# Physical Effects of Infrared Quark Eigenmodes in LQCD Talk presented by E. Eichten

## 1 Basics

In the truncated determinant approach (TDA) to full QCD, the quark determinant, $`𝒟(A)=det(H)=det(\gamma _5(D/(A)m))`$ is split-up gauge invariantly into an infrared part and an ultraviolet part.

$$𝒟(A)=𝒟_{IR}(A)𝒟_{UV}(A)$$
(1)   
The ultraviolet part, $`𝒟_{UV}`$, can be accurately fit by a linear combination of a small number of Wilson loops. The infrared part $`𝒟_{IR}(A)`$ is defined as the product of the lowest $`N_\lambda `$ positive and negative eigenvalues of $`H`$, with $`|\lambda _i|\mathrm{\Lambda }_{QCD}`$ (typically, $``$ 400-500 MeV). The eigenvalues $`\lambda _a`$ of $`H`$ are gauge invariant and measure quark off-shellness. The cutoff (for the separation in Eq. 1) is tuned to include as much as possible of the important low-energy chiral physics of the unquenched theory while leaving the fluctuations of $`\mathrm{ln}𝒟_{IR}`$ of order unity after each sweep updating all links with the pure gauge action (assuring a tolerable acceptance rate for the accept/reject stage). This procedure works well even for kappa values arbitrarily close to kappa critical.

Initial studies using TDA focus on the qualitative physical effects of the inclusion of the infrared quark eigenmodes. For this purpose, coarse lattices with large physical volumes are appropriate.

## 2 Bellwethers

The coarse lattices given in Table 1 are being studied on PC clusters. The $`O(a^2)`$ improved gauge action, $`\beta =6.8[1.0(plaq)0.08268(rect)0.01240(para)]`$, was adjusted in Ref.  to have approximately the same lattice scale $`a=0.4fm`$ as the naive gauge action at $`\beta =4.5`$. The physical lattice size is 2.4 (fm) for PW6 and RW6 and 3.2 (fm) for RW8; $`\kappa _c=.2190`$ for PW6, and $`.1960`$ for RW6 and RW8; and eigenvalue cutoff scale is 560 MeV for PW6 and RW6, and 445 MeV for RW8. In addition, $`10^3\times 20`$ lattices at $`\beta =5.7`$, $`c_{SW}=1.57`$ and $`n_{cut}=520`$ ($`E_{cut}=460MeV`$) are being generated on ACPMAPS.

As shown in Figure 1 it took about 10,000 full steps for the PW6 lattice configurations to equilibrate (reflecting critical slowing down - a few hundred suffice on small volumes).

Four bellwethers can be used to characterize the physical differences between quenched and full QCD. They are discussed (in order of increasing difficulty to observe in lattice calculations) in the following four subsections.

### 2.1 Topolopy

The topological charge, $`Q_{TOP}`$, can be expressed in terms of the eigenvalues of the Wilson-Dirac operator.

$$Q_{TOP}=\frac{1}{2\kappa }(1\frac{\kappa }{\kappa _c})\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\frac{1}{\lambda _i}$$
(2)   
This sum is quickly saturated by the low eigenvalues.

In full QCD configurations with very small eigenvalues of $`H`$ are suppressed by the quark determinant factor. In particular, non-zero topological charges must be suppressed in the chiral limit ($`m_q0`$). Furthermore, the functional dependence of the topological charge distribution, $`P_Q`$, on the light quark mass $`m_q`$ is predicted by the chiral analysis of Leutwyler and Smilga.

$$P_Q=I_Q(x)^2I_{Q+1}(x)I_{Q1}(x)$$
(3)   
where

$$x=1/2Vf_\pi ^2m_\pi ^2=Vm_q<\overline{\psi }\psi >,$$
(4)   
$`I_Q`$ are modified Bessel Functions of order Q and V is the total space-time volume.

The quantitative agreement with the expected behaviour of Eq. 3 has already been reported for the TDA method. General agreement is also observed on the coarse lattices of the present studies.

### 2.2 Eta Prime Mass

The relation between the axial $`U(1)`$ anomaly and the $`\eta ^{}`$ mass is well understood in full QCD. For two light quarks ($`N_f=2`$), $`m_\eta ^2=m_\pi ^2+m_0^2`$ where $`m_0^2=2N_f\chi /f_\pi ^2`$ and the topological susceptibility is $`V\chi <Q_{TOP}^2>_{\mathrm{quenched}}`$. The full $`\eta `$ propagator is the sum of a connected (valence quark) term and a disconnected (hairpin) term. Thus, in the continuum, the momentum space full propagator can be written:

$`(p^2+m_\pi ^2+m_0^2)^1=(p^2+m_\pi ^2)^1`$   
$`m_0^2(p^2+m_\pi ^2)^1(p^2+m_\pi ^2+m_0^2)^1`$   
These separate terms and their sum are shown in Figure 2 for the RW6 lattices. The cancellation between the valence and hairpin terms in the full propagator is evident.

### 2.3 Static Energy

To date no convincing evidence for string breaking in full QCD has been presented using calculations of the static energy alone. However string breaking has been seen using the TDA method in 2D QED and by the HMC method in 3D QCD. Studies of the $`\overline{c}c`$ and $`\overline{b}b`$ systens, lead to the expectation that virtual pair effects (below heavy-light meson pair production threshold) will soften the linear rise in the static energy, while above threshold the potential will flatten out (i.e.) the string will break. The heavy-light meson mass is $`0.81\pm .02`$ for the RW6 lattices.

Figure 3 shows the static energy for 200 RW6 lattices versus the same number of unquenched $`6^4`$ lattices at $`\beta =4.5`$. There is evidence of screening from the virtual pairs but no hard evidence of string breaking is found. Seeing string breaking will require more statistics (to study $`(T=3)/(T=2)`$ with small error bars) and also the study of the $`RW8`$ lattices.

### 2.4 Vector Meson Resonances

For the RW6 and RW8 lattices at $`\kappa =.1950`$, the rho mass is 1.33 and the pion mass is 0.205 (in lattice units); hence the $`\pi /\rho `$ mass ratio is close to the physical value. For example, the rho propagator for the RW6 lattice is shown in Figure 4. However, since this is a P wave coupling, the physical volume of the lattice must be large enough that the decay is allowed with the first nonzero momentum, $`p_{min}=\frac{2\pi }{Na}`$. This requires a $`10^4`$ lattice (RW10) or creating a rho with initial momentum $`p_{min}`$. Neither of these alternatives have been studied as yet.

## 3 Status

The present status of full QCD bellwethers is as follows:

* The behaviour of the topological charge distribution $`Q^2`$ as a function of light quark mass $`m_q`$ – Seen.
* The eta prime mass - $`m_\eta ^{}^2=m_\pi ^2+m_0^2`$ – Seen.
* The static energy - string breaking. – In progress but needs more statistics.
* Vector meson resonances - $`\rho \pi \pi `$. – Yet to be studied in detail.

Results for these four bellwether processes on coarse lattices should be available within a few months.