because there are no criterions by which the expansion of the universe could be measured. We perceive this separation as very strange because all these objects could be characterized by their dimensions. Therefore, in our cosmological model all bodies feel expansion because of the variation of the light velocity, Planck’s constant, and bodies mass. A consequence of this variation is the steady state model without the creation of mass. The variation of the fundamental constants gives the Hubble law. Also, it does not change the fine structure constant, the electromagnetical equations. The fundamental constants of physics vary and our universe is steady without Big Bang.

The same method of variation of fundamental constants could be applied to the gravitation. The assumption of decrease of the velocity of light in the gravitational field should be made. Thus, the factor $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is less than 1 and it depends on the gravitational potential.

We got that the quantum time rate varies but the dynamical clock rate remains unaltered. This discrepancy of rates can be register by a measurement of the light velocity with a material length standard and a quantum clock. The measurement will show the decrease of the light velocity with time. The same measurements will show that the light velocity increases in the gravitational field. According to general relativity a local observer will register the same light velocity.

## References