# On the Cosmological Aspects of Observed High Energy Cosmic Phenomena

### Introduction

As is known, there is presently no physical theory of the universe : the Standard Cosmological Model (SCM) seems to fail to explain many Observed Universe features because of the singularity problem. The old question why the universe is on average uniform and isotropic is still unanswered. The situation is aggravated, as new observational data on high-energy processes become available. In the suggested alternative cosmology the relativistic properties of a universe matter outside the Observed Universe are revealed. It gives us a clue for explaining major SCM difficulties.

## 1 CBR as a “neo-ether”

In the SCM the whole Universe, which is the Observed Universe, represents a massive absolute reference frame matched with a Cosmic Background Radiation (SBR). The latter is even more perfect absolute reference system because it does not have peculiar velocity dispersion. Actually, this issue is similar to the one formulated in the question : why the Universe is so well “tuned” and “aligned”. However, the “neo-ether” issue emphasizes more distinctly a confrontation of the SCM with conventional Physics in interpretation of the cosmological observations. If the Universe has such an inherent property as an absolute reference system then special and general relativistic theories must be redone. It is not easy to accept a CBR explanation of where the matter goes to in the expanding universe. But it is unacceptable to blame the general relativity theory for a decrease of a CBR energy density by one expansion factor faster than a total energy density of a massive corpuscular matter .

The situation radically changes if one suggests that the Observed Universe is not the whole Universe but an ensemble of material objects in the Grand Universe. The latter is a multitude of different ensembles. Then a CBR as ether (an absolute reference frame) and other “strange” universe attributes become local features of the individual material system. This idea is put in a basis of the suggested alternative cosmological concept.

## 2 Antimatter issue

Antimatter is apparently present in the Observed Universe in small quantities while Physics shows no preference of matter over antimatter. If the whole universe is really baryon asymmetric then Physics must be deeply revised. The only way to save a baryon symmetry and a baryon charge conservation is again to suggest that the Observed (Home) Universe actually is for some reason a matter-made material system. One may call our Home Universe a representative of multitude of typical universes evenly made of either matter or antimatter and chaotically dispersed in a Grand Universe space. This is a continuation of the above idea of our Home Universe being a material system limited in volume. Thus, resolving the confrontation in baryon symmetry issue we can return to the characteristics of the whole Universe (Grand Universe, GU, for short) and to the concept of its evolution.

## 3 A Universe without absolute reference frame

An absence of the absolute reference system in the GU means a Lorentz invariance of a coordinate-momentum distribution function of a GU matter. It is known from statistics of a relativistic non-interacting gas  that this function takes a form :

$$F(x_1,x_2,x_3;p_1,p_2,p_3)dx_1dx_2dx_3dp_1dp_2dp_3=Constdx_1dx_2dx_3dp_1dp_2dp_3$$
$`\left(1\right)`$   
It characterizes a fully chaotic motion. In this idealized model an integral over a momentum distribution (1) diverges. It shows unlimited sky brightness (Olbers paradox). In practice a bolometer placed in GU space should measure a certain average energy density. It integrates radiation (matter flux) over a source distribution, which is a “last scattering sphere”. Hence, a real momentum (energy) distribution must have a smooth cut–off of upper energies. This distribution is also a Lorentz–invariant because a last scattering sphere does not depend on a choice of a reference system.

In terms of a velocity distribution of relativistic particles a special relativity theory gives a formula equivalent to (1), (see, for example, ) :

$$F\left(\beta \right)d\beta =Const\gamma ^4\beta ^2d\beta $$
$`\left(2\right)`$   
for $`0<\beta <\beta _{max}`$ , where $`\beta _{max}`$ characterizes a cut–off parameter.

The above relativistic distribution of GU matter is seen unchanged in any free reference system. All forms of matter are supposed to be subjected to this law. Hence, a thought observer can not distinguish between his states of relative motion in principle. Evidently, he can find any reference system among multitude of local ones, none of them being absolute. The important conclusion is that a GU matter can exist in a state of chaotic relativistic motion, which is seen identical for observers in any moving free reference system. In space with a matter in this state any kind of an “absolute” reference system allowing to detect any effect due to the relative motion does not exist. Now we can develop the alternative cosmological concept suggesting that the GU matter is evolving in a selfcreating manner being in a baryon symmetric steady state, which is found as a Lorentz–invariant (chaotic) relativistic motion. The GU space is thought to be of Minkovski’s type. This is a scene for a cyclic evolution of a multitude of typical universes. Our Home Universe is one of them.

## 4 On a GU matter theory

The Grand Universe is an open system: there is no physical boundary. This is a primary reason for a GU matter being in a stationary state of a relativistic motion. Another important property of the GU system is a presence of two complementary entities, that is matter and antimatter. We may describe such a system in terms of a global conservation of sum of two kinds of energies : one is “locked” in a relativistic mass of matter and antimatter, the other is “released” in a matter-antimatter annihilation. Imagine for a moment that an initial state of the system is “locked” energy. Than an immediate process of energy release will start in a form of explosion (a GU version of “inflation” model). The other extreme case would be a state of full matter-antimatter annihilation. A “pendulum” starts going back through the process of pair creation restoring a selfsustained state of a relativistic motion. There is no energy dissipation, and the system acquires an equilibrium state in a form of continuing matter-antimatter annihilation and pair creation in parallel. Probably, this state may be described in terms of a maximal entropy of the GU system.

It is clear now that we describe the idea of a generalized matter transport theory, which is different from Boltzmann’s one first of all in above discussed two aspects : openness of the system, and matter annihilation/creation. Besides, we should introduce into this theory the basic laws of matter interactions, from gravity mechanics and physics, and nuclear physics, in particular. Boltzmann’s statistics of gravitating objects is known as a mathematically very complex problem. Hence, we may think about model approximations on different levels.

The most surprising what was found by author in a simple GU model is a statistical separation of matter and antimatter with a formation of an hierarchy structure, including evolving “typical universes” up to the size of our Home Universe. Evidently, only the smallest chances are given to a “typical universe” to reach a mature age.

We expect that a development of a GU matter transport theory will give us a basis for a physical theory of Cosmology with a following development of specific models of a universe evolution, galaxy formation, cosmological nucleonic synthesis and others. It seems that the theory requires only one adjustable parameter : a matter density. We can not exclude even that a more general model may be developed with “matter density long range waves”. In any case, the purpose of this theory would be solutions of the GU transport equation describing both a stationary Lorentz-invariant momentum distribution (discussed above) and an “evolutionary function” describing dynamics characteristics of matter structure, mass distribution of gravitationally linked systems (like evolving typical universes), in particular.

For further discussing the main topic of this report we need a qualitative picture of the GU scenario of our Home Universe evolution.

## 5 Our Home Universe evolution

Any typical universe should start with some gravitating coagulant. Its growth to an embryonic or a mature state may be thought as the result of a probabilistic survival. Over a lifetime it continually interacts with the GU environment, some of the interactions being random “catastrophic” events. The mass distribution function mentioned must characterize this process that is actually fluctuations of the GU matter. This function evidently is a monotonous one rapidly decreasing. A “tail” of the function is due to the extremely rare and huge fluctuations what are typical universe formations. A random “soft” collision between them resulted in either further growth or a major annihilation. Typical universes as they reach a “mature” size become unaffected while capturing a “small stuff” (due to a good statistical averaging). For survival they compete with each other on a similar size level. In this scenario any typical universe is a gravitationally linked relativistic ensemble characterized by a momentum distribution similar to one of the GU matter but with a lower cut–off parameter. Eventually a growing universe becomes vulnerable to the collision with a quite smaller anti–counterpart. The criterion for this stage may be written roughly in a form:

$$Gm/Rc^2\left(\gamma 1\right)<1$$
$`\left(3\right)`$   
where : $`m`$ — mass, $`R`$ — mean radius, $`\gamma `$ — effective Lorentz factor, $`G`$ — gravitational constant, $`c`$ — speed of light.

Tracing back to redshifts $`z10`$ we can imagine our Home Universe being about one order smaller and about three orders denser than at present, what gives the criterion (3) a value close to the critical. If so, a mechanism triggering our early Home Universe to decay might be an abrupt mass drop due to an accidental collision with a smaller antimatter universe. As a result, we observe our present “expanding” Universe originated from some pre-expansion stage. Evidently, galaxies (many of them were formed at pre-expansion stage) are aligned in a Hubble’s flow reflecting an initial relativistic distribution of a universe matter. So, chaos turned into an order.

To complete the rough picture of Our Universe in the GU concept frame we should note that stars, galaxies and clusters are inner formations in a general GU structure hierarchy. A luminous matter is expected to be only a small fraction of a total mass that provides for a self-sustained galaxy evolution. Hence, a “dark matter”, which is an ordinary matter, should be the dominant part in a typical universe. If so, it has to be in equilibrium with a thermal radiation. In our expanding Universe the observed 2.7 K CBR bears information on a mean surface temperature of dark matter bodies (dust clouds included). In accordance with the GU concept a mass distribution of dark matter is expected to be broad enough what makes a universe space quite transparent. Dark matter naturally participates in an “expansion” process. One can easily find that this concept perfectly explains all observed CBR features, a temperature decrease inversely proportional to the expansion factor, in particular. In a closed system like Our Universe, a thermal radiation performs an adiabatic expansion work because of a pressure gradient across the universe volume. Hence, there is no paradox with a “missing energy”.

Now we are ready to return to the main topic of this report : to give a qualitative explanation of high-energy cosmic corpuscular and gamma rays, gamma bursts, quasars and jetting objects in the frame of the suggested alternative Cosmology.

## 6 Cosmic rays

According to the GU concept a space outside typical universes is filled with a baryon symmetric matter in relativistic motion characterized by a Lorentz–invariant momentum distribution. The matter includes highly energetic gas and all sorts of macroscopic objects. Any typical universe evolves due to the active interaction with this outer GU background. Our Home Universe being also exposed to this background radiation must reveal products resulted from a transport of this radiation through the Universe medium. So called primary cosmic rays (its high–energy tail) should be actually a secondary radiation from interuniverse sources. In previous author’s work  this cosmic rays transport model is substantiated by numerical assessments. Cosmic rays researchers long time looked for natural mechanisms of acceleration. This is one of the old cosmological problems. The GU concept suggests an explanation of this phenomenon, paradoxically, as a contrary process of a moderation of primary “inter–universe” particles (both corpuscular and gamma quants) with much higher initial energies than observed.

## 7 Star explosions and gamma bursts

Gamma bursts discovered not long ago have been so far as enigmatic as cosmic rays. They happen to flash randomly and uniformly in the Universe space. Our simple explanation is as follows. The Universe space in fact contains an appreciable amount of antimatter in a form of material objects left from the moment of “Big Bump”; some captured later from the outer space. As mentioned before, a “dark matter” partially consists of it. Some objects might be single stars. Hence, high–energy cosmic gamma rays should have a component due to the annihilation processes. A proper physical model is needed to distinguish this component from many other sources. But part of a radiation of an annihilation type is thought to be clearly observable due to its pulse character. There must be comparatively rare events of collision of matter and antimatter solid objects of big masses. In particular, the whole star may be involved in an annihilation event observed as a gamma burst of huge energy. The data already available on the identification of luminous “disappearing” objects as gamma burst sources. This explanation is given here as a hypothesis in the GU concept frame for a numerical test.

## 8 Quasars

We have to explain several quasar features : small size, big power density, age comparable with one of the Universe, power variability. According to the GU concept, quasars are “afterglow” resulting from the “Big Bump” what was a collision of our early Universe with some smaller typical universe made of antimatter (scenario discussed in previous sections). It must be the most catastrophic event in Our Universe evolution. A huge amount of matter has been annihilated with following release of energy in different forms of radiation, gamma radiation, in particular. A quasar “engine” should be a comparably small power–generating ensemble of material objects with a high surface–to–volume ratio. It keeps burning out in a non–exploding manner due to a continually incoming antimatter gas stream. One may explain its varying power by gas pressure instability. We think that so–called jetting objects have the same physical nature. A rough estimate of the quasar phenomenon in a simplified model  shows a feasibility of matter–antimatter annihilation power generating mechanism. Detailed numerical analysis will be made after a development of the whole GU concept.

## 9 Conclusion

Now again the “hot issues” in a cosmological field are the old problems of the Standard Cosmological Model : is the Universe flat or open, and what is a true value of a Hubble’s constant. As often happened in a science history, a resolution of a problem could be in finding that a problem is incorrectly formulated due to the wrong basic postulate. In the suggested alternative cosmology the answers to the above questions are : our Universe is neither open, nor flat, and an exact value of a Hubble’s constant does not exist at all, for a peculiar velocity field has been initially created and further developed in both transversal and radial directions. The key element in a theory of the alternative cosmology must be the idea of a self–creation. A baryon symmetric world in Minkovski’s space seems to be a perspective concept for a development of a cosmological theory having an explanatory and predictive power and being falsifiable.

### Acknowledgement

I want to express my gratitude to Professor Nikoly Rabotnov for interesting discussions of cosmological problems. I am also thankful to Professor Ryan Gieed for his interest and support of my work.