# 1 The branching ratio of 𝑏→𝑠⁢𝑠⁢𝑑̄ as a function of 𝑥=𝑚_𝑔̃²/𝑚_𝑑̃² in MSSM without R-parity violation, when the squark-gluino box diagram is included. Region above the line has been excluded by the present data on 𝑏→𝑠⁢𝛾 and on Δ⁢𝑚_𝐾.

DESY 98-037

HIP-1998-07/TH

TECHNION-PH-11

Searching for new physics in $`bss\overline{d}`$ decays   

Katri Huitu<sup>a</sup>, Cai-Dian Lü<sup>b</sup><sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1Alexander von Humboldt research fellow., Paul Singer<sup>c</sup> and Da-Xin Zhang<sup>a</sup> 

<sup>a</sup> Helsinki Institute of Physics, P.O.Box 9, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

<sup>b</sup> II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany

<sup>c</sup> Department of Physics, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel

## Abstract

For any new physics possibly emerging in the future B experiments, the problem is how to extract the signals from the SM background. We consider the decay $`bss\overline{d}`$ which is very small in the SM. In the MSSM this decay is possibly accessible in the future experiments. In the supersymmetric models with R-parity violating couplings, this channel is not strictly constrained, thus being useful in obtaining bounds on the lepton-number violating couplings. A typical candidate for the suggested search is the $`B^{}K^{}K^{}\pi ^+`$ mode.

12.15.Ji, 13.25.Hw, 12.60.Jv

Rare $`b`$ decays offer a good opportunity to discover new physics beyond the standard model (SM). Many investigations have been done in the past years on the predictions of processes induced by flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) interactions, both within the SM and beyond . One of these FCNC induced processes, $`bs\gamma `$, has been measured  and the branching ratio is comparable with the SM prediction  which however still contains significant uncertainties. Thus it is hard to make any definite conclusion of signals of new physics. This is also true in most of the channels like $`bsq\overline{q}`$  and $`bsl\overline{l}`$ , due to the theoretical uncertainties.

In a recent study, Gabbiani et al.  considered the non-leptonic processes $`sdq\overline{q}`$ ($`q=u,d,s`$) more completely in the supersymmetric model by including also the box diagrams, in addition to the penguin contribution calculated before. Bounds from $`bs\gamma `$, $`B\overline{B}`$ and $`K\overline{K}`$ mixings are considered and their conclusion is that the box diagrams cannot be neglected in the non-leptonic transitions.

Here we will consider a novel channel $`bss\overline{d}`$ which turns out to be exceedingly small in the SM. In the SM, this process can be induced by box diagrams with the up-type quarks and weak bosons inside the loop. Due to the strong GIM-suppression and the small CKM angles involved, the $`W`$-box contribution is found to be very small. We perform a simple estimate and find that within the SM,

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }={\displaystyle \frac{m_b^5}{48(2\pi )^3}}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{G_F^2}{2\pi ^2}}m_W^2V_{tb}V_{ts}^{}\left[V_{td}V_{ts}^{}f\left({\displaystyle \frac{m_W^2}{m_t^2}}\right)+V_{cd}V_{cs}^{}{\displaystyle \frac{m_c^2}{m_W^2}}g({\displaystyle \frac{m_W^2}{m_t^2}},{\displaystyle \frac{m_c^2}{m_W^2}})\right]\right|^2,`$ (1)   
where

$`f(x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{111x+4x^2}{4x(1x)^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2(1x)^3}}\mathrm{ln}x,`$ (2)   
$`g(x,y)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{4x1}{4(1x)}}+{\displaystyle \frac{8x4x^21}{4(1x)^2}}\mathrm{ln}x\mathrm{ln}y.`$   
In eqn. (1) the $`{\displaystyle \frac{m_c^2}{m_W^2}}`$ term is numerically about one half of the highly CKM-suppressed contribution at the amplitude’s level. We have dropped in (1) the kinematics dependent contribution which is smaller than $`10\%`$ of the term proportional to $`{\displaystyle \frac{m_c^2}{m_W^2}}`$. Even though the relative phase between the two contributions in (1) is unknown, the branching ratio is always less than $`10^{11}`$, far beyond the designed ability of B-factories. By comparing with the analogous processes $`B^0\overline{B}^0`$ and $`K^0\overline{K}^0`$ mixings , we suppose that including QCD correction will not change the value greatly. Furthermore, the so-called “dipenguin”  is only part of the $`𝒪(\alpha _s)`$ corrections to the lowest order $`W`$-box diagram, and is thus less important. In order to consider new physics, this is a clean and useful channel. If this process were observed at future experiments, we would be confident that there is new physics involved.

In the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM), this transition can be induced by the squark-gaugino (or higgsino) box diagrams. Since $`\mathrm{cot}\beta `$ is constrained to be small in the MSSM, there is no large contribution from the charged Higgs box diagrams and we will not consider it further. An alternative mechanism for this channel in the supersymmetric models is through the $`R`$-parity violating couplings. These two seem to be the only ones capable in mediating this decay within the supersymmetric models without strong suppression. The non-supersymmetric models like the two Higgs doublet models, including the so-called Model-III , are worth a separate investigation.

To simplify our discussion, we consider only the squark-gluino box which is generally the dominant contribution. Following the mass-insertion approximation , universal squark masses are assumed, and the squark mixings are described by the off-diagonal elements in the mass squared matrices. We keep only the left-handed sector in the squark mixing, following the observation made in  that the left-right and the right-right sectors are more strongly constrained. The effective Hamiltonian is then

$`={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s^2\delta _{12}^d\delta _{23}^d}{216m_{\stackrel{~}{d}}^2}}[24xf_6(x)+66\stackrel{~}{f}_6(x)](\overline{s}\gamma ^\mu d_L)(\overline{s}\gamma _\mu b_L),`$ (3)   
where $`x=m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}^2/m_{\stackrel{~}{d}}^2`$, and the functions $`f_6(x)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{f}_6(x)`$ can be found in . $`\delta _{ij}^d`$ parameterizes the mixing between the down-type left-handed squarks. The decay width is calculated as

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s^4|\delta _{12}^d\delta _{23}^d|^2m_b^5}{48(2\pi )^3m_{\stackrel{~}{d}}^4}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}}xf_6(x)+{\displaystyle \frac{11}{18}}\stackrel{~}{f}_6(x)\right]^2.`$ (4)   
At present, the strongest bounds on the squark mixing parameter $`\delta _{12}^d`$ comes from $`K\overline{K}`$ mixing, and $`\delta _{23}^d`$ from $`bs\gamma `$ . These bounds are obtained using $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_K<3.521\times 10^{15}`$GeV and $`BR(bs\gamma )<4\times 10^4`$. They depend on $`x`$. Using these bounds, we plot in Figure 1 the maximum branching ratio of $`bss\overline{d}`$ depending on $`x`$. When doing numerical calculations, our parameters are chosen as $`m_{\stackrel{~}{d}}=500`$ GeV, $`\tau _B=1.59`$ ps, $`f_K=160`$ MeV, $`m_b=4.5`$ GeV. Note that QCD corrections are less important in the MSSM .

The MSSM can be extended by including R-parity violating interactions. The term in the R-parity violating part of the superpotential, which is relevant here is

$`W=\lambda _{ijk}^{}L_iQ_jd_k,`$ (5)   
where $`i,j,k`$ are indices for the families and $`L,Q,d`$ are, under the SM gauge group, the superfields for the lepton doublet, the quark doublet and the down-type quark singlet, respectively. $`\lambda ^{}`$ is a dimensionless coupling. The transition $`bss\overline{d}`$ can be induced also by the lepton number violating interactions in $`W`$. Following the notations in , the tree level effective Hamiltonian is

$`={\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{f_{\mathrm{QCD}}}{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n}^2}}(\lambda _{n32}^{}\lambda _{n21}^{}\overline{s}_Rb_L\overline{s}_Ld_R+\lambda _{n12}^{}\lambda _{n23}^{}\overline{s}_Rd_L\overline{s}_Lb_R).`$ (6)   
The QCD corrections to the left-right operators in eqn.(6) has been found to be important . The next-to-leading order QCD corrections are also available . For simplicity, here we only include the leading order QCD corrections which are given by a scaling factor

$$f_{\mathrm{QCD}}=\left(\frac{\alpha _s(m_b)}{\alpha _s(m_t)}\right)^{\frac{24}{23}}\left(\frac{\alpha _s(m_t)}{\alpha _s(m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n})}\right)^{\frac{24}{21}}$$
(7)   
for $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n}>m_t`$, and by

$$f_{\mathrm{QCD}}=\left(\frac{\alpha _s(m_b)}{\alpha _s(m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n})}\right)^{\frac{24}{23}}$$
(8)   
for $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n}<m_t`$. Using $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n}=100`$ GeV, we estimate $`f_{\mathrm{QCD}}2`$.

Then the decay rate induced by the R-parity violating couplings is

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }={\displaystyle \frac{m_b^5f_{\mathrm{QCD}}^2}{512(2\pi )^3}}\left(\left|{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n}^2}}\lambda _{n32}^{}\lambda _{n21}^{}\right|^2+\left|{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n}^2}}\lambda _{n12}^{}\lambda _{n23}^{}\right|^2\right).`$ (9)   
Note that the couplings are not strongly constrained by the present experiments :

$`|\lambda _{132}^{}\lambda _{121}^{}|<0.34\times 0.035,`$ $`|\lambda _{112}^{}\lambda _{123}^{}|<0.02\times 0.20,`$   
$`|\lambda _{232}^{}\lambda _{221}^{}|<0.36\times 0.18,`$ $`|\lambda _{212}^{}\lambda _{223}^{}|<0.09\times 0.18,`$   
$`|\lambda _{332}^{}\lambda _{321}^{}|<0.48\times 0.20,`$ $`|\lambda _{312}^{}\lambda _{323}^{}|<0.10\times 0.20`$ (10)   
if using $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n}=100`$ GeV, and we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\sqrt{|\lambda _{n32}^{}\lambda _{n21}^{}|^2+|\lambda _{n12}^{}\lambda _{n23}^{}|^2}<0.1,`$ (11)   
which is too weak to constrain the present mode. Thus a search for this decay mode will improve our knowledge on these couplings. At present, an analysis of this transition at the level of branching ratio $`10^410^5`$ is realistic, and a negative result will improve the bound in (11) to $`10^4`$. Note that the stricter constraints on $`|_n\frac{1}{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n}^2}\lambda _{n32}^{}\lambda _{n23}^{}|`$ from $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_B`$ and $`|_n\frac{1}{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_n}^2}\lambda _{n12}^{}\lambda _{n21}^{}|`$ from $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_K`$  are independent from the present combination of the couplings.

Next we consider the experimental implications of the discussed channel. In the MSSM, the branching ratio of this decay is smaller than $`10^710^8`$, which is difficult to reach at the B-factories, but hopefully is possible at Hera-B or at LHC. In the MSSM with R-parity violation, there is no strict constraint on the mode, and the branching ratio might be quite large. A search for this mode will help to improve the bounds on these $`\lambda ^{}`$-type R-parity violating couplings.

Typical final exclusive processes of $`bss\overline{d}`$ include $`B^\pm K^\pm K^0(\overline{K}^0)`$, which are difficult to separate from the standard penguin process $`bds\overline{s}`$ through $`K^0\overline{K}^0`$ mixing. Although the interference of these two sources of the final states are novel in the study of the phenomena such as CP violation, these channels are not suitable for the direct search for the new physics. However, the three-body mode of the charged B decays like $`B^{}K^{}K^{}\pi ^+`$, either a direct three-body transition or through a $`\overline{K}^0`$-like resonance, will be a clear signal for this mode. In the neutral B decays, the channel $`\overline{B}^0K^{}K^{}\pi ^+\pi ^+`$ is also a clear signal. Similar consideration also applies in other $`K^{}K^{}+(\mathrm{no}\mathrm{strange})`$ final states, which can be searched at the B-factories. Thus we suggest to search for the signals of multi-body channels in the B decays, which will be useful in bounding the R-parity violating couplings at present, and in discovering physics beyond the SM in the future.

To estimate the semi-inclusive rate of $`BK^{}K^{}+(\mathrm{no}\mathrm{strange})`$, we assume that the multi-body transitions are dominated by the two-body channels which contain the excited states of the $`K`$ mesons. Because of the short lifetimes of these excited states the mixing effects between the neutral excited states are totally negligible. We denote an excited $`K`$ as $`K^{}`$ and the ground state as $`K`$ and estimate the possibility of $`K^{}`$ decays into a charged $`K`$ by isospin analyses. In the decay $`K^{}K+(\mathrm{no}\mathrm{strange})`$ the isospin of the nonstrange system can be $`I=1`$ or $`I=0`$. In the $`I=1`$ channels of the neutral $`K^{}`$ decays, the possibility for a final charged $`K`$ is $`2/3`$. This possibility for the charged $`K^{}`$ is $`1/3`$. In the $`I=0`$ channels, all the charged $`K^{}`$’s decay into charged final $`K`$’s while for the neutral $`K^{}`$’s there is no charged $`K`$ in the final states. To avoid model calculations for the individual isospin amplitudes, we simply average over both the charged and neutral $`K^{}`$’s and over all the channels $`K^{}K`$, and we expect that about half of the decays $`K^{}K`$ have charged $`K`$’s in the final states. Thus in the $`BK^{}K^{}`$ decays induced by $`bss\overline{d}`$, a quarter of these transitions materialize as $`BK^{}K^{}+(\mathrm{no}\mathrm{strange})`$. Similar analysis applies for the decays $`BK^{}K`$ with a smaller possibility to have two charged $`K`$’s in the final states; however, we can expect that there are less $`K^{}K`$ than $`K^{}K^{}`$ channels, and the individual transition $`BKK`$ is even less dominant. We conclude that the estimated $`1/4`$ possibility of having two charged (same sign) $`K`$’s roughly works, and the semi-inclusive process $`BK^{}K^{}+(\mathrm{no}\mathrm{strange})`$ consists about $`1/4`$ of all the $`bss\overline{d}`$ transitions.

Finally, let us consider a similar process $`bdd\overline{s}`$ due to the same mechanisms. An interesting exclusive channel of this process is $`B^{}K^+\pi ^{}\pi ^{}`$. In the SM, this process suffers even stronger suppression than $`bss\overline{d}`$ (by a factor of $`|V_{td}/V_{ts}|`$ in the amplitude). In the MSSM, the decay rate is proportional to the more strongly constrained $`|\delta _{21}^d\delta _{13}^d|^2`$. Thus its upper bound is much smaller (only $`10^4`$ of $`bss\overline{d}`$). However, the hope that $`bdd\overline{s}`$ can be induced by the $`\lambda ^{}`$-type $`R`$-parity violating couplings is still alive. By comparing the involved $`\lambda ^{}`$ combination with that in $`bss\overline{d}`$, again, there exists only a very loose bound

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\sqrt{|\lambda _{n31}^{}\lambda _{n12}^{}|^2+|\lambda _{n21}^{}\lambda _{n13}^{}|^2}<0.05,`$ (12)   
and the available data can be used to improve this bound to the order of $`10^4`$.

We thank Kenneth Österberg for helpful discussions. The work of KH and DXZ is partially supported by the Academy of Finland (no. 37599). The work of PS is partially supported by the Fund for Promotion of Research at the Technion.