# Untitled Document

IUHET–398

SPIN-DEPENDENT FORCES BETWEEN QUARKS IN HADRONS

D. B. Lichtenberg<sup>a</sup>

Physics Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA

(Invited talk to be given at Orbis Scientiae, Fort Lauderdale,

December 18–21, 1998. A revised version will be published

in the proceedings.)

Abstract. Different mechanisms have been proposed to account for the spin-dependent interaction between quarks in ground-state hadrons. The first mechanism is the chromomagnetic interaction arising from one-gluon exchange, a second mechanism is an interaction arising from meson exchange, and a third from instanton effects. Some lattice calculations favor the first mechanism for heavy quarks and the third for light quarks. An argument is presented in favor of the one-gluon exchange mechanism. However, thus far, nobody has performed a crucial experiment that can definitively distinguish between these mechanisms.

<sup>a</sup>lichten@indiana.edu

Most of what I say in this talk is within the framework of the constituent quark model, in which explicit gluon degrees of freedom are integrated out, leaving only a potential between quarks. In this framework, the question, “What per cent of the spin of a hadron is carried by the quarks?” has the simple answer, “100 per cent.” The sea of gluons and quark-antiquark pairs surrounding a current quark is considered an integral part of it, and both the quark and the sea together make the constituent quark. When a constituent quark is tweaked gently, it drags its sea around with it, and therefore has more inertia than a current quark. The size of a constituent quark, including its sea, is substantially greater than the size of a current quark, and a constituent quark may not be much smaller than the hadron in which it is bound.

In the constituent quark model there is still a puzzle about the nature of the spin-dependent force between two quarks (or between a quark and an antiquark). Specifically, does the spin-dependent interaction arise from the chromomagnetic interaction of one-gluon exchange , from Goldstone-boson exchange in connection with the breaking of chiral symmetry , or from the effects of instantons ? Here, arguments are given that the one-gluon-exchange mechanism is the dominant one. Isgur  has also taken this point of view.

Shortly after the invention of QCD, De Rújula et al.  discussed consequences of the one-gluon exchange interaction between two (constituent) quarks in a baryon and between a quark and antiquark in a meson. In their work, the spin-dependent splitting of ground-state hadrons arises from the chromomagnetic interaction.

Since then, many authors have written papers in which the mass splittings of the vector and pseudoscalar mesons, and the splittings of the spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 baryons arise from chromomagnetic forces. These forces have three salient features: (1) they are two-body forces, (2) they are short range, and (3) they are attractive in spin-0 states and repulsive in spin-1 states of two quarks in a baryon or a quark-antiquark in a meson.

Although the chromomagnetic interaction is a two-body operator, Cohen and Lipkin  and Richard et al.  pointed out that in baryons (and more generally in hadrons containing more than two quarks) the spin-dependent interaction energy between two quarks is influenced by the remaining “spectator” quarks. Anselmino et al.  gave a quantitative measure of this effect in baryons. In cases in which data were available, they found that the spectator quark influenced the interaction energy by less than 12 %.

More recently, it was proposed that the spin-dependent interaction between light quarks arises, not from one-gluon exchange, but from Goldstone-boson exchange, the boson being a pseudoscalar meson connected with chiral symmetry breaking. I call this the one-meson-exchange model; see the review by Glozman and Riska  for references. A third suggestion is that instantons give the dominant contribution to the the spin-dependent interaction in light quarks. A lattice gauge calculation  appears to support this third point of view. I call this the instanton model; references can be found in the review by Shuryak .

At present, all three models apparently have enough flexibility to approximate the existing data. An important question, which has not yet been definitively answered, is whether the three models are just different ways of describing the same thing or whether their predictions are different enough so that future experiments may rule out at least two of them as giving the dominant contribution to the spin splittings.

Because of asymptotic freedom, there is every reason to believe that at sufficiently small separation $`r`$ between quarks, QCD perturbation theory works well. Furthermore, the chromomagnetic interaction of one-gluon exchange has a short range, and so is more amenable to perturbative treatment than the forces of longer range. Also, QCD dynamics causes hadrons containing only heavy quarks to be smaller in size than hadrons containing only light quarks or both light and heavy quarks. For threse three reasons, one-gluon exchange is expected to be the dominant interaction at small distances in heavy-quark hadrons; in particular, the chromomagnetic interaction is expected to be the dominant mechanism of spin splittings in such hadrons.

In my opinion the one-gluon exchange force also provides a useful description of the spin-dependent splittings in hadrons containing light quarks. My argument is that the one-gluon-exchange model leads to qualitative agreement with the fact that spin splittings are larger in hadrons containing light quarks than in hadrons containing only heavy quarks. I shall present this argument in some detail.

The spin-spin term $`H_s`$ of the one-gluon-exchange interaction has the form

$$H_s=^2V\sigma _1\sigma _2/(6m_1m_2),$$
$`(1)`$   
where $`V`$ is the color-Coulomb potential, $`\sigma _1`$ and $`\sigma _2`$ are Pauli spin matrices, and $`m_1`$ and $`m_2`$ are the constituent quark masses. The quantity $`V`$ is given by

$$V=\lambda _1\lambda _2\alpha _s/(4r),$$
$`(2)`$   
where $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ are Gell-Mann SU(3) matrices, $`\alpha _s`$ is the strong coupling constant, and $`r`$ is the distance between quarks.

The form given in Eq. (1) holds for a more general potential than the one-gluon exchange potential of Eq. (2), as has been noted by a number of authors. References can be found in a review of the potential model . The result is that if the quark-quark (or quark-antiquark) static potential $`U`$ is written as $`U=V+S`$, where $`V`$ transforms as the time component of a vector and $`S`$ transforms as a scalar, then it is just the vector part $`V`$ that enters Eq. (1). It is commonly assumed  that the short-range part of the potential is $`V`$, whereas the confining part is $`S`$.

The interaction $`H_s`$ is repulsive if two quarks in a baryon or a quark and antiquark in a meson have spin 1, and is attractive if the two quarks have spin 0. In the one-gluon-exchange model, this result is responsible for the spin splittings in ground-state mesons and baryons.

I now examine how the expectation value $`H_s`$ varies with the quark masses. The factor $`(m_1m_2)^1`$ in Eq. (1) decreases for increasing quark masses, but this decrease might not be enough to compensate for the fact that the expectation value $`^2V`$ increases as the quark masses increase. However, if the scalar confinement term $`S`$ is linear and the $`V`$ of Eq. (2) is treated as a perturbation, then Frank and O’Donnell  have shown that

$$^2V\mu ,$$
$`(3)`$   
where $`\mu `$ is the reduced mass of the two quarks. It follows from Eqs. (1) and (3) that

$$H_s(m_1+m_2)^1,$$
$`(4)`$   
a result that shows that indeed the effect of $`H_s`$ is larger in hadrons containing light quarks than in hadrons containing heavy ones. The result (4) has been generalized  to the case in which

$$Vr^n,Sr^n,0<n1.$$
$`(5)`$   
Therefore, the one-gluon-exchange interaction of Eq. (1) accounts in a natural way for the fact that spin splitting in light hadrons is larger than the splittings in heavy hadrons. If the splitting in light hadrons is to be explained by either one-meson exchange or instantons, a way has to be found to “turn off” the one-gluon exchange contribution in light-quark hadrons. I have not seen any convincing way to do this. I must point out that Negele  claims that a lattice calculation shows that the one-gluon-exchange contribution is negligible in light mesons, but how that happens is mysterious to me.

According to the one-gluon-exchange model with a quark-antiquark potential of Eq. (5), the splitting $`\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ between the masses of ground-state vector and pseudoscalar mesons should go like Eq. (4). To check this against experiment, one needs a set of constituent quark masses. For definiteness, I take quark masses given by Roncaglia et al. . (These quark masses lead to a hadron binding energy that varies smoothly with the reduced mass of the quarks.) The quark masses are (in MeV)

$$m_u=m_d=300,m_s=475,m_c=1640,m_b=4985.$$
$`(6)`$   
In Table 1 are given the experimental mass splittings $`\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ from the Particle Data Group  and the values of $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$, where $`R=(m_1+m_2)/(2m_u)`$. If the potential is of the form given in Eq. (5) and if the short-range part of the potential can be treated as a perturbation, then the values of $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ should be the same constant for all the ground-state splittings.

TABLE 1. Values of the mass differences $`\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ between vector and pseudoscalar mesons containing the same quark content. Also given are the values of $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$, where $`R=(m_1+m_2)/(2m_u)`$, with the values of the $`m_i`$ given in Eq. (6). Values of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ are from the Particle Data Group . According to the one-gluon-exchange model, the values of $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ should be approximately constant.

| Mesons | Quark content | $`\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ (MeV) | $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ (MeV) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| $`\rho \pi `$ | $`q\overline{q}`$ | 632 | 632 |
| $`K^{}K`$ | $`q\overline{s}`$ | 398 | 514 |
| $`D^{}D`$ | $`c\overline{q}`$ | 141 | 456 |
| $`D_s^{}D_s`$ | $`c\overline{s}`$ | 144 | 508 |
| $`J/\psi \eta _c`$ | $`c\overline{c}`$ | 117 | 640 |
| $`B^{}B`$ | $`q\overline{b}`$ | 46 | 405 |
| $`B_s^{}B_s`$ | $`s\overline{b}`$ | 47 | 428 |

The symbol $`q`$ means either $`u`$ or $`d`$.

It can be seen from Table 1 that the values of $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ are not constant, but they are much closer to a constant than the values of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$. In my opinion, the fact that the values of $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ do not vary by much (the smallest value is 63% of the largest) is a reflection of the underlying validity of the one-gluon-exchange model. If so, the variations in $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ just show that using a potential in a nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation and treating the short-range part of the potential as a perturbation are not adequate approximations. Note that the values of $`R\mathrm{\Delta }_M`$ are largest for the $`\rho \pi `$ and $`J/\psi \eta _c`$ splittings. In the case of the pion, the short-range spin-dependent force is sufficiently strong to increase the pion wave function near $`r=0`$, thereby decreasing the pion mass more than one would predict from perturbation theory. In the case of the $`c\overline{c}`$ system, the color-Coulomb force increases the wave function near $`r=0`$, again enhancing the effect of the short-range spin-dependent force.

The effects of the chromomagnetic interaction in ground-state baryons is a little more complicated than in mesons because a baryon contains three quarks. However, the effect of the two-body spin-dependent force can be approximately isolated . I distinguish two cases: first, the case in which the baryons have two identical quarks, and second, the case in which all three quarks have different flavors. If two quarks have the same flavor, I define the spin-dependent splitting $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$ by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B=B^{}B^{}`$, where $`B^{}`$ is the mass of the spin-3/2 baryon and $`B^{}`$ is the mass of the spin-1/2 baryon. For example, in the case of baryons made of only $`u`$ and $`d`$ quarks, the $`B^{}`$ is the $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ baryon and the $`B^{}`$ is the nucleon. In the case in which all three quarks are different, there exists a second spin-1/2 baryon, which I denote by $`B`$. The $`B^{}`$ has the spin structure of the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ baryon, while the $`B`$ has the spin structure of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. If all quarks are different, I define another independent spin splitting $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B^{}=(2B^{}+B^{}3B)/2`$. The quantity $`R_B`$ is defined similarly to $`R`$ for mesons, except that the quark masses are those of the active quarks. The two active quarks are those responsible for the spin-dependent force given in Eq. (1); the third quark is the spectator quark. Of course, to obtain the spin splittings in baryons, one must appropriately sum over all three pairs of quarks.

I do not have a derivation that $`R_B\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$ or $`R_B\mathrm{\Delta }_B^{}`$ should be constant, but consider these quantities in analogy with the mesons. In Table 2 are given the experimental values of spin splittings in ground-state baryons from the Particle Data Group . Also given are the two active quarks and the spectator quark (which has a small effect on the spin splitting caused mainly by the active quarks ).

TABLE 2. Values of the mass differences $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B^{}`$ between spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 baryons containing the same quark content. See the text for the definitions of the quantities. The table distinguishes between the active quarks, which are mainly responsible for the spin splittings, and the spectator quark, which plays only a minor role. Also given are values of $`R_B\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$, where $`R_B=(m_1+m_2)/(2m_u)`$, with the values of the masses of the active quarks $`m_1`$ and $`m_2`$ given in Eq. (6). Values of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B^{}`$ are from the Particle Data Group .

Baryons Active Spectator $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$ $`R_B\mathrm{\Delta }_B`$   quarks quark or $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B^{}`$ (MeV) or $`R_B\mathrm{\Delta }_B^{}`$ (MeV)  $`\mathrm{\Delta }N`$ $`qq`$ $`q`$ 293 293  $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ $`qs`$ $`q`$ 192 248  $`\mathrm{\Xi }^{}\mathrm{\Xi }`$ $`qs`$ $`s`$ 215 278  $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_c^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_c`$ $`qc`$ $`q`$ 65 210  $`(\mathrm{\Sigma }^{}+\mathrm{\Sigma }3\mathrm{\Lambda })/2`$ $`qq`$ $`s`$ 307 307  $`(\mathrm{\Sigma }_c^{}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_c3\mathrm{\Lambda }_c)/2`$ $`qq`$ $`c`$ 317 317     
The symbol $`q`$ means either $`u`$ or $`d`$.

It can be seen from the first, second, and fouth entries of the last column of Table 2 that in baryons the spin-dependent splittings decrease a little faster than $`(m_1+m_2)^1`$. In column 4, it can be seen from a comparison of the first, fifth, and sixth entries and from a comparison of the second and third entries that the heavier the spectator quark, the larger the matrix element of the two active quarks. This is in agreement with the conclusion of , and is the result of the heavy spectator quark shrinking the hadron wave function and thereby making the short-range spin-dependent interaction more effective.

I have given a plausibility argument that the one-gluon-exchange model is relevant for hadrons containing light, as well as heavy, quarks. It is important to note that nothing I have said rules out the possibility that the one-meson-exchange model and the instanton model also contribute in some measure. For example, Buchmann et al.  conclude that the $`\mathrm{\Delta }N`$ mass splitting arises 2/3 from one-gluon exchange and 1/3 from one-meson exchange.

It would be desirable to let experiment decide which of the three models is dominant in light and in heavy hadrons. Buchmann  has shown that one-gluon exchange, but not one-meson exchange, contributes to the quadrupole moment of the $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}`$ baryon, but this moment has not been measured. Also, an existing calculation shows that the one-gluon-exchange and one-meson-exchange models give different predictions for the properties of some exotic hadrons . However, at the present time, too few exotic hadrons have been identified to distinguish between models. Further progress will require additional theoretical and experimental work.

I have benefited from discussions with Alfons Buchmann and Floarea Stancu, but they do not necessarily agree with the conclusions of this paper. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy.

REFERENCES

1. A. De Rújula, H. Georgi, and S. L. Glashow, Phys. Rev. D 12:147 (1975).

2. L.Ya Glozman and D.O. Riska, Phys. Rep. 268:264 (1996).

3. E.V. Shuryak, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65:1 (1993).

4. N. Isgur, at Baryons ’98 international conference, Bonn, Sept. 22-26, 1998.

5. I. Cohen, H.J. Lipkin, Phys. Lett. 106B:119 (1981).

6. J.M. Richard, P. Taxil, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 150:26 (1983).

7. M. Anselmino, D.B. Lichtenberg, and E. Predazzi, Z. Phys. C 48:605 (1990).

8. J.W. Negele, in Intersections between Particle and Nuclear Physics, Big Sky, Montana, May, 1997, AIP Conference Proceedings 412, edited by T.W. Donnelly, AIP, Woodbury, New York (1997), p. 3.

9. D.B. Lichtenberg, Intl. J. Mod. Phys. A 2:1669 (1987).

10. M. Frank and P.J. O’Donnell, Phys. Lett. B 159:174 (1985).

11. D.B. Lichtenberg, Phys. Lett. B 193:95 (1987).

12. R. Roncaglia, D.B. Lichtenberg, and E. Predazzi, Phys. Rev. D 52:1722 (1995).

13. Particle Data Group: C. Caso et al., Euro. Phys. J. C 3:1 (1998).

14. A.J. Buchmann, E. Hernández, and E. Faessler, Phys. Rev. C 55:448 (1997).

15. A.J. Buchmann, Z. Naturforsch 52a:877 (1997).

16. Fl. Stancu, Few Body Phys. Suppl., to be published (Proc. of the Workshop on $`N^{}`$ Physics and Non-perturbative QCD, Trento, Italy, May 18-29, 1998).