# Birational Maps of Del Pezzo Fibrations.

## 1. Introduction.

In classical result, it is known that any $`^1`$-bundle over a nonsingular complex curve $`T`$ can be birationally transformed to a $`^1`$-bundle over $`T`$ by an elementary transformation. Here, we can ask if it is also possible in 3-fold case. In other words, is it true that any nonsingular del Pezzo fibration over a nonsingular curve can be transformed to another nonsingular del Pezzo fibration? In this question, we can add more condition on del Pezzo fibrations with some kind of analogue from ruled surface cases, that is, we can assume that their fibers are always nonsingular even though this is not true for any nonsingular del Pezzo fibration.

We ask the same question for local cases. Of course, we can birationally transform any $`^1`$-bundle over a germ of nonsingular complex curve $`(T,o)`$ into another $`^1`$-bundle over $`(T,o)`$. But, in del Pezzo fibrations over $`(T,o)`$, something different happens. In this paper, we will show that any del Pezzo fibration of degree $`d4`$ with nonsingular special fiber cannot be birationally transformed into another del Pezzo fibration with nonsingular special fiber.

Let $`𝒪`$ be a discrete valuation ring such that its residue field $`k`$ is of characteristic zero. We denote $`K`$ the quotient field of $`𝒪`$. Let $`X_K`$ be a variety defined over $`\text{Spec}K`$. A model of $`X_K`$ is a flat scheme $`X`$ defined over $`\text{Spec}𝒪`$ whose generic fiber is isomorphic to $`X_K`$. Fano fibrations are models of nonsingular Fano variety defined over $`K`$. In particular, del Pezzo fibrations of degree $`d`$ are models of nonsingular del Pezzo surfaces of degree $`d`$ defined over $`K`$. Del Pezzo fibrations are studied in \[C96\] and \[K97\]. They constructed “standard model” (\[C96\]) and “semistable model” (\[K97\]) in each paper.

Now, we state the theorem which we will prove in this paper.

###### Main Theorem.

Let $`X`$ and $`Y`$ be del Pezzo fibrations of degree $`d4`$ over $`\text{Spec}𝒪`$. Suppose that each scheme-theoretic special fiber is nonsingular. Then any birational map between $`X`$ and $`Y`$ over $`\text{Spec}𝒪`$ which is identical over generic fiber is a biregular morphism.

We should remark here that even though it is hard to find such examples, there are del Pezzo fibrations of degree $`d4`$ over $`\text{Spec}𝒪`$ with nonsingular special fibers which can be birationally transformed into another del Pezzo fibration over $`\text{Spec}𝒪`$ with reduced and irreducible special fiber. But, as in Minimal model program over 3-folds, we have to allow some mild singularities, such as terminal ones, on them. In the end of this paper, we will give such examples.

From now on, we explain standard definitions and notations for this paper. For more detail, we can refer to \[K92\], \[P99b\], and \[Sh93\].

A variety $`X`$ means an integral scheme of finite type over a fixed field $`k`$. A log pair $`(X,B)`$ is a normal variety $`X`$ equipped with a $``$-Weil divisor $`B`$ such that $`K_X+B`$ is $``$-Cartier. A log variety is a log pair $`(X,B)`$ such that $`B`$ is a subboundary.

The discrepancy of a divisor $`E`$ over $`X`$ with respect to a log pair $`(X,B)`$ will be denoted by $`a(E;X,B)`$. And we will use the standard abbreviation plt, klt, and lc for purely log terminal, Kawamata log terminal, and log canonical, respectively.

Let $`(X,B)`$ be an lc pair and $`D`$ an effective $``$-Cartier divisor on $`X`$. The log canonical threshold (or lc threshold) of $`D`$ is the number

$$lct(X,B,D):=sup\{c|(X,B+cD)islc\}.$$

If $`B=0`$, then we use $`lct(X,D)`$ instead of $`lct(X,0,D)`$.

Finally, we will use V. V. Shokurov’s 1-complement which is a main tool for this paper. Let $`X`$ be a normal variety and let $`D`$ be a reduced and irreducible divisor on $`X`$. A divisor $`K_X+D`$, not necessarily log canonical, is $`1`$-complementary if there is an integral Weil divisor $`D^+`$ such that $`K_X+D^+`$ is linearly trivial, $`K_X+D^+`$ is lc, and $`D^+D`$. The divisor $`K_X+D^+`$ is called a 1-complement of $`K_X+D`$. This is just special case of $`n`$-complements. But, it is enough for this paper. For more detail about complements, we can refer to \[P99b\], \[Sh93\], or \[Sh97\].   
Acknowledgments. The author would like to thank Prof. V. V. Shokurov for his invaluable support.

## 2. Properties of certain birational maps.

Let $`𝒪`$ be a discrete valuation ring with local parameter $`t`$. The quotient field and residue field of $`𝒪`$ are denoted by $`K`$ and $`k`$, respectively. We always assume that the field $`k`$ is of characteristic zero. We denote $`T=\text{Spec}𝒪`$. For a scheme $`\pi :ZT`$, its scheme-theoretic special fiber $`\pi ^{}(o)`$ is denoted by $`S_Z`$, where $`o`$ is the closed point of $`T`$. From now on, a birational map is always assumed to be identical when restricted to the generic fibers.

Let $`X/T`$ be a $``$-factorial Gorenstein model of a nonsingular variety defined over $`K`$ which satisfies the following three conditions.

* (Special fiber condition)   
The special fiber $`S_X`$ is a reduced and irreducible variety with nonempty anticanonical linear system. Moreover, log pair $`(X,S_X)`$ is plt.
* (1-complement condition)   
For any $`C|K_{S_X}|`$, there exists 1-complement $`K_{S_X}+C_X`$ of $`K_{S_X}`$ such that $`C_X`$ does not contain any center of log canonicity of $`K_{S_X}+C`$.
* (Surjectivity condition)   
Any 1-complement of $`K_{S_X}`$ can be extended to a 1-complement of $`K_X+S_X`$.

With Special fiber condition, we can easily show that $`X`$ has at worst terminal singularities. Moreover, the special fiber $`S_X`$ is a variety over $`k`$ with Gorenstein canonical singularities.

Let $`\varphi :XY`$ be a birational map over $`T`$, where $`X`$ and $`Y`$ are $``$-factorial Gorenstein models of a nonsingular variety defined over $`K`$ which satisfy above three conditions. Suppose that $`\varphi :XY`$ is not an isomorphism in codimension 1. We fix a resolution of indeterminacy of $`\varphi :XY`$ as follows.

Let $`\stackrel{~}{S_X}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{S_Y}`$ be proper transformations of $`S_X`$ and $`S_Y`$ by $`f`$ and $`g`$, respectively. Since birational map $`\varphi `$ is not an isomorphism in codimension 1, $`\stackrel{~}{S_X}`$ is a $`g`$-exceptional divisor and $`\stackrel{~}{S_Y}`$ is $`f`$-exceptional.

###### Lemma 2.1

. Let $`K_X+S_X+D_X`$ be a 1-complement of $`K_X+S_X`$. And let $`D_Y=\varphi _{}D_X`$. For any prime divisor $`E`$ over $`X`$,

$$a(E;X,qS_X+D_X)=a(E;Y,\alpha _qS_Y+D_Y),$$

where $`q`$ is any given number and $`\alpha _q=a(\stackrel{~}{S_Y};X,qS_X+D_X)`$. Moreover, log canonical divisor $`K_Y+S_Y+D_Y`$ is linearly trivial.

Proof. Suppose that $`E`$ is a divisor on $`W`$. Note that $`f_{}^1D_X=g_{}^1D_Y=D_W`$. Then we have

$$K_W+q\stackrel{~}{S_X}+D_W=f^{}(K_X+qS_X+D_X)\alpha _q\stackrel{~}{S_Y}+a_iE_i,$$

and

$$K_W+\alpha _q\stackrel{~}{S_Y}+D_W=g^{}(K_Y+\alpha _qS_Y+D_Y)+b\stackrel{~}{S_X}+b_iE_i,$$

where each $`E_i`$ is $`f`$-exceptional and $`g`$-exceptional. From them, we get

$$f^{}(K_X+qS_X+D_X)g^{}(K_Y+\alpha _qS_Y+D_Y)=(q+b)\stackrel{~}{S_X}+(b_ia_i)E_i.$$

Since $`K_X+qS_X+D_X`$ is numerically trivial, we have

$$(q+b)\stackrel{~}{S_X}+(b_ia_i)E_i_g0.$$

By Negativity lemma, $`b=q`$ and $`b_i=a_i`$. This prove the first statement.

Since $`\varphi `$ is identical on generic fiber, it is clear that $`D_Y`$ is linearly equivalent to $`K_Y`$. Thus, the second statement follows from the fact that $`S_Y`$ is linearly trivial. Q.E.D.   

###### Lemma 2.2

. There exists 1-complement $`K_{S_X}+C_X`$ (resp. $`K_{S_Y}+C_Y`$) of $`K_{S_X}`$ (resp. $`K_{S_Y}`$) does not contain the center of $`S_Y`$ (resp. $`S_X`$) on $`X`$ (resp. $`Y`$).

Proof. Let $`K_Y+S_Y+L_Y`$ be a 1-complement of $`K_Y+S_Y`$. By lemma 2.1, $`a(\stackrel{~}{S_Y};X,S_X+L_Y)1`$, where $`L_X=\varphi _{}^1L_Y`$. Clearly, the center of $`\stackrel{~}{S_Y}`$ on $`X`$ is contained in $`C=L_X|_{S_X}`$. By inversion of adjunction, the center of $`\stackrel{~}{S_Y}`$ is a center of log canonicity singularities of $`K_{S_X}+C`$. Furthermore, $`K_{S_X}+C`$ is linearly trivial by lemma 2.1. Therefore, 1-complement condition implies the statement. Q.E.D.   

###### Lemma 2.3

. There is a 1-complement $`K_X+S_X+D_X`$ (resp. $`K_Y+S_Y+H_Y`$) of $`K_X+S_X`$ (resp. $`K_Y+S_Y`$) such that $`D_X`$ (resp. $`H_Y`$) does not contain the center of $`S_Y`$ (resp. $`S_X`$).

Proof. It immediately follows from lemma 2.2 and Surjectivity condition. Q.E.D.   

From now on, we fix 1-complements $`K_X+S_X+D_X`$ and $`K_Y+S_Y+H_Y`$ of $`K_X+S_X`$ and $`K_Y+S_Y`$, respectively, which satisfy the condition in lemma 2.3. We will use the notation $`D_Y`$, $`D_W`$, $`H_X`$ and $`H_W`$ for $`\varphi _{}D_X`$, $`f_{}^1D_X`$, $`\varphi _{}^1H_Y`$ and $`g_{}^1H_Y`$, respectively. Note that $`g_{}^1D_Y=f_{}^1D_X`$ and $`g_{}^1H_Y=f_{}^1H_X`$.

Now, we define the following condition.

* (Total lc threshold condition)   
The inequality $`\tau _X+\tau _Y>1`$ holds, where $`\tau _X=\mathrm{min}\{lct(S_X,C):C|K_{S_X}|\}`$ and $`\tau _Y=\mathrm{min}\{lct(S_Y,C):C|K_{S_Y}|\}`$.

###### Theorem 2.4

. Under Total lc threshold condition, birational map $`\varphi `$ is an isomorphism in codimension 1.

Proof. Suppose that $`\varphi `$ is not an isomorphism in codimension 1. We pay attention to the following eight equations;

$$K_W=f^{}(K_X)+a\stackrel{~}{S_Y}+a_iE_i,\stackrel{~}{S_X}=f^{}(S_X)b\stackrel{~}{S_Y}b_iE_i,$$

$$D_W=f^{}(D_X)c_iE_i,H_W=f^{}(H_X)e\stackrel{~}{S_Y}e_iE_i,$$

$$K_W=g^{}(K_Y)+n\stackrel{~}{S_X}+n_iE_i,\stackrel{~}{S_Y}=g^{}(S_Y)m\stackrel{~}{S_X}m_iE_i,$$

$$D_W=g^{}(D_Y)l\stackrel{~}{S_X}l_iE_i,H_W=g^{}(H_Y)r_iE_i.$$

First of all, $`b=m=1`$ since $`S_X`$ and $`S_Y`$ are reduced and irreducible. Since $`D_X`$ does not contain the center of $`\stackrel{~}{S_Y}`$ on $`X`$, we have $`\text{mult}_{\stackrel{~}{S_Y}}D_X=0`$. For the same reason, we also have $`\text{mult}_{\stackrel{~}{S_X}}H_Y=0`$.

By lemma 2.1, we get $`n+al=a(\stackrel{~}{S_X};Y,aS_Y+D_Y)=a(\stackrel{~}{S_X};X,D_X)=0`$ and $`a+ne=a(\stackrel{~}{S_Y};X,nS_X+H_X)=a(\stackrel{~}{S_Y};Y,H_Y)=0`$, and hence $`a+n=l=e`$. Since $`X`$ and $`Y`$ have at worst terminal singularities, $`a+n=l>0`$.

Since $`K_Y+S_Y+D_Y`$ is linearly trivial by lemma 2.1, $`(K_Y+S_Y+D_Y)|_{S_Y}=K_{S_Y}+D_Y|_{S_Y}`$ is linearly trivial. Thus, $`D_Y|_{S_Y}|K_{S_Y}|`$. Consequently, it follows from inversion of adjunction that $`K_X+S_X+\tau _XH_X`$ is lc. By the same reason, $`K_Y+S_Y+\tau _YD_Y`$ is lc.

Now, we have $`a(\stackrel{~}{S_Y};X,S_X+\tau _XH_X)=a1\tau _Xe1`$ and $`a(\stackrel{~}{S_X};Y,S_Y+\tau _YD_Y)=n1\tau _Yl1`$. But, $`l=a+n\tau _Xe+\tau _Yl=(\tau _X+\tau _Y)l>l`$ by Total lc threshold condition. Since $`l>0`$, this is impossible. Q.E.D.   

## 3. Lc thresholds on nonsingular del Pezzo surfaces.

Nonsingular del Pezzo surfaces were quite fully studied long time ago. Furthermore, we understand singular del Pezzo surfaces very well. For example, \[BW79\], \[D80\], \[HW81\], and \[R94\] give us rich information. In this section, we will study some classical result on anticanonical linear systems on del Pezzo surfaces with a modern point of view. Strictly speaking, we investigate all possible singular effective anticanonical divisors on nonsingular del Pezzo surfaces. From this investigation, we can get some information on lc thresholds on nonsingular del Pezzo surfaces.

###### Lemma 3.1

. Let $`S`$ be a nonsingular del Pezzo surface of degree $`d4`$. Then, $`K_S+C`$ is lc in codimension 1 for any $`C|K_S|`$.

Proof. Let $`C=_{i=1}^nm_iC_i|K_S|`$, where $`C_i`$’s are distinct integral curves on $`S`$ and each $`m_i1`$.

First, we claim that if $`C`$ is not irreducible, then each $`C_i`$ is isomorphic to $`^1`$. Suppose that $`C_i`$ is not isomorphic to $`^1`$. Then, the self-intersection number of $`C_i`$ is greater than $`0`$. Because $`K_S`$ is ample, $`C`$ is connected. So, we have

$$2p_a(C_i)2=(C_i+K_S)C_i=(1m_i)C_i^2\underset{ij}{}m_jC_jC_i<0,$$

which is contradiction. Thus, each component is a nonsingular rational curve.

Since $`d=C(K_S)=_{i=1}^nm_iC_i(K_S)`$ and $`K_S`$ is ample, we have $`_{i=1}^nm_id`$.

If $`d=1`$, then $`n=1`$ and $`m_1=1`$.

If $`d=2`$, then we have three possibilities $`C_1`$, $`C_1+C_2`$, and $`2C_1`$. But the last case is absurd because the Fano index of $`S`$ is one.

Suppose $`d=3`$. Then possibilities are $`C_1`$, $`C_1+C_2`$, $`C_1+C_2+C_3`$, $`C_1+2C_2`$, $`2C_1`$, and $`3C_1`$. With the Fano index one, we can get rid of the last two cases. For the case of $`C=C_1+2C_2`$, we consider the equation $`3=K_S^2=(C_1+2C_2)^2=C_1^2+4C_1C_2+4C_2^2`$. Since $`(C_1+2C_2)(K_S)=3`$, we have $`C_1(K_S)=C_2(K_S)=1`$, and hence $`C_1^2=C_2^2=1`$. Thus, $`C_1C_2=2`$. But, this implies contradiction $`2=2p_a(C_1)2=C_1(2C_2)=4`$.

Finally, we suppose that $`d=4`$. We have eleven candidates, $`C_1`$, $`C_1+C_2`$, $`C_1+C_2+C_3`$, $`C_1+C_2+C_3+C_4`$, $`C_1+2C_2`$, $`C_1+3C_2`$, $`C_1+C_2+2C_3`$, $`2C_1+2C_2`$, $`2C_1`$, $`3C_1`$, and $`4C_1`$. Again, we can exclude the last four candidates by Fano index. For the case of $`C=C_1+3C_2`$, we consider the equation $`4=K_S^2=(C_1+3C_2)^2=C_1^2+6C_1C_2+9C_2^2`$. As before, we can see $`C_1^2=C_2^2=1`$. So, we have contradiction $`3C_1C_2=7`$. Let’s consider the case of $`C=C_1+2C_2`$. Since $`(C_1+2C_2)(K_S)=4`$, $`C_1^2=0`$ and $`C_2^2=1`$. Then, we have $`4=(C_1+2C_2)^2=4+4C_1C_2`$. But, $`2=p_a(C_1)2=2C_1C_2`$. Finally, we consider $`C=C_1+C_2+2C_3`$. Then, each $`C_i`$ is $`1`$-curve. Since $`4=(C_1+C_2+2C_3)^2=C_1^2+C_2^2+4C_3^2+2(C_1C_2+2C_1C_3+2C_2C_3)`$, we have $`5=C_1C_2+2C_1C_3+2C_2C_3`$. But, $`2=2p_a(C_1)2=(C_2+2C_3)C_1`$, and hence $`3=2C_2C_3`$. But this is impossible. Q.E.D.   

Let $`S`$ be a nonsingular del Pezzo surface with Fano index $`r`$. Then, there is an ample integral divisor $`H`$, called fundamental class of $`S`$, such that $`K_S=rH`$. A curve $`C`$ on $`S`$ is called a line (resp. conic and cubic) if $`CH=1`$ (resp. 2 and 3).

###### Proposition 3.2

. Let $`S`$ be a nonsingular del Pezzo surface of degree $`d4`$ and let $`C|K_S|`$. Suppose that $`K_S+C`$ is worse than lc.

1. If $`d=1`$, then $`C`$ is a cuspidal rational curve.
2. If $`d=2`$, then $`C`$ is one of the following;

* $`C=C_1+C_2`$, where $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ are lines intersecting tangentially at one point with $`C_1C_2=2`$.
    * $`C`$ is a cuspidal rational curve.
3. If $`d=3`$, then $`C`$ is one of the following;

* $`C=C_1+C_2+C_3`$, where $`C_1`$, $`C_2`$, and $`C_3`$ are lines intersecting at one point with $`C_1C_2=C_1C_3=C_2C_3=1`$.
    * $`C=C_1+C_2`$, where $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ are a line and a conic intersecting tangentially at one point with $`C_1C_2=2`$.
    * $`C`$ is a cuspidal rational curve.
4. If $`d=4`$, then $`C`$ is one of the following;

* $`C=C_1+C_2+C_3`$, where $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ are lines, and $`C_3`$ is a conic intersecting at one point with $`C_1C_2=C_1C_3=C_2C_3=1`$.
    * $`C=C_1+C_2`$, where $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ are a line and a cubic intersecting tangentially at one point with $`C_1C_2=2`$.
    * $`C=C_1+C_2`$, where $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ are conics intersecting tangentially at one point with $`C_1C_2=2`$.
    * $`C`$ is a cuspidal rational curve.

Proof. Note that if $`C`$ is irreducible, then arithmetic genus $`p_a(C)`$ of $`C`$ is one. If $`C`$ is not irreducible, then each component is isomorphic to $`^1`$. And we can see the intersection numbers of two different components of $`C`$ are less than or equal to $`2`$.

We can easily check the cases of degree 1 and 2.

Now, we suppose that $`d=3`$. And we suppose that $`C=C_1+C_2+C_3`$. Since $`3=(C_1+C_2+C_3)(K_S)`$, each $`C_i`$ is a line. From $`2=22p_a(C_1)=C_1(C_2+C_3)`$ and $`3=C_1^2+C_2^2+C_3^2+2C_1(C_2+C_3)+2C_2C_3`$, we get $`C_2C_3=1`$. Similarly, we can get $`C_1C_2=C_1C_3=1`$. Since $`K_S+C`$ is not lc, these three lines intersect each other at one point.

If $`C`$ has less than 4 components, then we can show our statement with the same method as above.

The only remaining that we have to show is that $`K_S+C`$ is lc if $`d=4`$ and $`C=C_1+C_2+C_3+C_4`$. Since each $`C_i`$ is a line, we get

$$4=C^2=4+2(C_1C_2+C_1C_3+C_1C_4+C_2C_3+C_2C_4+C_3C_4).$$

And, we have $`C_1(C_2+C_3+C_4)=22p_a(C_1)=2`$, $`C_2(C_1+C_3+C_4)=2`$, $`C_3(C_1+C_2+C_4)=2`$, and $`C_4(C_1+C_2+C_3)=2`$. With these 5 equations and connectedness of $`C`$, we can see that $`C`$ is a normal crossing divisor. Thus, $`K_S+C`$ is lc. Q.E.D.   

###### Corollary 3.3

. Let $`S`$ be a nonsingular del Pezzo surface of degree $`d4`$.

* If $`d=1`$, then $`K_S+\frac{5}{6}C`$ is lc for any $`C|K_S|`$.
* If $`d=2`$, then $`K_S+\frac{3}{4}C`$ is lc for any $`C|K_S|`$.
* If $`d=3`$ or $`4`$, then $`K_S+\frac{2}{3}C`$ is lc for any $`C|K_S|`$.

Proof. If $`C`$ is three nonsingular curves intersecting each other at single point transversally, then $`lct(X,C)=\frac{2}{3}`$. If $`C=C_1+C_2`$ where $`C_i`$’s are nonsingular curves intersecting tangentially with $`C_1C_2=2`$, then we have $`lct(X,C)=\frac{3}{4}`$. For the case of a cuspidal rational curve, $`lct(X,C)=\frac{5}{6}`$. Thus, our statement immediately follows from proposition 3.2. Q.E.D.   

###### Remark 3.4

. Let $`S`$ be a nonsingular del Pezzo surface of degree $`d`$. Then, we have the maximum number $`r`$ such that $`K_S+rC`$ is lc for any $`C|K_S|`$. It is easy to show that such $`r`$ is $`\frac{1}{3}`$ (resp. $`\frac{1}{2}`$) if $`d=9`$, $`7`$, or $`d=8`$ and Fano index $`1`$ (resp. $`d=5`$, $`6`$ or $`d=8`$ and Fano index $`2`$).

###### Remark 3.5

. If $`S`$ be a nonsingular del Pezzo surface of degree 1, then $`|K_S|`$ has exactly one base point. We can easily check that any element in $`|K_S|`$ is nonsingular at this point.

## 4. Proof of main theorem.

In this section, we will use the same notations as in the second section.   
Proof of main theorem.  Since $`K_X`$ and $`K_Y`$ are ample over $`T`$, Surjectivity condition follows from \[P99a\]. By the same reason, birational map $`\varphi `$ cannot be an isomorphism in codimension 1 unless it is biregular (see \[C95\]).

It is enough to check 1-complement condition and Total lc threshold condition by theorem 2.4. Total lc threshold condition immediately follows from corollary 3.3. If $`2d4`$, then it is clear that 1-complement condition holds. In the case of degree 1, 1-complement condition can be derived from remark 3.5. Q.E.D.   

###### Corollary 4.1

. Let $`X`$ be a del Pezzo fibration over $`T`$ of degree $`4`$ with nonsingular scheme-theoretic special fiber. Then, the birational automorphism group of $`X/T`$ is the same as the biregular automorphism group of $`X/T`$.

Proof. Note that we always assume that birational map is identical on generic fiber. The statement immediately follows from the main theorem. Q.E.D.   
As an easy application of theorem 2.4, we can get the following well-known example.

###### Example 4.2

. Let $`Z`$ be a $`^1`$-bundle over $`T`$. Suppose that the special fiber $`S_Z`$ has no $`k`$-rational point. In particular, the residue field $`k`$ is not algebraically closed. Then, there is no birational transform of $`Z`$ into another $`^1`$-bundle over $`T`$, because the special fiber $`S_Z`$ satisfies Total lc condition. If $`S_Z`$ has a $`k`$-rational point, then Total lc condition fails. Moreover, it can be birationally transformed into another $`^1`$-bundle over $`T`$ by elementary transformations. 

## 5. Examples.

If we allow some mild singularities on del Pezzo fibrations, then we can find birational maps of del Pezzo fibrations over $`T`$ with reduced and irreducible special fiber. In each example, note that one of two del Pezzo fibrations has terminal singularities. Before taking examples, we will state easy lemma which helps us to understand our examples.

###### Lemma 5.1

. Let $`f(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m,y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)=g(x_1,\mathrm{},x_m)+h(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)`$ be a holomorphic function near $`0^{m+n}`$ and let $`D_f=(f=0)`$ on $`^{m+n}`$, $`D_g=(g=0)`$ on $`^m`$, and $`D_h=(h=0)`$ on $`^n`$. Then

$$lct(^{m+n},D_f)=min\{1,lct(^m,D_g)+lct(^n,D_h)\}.$$

Proof. See \[Ku99\]. Q.E.D.   

###### Example 5.2

. This example comes from \[C96\] and \[K97\]. Let $`X`$ and $`Y`$ be subschemes of $`_𝒪^3`$ defined by equations $`x^3+y^3+z^2w+w^3=0`$ and $`x^3+y^3+z^2w+t^{6n}w^3=0`$, respectively, where $`n`$ is a positive integer. Note that $`X`$ is nonsingular and $`Y`$ has single singular point of type $`cD_4`$ at $`p=[0,0,0,1]`$. Then, we have a birational map $`\rho _n`$ of $`X`$ into $`Y`$ defined by $`\rho _n([x,y,z,w])=[t^{2n}x,t^{2n}y,t^{3n}z,w]`$. Now, we consider a divisor $`D|K_X|`$ defined by $`z=w`$. This divisor $`D`$ has a sort of good divisor because $`K_X+S_X+D`$ is lc and $`D|_{S_X}`$ is a nonsingular elliptic curve on $`S_X`$. But, the birational transform $`\rho _n(D)`$ of $`D`$ by $`\rho _n`$ is worse than before. First, $`\rho _n(D)|_{S_Y}`$ is three lines intersecting each other at single point (Eckardt point) transversally on $`S_Y`$. Furthermore, we can see that $`\rho _n(D)`$ on $`Y`$ is defined by $`z=t^{3n}w`$. And, the log canonical threshold of $`\rho _n(D)`$ is $`\frac{4n+1}{6n}`$ by lemma 5.1, and hence $`K_Y+\rho _n(D)`$ cannot be lc. 

###### Example 5.3

. Let $`Z`$ and $`W`$ be subschemes of $`_𝒪^3`$ defined by equations $`x^3+y^2z+z^2w+t^{12m}w^3=0`$ and $`x^3+y^2z+z^2w+w^3=0`$, respectively, where $`m`$ is a positive integer. Here, $`Z`$ has a singular point of type $`cE_6`$ at $`[0,0,0,1]`$ and $`W`$ is nonsingular. We have a birational map $`\psi _m`$ of $`Z`$ into $`W`$ defined by $`\psi _m([x,y,z,w])=[t^{2m}x,t^{3m}y,z,t^{6m}w]`$. Again, we consider a divisor $`H|K_Z|`$ defined by $`z=w`$. For the same reason as above, $`H`$ is a good divisor. But, the log canonical threshold of the birational transform $`\psi _m(H)`$ of $`H`$ by $`\psi _m`$ is $`\frac{5m+1}{6m}`$. Therefore, if $`m>1`$, then $`K_W+\psi _m(H)`$ cannot be lc. Note that $`\psi _m(H)|_{S_W}`$ is a cuspidal rational curve on $`S_W`$. 

###### Example 5.4

. We consider birational map $`\phi _m=\psi _m^1`$ from $`W`$ to $`Z`$, where $`W`$, $`Z`$ and $`\psi _m`$ are the same as in example 5.3. And, we pay attention to nonsingular divisor $`L|K_W|`$ on $`W`$ defined by $`x=0`$. Then, we can see that $`\phi _m(L)|_{S_Z}`$ consists of a line and a conic intersecting tangentially each other. And, the log canonical threshold of $`\phi _m(L)`$ is $`\frac{9m+1}{12m}`$, and hence $`K_Z+\phi _m(L)`$ is not lc. 

The following two examples were constructed by M. Grinenko. One is a del Pezzo fibration of degree 2, and the other is of degree 1.

###### Example 5.5

. Let $`X`$ and $`Y`$ be subschemes of $`_𝒪^3(1,1,1,2)`$ defined by equations $`w^2+x^3y+x^2yz+z^4+t^4xy^3=0`$ and $`w^2+x^3y+xy^3+x^2yz+t^2z^4=0`$, respectively, where $`w`$ is of weight 2. The map $`\varphi :XY`$ defined by $`\varphi (x,y,z,w)=(x,t^2y,z,tw)`$ is birational. Subscheme $`X`$ has a singular point of type $`cD_5`$ at $`[0,1,0,0]`$. Subscheme $`Y`$ has two singular points of types $`cD_6`$ and $`cA_1`$ at $`[0,0,1,0]`$ and $`[1,0,1,0]`$, respectively.

###### Example 5.6

. Let $`Z`$ be a subscheme of $`_𝒪^3(1,1,2,3)`$ defined by equation $`w^2+z^3+xy^5+t^4x^5y=0`$, where $`z`$ and $`w`$ are of weight 2 and 3, respectively. Then, we have a birational automorphism $`\alpha `$ of $`Z`$ defined by $`\alpha (x,y,z,w)=(y,t^2x,t^2z,t^3w)`$. Note that $`Z`$ has a singular point of type $`cE_8`$ at $`[1,0,0,0]`$. 

E-mail address : jhpark@chow.mat.jhu.edu