# References

SINP/TNP/99-3

hep-ph/9903490

Effects of $`R`$-parity violation on direct $`CP`$ violation   
in $`B`$ decays and extraction of $`\gamma `$   
Gautam Bhattacharyya $`^{1,}`$ <sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup>*Electronic address: gb@tnp.saha.ernet.in and Amitava Datta $`^{2,}`$ Electronic address: adatta@juphys.ernet.in <sup>1</sup>Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Calcutta 700064, India

<sup>2</sup>Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Calcutta 700032, India   

Abstract

> In the standard model, direct $`CP`$-violating asymmetries for $`B^\pm \pi ^\pm K`$ are $`2\%`$ based on perturbative calculation. Rescattering effects might enhance it to at most $`(2025)\%`$. We show that lepton-number-violating couplings in supersymmetric models without $`R`$-parity are capable of inducing as large as $`𝒪(100\%)`$ $`CP`$ asymmetry in this channel. Such effects drastically modify the allowed range of the CKM parameter $`\gamma `$ arising from the combinations of the observed charged and neutral $`B`$ decays in the $`\pi K`$ modes. With a multichannel analysis in $`B`$ decays, one can either discover this exciting new physics, or significantly improve the existing constraints on it.   
> PACS number(s): 11.30.Er, 13.25.Hw, 12.60.Jv, 11.30.Fs

It is well-known that $`CP`$-violating $`B`$ decays might constitute an important hunting ground for new physics. This is particularly so since many $`CP`$-violating asymmetries related to $`B`$ decays, which are predicted to be very small in the SM , are likely to be measured with unprecedented precision in the upcoming $`B`$ factories. Measurements larger than the SM predictions would definitely signal the presence of new physics. Our primary concern in this paper is how to identify and extract such information. To illustrate this point, let us consider direct $`CP`$ violation in charged $`B`$ decays. The decay amplitude for $`B^+f`$ can be written as $`A(B^+f)=_i|A_i|e^{i\varphi _i^W}e^{i\varphi _i^S}`$. Here $`\varphi _i^W`$ and $`\varphi _i^S`$ are the weak and strong phases, respectively, for the $`i`$th term. $`|A_i|`$ depend crucially on nonperturbative strong interaction dynamics and have not as yet been reliably computed. One usually measures direct $`CP`$ violating rate asymmetry in $`B^\pm `$ decays through $`a_{CP}[(B^+f)(B^{}\overline{f})]/[(B^+f)+(B^{}\overline{f})]`$. Requiring $`CPT`$ invariance and assuming that only two terms dominate in a given decay amplitude, the above asymmetry can be expressed as

$$a_{CP}=\frac{2|A_1||A_2|\mathrm{sin}(\varphi _1^W\varphi _2^W)\mathrm{sin}(\varphi _1^S\varphi _2^S)}{|A_1|^2+|A_2|^2+2|A_1||A_2|\mathrm{cos}(\varphi _1^W\varphi _2^W)\mathrm{cos}(\varphi _1^S\varphi _2^S)}.$$
(1)   
For $`a_{CP}`$ to be numerically significant the following conditions need to be satisfied: $`(i)|A_1||A_2|`$, $`(ii)\mathrm{sin}(\varphi _1^W\varphi _2^W)1`$ and $`(iii)\mathrm{sin}(\varphi _1^S\varphi _2^S)1`$.

In the SM, the $`B`$ decay amplitude in a given channel receives multiple contributions from the so-called ‘tree’ and ‘penguin’ diagrams. In many cases, however, all but one of the interfering amplitudes are highly suppressed yielding almost unobservable $`a_{CP}`$. Conversely, observation of large $`CP`$ asymmetries in these channels would indicate presence of amplitudes of comparable magnitudes arising from some new physics. Consider, as an example, the decay $`B^+\pi ^+K^0`$. The corresponding quark level process is $`\overline{b}\overline{s}d\overline{d}`$. In the SM, this receives contributions only from colour-suppressed penguin operators. Using the unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix, the decay amplitude could be expressed as (following the notations of )

$$A^{\mathrm{SM}}(B^+\pi ^+K^0)=A\lambda ^2(1\lambda ^2/2)\left[1+\rho e^{i\theta }e^{i\gamma }\right]|P_{tc}|e^{i\delta _{tc}},$$
(2)   
where $`\lambda =0.22`$ is the Wolfenstein parameter; $`A|V_{cb}|/\lambda ^2=0.81\pm 0.06`$; $`\gamma \mathrm{Arg}(V_{ub}^{}V_{ud}/V_{cb}^{}V_{cd})`$ is the CKM weak phase; $`\theta `$ and $`\delta _{tc}`$ are $`CP`$-conserving strong phases; $`P_{tc}P_t^SP_c^S+P_t^WP_c^W`$ (the difference between top- and charm-driven strong and electroweak penguins); and, finally, $`\rho `$ depends on the dynamics of the up- and charm-penguins. For calculating $`P_{tc}`$ we employ the factorization technique, which has been suggested to be quite reliable in a recent analysis . One can express $`|P_{tc}|G_Ff(\overline{C}_i)/\sqrt{2}`$, where $`=(m_{B_d}^2m_\pi ^2)f_KF_{B\pi }`$, with $`F_{B\pi }=0.3`$, and $`f(\overline{C}_i)`$ is an analytic function of the Wilson coefficients<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1See, e.g., Eq. (36) of Fleischer and Mannel  for the explicit dependence on the Wilson coefficients.. The $`\overline{C}_i`$’s refer to the renormalization scale $`\mu =m_b`$ and denote the next-to-leading order (NLO) scheme-independent Wilson coefficients (see the formalism developed in Refs. ). Assuming an average four-momentum ($`k`$) of the virtual gluons and photons appearing in the penguins, we obtain, to a good approximation, $`f(\overline{C}_i)0.09`$. If one admits $`0.25<k^2/m_b^2<0.5`$, the NLO estimate of $`(B^\pm \pi ^\pm K)0.5[(B^+\pi ^+K^0)+(B^{}\pi ^{}\overline{K^0})]`$ varies in the range $`(1.01.8)\times 10^5`$ for $`\rho =0`$ . This will be relevant when we subsequently confront the experimental branching ratio with the theoretical prediction.

Following Eq. (2), the $`CP`$ asymmetry in the $`B^+\pi ^+K^0`$ channel is given by (neglecting tiny phase space effects)

$$a_{CP}^{\mathrm{SM}}=2\rho \mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\gamma /(1+\rho ^2+2\rho \mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}\gamma ).$$
(3)   
In the perturbative limit, $`\rho =𝒪(\lambda ^2R_b)1.7\%`$, where $`R_b=|V_{ub}|/\lambda |V_{cb}|=0.36\pm 0.08`$. However, it would be quite misleading to interpret a measurement of $`a_{CP}`$ larger than a few $`\%`$ as a signal of new physics. Rescattering effects , such as, $`B^+\pi ^0K^+\pi ^+K^0`$, i.e., long-distance contributions to the up- and charm-driven penguins, could enhance $`\rho `$ to as large as $`𝒪(10\%)`$, based on an order-of-magnitude estimate using Regge phenomenology. On account of such final state interactions, $`a_{CP}`$ could jack up to $`𝒪(20\%)`$, which is non-negligible. It has recently been shown that new physics enhanced colour dipole coupling and destructive interference could push $`a_{CP}`$ to as large as $`40\%`$ . What if a much larger $`a_{CP}`$ is observed?

In the minimal supersymmetric standard model, there are additional contributions to the $`B^\pm \pi ^\pm K`$ penguins, and $`a_{CP}`$ could go up to $`30\%`$ . But switching on $`R`$-parity-violating ($`\overline{)}R`$) interactions  triggers topologically different new diagrams and their interference with the SM penguins could generate large $`a_{CP}`$. Its quantitative estimate, as far as practicable, is the thrust of the present paper. The key point is that the lepton-number-violating interactions of the type $`\lambda _{ijk}^{}L_iQ_jD_k^c`$, which is a part of the $`\overline{)}R`$ superpotential, could contribute to non-leptonic $`B`$ decays at the tree level. For some of these channels the leading SM contributions arise from penguins. In view of the current upper bounds on the relevant $`\lambda ^{}`$ couplings and sparticle masses , the possibility that the $`\overline{)}R`$ tree contributions are of the same order of magnitudes as the SM penguins is very much open. Moreover, $`\overline{)}R`$ interactions are potentially important sources of new weak phases. To clarify this point, we first stress that the $`\lambda _{ijk}^{}`$ are in general complex. Even if a given $`\lambda ^{}`$ is predicted to be real in some specific model, the phase rotations of the left- and right-handed quark fields required to keep the mass terms real and reduce the CKM matrix to its standard form will automatically introduce a new weak phase in this term, barring accidental cancellations. Indeed, this phase can be absorbed by redefining the slepton or the sneutrino field. But the $`\overline{)}R`$ contribution to a $`B`$ decay amplitude depends on the product of the type $`\lambda _{ij3}^{}\lambda _{ilm}^{}`$. This product cannot be rendered real by transforming the single slepton or sneutrino field corresponding to the index $`i`$. This point has not been emphasized in the literature.

How $`R`$-parity violation induces $`CP`$ violation in neutral $`B`$ decays have been analysed before . In this paper, we examine the $`\overline{)}R`$ effects on direct $`CP`$ violation in $`B^\pm \pi ^\pm K`$ decays. We show that these effects could cast a much larger numerical impact than the non-perturbative dynamics (e.g., the rescattering effects) in the SM. In the process we have derived new upper bounds on the $`\lambda _{i13}^{}\lambda _{i12}^{}`$ combinations from the existing data. We also study how the same $`\overline{)}R`$ couplings contaminate the extraction of the CKM phase $`\gamma `$ from $`B\pi K`$ decays. These issues have not been addressed in the past.

How to compute the $`\overline{)}R`$ contributions to the decay $`B^+\pi ^+K^0`$? One can generate a colour non-suppressed tree level amplitude for this process using the simultaneous presence of the $`\lambda _{i13}^{}`$ and $`\lambda _{i12}^{}`$ couplings. Following the standard practice, we shall assume that only one such pair (for a given $`i`$) of $`\overline{)}R`$ couplings is numerically significant at a time. This constitutes a sneutrino ($`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_i`$) mediated decay. Using a simple Fierz transformation, one can rearrange this $`(SP)(S+P)`$ interaction in a $`(VA)(V+A)`$ form. The amplitude of this new contribution turns out to be<sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2In Ref. , a correction factor ($`f_{\mathrm{QCD}}(\alpha _S(m_b)/\alpha _S(\stackrel{~}{m}))^{24/23}2`$ for a sneutrino mass ($`\stackrel{~}{m}`$) of 100 GeV) to such $`\overline{)}R`$ interactions has been computed. We do not indulge ourselves with this nitty-gritty for our order of magnitude estimate.

$$A^\overline{)}R(B^+\pi ^+K^0)=(|\lambda _{i13}^{}\lambda _{i12}^{}|/8\stackrel{~}{m}^2)e^{i\gamma _\overline{)}R}|\mathrm{\Lambda }_\overline{)}R|e^{i\gamma _\overline{)}R},$$
(4)   
where $`\gamma _\overline{)}R`$ is the weak phase associated with the product of $`\lambda ^{}`$s. The total amplitude (sum of expressions in Eqs. (2) and (4)) can be parametrized as

$$A(B^+\pi ^+K^0)=A\lambda ^2(1\lambda ^2/2)|P_{tc}|e^{i\delta _{tc}}\left(1+\rho e^{i\gamma }e^{i\theta }+\rho _\overline{)}Re^{i\gamma _\overline{)}R}e^{i\theta _\overline{)}R}\right),$$
(5)   
where

$$\rho _\overline{)}R|\mathrm{\Lambda }_\overline{)}R|/A\lambda ^2(1\lambda ^2/2)|P_{tc}|.$$
(6)   
Note that $`\rho _\overline{)}R`$ is free from uncertainties due to factorization. A straightforward computation for the net $`CP`$ asymmetry yields

$$a_{CP}=\frac{2\rho \mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\gamma +2\rho _\overline{)}R\mathrm{sin}\theta _\overline{)}R\mathrm{sin}\gamma _\overline{)}R+2\rho \rho _\overline{)}R\mathrm{sin}(\theta \theta _\overline{)}R)\mathrm{sin}(\gamma \gamma _\overline{)}R)}{1+\rho ^2+\rho _\overline{)}R^2+2\rho \mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}\gamma +2\rho _\overline{)}R\mathrm{cos}\theta _\overline{)}R\mathrm{cos}\gamma _\overline{)}R+2\rho \rho _\overline{)}R\mathrm{cos}(\theta \theta _\overline{)}R)\mathrm{cos}(\gamma \gamma _\overline{)}R)}.$$
(7)   
It is clear that $`a_{CP}`$ is numerically insignificant if both $`\rho `$ and $`\rho _\overline{)}R`$ are vanishingly small. As an illustrative example to demonstrate that $`R`$-parity violation alone has the potential to generate a $`CP`$ asymmetry much larger than the most optimistic expectation in the SM, we set $`\rho =0`$ in Eq. (7). A non-zero $`\rho (0.1)`$ could dilute the effect at most by $`20\%`$.

At this point, an estimate of how large $`\rho _\overline{)}R`$ could be is in order. We choose $`\stackrel{~}{m}=`$ 100 GeV throughout our analysis. Employing the current upper limits on $`\lambda _{i13}^{}\lambda _{i12}^{}`$ , we obtain, for $`i=`$ 1, 2, and 3, $`\rho _\overline{)}R<`$ 0.17, 3.45, and 4.13 respectively<sup>3</sup><sup>3</sup>3These upper limits correspond to the products of the individual upper limits obtained from different physical processes assuming a common superpartner scalar mass of 100 GeV .. The upshot is that it is possible to arrange $`\rho _\overline{)}R=1`$ (for $`i=`$ 2, 3), which implies that a 100% $`CP`$ asymmetry is no longer unattainable, once we set $`\gamma _\overline{)}R=\theta _\overline{)}R=\pi /2`$. Such a drastic hike of $`CP`$ asymmetry is somewhat unique and we emphasize that it is hard to find such large effects in other places . Notice that a minimum $`\rho _\overline{)}R`$ is required to generate a given $`a_{CP}`$. This is given by (for $`\rho =0`$)

$$\rho _\overline{)}R>(1\sqrt{1a_{CP}^2})/|a_{CP}|.$$
(8)   
Eq. (8) has been obtained by minimizing $`\rho _\overline{)}R`$ with respect to $`\gamma _\overline{)}R`$ and $`\theta _\overline{)}R`$ for a given $`a_{CP}`$. Numerically,

$$\rho _\overline{)}R>1.0(1.0),0.50(0.8),0.33(0.6),0.21(0.4),0.10(0.2);$$
(9)   
where the numbers within brackets refer to the corresponding $`a_{CP}`$’s.

At the same time we must ensure that $`\rho _\overline{)}R`$ does not become too large to overshoot the experimental constraint on $`(B^\pm \pi ^\pm K)`$. The latest CLEO measurement reads $`^{\mathrm{exp}}(B^\pm \pi ^\pm K)=(1.4\pm 0.5\pm 0.2)\times 10^5`$, which means $`^{\mathrm{exp}}1.9\times 10^5`$ (1$`\sigma `$) . Recall that $`^{\mathrm{SM}}(1.01.8)\times 10^5`$ in view of the present uncertainty of the SM (for $`\rho =0`$; varying $`\rho `$ within $`00.1`$ cannot change $`^{\mathrm{SM}}`$ significantly). Therefore the tolerance to accommodate a multiplicative new physics effect could at most be a factor of 1.9 (at 1$`\sigma `$). It is easy to extract from the denominator of Eq. (7) that pure $`\overline{)}R`$ effects modify the SM prediction of the branching ratio by a multiplicative factor $`(1+\rho _\overline{)}R^2+2\rho _\overline{)}R\mathrm{cos}\theta _\overline{)}R\mathrm{cos}\gamma _\overline{)}R)`$. The maximum allowed value of $`\rho _\overline{)}R`$ is then obtained by setting one of the two angles appearing in this factor to zero and the other to $`\pi `$ (i.e., arranging maximum possible destructive interference in the branching ratio). This leads to the conservative upper bound

$$\rho _\overline{)}R<2.4;\mathrm{implying}|\lambda _{i13}^{}\lambda _{i12}^{}|<5.7\times 10^3(1\sigma ).$$
(10)   
Note that, in spite of the large uncertainties as discussed above, for $`i=2,3`$, these limits are already stronger than the existing ones (see discussion just above Eq. (8)). Moreover, the existing bounds from semi-leptonic processes necessarily depend on the exchanged squark masses and have been derived by assuming a common mass of 100 GeV for them. With present data from Tevatron on the squarks and gluino searches, this seems to be a too optimistic assumption. On the other hand, our bounds from hadronic $`B`$ decays are based on a more realistic assumption that the virtual sneutrinos have a common mass of 100 GeV. We also note that the choice of phases that leads to Eq. (10) kills the $`\overline{)}R`$ contribution to the $`CP`$ asymmetry. If, on the other hand, we are interested in finding the upper limit on $`\rho _\overline{)}R`$, with $`a_{CP}`$ maximized with respect to $`\gamma _\overline{)}R`$ and $`\theta _\overline{)}R`$, we must set each of the angles to $`\pi /2`$: the interference term vanishes, and we obtain a stronger limit $`\rho _\overline{)}R<1.0`$. This, in conjunction with Eqs. (9) and (10), defines a range of the $`\overline{)}R`$ couplings to be probed in the upcoming $`B`$ factories.

The $`\overline{)}R`$ couplings responsible for such large $`CP`$ asymmetries might leave important side-effects that could surface out while extracting the angles ($`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$) of the unitarity triangle. In the SM, the three angles measured independently should sum up to $`\pi `$. In the presence of new physics, if one attempts to determine those angles assuming the validity of the SM alone, one may not obtain their true values. The SM amplitude of $`B_d\mathrm{\Psi }K_s`$, regarded as the gold-plated channel for extracting $`\beta `$, is dominated by a sum of operators all multiplying the same CKM combination $`V_{cs}^{}V_{cb}`$. It so happens that the present bounds on the corresponding $`\overline{)}R`$ couplings, viz. $`\lambda _{i23}^{}`$ and $`\lambda _{i22}^{}`$, are too strong to contaminate the extraction of $`\beta `$ in a numerically significant manner ($`A^\overline{)}R(B_d\mathrm{\Psi }K_s)<0.02A^{\mathrm{SM}}(B_d\mathrm{\Psi }K_s)`$) . On the other hand, extraction of $`\alpha `$ via $`B_d\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$ may be contaminated in a significant way, once $`\lambda _{i13}^{}\lambda _{i11}^{}`$ combinations are switched on. However, in the scenario that we are considering (i.e., where only $`\lambda _{i13}^{}\lambda _{i12}^{}`$ combinations are non-zero), extractions of both $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ remain unaffected. Having thus measured $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$, $`\gamma `$ can be determined indirectly using the relation $`\gamma =\pi \alpha \beta `$.

Let us now consider a direct measurement of $`\gamma `$, as suggested in Ref. , where one uses the observable $`R[(B_d\pi ^{}K^+)+(\overline{B}_d\pi ^+K^{})]/[(B^+\pi ^+K^0)+(B^{}\pi ^{}\overline{K^0})].`$ The present experimental range is $`R=1.0\pm 0.46`$ . Neglecting rescattering effects, a measurement of $`R`$ could be used to bound $`\gamma `$ within the framework of the SM as $`\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma <R`$ . Within errors, it may still be possible that $`R`$ settles to a value significantly smaller than unity, disfavouring values of $`\gamma `$ around $`90^{}`$. This will certainly be in conflict if, for example, $`\gamma 90^{}`$ is preferred by indirect determination.

Now considering the same $`\overline{)}R`$ scenario expressed through Eq. (4), the SM bound is modified to ($`\rho =0`$)

$$\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma <R(1+\rho _\overline{)}R^2+2\rho _\overline{)}R\mathrm{cos}\theta _\overline{)}R\mathrm{cos}\gamma _\overline{)}R).$$
(11)   
Thus the bound on $`\gamma `$ either gets relaxed or further constrained depending on the magnitude of $`\rho _\overline{)}R`$ and the signs of $`\gamma _\overline{)}R`$ and $`\theta _\overline{)}R`$. For $`\rho _\overline{)}R1`$ and $`\gamma _\overline{)}R=\theta _\overline{)}R\pi /2`$, $`\mathrm{sin}^2\gamma <2R`$, and hence there is no constraint on $`\gamma `$, if $`R`$ turns out to be $``$$`>`$ 0.5. Notice that with these choices of $`\rho _\overline{)}R`$, $`\gamma _\overline{)}R`$ and $`\theta _\overline{)}R`$, one expects to observe large $`CP`$ asymmetry as well. Therefore the lesson is that if a large $`a_{CP}`$ is observed, more care is necessary in extracting $`\gamma `$. But the latter in isolation cannot provide a comprehensive signal of new physics.

The existing bound on $`\gamma `$ in the SM ($`41^{}<\gamma <134^{}`$) has been obtained from a global fit of the unitarity triangle using data on $`|V_{cb}|`$, $`|V_{ub}|/|V_{cb}|`$, $`B_d`$$`\overline{B}_d`$ mixing and $`CP`$ violation in the $`K`$ system . The allowed zone is almost symmetric around $`\gamma =90^{}`$. Interestingly, a measurement of $`R<1`$, which is still possible within errors, excludes a region symmetric with respect to $`\gamma =90^{}`$. Eq. (11) implies that these two contrasting features can be reconciled by $`R`$-parity violation.

It would be worth performing a multichannel analysis combining all kinds of $`B\pi \pi ,\pi K`$  and $`BDK`$ modes  (recommended for measuring $`\gamma `$) to enhance the significance of any nonzero asymmetry and to identify the sources of new physics in a more unambiguous way. In this context, $`R`$-parity violation has a distinctive feature that it can enhance both $`a_{CP}`$ and the branching ratios simultaneously. With our choice of $`\overline{)}R`$ couplings, only $`B^\pm \pi ^\pm K`$ modes are affected. Note that if we turn on the $`\lambda _{i23}^{}`$ and $`\lambda _{i11}^{}`$ couplings instead of those we have considered here, we obtain the same diagrams except that the new amplitude picks up a colour-suppression factor. On the other hand, it is possible to probe $`\overline{)}R`$ effects on other channels, e.g., $`B_s\varphi K`$ ($`b\overline{s}ss`$), by turning on other $`\overline{)}R`$ couplings. Even if no enhanced $`a_{CP}`$ is observed, or no disparity between $`^{\mathrm{SM}}`$ and $`^{\mathrm{exp}}`$ is established, new constraints on $`\overline{)}R`$ couplings could be obtained, as has already been hinted by Eq. (10). All these signify that a systematic study of many observables together with different sets of $`\overline{)}R`$ couplings could constitute an exciting program in view of the upcoming $`B`$ factories.

The work of AD has been supported by the DST, India (Project No. SP/S2/k01/97) and the BRNS, India (Project No. 37/4/97 - R & D II/474). Both authors thank A. Raychaudhuri for a careful reading of the manuscript, and M. Artuso of the CLEO Collaboration for communication regarding new data.