# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The ATLAS Collaboration is building a general-purpose pp detector which is designed to exploit the full discovery potential of the CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a super-conducting ring to provide proton – proton collisions around 14 TeV . LHC will open up new physics horizons, probing interactions between proton constituents at the 1 TeV level, where new behavior is expected to reveal key insights into the underlying mechanisms of Nature .

The bulk of the hadronic calorimetry in the ATLAS detector is provided by a large (11 m in length, 8.5 m in outer diameter, 2 m in thickness, 10000 readout channels) scintillating tile hadronic barrel calorimeter (TILECAL). The technology for this calorimeter is based on a sampling technique using steel absorber material and scintillating plates readout by wavelength shifting fibres. An innovative feature of this design is the orientation of the scintillating tiles which are placed in planes perpendicular to the colliding beams staggered in depth  (Fig. 1).

In order to test this concept five 1m prototype modules and the Module-0 were built and exposed to high energy pion, electron and muon beams at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron.

In the following we consider two test beam setups. The setup 1, shown in Fig. 3-1 given in , consists of five 1m prototype modules. The obtained results about the electron and pion responses and the $`e/h`$ ratio  for this setup are used in this paper for comparison. The setup in question (setup 2), shown in Fig. 3-2 given in , has as the basis Module-0.

In this work the detailed experimental information is presented about the electron and pion responses and the $`e/\pi `$ and $`e/h`$ ratios (an intrinsic non-compensation) of the Tile calorimeter Module-0.

## 2 The 1m Prototype Modules

Each module spans 100 cm in the $`Z`$ direction, 180 cm in the $`X`$ direction (about 9 interaction lengths at $`\eta =0`$ or about 80 effective radiation lengths) and with a front face of 100 $`\times `$ 20 cm<sup>2</sup> . The iron structure of each module consists of 57 repeated ”periods”. Each period is 18 mm thick and consists of four layers. The first and third layers are formed by large trapezoidal steel plates (master plates), and spanning the full longitudinal dimension of the module. In the second and fourth layers, smaller trapezoidal steel plates (spacer plates) and scintillator tiles alternate along the $`X`$ direction. These layers consist of 18 different trapezoids of steel or scintillator, each spanning 100 mm along X.

The master plates, spacer plates and scintillator tiles are 5 mm, 4 mm and 3 mm thick, respectively. The iron to scintillator ratio is 4.67:1 by volume.

Wavelength shifting fibres collect scintillation light from the tiles at both of their open edges and bring it to photo-multipliers (PMTs) at the periphery of the calorimeter. Each PMT views a specific group of tiles through the corresponding bundle of fibres.

The modules are longitudinally segmented into four depth segments by grouping fibers from different tiles. As a result, each module is divided into $`5(alongZ)\times 4(alongX)`$ separate cells. The readout cells have the lateral dimensions $`200mm(alongZ)\times (200380)mm`$ (along Y, depending on a depth number) and the longitudinal dimensions 300, 400, 500, 600 mm for depths 1 – 4, corresponding to 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 $`\lambda _I`$ at $`\eta =0`$. At the output we have 200 values of responses $`Q_{ijkl}`$ from PMT properly calibrated  with pedestal subtracted, for each event. Here $`i=1,\mathrm{},5`$ is the column of cells (tower) number, $`j=1,\mathrm{},5`$ is the module number, $`k=1,\mathrm{},4`$ is the depth number and $`l=1,2`$ is the PMT number.

## 3 The Module-0

The layout of the readout cell geometry for the Module-0 is shown in Fig. 3-3 given in . The Module-0 has three depth segmentations. The thickness of the Module-0 at $`\mathrm{\Theta }=0^o`$ is 1.5 $`\lambda `$ in the first depth sampling, 4.2 $`\lambda `$ in the second and 1.9 $`\lambda `$ in the third with a total depth of 7.6 $`\lambda `$. The Module-0 samples the shower with 11 tiles varying in depth from 97 to 187 mm. The front face area is of $`560\times 22cm^2`$.

In the setup 2 (see Fig.3-2 given in ) the 1m prototype modules are placed on a scanning table on top and at the bottom of the Module-0 with a 10 cm gap between them. This scanning table allowed movement in any direction. Upstream of the calorimeter, a trigger counter telescope (S1-S3) was installed, defining a beam spot of 2 cm in diameter. Two delay-line wire chambers (BC1-BC2), each with $`Z`$, $`Y`$ readout, allowed the impact point of beam particles on the calorimeter face to be reconstructed to better than $`\pm 1`$ mm . A helium Čerenkov threshold counter was used to tag $`\pi `$-mesons and electrons for $`E`$ =10 and 20 $`GeV`$. For the measurements of the hadronic shower longitudinal and lateral leakages back ($`80\times 80cm^2`$) and side ($`40\times 115cm^2`$) ”muon walls” were placed behind and on the side of the calorimeter.

## 4 Data Taking and Event Selection

Data were taken with electron and pion beam of E = 10, 20, 60, 80, 100 and 180 GeV at $`\eta =0.25`$ and $`0.55`$, The following 6 cuts were used. The cuts 1 and 2 removed beam halo. The cut 3 removed muons and non-single-track events. The cuts 4, 5 and 6 carried out the electron-pion separation The cut 4 is connected with Čerenkov counter amplitude. Cut 5 is the relative shower energy deposition in the first two calorimeter depths:

$$C_i=\underset{selectedi}{}\underset{j=3}{}\underset{k=1}{\overset{2}{}}\underset{l=1}{\overset{2}{}}Q_{ijkl}/E,$$
(1)   
where

$$E=\underset{ijkl}{}Q_{ijkl}.$$
(2)   
and the indexes $`i`$ and $`k`$ in $`Q_{ijkl}`$ determine the regions of electromagnetic shower development. The values $`C_i`$ depend on a particle’s entry angle $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$. The basis for the electron-hadron separation by using the cut 5 is the very different longitudinal energy deposition for electrons and hadrons.

The cut 6 is related with the lateral shower spread :

$$E_{cut}=\frac{\sqrt{_c(E_c^\alpha _cE_c^\alpha /N_{cell})^2}}{_cE_c^\alpha },$$
(3)   
where $`1cN_{cell}`$ and $`N_{cell}`$ is the used cells number. The power parameter $`\alpha =0.6`$ have been tuned in  to achieve maximum separation efficiency.

The distributions of events as a function of $`C_i`$ and $`E_{cut}`$ for various energies at $`\eta =0.25`$ and $`\eta =0.55`$ are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Fig. 4 shows the scatter plots $`E_{cut}`$ versus $`C_i`$. Two groups of events are clearly separated: the left group corresponds to pions, the right group corresponds to electrons.

## 5 Electrons Response

As to the electron response our calorimeter is very complicated object. It may be imagined as a continuous set of calorimeters with the variable absorber and scintillator thicknesses (from $`t`$ = 58 to 28 mm and from $`s`$ = 12 to 6 mm for $`14^o\mathrm{\Theta }30^o`$), where $`t`$ and $`s`$ are the thicknesses of absorber and scintillator respectively.

Therefore an electron response ($`R=E_e/E_{beam}`$) is rather complicated function of $`E_{beam}`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ and $`Z`$. The energy response spectrum for given run (beam has the transversal spread $`\pm 10mm`$) as a rule is non-Gaussian (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6), since it is a superposition of different response spectra, but it becomes Gaussian for given E, $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$, Z values. Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 show the normalized electron response for E = 10, 20, 60, 80, 100, 180 GeV at $`\eta =0.25`$ and $`0.55`$ as a function of the impact point $`Z`$ coordinate. One can see the clear periodical structure of the response with 18 mm period. The mean values (parameter $`P_2`$) and the amplitudes(parameter $`P_1`$) of these spectra have been extracted by fitting the sine function:

$$f(Z)=P_2+P_1\mathrm{sin}(2\pi Z/P_3+P_4)$$
(4)   
Fig. 9 (top) shows the parameter $`P_1`$ as a function of the beam energy. As can be seen this parameter does not depend from the beam energy within errors and decreases with increasing of $`\eta `$ from $`(7.6\pm 0.3)\%`$ at $`\eta =0.25`$ to $`(2.9\pm 0.2)\%`$ at $`\eta =0.55`$.

Fig. 9 (bottom) shows the mean normalized electron response as a function of energy for two values of $`\eta `$. As can be seen there is some increase of the mean normalized electron response with increasing of energy. There is no difference between ones for various values of $`\eta `$. Note that there are the additional systematic errors in these values (not given in this Figure) due to the uncertainties in the average beam energies. These uncertainties are determined by the expression

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }E_{beam}}{E_{beam}}=\frac{25\%}{E_{beam}}0.5\%$$

and range from 2.5 % for $`E_{beam}=10`$ GeV to 0.5 % for $`E_{beam}=180`$ GeV.

We attempted to explain the electron response as a function of $`Z`$ coordinate calculating the total number of shower electrons (positrons) crossing scintillator tiles taking into account the arrangement of tiles and its sizes and using the shower curve (the number of particles in the shower $`N_e`$ as a function of the longitudinal shower development). which is given in . These calculations were performed for some energies and angles for the trajectories entering into four different elements of calorimeter periodic structure — spacer, master, tile, master. The results for E = 10, 100, 180 GeV at $`\eta =0.25`$ are shown in Fig. 10. There is a maximum at the impact point corresponding to tile and a minimum at the spacer plate. Such simple calculations are in agreement with experimental data as to non-dependence from energy and the periodicity in the electron response. But these calculations do not reproduce the values of the amplitude. The latter is connected with non-taking into account the shower lateral spread.

## 6 Electron Energy Resolution

The relative electron energy resolutions, extracted from the energy distributions (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6), are shown in Fig. 11 together with the 1m prototype data as a function of $`1/\sqrt{E}`$. Fit of these data by the expression (5) produced the parameters $`a_{exp}`$ and $`b_{exp}`$ given in Table 1 together with the data for various iron-scintillator calorimeters.

$$\frac{\sigma }{E}=\frac{a}{\sqrt{E}}b,$$
(5)   
We compared our results on the energy resolution with the parameterization suggested in :

$$\frac{\sigma }{E}=\frac{a}{\sqrt{E}}=\frac{\sigma _o}{\sqrt{E}}\left(\frac{t}{X_t}\right)^\gamma \left(\frac{s}{X_s}\right)^\delta ,$$
(6)   
where $`\sigma _o=6.33\%\sqrt{GeV}`$, $`\gamma `$ = 0.62, $`\delta `$ = 0.21 are the parameters, $`X_t`$ and $`X_s`$ are the radiation lengths of iron and scintillator respectively. In our case the values of $`t`$ and $`s`$ are equal to: $`t=14mm/\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Theta }`$, $`s=3mm/\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Theta }`$. This formula is purely empirical and the parameters $`\sigma _o,\gamma ,\delta `$ were determined by fitting the Monte Carlo data.

The results of calculations are given in Table 1. As can be seen from this Table the energy resolutions obtained for “ideal” calorimeter are more accurate (about a factor 1.5) than the experimental ones.

## 7 Pion Response

Fig. 12 shows the normalized pion response ($`E_\pi E_{beam}`$) for $`E_{beam}`$ = 20, 100, 180 GeV at $`\eta =0.25`$ and $`0.55`$. Fig. 13 shows the normalized pion response for $`E_{beam}`$ = 20, 100, 180 GeV at $`\eta =0.25`$ and $`0.55`$ as a function of impact point $`Z`$ coordinate. Contrary to electrons these pion Z-dependences do not show any significant periodical structure.

Fig. 17 shows the mean normalized pion response, extracted from Fig. 13, as a function of energy for two values of $`\eta `$. The meaning of lines is given below. As can be expected, since the $`e/\pi `$ ratio is not equal to 1, the mean normalized pion response increases with the beam energy increasing.

As can be seen the pion response is different for various $`\eta `$. The values of the pion response for $`\eta =0.55`$ are larger than ones for $`\eta =0.25`$. We tried to explain if the reason of this difference is the lateral leakage through gaps between the 1m prototype modules. We estimated the lateral leakages to the gaps taking into account the longitudinal energy deposition and the spatial radial deposition. It turned out that the leakage for $`\eta =0.25`$ is larger than for $`\eta =0.55`$ but it is unsufficient, less than 1 %, in order to explain the observed difference in the pion responses.

## 8 $`e/h`$ Ratio

The responses obtained for $`e`$ and $`\pi `$ give the possibility to determine the $`e/h`$ ratio, an intrinsic non-compensation of a calorimeter. In our case the electron – pion ratios reveal complicated structures $`e/\pi =f(E,\mathrm{\Theta },Z)`$. Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 show the $`e/\pi `$ ratios for Module-0 for E = 10, 20, 60, 80, 100 and 180 GeV at $`\eta =0.25`$ and $`0.55`$ as a function of $`Z`$ coordinate. If for the 1m prototype modules the local compensation has been observed (for some $`Z`$ points at 20 GeV and $`\mathrm{\Theta }=10^o`$, see Fig. 4 given in ) as to the Module-0 this is not this case.

The $`e/\pi `$ ratios, averaged over two 18 mm period, are shown in Fig. 16 as a function of the beam energy. The errors include statistical errors and a systematic error of 1 %, added in quadrature.

For extracting the $`e/h`$ ratio we have used two methods: the standard $`e/\pi `$ method and the pion response method.

In the first method, the relation between the $`e/h`$ ratio and the $`e/\pi `$ ratio is:

$$e/\pi =\frac{<E_e>}{<E_\pi >}=\frac{e/h}{1+(e/h1)f_{\pi ^0}},$$
(7)   
where $`f_{\pi ^0}`$ is the average fraction of the energy of the incident hadron going into $`\pi ^0`$ production .

In the second method, the relation between the $`e/h`$ ratio and the pion response, $`<E_\pi >`$, is:

$$\frac{<E_\pi >}{E_{beam}}=\frac{e}{e/h}(1+(e/h1)f_{\pi ^0}),$$
(8)   
where $`e`$ is the efficiency for the electron detecting. Note that usually this is two parameters fit  with parameters $`e`$ and $`e/h`$. In principle, the $`e`$ value can be determined from the ratio $`e=<E_e>/E_{beam}`$.

There are two analytic forms for the intrinsic $`\pi ^o`$ fraction suggested by Groom 

$$f_{\pi ^o}=1\left(\frac{E}{E_o^{}}\right)^{m1}$$
(9)   
and Wigmans 

$$f_{\pi ^o}=kln\left(\frac{E}{E_o^{}}\right),$$
(10)   
where $`E_o^{}=1`$ GeV, $`m=0.85`$, $`k=0.11`$.

We used both parameterizations. Fig. 16 shows the $`e/\pi `$ ratio as a function of the beam energy for Module-0 and its fitting of equation (7) with the Wigmans (Groom) parameterization of $`f_{\pi ^o}(E)`$.

Fig. 17 shows the pion response as a function of the beam energy for the Module-0 and its fitting of equation (8) with the Wigmans (solid line) and Groom (dashed line) parameterizations of $`f_{\pi ^o}(E)`$.

The confidence levels of the fits for these parameterizations are good, i.e., $`\chi ^2`$ is less then the numbers of degrees of freedom. So, we could obtain four values for the $`e/h`$ ratio. The results are presented in Table 2.

As can be seen, the $`e/h`$ ratios obtained by the pion response method have the errors about 10 times larger than obtained by the $`e/\pi `$ method. In addition, there is some systematic difference: the $`e/h`$ ratios, obtained by the pion response method, are of 20 – 40 % larger than ones, obtained by the $`e/\pi `$ method. This can be explained by some increase in the electron response in the 60 – 180 GeV energy range. This systematic is cancelled in the $`e/\pi `$ method. It is remarkable that in , in which the $`e/h`$ ratio for the 1m prototype modules have been determined, obtained the contrary result concerning advantages in using these methods. Advantage have been observed for the pion response method. In their case the standard $`e/\pi `$ method led to a larger error (about a factor 2) than the pion response method called in this work the non-linearity method. This can be explained by different scale of errors in the corresponding input data. In their work the $`e/\pi `$ ratios had 3 % errors and the pion response values had 0.3 % errors. In our case, errors in the $`e/\pi `$ ratios and the pion response values have errors at the same 1 % level.

We made preference to the $`e/\pi `$ method and our final results are: $`e/h=1.45\pm 0.014`$ for $`\eta =0.25`$ and $`e/h=1.36\pm 0.014`$ for $`\eta =0.55`$. Fig. 18 shows these values together with ones for the 1m prototype modules as a function of $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ angle. The difference in $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ behavior is observed. This can be explained by different behaviour for the electron and pion responses as a function of $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ for these two calorimeters as shown in Fig. 19. For the Module-0 it is observed slight decrease of the electron response and some increase of the pion response. As a result of the $`e/h`$ ratio has 6 % decrease.

The simple calculations of the responses by counting of the energy depositions in crossing tiles along the shower axes taking into account the arrangement and sizes of tiles and the longitudinal shower profiles confirmed these observations.

The obtained $`e/h`$ values are given in Table 3 with the other existing experimental data and the Monte Carlo calculations for various iron-scintillator calorimeters. The corresponding values of the thickness of the iron absorber ($`t`$), the thickness of the readout scintillator layers ($`s`$), the ratio $`R_d=t/s`$ and the used symbols are also given. These $`e/h`$ values are also shown in Fig. 20 as a function of $`R_d`$ ratio and the iron thickness. As can be seen the $`e/h`$ ratio has very complicated behaviour being the function of the thickness of the passive (iron) layers, the sampling fraction and, in our case, from the $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ angle and the sizes and replacement of the scintillator tiles.

Besides, the considerable disagreement between different Monte Carlo calculations ,  and experimental data is observed.

## 9 Conclusions

The detailed experimental information about the electron and pion responses, the electron energy resolution and the $`e/h`$ ratios as a function of the incident energy $`E`$, the impact point $`Z`$ and the incidence angle $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ of the Module-0 of the ATLAS iron-scintillator barrel hadron calorimeter with the longitudinal tile configuration is obtained. The results are compared with the existing experimental data, obtained for the 1m prototype modules and the various iron-scintillator calorimeters, and with the Monte Carlo calculations. It is shown that the $`e/h`$ ratio has very complicated behaviour being the function of the thickness of the passive (iron) layers, the sampling fraction and, in our case, from the $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$ angle and the sizes and replacement of the scintillator tiles.

## 10 Acknowledgments

This work is the result of the efforts of many people from the ATLAS Collaboration. The authors are greatly indebted to all Collaboration for their test beam setup and data taking. The authors are thankful M. Nessi and J. Budagov for their attention and support of this work.