# References

IMSc/99/08/\**

hep-th/9908061

A Note on Holographic Principle in   

models of Extended Inflation type 

S. Kalyana Rama

Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C. I. T. Campus,

Taramani, CHENNAI 600 113, India.

email: krama@imsc.ernet.in

> ABSTRACT.
> 
> We present a simple derivation of an upper bound on the average size of the true vacuum bubbles at the end of inflation, in models of extended inflation type. The derivation uses the inequality that the total energy inside a given volume must be less than its linear dimensions. The above bound is the same as that obtained earlier, by applying the holographic principle according to Fischler-Susskind prescription. Such a bound leads to a lower bound on the denisty fluctuations.

PACS numbers: 98.80.Cq, 98.80.Bp

Holographic principle says, among other things, that the entropy in a given volume is bounded by its surface area, measured in planck units. It is based on the inequality

$$E<r$$
(1)   
where $`E`$ is the total energy inside a given volume, and $`r`$ is its linear dimensions. Otherwise the system would lie within the Schwarzschild radius, and would collapse to form a black hole .

Recently, Fischler and Susskind (FS) have a given a prescription for applying the holographic principle in cosmology . Applying FS prescription during the inflationary stage, we have obtained in an earlier work a lower bound on the density fluctuations .<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1 FS prescription is said to be invalid during reheating, a non adiabatic process . However, in , the FS prescription is applied only (soon) after the reheating, when the entropy generation is complete. To our knowledge, this is the first instance where a lower bound on density fluctuations has been obtained theoretically. In the explicit cases considered, this bound is remarkably close to the observed value.

Later, other prescriptions for applying the holographic principle in cosmology have been suggested . However, none of them seems to lead to a lower bound on the density fluctuations. Hence, the existence of such a theoretical lower bound, important though it is, is in doubt.

In this note, we present a simple alternative derivation of this bound, using equation (1). The derivation is applicable to models of extended inflation type, where the inflation is ended by the percolation of true vacuum bubbles (and eventual reheating) .

In the following, we use planck units unless mentioned otherwise and, for simplicity, omit numerical factors of order unity. Let $`T_b`$ be the temperature when the inflation begins, and $`\rho _FT_b^4`$ be the false vacuum energy. In extended inflation type models, the true vacuum bubbles nucleate during inflation, expand with the speed of light, and eventually percolate the universe completely, thus ending the inflation. (The bubble walls then collide and reheat the universe to a temperature $`T_RT_b`$.)

Let $`d`$ be the average size of the bubbles at the instant of complete percolation and let $`\delta T_b^1`$ be the bubble wall thickness. (Thicker bubble walls will result in stronger bounds.) Then, the energy $`E`$ stored in the bubble is

$$E\pi d^2\delta \rho _Fd^2T_b^3.$$
(2)   
Before percolation is complete, the bubbles are expanding with the speed of light, and are embedded in an inflating universe. It seems unlikely that, under these circumstances, the bubbles can collapse back to form black holes. The inequality (1) may not then be applied. However, upon the completion of percolation, the inflation ends, the bubbles stop expanding, and are now embedded in an expanding universe like ours. Then, regions with sufficient amount of energy inside can collapse to form black holes. The inequality (1) may then be applied.

Applying (1) now gives the constraint

$$E<ddT_b^3<1.$$
(3)   
This constraint is same as that in , which was obtained by applying holgraphic principle according to Fischler-Susskind prescription. As explained in  with explicit examples, an upper bound on $`d`$ leads to (i) an upper bound on the duration of inflation; (ii) an upper bound on the inflation factor; and (iii) a lower bound on the density fluctuations, $`\frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }`$.

Explicitly, in the case of extended inflation with $`T_b10^{14}GeV`$ and $`\omega 10`$, one gets $`\frac{\delta \rho }{\rho }\stackrel{>}{_{}}𝒪(10^7)`$ (see  for details). This lower bound, obtained theoretically, is remarkably close to the observed value $`10^6`$ .

We conclude with two remarks. First, it is clear from the above derivation that the violation of the bound (3) is likely to result in a copius production of black holes. We are assuming implicitly that such is not the case. On the other hand, it is perhaps of interest to study the consequences, cosmological or otherwise, of such a copious black hole production. However, such a study lies beyond the scope of the present work.

Second, it is not clear if, and how, the above derivation can be extended to models of new inflation type, where the inflation is ended by the inflaton ‘rolling down the hill’ .