# Anisotropic Improved Gauge Actions: – Perturbative and Numerical Studies –

## 1 INTRODUCTION

The basic parameters of anisotropic lattices with improved action are important information for numerical simulations. In this work, we mainly focus on perturbative calculations of these parameters, but some of them are confirmed by numerical simulations.   
The improved actions we study in this work consist of terms 

$$S_{\mu \nu }=\alpha _0L(1\times 1)_{\mu \nu }+\alpha _1L(1\times 2)_{\mu \nu }$$

where $`L(1\times 1)`$ and $`L(1\times 2)`$ represent plaquette and 6-link rectangular loops respectively, and $`\alpha _0`$ and $`\alpha _1`$ satisfies $`\alpha _0+8\alpha _1=1`$. The improved actions cover i) tree level Symanzik’s action($`\alpha _1=1/12`$), ii) Iwasaki’s action($`\alpha _1=0.331`$), and iii) QCDTARO’s action($`\alpha _1=1.409`$) etc.   
For these classes of improved actions the anisotropic lattice is formulated in the same way as in the case of standard plaquette action. We introduce the coupling constant and lattice spacing in space direction $`g_\sigma `$, $`a_\sigma `$ and those in temperature direction $`g_\tau `$, $`a_\tau `$. With these parameters the action on the anisotropic lattice is written as,

$$S=\beta _\sigma S_{ij}+\beta _\tau S_{4i}$$

where $`\beta _\sigma =g_\sigma ^2\xi _R^1`$, $`\beta _\tau =g_\tau ^2\xi _R`$ and $`\xi _R=a_\sigma /a_\tau `$.   
In this study, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ parameter and the ratio $`\eta =g_\tau /g_\sigma `$ are calculated and the derivatives of the coupling constants with respect to the anisotropy parameter, $`g_\sigma ^2/\xi _R`$, $`g_\tau ^2/\xi _R`$ will be discussed.

## 2 PERTURBATIVE CALCULATIONS

In weak coupling expansions, the relation between the couping constants on the anisotropic lattice and those on the isotropic lattice are obtained as follows. We calculate the coefficients of $`F_{ij}^nF_{ij}^n`$ and $`F_{i4}^nF_{i4}^n`$ in the action in one loop order.

$`S_{Eff}(\xi _R)`$   
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(g_\sigma ^2C_\sigma (\xi _R))F_{ij}^nF_{ij}^na_\sigma ^3a_\tau `$   
$`+`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(g_\tau ^2C_\tau (\xi _R))F_{4i}^nF_{4i}^na_\sigma ^3a_\tau `$   
The same calculation is done on the isotropic lattice. We require that the effective action is independent of the method of regularization. Then the relations are derived.

$$g_\sigma ^2(\xi _R)=g(1)^2+(C_\sigma (\xi _R)C_\sigma (1))+O(g(1)^2)$$

$$g_\tau ^2(\xi _R)=g(1)^2+(C_\tau (\xi _R)C_\tau (1))+O(g(1)^2)$$

On an isotropic lattice($`\xi _R=1`$), gauge invariance means $`C_\sigma (1)=C_\tau (1)`$.   
For the calculation of $`C_\sigma `$ and $`C_\tau `$, we employ the background field method used by Iwasaki and Sakai in the calculation of the $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ parameters of improved actions on the isotropic lattice. The details of the method will be reported in the forthcoming publications.   
The $`C_\tau (\xi _R)`$ and $`C_\sigma (\xi _R)`$ have infrared divergences, but in the difference they are cancelled. The cancellation of the divergence is a delicate problem. The following method is used.

$`\mathrm{\Delta }C_\sigma (\xi _R)=C_\sigma ^{Imp}(\xi _R)C_\sigma ^{Imp}(1)`$   
$`=`$ $`(C_\sigma ^{Imp}(\xi _R)C_\sigma ^{Stand}(\xi _R))`$   
$`+`$ $`(C_\sigma ^{Stand}(\xi _R)C_\sigma ^{Stand}(1))`$   
$`+`$ $`(C_\sigma ^{Stand}(1)C_\sigma ^{Imp}(1))`$   
In the first and third terms, the infrared divergence is canceled exactly for improved and standard actions. The second term is already calculated by Karsch where the regularization of the infrared divergence could be done by an analytic integration of the fourth component of the loop momentum.   
With these $`C_\sigma (\xi _R)`$,$`C_\tau (\xi _R)`$ functions, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`\eta `$ are expressed as follows.

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(\xi _R)/\mathrm{\Lambda }(1)=exp(\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }C_\sigma (\xi _R)+\mathrm{\Delta }C_\tau (\tau )}{4b_0})$$

$$\eta =\frac{g_\tau }{g_\sigma }=1+N(C_\sigma C_\tau )/\beta +O(g^4)$$

The ratios $`\mathrm{\Lambda }(\xi _R)/\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ are shown in Fig.1.

Except for the QCDTARO’s action, they have similar $`\xi _R`$ dependences. The more interesting differences are seen in the ratio $`\eta `$. In Fig.2, we show $`C_\sigma (\xi _R)C_\tau (\xi _R)`$, which determines $`\eta `$.

It is found that as $`\alpha _1`$ decreases $`C_\sigma (\xi _R)C_\tau (\xi _R)`$ changes sign. Namely for Iwasaki’s and QCDTARO’s improved actions, $`\eta <1`$, and at $`\alpha _10.160`$, $`C_\sigma (\xi _R)C_\tau (\xi _R)0`$ for all $`\xi _R`$. This result is very interesting and is not what we have expected. Then in the next section, we calculate the parameter $`\eta `$ nonperturbatively and confirm the perturbative results.

## 3 NONPERTURBATIVE STUDY OF $`\eta `$

Nonperturbatively, the parameter $`\eta `$ is calculated by the relation $`\eta =\xi _R/\xi _B`$ , where $`\xi _B`$ is a bare the anisotropy parameter which appears in the action,

$$S=\frac{2N}{g^2}(\frac{1}{\xi _B}S_{ij}+\xi _BS_{i4})$$

while the renormalized the anisotropy parameter is defined by $`\xi _R=a_\sigma /a_\tau `$. For the probe of the scale in the space and temperature direction, we use the lattice potential in these directions which is defined by,

$$V_{st}(\xi _B,l,t)=ln(\frac{W_{st}(l,t)}{W_{st}(l+1,t)})$$

similarly for the potential in the space direction. Here we fix $`\xi _R=2`$, and calculate the rate for a few $`\xi _B`$

$$R(\xi _B,l,r)=\frac{V_{ss}(\xi _B,l,r)}{V_{st}(\xi _B,l,\xi _Rt)}$$

Then we search for the point $`R=1`$ by interpolating with respect to $`\xi _B`$.   
The simulations are done on the $`12^3\times 24`$ lattice, in the large $`\beta `$ region. The results are shown in Fig.3, together with those of perturbative calculations.   

It is found that the agreement of both results is good. So the $`\alpha _1`$ dependences of the $`\eta `$ ratio is also confirmed by the numerical simulation, a very exciting result for improved actions.

## 4 ESTIMATION OF $`\frac{g_\sigma ^2}{\xi _R}`$ AND $`\frac{g_\tau ^2}{\xi _R}`$

The exact calculation of these derivatives are not carried out yet. However we could estimate them from the slope of the $`C_\sigma (\xi _R)`$ and $`C_\tau (\xi _R)`$ at $`\xi _R=1`$ and $`\xi _R=1.01`$. The results are shown in Fig.4.

They should satisfy following sum rule,

$$\frac{C_\sigma }{\xi _R}+\frac{C_\tau }{\xi _R}|_{\xi _R=1}=\frac{11\times N}{48\pi ^2}$$

The saturation of the sum rule is good.   
Notice that the derivatives change sign as $`\alpha _1`$ decreases. These coefficients play important role in the calculation of internal energy and pressure. As the sign of these coefficients changes for the improved actions, it may be interesting to calculate thermodynamic quantities with these improved actions.   
In conclusion, the study of anisotropic lattice with improved action shows very interesting properties as shown in Figs.1,2,3,4. The study of finite temperature physics with these improved action seems to be very exciting.