# On generalized Kostka polynomials and quantum Verlinde rule

## Introduction

In this paper we consider the following question. Let $`\pi `$ be a representation from a certain minimal conformal field theory. For example $`\pi `$ may be an irreducible representation of the Virasoro algebra from a certain $`(p,q)`$–theory (see ). Choose the standard basis $`\{L_j\}`$ of the Virasoro algebra and suppose that the vacuum vector in $`\pi `$ is annihilated by $`L_j,j<0`$. Let $`A_n`$ be the subalgebra formed by $`L_n,L_{n+1},\mathrm{}`$. Consider the space of coinvariants $`\pi /A_n\pi `$. In  it is proved that $`dim(\pi /A_n\pi )<\mathrm{}`$. The space $`\pi /A_n\pi `$ has the natural grading, $`\pi /A_n\pi =(\pi /A_n\pi )^j`$ such that $`\mathrm{deg}L_i=i`$ and the vacuum vector has grading zero. So define the truncated character $`ch_q(\pi ,n)`$ as the polynomial $`q^jdim(\pi /A_n\pi )^j`$. The problem is how to find $`ch_q(\pi ,n)`$.

First of all, let us try to evaluate the dimension of $`\pi /A_n\pi `$, that is, $`ch_1(\pi ,n)`$. Let $`n`$ be odd, $`n=2k1`$. The algebra $`\{L_1,L_0,L_1,\mathrm{}\}`$ can be considered as the algebra of polynomial vector fields on the line $`f(t)/t`$. Then the subalgebra $`A_{2k1}`$ consists of the fields $`t^{2k}f(t)/t`$. Consider the family of Lie algebras

$$A_{2k1}(p_1,\mathrm{},p_k)=(tp_1)^2\mathrm{}(tp_k)^2[t]/t,$$

$`p_1,\mathrm{},p_k`$ — points on the line. It is easy to prove that

$$dim\pi /A_{2k1}\pi dim\pi /A_{2k1}(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)\pi $$

because $`A_{2k1}(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)`$ is a filtered deformation of $`A_{2k1}=A_{2k1}(0,0,\mathrm{},0)`$. It is natural to conjecture that actually

$$dim\pi /A_{2k1}\pi =dim\pi /A_{2k1}(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)\pi .$$

Still it is an open problem. In  it was proved for $`(2,2s+1)`$–minimal theories, and in  for $`k=2`$. Suppose that all the points $`t_1,\mathrm{},t_k`$ are distinct. In this case the dimension of $`\pi /A_{2k1}(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)\pi `$ is given by the Verlinde formula (see ). More precisely, let $`𝒱_N`$ be the Verlinde algebra, $`\{\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _N\}`$ be the standard basis in $`𝒱_N`$ corresponding to the set of “integrable” representations. Let us write down in $`𝒱_N`$

$$(\pi _1+\mathrm{}+\pi _N)^k=\underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}c_j(k)\pi _j.$$
(\*)   
Then for distinct $`\{t_j\}`$ we have

$$c_j(k)=dim\pi _j/A_{2k1}(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)\pi _j.$$

So in the case when the conjecture is true our problem is to find a “$`q`$–version” of the formula $`()`$. But, as we mentioned, the conjecture is known only in $`(2,2s+1)`$–case. In general case we can do the following. The representation $`\pi `$ has the natural grading: $`\pi =\pi ^0\pi ^1\mathrm{}`$. Let $`\pi ^j=\pi ^0\pi ^1\mathrm{}\pi ^j`$. Consider the composition $`\pi ^j\pi \pi /A_{2k1}(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)\pi `$ and let $`S_j`$ be the image of $`\pi ^j`$. Therefore, we have a sequence of spaces $`S_0S_1\mathrm{}`$. Let us write down the “character” of the space $`\pi /A_{2k1}(t_1,\mathrm{},t_k)\pi `$ as $`dimS_j/S_{j1}q^j`$. If the main conjecture is true, then this character coincides with the character of $`\pi /A_{2k1}\pi `$.

Now let us rewrite $`()`$ in the “alternating sum” form. Let $`U`$ be a “small” quantum group $`U_q(sl_2)`$ in the root of unity of order $`l`$. $`U`$ is generated as an algebra by $`E,F,K,h`$ with usual relations, in particular $`E^l=F^l=0`$. Let $`Q`$ be a representation of $`U`$ where $`h`$ acts by the diagonal way. Denote by $`Q(\lambda )`$ the subspace in $`Q`$ where $`h`$ acts by the scalar $`\lambda `$. The “toy Felder complex” $`F(Q)`$ is by definition

$$\mathrm{}\stackrel{E}{}Q(2l)\stackrel{E^{l1}}{}Q(2)\stackrel{E}{}Q(0)\stackrel{E^{l1}}{}Q(2+2l)\stackrel{E}{}Q(2l)\mathrm{}$$

Let $`\{\nu _0,\mathrm{},\nu _{l2}\}`$ be the set of irreducible Weyl modules of $`U`$, $`dim\nu _\alpha =\alpha +1`$, let $`\nu _{l1}`$ be the Steinberg module.

Proposition.  Let $`\nu _{\alpha _1},\mathrm{},\nu _{\alpha _r}`$ be a set of Weyl modules, all $`\alpha _j<l1`$. The homology of the complex $`F(\nu _{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\nu _{\alpha _r})`$ are concentrated in the term $`\nu _{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\nu _{\alpha _r}(0)`$. The dimension of these homologies can be calculated in the following way. Representations $`\nu _0,\mathrm{},\nu _{l2}`$ form a basis in a certain Verlinde algebra. Write down $`\nu _{\alpha _1}\mathrm{}\nu _{\alpha _r}=c_i\nu _i`$. The dimension of the homologies is equal to the coefficient $`c_0`$.

Let us apply this to the simplest $`(2,5)`$–theory. In this case there are two representations in the minimal theory. Namely they are the vacuum representation $`ϵ_0`$, and the representation $`ϵ_1`$ with the highest weight $`1/5`$. The Verlinde algebra for $`(2,5)`$ is generated by $`ϵ_0`$ and $`ϵ_1`$ with relations $`ϵ_0ϵ_i=ϵ_i`$, $`i=0,1`$ and $`ϵ_1^2=ϵ_0+ϵ_1`$. The quantum group related to the $`(2,5)`$–theory is $`U_q(𝑠𝑙_2),q^5=1`$. In terms of $`U_q(𝑠𝑙_2)`$ the Verlinde algebra can be described in the following way. $`U_q(𝑠𝑙_2)`$ has four Weyl modules $`\nu _0,\nu _1,\nu _2,\nu _3`$ ($`\nu _4`$ is Steinberg), and we have to impose an additional relation: $`\nu _0=\nu _4`$. After that $`\nu _0`$ corresponds to $`ϵ_0`$ and $`\nu _1`$ to $`ϵ_1`$. Note that $`ϵ_1^2=ϵ_0+ϵ_1`$, therefore $`(ϵ_0+ϵ_1)^k=ϵ_1^{2k}`$. Summarizing, we can conclude that $`dimϵ_0/A_{2k1}ϵ_0`$ coincides with Euler characteristics of the complex $`F(\nu _1\mathrm{}\nu _1)`$, $`\nu _1`$ appears $`2k`$ times.

If we consider the $`(2,2s+1)`$–theory then the similar statement is true. The quantum group now is $`U_q(𝑠𝑙_2)`$, $`q^{2s+1}=1`$. Denote by $`ϵ_0`$ the vacuum representation, and denote by $`\nu _{s1}`$ the $`s`$–dimensional representation of $`U_q(𝑠𝑙_2)`$. Then $`dimϵ_0/A_{2k1}ϵ_0`$ coincides with Euler characteristics of the complex $`F(\nu _{s1}\mathrm{}\nu _{s1})`$, $`\nu _{s1}`$ appears $`2k`$ times.

There exists a filtration on the toy Felder complex $`F(\nu _s\mathrm{}\nu _s)=F_0F_1\mathrm{}`$ such that each $`F_i`$ is a subcomplex, and the corresponding spectral sequence degenerates in the first term. It is clear that the homology of the complex $`F_i/F_{i+1}`$ is a graded space, and we claim that this graded space is isomorphic to $`ϵ_0/A_{2k1}ϵ_0`$.

Construction of the filtration on the tensor product is rather complicated, and we will not discuss it in this paper. But actually the filtration (but not the structure of complex) exists on the tensor products of irreducible representations of $`U_q(𝑠𝑙_2)`$ for arbitrary $`q`$, even in the “classical” case $`q=1`$. In this paper we consider the classical situation but not only in the $`𝑠𝑙_2`$–case. Note that from a different point of view the problem of “truncated” character formula was studied (and is actually being studied) in the articles of the Stony Brook group (, , ) and many others (, , , ). Our work is inspired by these remarkable papers.

In the first part of the paper we present the construction of the filtration on the tensor product of finite–dimensional representations of a Lie algebra (in principle arbitrary, but, actually, we need some additional structure on the representations). This construction is interesting by itself, and we discuss in the second part its connection with the geometry of the Schubert variety, and with the structure of integrable representations of affine Kac–Moody algebras. In the third part of the paper we discuss the problem about the characters of coinvariants for the current algebras and present a formula for $`q`$–Verlinde rule. The $`\widehat{𝑠𝑙_2}`$ situation of this formula is quite similar to the $`(2,2s+1)`$–theories for Virasoro.

## 1 Fusion product of finite–dimensional representations

### 1.1 Filtration on the tensor product.

Let $`𝔞`$ be a Lie algebra. We call an $`𝔞`$–module $`\pi `$ cyclic if it contains a chosen vector $`v`$ such that $`\pi =U(𝔞)v`$.

Consider $`n`$ finite–dimensional cyclic $`𝔞`$–modules $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$. Our purpose is to define an $`𝔞`$–equivariant filtration on their tensor product $`\mathrm{\Pi }=\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n`$.

Of course, this definition requires some additional data. Namely, the filtration depends on a complex vector $`𝒵=(z_1,\mathrm{}z_n)`$. This dependence makes possible to distinguish isomorphic submodules.

To construct the filtration, consider the algebra $`𝔞^{}=𝔞[t]`$ of $`𝔞`$–valued complex polynomials.

Let $`\pi `$ be an $`𝔞`$–module, $`z`$. Then we can define an action of $`𝔞^{}`$ on $`\pi `$. Namely, let $`P𝔞^{}`$ be a $`𝔤`$–valued polynomial, $`u\pi `$. Then

$$Pu=P(z)u.$$

This $`𝔞^{}`$–module is called an evaluation representation. Denote it by $`\pi (z)`$.

Now let $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ be cyclic $`𝔞`$–modules with chosen cyclic vectors $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$, $`𝒵=(z_1,\mathrm{}z_n)`$ be a complex vector. Then we can define an action of $`𝔞^{}`$ on their tensor product $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$. Namely, consider the $`𝔞^{}`$–module

$$\mathrm{\Pi }(𝒵)=\pi _1(z_1)\mathrm{}\pi _n(z_n).$$

Proposition 1.1.  If $`z_i`$ are pairwise distinct numbers then the $`𝔞^{}`$–module $`\mathrm{\Pi }(𝒵)`$ is generated by $`v_1\mathrm{}v_n`$.

Proof.  Let $`u_1\mathrm{}u_n`$ be a monomial in $`\mathrm{\Pi }(𝒵)`$, $`a𝔞`$. Applying the action of $`at^k𝔞^{}`$ to this monomial we obtain that

$$at^k(u_1\mathrm{}u_n)=\underset{i}{}z_i^ku_1\mathrm{}a(u_i)\mathrm{}u_n.$$

As $`z_i`$ are pairwise distinct, the matrix $`(z_i^j)`$ is invertible, hence we obtain any monomial $`u_1\mathrm{}a(u_i)\mathrm{}u_n`$ as a linear combination of $`at^j(u_1\mathrm{}u_n)`$.

Now consider the vector $`v_1\mathrm{}v_n`$. Iterating the procedure described above with different elements of $`𝔞`$ we obtain that

$$U(𝔞)v_1\mathrm{}U(𝔞)v_nU(𝔞^{})(v_1\mathrm{}v_n).$$

As $`v_i`$ are cyclic vectors, this complete the proof.  

Denote the set of $`n`$ pairwise distinct complex numbers by $`^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$. So if $`𝒵^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$ then $`\mathrm{\Pi }(𝒵)`$ is a cyclic $`𝔞^{}`$–module.

Note that the Lie algebra $`𝔞^{}`$ is graded by the degree of polynomial. Then the algebra $`U(𝔞^{})`$ is also graded. Thus for any cyclic $`𝔞^{}`$–module $`M`$ with cyclic vector $`v`$ we have the induced filtration

$$F^iM=U^i(𝔞^{})v.$$

In particular, $`F^0M`$ is the $`𝔞`$–submodule generated by $`v`$.

Definition 1.2.  Let $`𝒵^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be a set of pairwise distinct complex numbers, $`\pi _i`$ be cyclic $`𝔞`$–modules. Then the filtered tensor product $`_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)`$ is the space $`\mathrm{\Pi }(𝒵)\mathrm{\Pi }`$ with the induced filtration.

Proposition 1.3.  This is a well–defined increasing $`𝔞`$–equivariant filtration on the tensor product $`\mathrm{\Pi }=\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n`$.

An $`𝔞`$–module settled in the origin $`\pi (0)`$ provides us the simplest example of a graded $`𝔞^{}`$–module. And we can similarly define the filtered tensor product for graded cyclic $`𝔞^{}`$–modules.

First of all, if $`\pi `$ is a graded $`𝔞^{}`$–module, $`z`$ is a complex number, then we can define an $`𝔞^{}`$–module $`\pi (z)`$, such that

$$P(t)u=P(t+z)u$$

for $`P𝔞^{}`$, $`u\pi (z)`$.

As above, let $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ be cyclic graded $`𝔞^{}`$–modules with cyclic vectors $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$, $`𝒵=(z_1,\mathrm{}z_n)`$ be a complex vector. Then consider the $`𝔞^{}`$–module

$$\mathrm{\Pi }(𝒵)=\pi _1(z_1)\mathrm{}\pi _n(z_n).$$

Proposition 1.4.  If $`z_i`$ are pairwise distinct numbers then the $`𝔞^{}`$–module $`\mathrm{\Pi }(𝒵)`$ is generated by the vector $`v_1\mathrm{}v_n`$.

Proof.  Let $`u=u_1\mathrm{}u_n`$ be a monomial in $`\mathrm{\Pi }(𝒵)`$. We have:

$$at^k(u)=\underset{i,r}{}\left[\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{r}\right]z_i^{kr}u_1\mathrm{}at^r(u_i)\mathrm{}u_n.$$

As $`\pi _i`$ are finite–dimensional and graded, there exists a sufficiently large $`N`$ such that $`𝔞t^k`$ acts trivially for $`k>N`$. Consider the matrix of the coefficients

$$\left(\left[\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{r}\right]z_i^{kr}\right)_{k,(i,r)},i=1\mathrm{}n,r=1\mathrm{}N,k=1\mathrm{}nN.$$

Similar to the Vandermonde matrix, this matrix is invertible under the conditions of the proposition. Thus we can obtain any resulting monomial as a linear combination of $`at^k(u)`$. The rest of proof is similar to the proof of proposition 1.1.1.  

So we can introduce a similar definition.

Definition 1.5.  Let $`𝒵^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be a set of pairwise distinct complex numbers, $`\pi _i`$ be cyclic graded $`𝔞^{}`$–modules. Then the filtered tensor product $`_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)`$ is the space $`\mathrm{\Pi }(𝒵)\mathrm{\Pi }`$ with the induced filtration.

Note that along the way we define an action of $`𝔞^{}`$ on the tensor product of $`𝔞`$–modules and a non–standard action of $`𝔞^{}`$ on the tensor product of graded $`𝔞^{}`$–modules.

### 1.2 Case of simple Lie algebra.

Now let $`𝔤`$ be a simple Lie algebra. Choose a Borel subalgebra $`𝔟𝔤`$ to determine highest vectors.

Any finite–dimensional $`𝔤`$–module is a direct sum of irreducible modules with highest vectors. One can easily show that any direct sum of pairwise non–isomorphic irreducible modules is a cyclic $`𝔤`$–module.

If $`\pi `$ is an irreducible representation then choose its highest vector as a cyclic vector. Indeed, in this case we can choose any vector, but the filtration calculated with the chosen highest vectors is the most subtle. Namely, one can prove that if $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ are irreducible representations and $`v_i`$ are their highest vectors then for any $`u_i\pi _i`$ and $`𝒵`$

$$_𝒵^i((\pi _1,v_1),\mathrm{},(\pi _n,v_n))_𝒵^i((\pi _1,u_1),\mathrm{},(\pi _n,u_n)).$$

If $`\pi `$ is a sum of different irreducible modules then we can consider the sum of highest vectors of its components.

Now consider isomorphism classes of filtered finite–dimensional $`𝔤`$–modules. It is a discrete kind of data. On the other hand, all objects and transformations introduced above are algebraic. Therefore we have

Proposition 1.6.  For given $`\pi _1,\mathrm{}\pi _n`$ there exists a Zariski open subset $`U^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$, such that for any $`𝒵_1,𝒵_2U`$ we have

$$_{𝒵_1}(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)_{𝒵_2}(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)$$

as filtered $`𝔤`$–modules.

We are convinced that $`U`$ always equals $`^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$. In section 1.3 we discuss a more general conjecture.

Note that this isomorphism is not natural. If we fix the space $`\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n`$ then the filtration has a non-trivial algebraic dependence on $`𝒵`$. Nevertheless, we can consider a Hilbert polynomial of this filtration for a generic point $`𝒵U^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$.

$$\text{ch}_q(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)=q^i\text{ch}\text{gr}^i_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)$$

For irreducible representations we obtain a version of generalized Kostka polynomials. We think that they coincides with the polynomials discussed in , , . For example if $`𝔤=sl_2`$ then calculations leads to quantum supernomial coefficients (). Also we have a coincidence for some representations of $`sl_n`$. We present the way of these calculations in section 2.

For sums of irreducible representations we obtain more elaborate but also very useful polynomials. In section 3 we discuss the relation between such polynomials and the filtered Verlinde rule.

At last notice that in the case of a simple Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ we have

$$\text{gr}^{}_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n$$

as $`𝔤`$–modules. This property motivates the following definition of the fusion product.

### 1.3 Fusion product

Let $`𝔞`$ be a Lie algebra, $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ be finite–dimensional graded cyclic $`𝔞^{}`$–modules, $`𝒵^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Consider the $`𝔞^{}`$–module $`_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)`$. Clearly, we have

$$𝔞t^k_𝒵^i(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)_𝒵^{i+k}(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n).$$

Hence, we have the well–defined action of $`𝔞^{}`$ on the adjoint graded space such that

$$𝔞t^k\text{gr}^i_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)\text{gr}^{i+k}_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n).$$

Thus $`\text{gr}^{}_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)`$ is also a finite–dimensional graded cyclic $`𝔞^{}`$–module.

Definition 1.7.  Let $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ be finite–dimensional graded $`𝔞^{}`$–modules with cyclic vectors $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$, $`𝒵^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$. Then the fusion product $`(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)(𝒵)`$ is the graded $`𝔞^{}`$–module $`\text{gr}^{}_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)`$ with cyclic vector $`v_1\mathrm{}v_n\text{gr}^0_𝒵`$.

Conjecture 1.8.  Let $`𝔤`$ be a simple Lie algebra, $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ be cyclic graded $`𝔤^{}`$–modules. Then

$`(\mathrm{i})`$ For any $`𝒵_1,𝒵_2^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$ we have

$$(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)(𝒵_1)(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)(𝒵_2)$$

as $`𝔤^{}`$–modules.

$`(\mathrm{ii})`$ Fusion product is associative up to isomorphism. It means that

$$((\pi _1\pi _2)\pi _3)(\pi _1(\pi _2\pi _3))(\pi _1\pi _2\pi _3)$$

and similar isomorphisms for $`4`$–fold products and further.

We prove some cases of this conjecture in the section 2.

Of course, (i) implies that the filtered $`𝔤`$–module $`_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)`$ doesn’t depend on $`𝒵`$. Nevertheless, the structure of $`𝔤^{}`$ module on it depends on $`𝒵`$. Now let us discuss the relation between these two constructions.

Fusion product can be considered as the extension of the filtered tensor product from $`^n\mathrm{\Delta }`$ to the origin. Let $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ be $`𝔤`$–modules. For $`𝒵^n`$ consider the ideal

$$I(𝒵)=𝔤\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(tz_i)[t]𝔤^{}.$$

Then we easily obtain

Proposition 1.9. 

$`(\mathrm{i})`$ The ideal $`I(𝒵)`$ annihilates the filtered tensor product $`_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)`$.

$`(\mathrm{ii})`$ The ideal $`I(0)=𝔤t^n[t]`$ annihilates the fusion product $`(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)(𝒵)`$.

We can also extend the filtration to any point $`𝒵^n`$. Suppose that representations $`\pi _i^1,\mathrm{}\pi _i^{s_i}`$ correspond the point $`z_i`$, $`i=1\mathrm{}m`$. Then we should consider distinct ”virtual” coordinates $`z_i^j`$, $`j=1\mathrm{}s_i`$, and graded $`𝔤^{}`$–modules

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_i=(\pi _i^1\mathrm{}\pi _i^{s_i})(z_i^1,\mathrm{}z_i^{s_i}).$$

Finally we can define

$$_𝒵(\pi _i^j)=_{(z_1,\mathrm{}z_m)}(\mathrm{\Pi }_1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Pi }_m).$$

Clearly this $`𝔤^{}`$–module is annihilated by the ideal $`I(𝒵)`$.

Indeed this is an extension of the filtration to the space larger then $`^n`$. This space can be projected to $`^n`$ by forgetting all ”virtual” coordinates. And conjecture 1.1.3 (i) implies that the result depends only on a point of $`^n`$.

Generally, we can consider any superposition of fusion products and filtered tensor product as the filtered tensor product calculated at a point $`𝒵`$ of a certain space $`_n`$. This space resembles the compactification of the configuration space of $`n`$ distinct points constructed in .

$`_n`$ is stratified. Its strata are enumerated by trees with $`n`$ input vertices. These trees describe the method of superposition. For example $`^n\mathrm{\Delta }_n`$ as the stratum with $`n`$ input vertices connected to the output vertex.

Any point of $`_n`$ is determined by a tree and complex numbers attached to each vertex except the output vertex. These complex numbers are parameters of fusion and filtered tensor products.

Consider the natural map $`_n^n`$ that discards all the coordinates except those used in the external filtered tensor product. Then conjecture 1.1.3 states that for any $`𝒵_n`$ the extended product $`_𝒵`$ depends only on the image of $`𝒵`$ in $`^n`$.

## 2 $`𝑠𝑙_2`$–case and generalizations.

Here we discuss how to calculate the filtration and the fusion product. Also we will attempt to clarify the situation discussed in .

### 2.1 Computation of the fusion product

Let $`e,f,h`$ be the standard basis in $`𝑠𝑙_2`$, and let $`e_i,f_i,h_i`$ be a basis in $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$, $`e_i=et^i,f_i=ft^i,h_i=ht^i,i0`$. Let $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ be finite–dimensional graded $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–modules with cyclic vectors $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$.

Suppose that $`h_iv_k=0`$, $`e_iv_k=0`$ for $`i0`$, $`k=1,\mathrm{},n`$. Then each $`\pi _k`$ can be considered as an $`𝔣^{}`$–cyclic module, where $`𝔣`$ is the one–dimensional abelian algebra generated by $`\{f\}`$. It is clear that the fusion $`(\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _n)(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ of $`𝔣^{}`$–modules is isomorphic to the restriction of the fusion $`(\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _n)(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ of $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–modules to $`𝔣^{}`$. So it is enough to calculate the fusion product of $`𝔣`$–modules. But sometimes the structure of $`sl_2`$–module is very useful.

Consider in this section the following subcategory $`L`$ of finite–dimensional graded $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–modules with cyclic vector. Module $`(\pi ,v)`$ is an object of $`L`$ if $`v`$ is killed by $`\{h_i,i>0\}`$ and $`\{e_i,i0\}`$. Morphisms are $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–equivariant maps transforming cyclic vectors to cyclic vectors. We present the version of Demazure reflection functor (see ) acting on $`L`$.

Let $`𝔲`$ be the subalgebra in $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$ of codimension one with basis $`\{e_i,i0;h_i,i0;f_i,i1\}`$. Let $`S`$ be a finite–dimensional $`𝔲`$–module. For simplicity suppose that $`S`$ is $`h_0`$–semisimple. By $`Ind(𝔲;S;𝑠𝑙_2^{})`$ denote the $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–module induced from the $`𝔲`$–module $`S`$. Then there exists the maximal finite–dimensional $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–quotient of $`Ind(𝔲;S;𝑠𝑙_2^{})`$. Namely, let $`Ind_{fin}(𝔲;S;𝑠𝑙_2^{})`$ be the quotient $`Ind(𝔲;S;𝑠𝑙_2^{})/J`$ where $`J`$ is the intersection of all the submodules such the quotient is finite–dimensional.

Proposition 2.1.  $`Ind_{fin}(𝔲;S;sl_2^{})`$ is a finite–dimensional $`sl_2^{}`$–module.

Proof.  Let $`𝔲_0`$ be the two–dimensional subalgebra of $`sl_2^{}`$ with basis $`\{ht^0,et^0\}`$. Then, clearly, the vector space $`Ind_{fin}(𝔲;S;sl_2^{})`$ is a quotient of the finite–dimensional vector space $`Ind_{fin}(𝔲_0;S;sl_2)`$.  

Now let $`SL`$. Then we have

Proposition 2.2.  $`Ind_{fin}(𝔲;S;sl_2^{})Ind_{fin}(𝔲_0;S;sl_2)`$ as bi–graded $`sl_2`$–modules.

Proof.  Let $`Ind_{fin}(𝔲_0;S;sl_2)=Ind(𝔲_0;S;sl_2)/J`$. By $`v`$ denote the cyclic vector of $`S`$, by $`\lambda `$ denote the $`h`$–weight of $`v`$. Then, clearly, $`J`$ is formed by elements $`e^kf^lP(ft,ft^2,\mathrm{})v`$, such that $`l>\lambda 2\mathrm{deg}(P)`$.

As $`et^iv=ht^iv=0`$ for $`i>0`$, it is easy to show that $`J`$ is an $`sl_2^{}`$ – submodule, so we have the statement of the proposition.  

Thus we can investigate properties of this functor using standard facts about the category $`𝒪`$ for $`sl_2`$.

Proposition 2.3.  Let $`S=S_i`$ be a graded $`𝔲_0`$–module, $`h`$ acts on $`S_i`$ by scalar $`i`$. By $`\pi (i)`$ denote the irreducible $`sl_2`$–module of dimension $`i+1`$.

$`(\mathrm{i})`$ $`Ind_{fin}(𝔲_0;S;sl_2)=_i\pi (i)(S_i/e^{i+1}S_{i2})`$, where $`sl_2`$ acts only on $`\pi (i)`$.

$`(\mathrm{ii})`$ $`Ind_{fin}(𝔲_0;S;sl_2)`$ is right exact and $`L^iInd_{fin}(𝔲_0;S;sl_2)=0`$ for $`i>1`$.

$`(\mathrm{iii})`$ $`L^1Ind_{fin}(𝔲_0;S;sl_2)=_i\pi (i)Ker_{S_{i2}}(e^{i+1})`$, where $`sl_2`$ acts only on $`\pi (i)`$.

In particular, the Euler characteristic $`\text{ch}L^0\text{ch}L^1`$ of this functor depends only on the character of the representation $`S`$. Namely, by the proposition above it is equal to $`(dimS_idimS_{i2})\text{ch}\pi (i)`$. It resembles the situation in . Now let us continue our considerations.

Let $`\theta `$ be the homomorphism $`𝔲𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$ such that $`\theta (e_i)=e_{i+1}`$, $`\theta (h_i)=h_i`$, $`\theta (f_i)=f_{i1}`$. With each complex number $`\lambda `$ we associate a $`1`$–dimensional representation $`\chi _\lambda :𝔲`$, such that $`\chi _\lambda (h_0)=\lambda `$, $`\chi _\lambda (f_i)=0`$, $`\chi _\lambda (h_i)=0`$, $`i1`$; $`\chi _\lambda (e_j)=0`$, $`j0`$.

Definition 2.4.  Let $`\lambda `$. Functor $`𝒯_\lambda `$ acts from $`L`$ to $`L`$ in the following way. Let $`\pi L`$, then $`\theta ^{}(\pi )`$ is a representation of $`𝔲`$. Let

$$𝒯_\lambda (\pi )=Ind_{fin}(𝔲;\theta ^{}(\pi )\chi _\lambda ;𝑠𝑙_2^{}).$$

Let $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ be finite–dimensional representations of $`𝑠𝑙_2`$ with highest vectors $`v_i`$ ($`ev_i=0`$). Order them such that $`dim\pi _1dim\pi _2\mathrm{}dim\pi _n`$. Let $`\lambda _1\lambda _2\mathrm{}\lambda _n`$ be their highest weights.

Theorem 2.5.  The $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–representation $`(\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _n)(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ (recall that the points $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n`$ are pairwise distinct) is isomorphic to the representation

$$(𝒯_{\lambda _n}\mathrm{}(𝒯_{\lambda _2}(𝒯_{\lambda _1}(1)))\mathrm{}),$$

where $`1`$ is trivial representation. In particular, the $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–module $`(\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _n)(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ does not depend on the choice of the configuration $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n`$.

Proof.  Let $`v=v_1v_2\mathrm{}v_n`$ be the cyclic vector in $`\pi _1(z_1)\mathrm{}\pi _n(z_n)`$.

First of all, remark that as $`\pi _i`$ are cyclic $`𝔣`$–modules, their fusion product and filtered tensor product are also cyclic $`𝔣^{}`$–modules or, in other words, quotients of $`[f_0,f_1,\mathrm{}]v`$ with the natural action of $`sl_2^{}`$.

Let $`𝒵=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$, $`z`$. By $`𝒵+z`$ denote the shifted vector $`(z_1+z,\mathrm{},z_n+z)`$. Clearly,

$$_{𝒵+z}(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)_𝒵(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n)(z),$$

hence $`(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)(𝒵+z)(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)(𝒵)`$ and we can suppose that in our case $`z_n=0`$.

Then the elements $`f_i`$ for $`i1`$ act trivially on $`v_n`$, so

$$[f_1,f_2,\mathrm{}](v_1\mathrm{}v_n)\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _{n1}v_n.$$

We have now the picture where only the representations $`\pi _1(z_1),\mathrm{},\pi _{m1}(z_{m1})`$ are involved.

Consider the fusion product $`(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _{n1})(𝒵)`$, denote by $`u`$ its highest vector. We know that this representation is a quotient of $`[f_0,f_1\mathrm{}]u`$ by a certain ideal $`J`$. We can apply the map $`\theta :[f_1,f_2,\mathrm{}][f_0,f_1,\mathrm{}]`$ to this ideal.

Lemma.  $`\theta (J)J`$.

Proof.  As $`\pi _i[f]v_i`$ one can consider the automorphism of $`\pi _i`$ mapping $`f^kv_i`$ to $`z_i^kf^kv_i`$. Applying the product of these automorphisms to the $`sl_2^{}`$–module $`\pi _1(z_1)\mathrm{}\pi _n(z_n)`$ we substitute the action of $`f_i`$ by the action of $`f_{i+1}`$. But the module $`(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _{n1})(𝒵)=(𝒯_{\lambda _{n1}}\mathrm{}(𝒯_{\lambda _2}(𝒯_{\lambda _1}(1)))\mathrm{})`$ does not change under this automorphism. Thus $`f_1,f_2,\mathrm{}`$ must satisfy the same relations as $`f_0,f_1,\mathrm{}`$.  

Suppose now that the statement of the theorem holds for $`n1`$ representations $`\pi _1(z_1),\mathrm{},\pi _{n1}(z_{n1})`$. Let

$$N=[f_1,f_2,\mathrm{}]/\theta (J)=\theta ^{}((\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _{n1})(z_1,\mathrm{},z_{n1})).$$

Due to the lemma above we have the surjection $`N\stackrel{\varphi }{}[f_1,f_2,\mathrm{}]v`$, where $`v`$ is the vacuum vector in $`(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$. Note that both $`N`$ and $`[f_1,f_2,\mathrm{}]v`$ have natural structures of $`𝔲`$–modules, and $`\varphi `$ is compatible with these structures. Therefore we have the map

$$Ind_{fin}(𝔲;N;𝑠𝑙_2^{})Ind_{fin}(𝔲;[f_1,f_2,\mathrm{}]v;𝑠𝑙_2^{}).$$

By proposition 2.2.1 (ii) it is also a surjection. Then, as the fusion product is finite–dimensional, we have the surjection

$$Ind_{fin}(𝔲;N;𝑠𝑙_2^{})[f_0,f_1,\mathrm{}]v=(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n).$$

Thus it remains to prove that $`dim(Ind_{fin}(𝔲;N;𝑠𝑙_2^{}))`$ is equal to the dimension of $`\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _n`$.

Lemma.  $`L^1𝒯_{\lambda _n}(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _{n1})=0`$

Proof.  Due to the proposition 2.2.1 we need to prove that for any $`k`$ $`(et^1)^k`$ is injective on the subspace of $`\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _{n1}`$ of $`h`$–weight $`(k+1)/2`$. It is equivalent to the fact that $`(ft^1)^k`$ is injective on the subspace of $`h`$–weight $`(k+1)/2`$. But this fact can be easily checked by induction using the condition that $`\lambda _1\lambda _2\mathrm{}\lambda _n`$.  

Due to the propositions 2.2.1 and 2.2.1 we know the dimension of $`𝒯_{\lambda _n}(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _{n1})`$ and can compare it with $`dim(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)`$.  

So the $`sl_2^{}`$–module $`(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)(z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ does not depend on $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n`$. Therefore we can write $`\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n`$ without $`\{z_i\}`$. We see that the $`[f_0,f_1,\mathrm{}]`$–module $`\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n`$ is a quotient $`[f_0,f_1,\mathrm{}]/J`$. The algebra $`[f_0,f_1,\mathrm{}]`$ has a bi–grading when the degree of the generator $`f_i`$ is equal to $`(1,i)`$. $`J`$ is a bi–graded ideal. Then

$$\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n=\underset{r,s}{}V_{r,s}$$

where $`V_{r,s}`$ is the part of degree $`(r,s)`$.

Introduce the character

$$ch(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n;z,q)=(dimV_{r,s})z^rq^s.$$

As a consequence of the theorem above we can write down the following recurrent relation. Let $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ be irreducible $`sl_2`$–modules such that $`dim\pi _ndim\pi _j`$ for all $`j`$. Then

$$ch(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n;z,q)=ch(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _{n1};qz,q)+ch(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _{n1},\stackrel{~}{\pi _n};z,q)z$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{\pi _n}`$ is a $`𝑠𝑙_2`$–irrep such that $`dim\stackrel{~}{\pi _n}=dim\pi _n1`$.

Remark.  We can similarly prove some associativity relations, for example that if $`dim\pi _3dim\pi _2,dim\pi _1`$ then

$$((\pi _1\pi _2)\pi _3)(\pi _1\pi _2\pi _3).$$

Proof of other associativity relations is more subtle and we are going to present it later.

### 2.2 Connection with the representation theory of the current algebra

Let $`\widehat{𝑠𝑙_2}`$ be the affine Kac–Moody algebra associated with $`𝑠𝑙_2`$. Fix a non-negative integer $`k`$. It is known that there are $`k+1`$ irreducible integrable representations of $`\widehat{𝑠𝑙_2}`$ at level $`k`$. Denote them by $`L_0,L_1,\mathrm{},L_k`$. Here $`L_j`$ is the representation with the highest weight $`(j,kj)`$. Consider the following basis in $`\widehat{sl_2}`$. Let $`e_i=et^i`$, $`h_i=ht^i`$, $`f_i=ft^i`$, $`K`$ be the central element and $`d`$ be the energy element. Then the vacuum vector in $`L_j`$ is killed by $`e_i`$, $`i0`$, $`h_i`$, $`i>0`$, and $`f_i`$, $`i>0`$.

Here we need a standard fact from representation theory of current algebras.

Proposition 2.6.  Consider the operators $`\{f_i\}`$ on $`L_j`$. They satisfy only the relation $`f^{k+1}(z)=0`$, where $`f(z)=f_iz^{i1}`$. It means that

$$\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i_p}{i_1+i_2+\mathrm{}+i_{k+1}=s}}{}f_{i_1}f_{i_2}\mathrm{}f_{i_{k+1}}=0$$

for any $`s`$.

In particular, if $`v`$ is the vacuum vector then

$$\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i_p,i_p0}{i_1+i_2+\mathrm{}+i_{k+1}=s}}{}f_{i_1}f_{i_2}\mathrm{}f_{i_{k+1}}v=0$$

for any $`s`$.

Let $`v_j`$ be the vacuum vector in $`L_j`$ and let $`W_jL_j`$ be the subspace $`[f_0,f_1,f_2,\mathrm{}]v_j`$. Then one can show that $`W_j`$ is isomorphic to the quotient $`[f_0,f_1,f_2,\mathrm{}]/J`$ where $`J`$ is the ideal generated by the elements

$$f_0^{j+1}=0\text{and}\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i_p,i_p0}{i_1+i_2+\mathrm{}+i_{k+1}=s}}{}f_{i_1}f_{i_2}\mathrm{}f_{i_{k+1}}=0,s=0,1,2,\mathrm{}.$$

Let $`W_j(N)=[f_0,f_1,\mathrm{},f_N]v_j`$ be a subspace of $`L_j`$, $`N0`$. Note that the space $`W_j(N)`$ is stable with respect to the action of operators $`e_i,iN`$, $`h_j,j0`$, and $`f_k,kN`$. Clearly, the Lie algebra formed by $`\{e_i,h_j,f_k;iN,j0,kN\}`$ is isomorphic to $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$.

Proposition 2.7.  The $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–module $`W_j(N)`$ is isomorphic to the fusion product $`[j][k]\mathrm{}[k]`$, where $`[r]=S^r[1]`$ is the irreducible representation of $`𝑠𝑙_2`$ of dimension $`r+1`$, $`[k]`$ appears $`N`$ times.

Proof.  Induction on $`N`$. The fact that $`𝒯_k(𝒯_k(\mathrm{}\text{(}N1\text{ times)}\mathrm{}𝒯_j(1)))=W_j(N1)`$ implies that there exists a surjection

$$𝒯_k(𝒯_k(\mathrm{}\text{(}N\text{ times)}\mathrm{}𝒯_j(1)))W_j(N).$$

The rest of proof is comparing the dimensions.  

Consider now the vacuum representation $`L_0`$. Let $`\{w(j)\}`$ be the set of extremal vectors in $`L_0`$, $`j`$. Each vector $`w(j)`$ is defined up to a scalar by the properties that $`e_iw(j)=0`$, $`i2j`$; $`h_iw(j)=0`$, $`i>0`$; $`f_iw(j)=0`$, $`i2j`$. Consider the standard inclusion $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}\widehat{𝑠𝑙_2}`$, where the image is $`\{e_i,h_i,f_i,i0\}`$ (it corresponds to the case $`N=0`$ in the notation of proposition 2.2.2). Let $`R(j)=U(𝑠𝑙_2^{})w(j),j0`$.

We know that $`R(j)=([k]\mathrm{}[k])`$. Then conjecture 1.1.3 implies that $`\left(R(j_1)R(j_2)\right)(z_1,z_2)`$ is isomorphic to $`R(j_1+j_2)`$ for any $`z_1z_2`$.

Remark.  The vacuum representation $`L_0`$ is the direct limit of the following sequence of inclusions: $`=R(0)R(1)R(2)\mathrm{}`$. Therefore, $`L_0`$ is the direct limit $`[k][k][k][k][k][k]\text{ (}4\text{ times)}\mathrm{}`$. Generally, the representation $`L_j`$ can be constructed as the direct limit of the sequence of $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–homomorphisms

$$[j][j][k][k][j][k][k][k][k]\mathrm{}$$

The inclusion $`[j][k]^{2s2}[j][k]^{2s}`$ is defined in the following way. Cyclic vector from $`[j][k]^{2s2}`$ goes to $`(f_{2s})^j(f_{2s1})^{kj}v`$, where $`v`$ is the cyclic vector in $`[j][k]^{2s}`$

We can easily apply this consideration to computation of the fusion product. Let $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _N`$ be $`sl_2`$–modules. Then the $`𝔣^{}`$–module $`\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _N`$ is a quotient of $`[f_0,\mathrm{},f_{N1}]`$. It seems wise to rename the variables. Namely, let $`\overline{f}_0=f_{N1}`$, $`\overline{f}_1=f_{N2}`$, …, $`\overline{f}_{N1}=f_0`$.

Suppose all the representations are $`[k]`$. Then propositions 2.2.2 and 2.2.2 imply that $`[k]\mathrm{}[k]`$ is the image of $`[\overline{f}_0,\mathrm{},\overline{f}_{N1}]`$ in the quotient of $`[\overline{f}_0,\overline{f}_1,\mathrm{}]`$ by the ideal generated by

$$\psi _{k+1}(s)=\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{i_p,i_p0}{i_1+i_2+\mathrm{}+i_{k+1}=s}}{}\overline{f}_{i_1}\overline{f}_{i_2}\mathrm{}\overline{f}_{i_{k+1}}=0$$

for $`s=0,1,\mathrm{}`$.

For $`[j][k]\mathrm{}[k]`$ we have the similar construction with the ideal generated by $`\psi _{k+1}(s)`$ for all $`s`$ and $`\psi _{j+1}(0)`$.

Probably, there exists a similar construction for arbitrary representations $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$. Let $`k+1`$ be the maximal dimension of the representations. Then, probably, in this case the ideal is generated by elements $`\psi _{k+1}(s)`$ for all $`s`$ and elements $`\psi _r(s)`$ for $`r<k+1`$ and small $`s`$.

### 2.3 Relation to Schubert varieties

Let $`𝔞`$ be a Lie algebra, $`\pi `$ be a cyclic finite–dimensional $`𝔞^{}`$–module with cyclic vector $`v`$. Let $`𝔞^{}[\pi ]`$ be the image of $`𝔞^{}`$ in the Lie algebra $`End(\pi )`$, and let $`𝔄[\pi ]`$ be the group corresponding to $`𝔞^{}[\pi ]`$. Consider the projectivization $`(\pi )`$ of the vector space $`\pi `$. The group $`𝔄[\pi ]`$ acts on $`(\pi )`$. By $`O(\pi )`$ we denote the closure of the $`𝔄[\pi ]`$–orbit of the point $`v`$ in $`(\pi )`$. We have the canonical bundle $`\xi `$ on $`O(\pi )`$ such that in reasonable cases $`H^0(\xi )=\pi `$.

Proposition 2.8.  Suppose $`𝔞`$ be $`𝑠𝑙_2`$, $`\pi `$ be a finite–dimensional irreducible representation. Then the manifold $`O(\pi \mathrm{}\pi )`$ is one of the Schubert varieties on the affine flag variety for the Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝑠𝑙_2}`$ (see ). By Schubert variety here we mean the closure of an orbit of the group $`SL_2([t])`$ on the affine flag variety.

Actually this statement is a reformulation of the results of section 2.2. In section 2.2 we described a construction of the integrable representations as the direct limit of the “fusion” tensor products. Standard geometric approach realize the irreducible representation in the space of sections of the line bundle on the affine flag manifold. Consider for example the vacuum representation $`L_0`$ (at level $`k`$). $`L_0`$ can be realized in the space of sections of the line bundle $`\zeta ^k`$ on the “grassmannian” $`SL_2([t,t^1])/SL_2([t])`$. Schubert varieties on the grassmannian are labelled by non–negative integers. Let us denote them $`Sh(2j)`$, $`dimSh(2j)=2j`$. The Lie algebra $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$ acts on $`Sh(2j)`$, therefore $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$ acts on the space $`H^0(Sh(2j),\xi ^k)`$. Here we denote by $`\xi `$ the restriction of $`\zeta `$ to $`Sh(2j)`$.

Proposition 2.9.  $`O(\pi \mathrm{}\pi )=Sh(2j)`$ ($`\pi `$ appears $`2j`$ times). The $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–module $`H^0(Sh(2j),\xi ^k)`$ is dual to the representation $`([k]\mathrm{}[k])`$ ($`2j`$ times).

To investigate the product of odd number of representations consider the “twisted” $`\widehat{𝑠𝑙_2}`$–grassmannian. It is the quotient $`SL_2([t,t^1])/G`$ where $`G`$ is the group with Lie algebra

$$\left(\begin{array}{cc}a(t)& tb(t)\\ t^1c(t)& a(t)\end{array}\right),$$

where $`a,b,c`$ are polynomials in $`t`$. The orbits of $`SL([t])`$ now have odd dimension, and we denote them by $`Sh(2j+1)`$. The $`𝑠𝑙_2^{}`$–module $`H^0(Sh(2j+1),\xi ^k)`$ is dual to the fusion product $`[k]\mathrm{}[k]`$ ($`2j+1`$ times). So $`O(\pi \mathrm{}\pi )=Sh(2j+1)`$, $`\pi `$ appears $`2j+1`$–times.

Consider now the case of different representations. Suppose, we have $`N`$ irreducible representations $`\pi _1,\pi _2,\mathrm{},\pi _N`$ of $`sl_2`$, where $`r_1`$ are of dimension $`k_1`$, $`r_2`$ are of dimension $`k_2`$, …, $`r_s`$ are of dimension $`k_s`$, $`k_1<k_2<\mathrm{}<k_s`$, and $`r_1+r_2+\mathrm{}+r_s=N`$.

Proposition 2.10.  There is a surjection $`O(\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _N)Sh(N)`$.

Proof.  In section 2.1 we show that there is a map of $`[e_0,e_1,\mathrm{}]`$–modules $`\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _N\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{\pi _N}`$. Here we suppose that $`dim\pi _N=k_s`$ (the biggest) and $`dim\stackrel{~}{\pi _N}=k_s1`$. Suppose that $`dim\pi _1=k_1`$ (the smallest). Iterating this procedure, we get a $`[e_0,e_1,\mathrm{}]`$–homomorphism $`\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _N\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _1`$ ($`N`$ times). Note that the cyclic vector $`v`$ in $`\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _N`$ is killed by $`\{f_i,h_i\}`$. We deduce from this, that $`O(\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _N)`$ is the closure of the orbit of $`v`$ with respect to the action of the group with the Lie algebra $`\{e_i\}`$. Therefore we have a well–defined map of the orbit on $`(\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _N)`$ to the orbit on $`(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _1)`$. The proof that this map can be extended to the closure is more subtle. We will present it in another place.  

Proposition 2.11.  There is a fibration $`O(\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _N)Sh(r_s)`$. The fiber is isomorphic to $`O(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _{Nr_s})`$.

Note that $`Sh(1)=P^1`$. As a consequence we have

Proposition 2.12.  Suppose that $`dim\pi _1<dim\pi _2<\mathrm{}<dim\pi _N`$. Then $`O(\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _N)`$ is a smooth manifold. Therefore the map $`O(\pi _1\pi _2\mathrm{}\pi _N)Sh(N)`$ gives us a resolution of singularities of the manifold $`Sh(N)`$.

### 2.4 Case of abelian Lie algebra; $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$–case

Let $`𝔞`$ be an abelian algebra. We saw that the $`𝑠𝑙_2`$–case is actually deeply related to the case of abelian $`1`$–dimensional algebra. More precisely, let $`x𝔞`$, $`dim𝔞=1`$, and let $`M(r)`$ be the representation of $`𝔞`$ in the space $`[x]/x^r[x]`$. The space $`M(r)`$ can be treated as a representation of $`𝔞^{}`$. The study of the $`𝔞^{}`$–module $`(M(r_1)M(r_2)\mathrm{}M(r_k))(z_1,\mathrm{},z_k)`$ is then a part of the corresponding problem for $`\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _k`$ where $`\pi _j`$ are finite–dimensional representations of $`𝑠𝑙_2`$.

We consider now a generalization of this $`1`$–dimensional case. Let $`𝔞`$ be an $`n`$–dimensional algebra, and $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ be a basis in $`𝔞`$. Denote by $`S^r`$ the quotient $`[x_1,\mathrm{},x_n]/J_r`$, where $`J_r`$ is spanned by monomials $`x_1^{i_1}x_2^{i_2}\mathrm{}x_n^{i_n}`$ such that $`i_1+i_2+\mathrm{}+i_n>r`$. Surely, $`S^r`$ is a cyclic $`𝔞`$–module and $`1`$ is its cyclic vector.

Consider now the Lie algebra $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$, and let $`V`$ be the canonical irreducible $`(n+1)`$–dimensional representation of $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$. Fix also the standard decomposition $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}=W𝑔𝑙_nW^{}`$, $`dimW=n`$, $`W`$ and $`W^{}`$ are abelian subalgebras, $`𝑔𝑙_n`$ acts on $`W`$ by the standard way. Let $`S^r(V)`$ be the $`r`$–th symmetric power of $`V`$. $`S^r(V)`$ is an irreducible representation of $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$. Consider the vector $`v`$ in $`S^r(V)`$ such that $`W^{}v=0`$ and $`v`$ is the one–dimensional representation of $`𝑔𝑙_n𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$. Clearly, it is a cyclic vector.

Proposition 2.13.  $`S^r(V)`$ is isomorphic to $`S^r`$ as cyclic $`W`$–modules.

Theorem 2.14. 

$`(\mathrm{i})`$ The $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$–module $`(S^{r_1}(V)S^{r_2}(V)\mathrm{}S^{r_k}(V))(z_1,\mathrm{},z_k)`$ does not depend on the choice of the set $`\{z_1,\mathrm{},z_k\}`$.

$`(\mathrm{ii})`$ The restriction of $`S^{r_1}(V)S^{r_2}(V)\mathrm{}S^{r_k}(V)`$ to the abelian algebra $`W^{}`$ is isomorphic to $`S^{r_1}S^{r_2}\mathrm{}S^{r_k}`$. In particular, for abelian algebra $`W`$ the $`W^{}`$–module $`(S^{r_1}S^{r_2}\mathrm{}S^{r_k})(z_1,\mathrm{},z_k)`$ does not depend on the choice of configuration $`\{z_1,\mathrm{},z_k\}`$.

The proof is basically the same as in the $`𝑠𝑙_2`$–case. It uses a version of the Demazure reflections.

### 2.5  Geometric picture for the $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$.

For $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$ there is a collection of manifolds $`sh(\lambda )`$ labelled by dominant weights $`\{\lambda \}`$ of $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$. Lie algebra $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$ acts on $`sh(\lambda )`$. These manifolds are Schubert varieties on the ”grassmannians” (see ). Each $`sh(\lambda )`$ is equipped with a linear bundle $`\xi `$. If $`\lambda `$ is a fundamental weight then $`H^0(sh(\lambda ),\xi )`$ is isomorphic to $`\pi (\lambda )`$, the corresponding fundamental representation of $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$.

Fix in each irreducible representation the highest vector as a cyclic vector. Then for the set of irreducible representations $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _n`$ we can construct the fusion product $`\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n`$ and define $`O(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)`$ as the closure of the orbit of the highest vector in $`(\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _n)`$.

Let $`\lambda _1,\lambda _2,\mathrm{},\lambda _n`$ be fundamental weights of $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}`$.

Proposition 2.15.  Let $`m_1,m_2,\mathrm{},m_n`$ be a set of non–negative numbers. Suppose we have $`m_1`$ copies of the representation $`\pi (\lambda _1k)`$, $`m_2`$ copies of the representation $`\pi (\lambda _2k)`$, …, $`m_n`$ copies of the representation $`\pi (\lambda _nk)`$, $`k,k>0`$. Then $`O(\mathrm{})`$ (the fusion of this set of representations) is $`sh(\lambda ),\lambda =m_i\lambda _i`$. The $`𝑠𝑙_{n+1}^{}`$–module $`H^0(sh(\lambda ),\xi ^k)`$ is isomorphic to

$$(\pi (\lambda _1k)\mathrm{}\pi (\lambda _1k))\text{(}m_1\text{ times)}\mathrm{}(\pi (\lambda _nk)\mathrm{}\pi (\lambda _nk))\text{(}m_n\text{ times)}.$$

Remark.  Our construction can be used for resolution of singularities of the manifold $`sh(\lambda )`$. For example, the manifold $`N=O(\pi (\lambda _1k_1)\mathrm{}\pi (\lambda _mk_m))`$ is non–singular if $`k_1<k_2<\mathrm{}<k_m`$, and there is a map $`Nsh(\lambda _i)`$.

## 3 Application to Verlinde rule

Here we propose our version of $`q`$–Verlinde rule. See  for another approach to this problem.

### 3.1 Problem and notation

Let $`𝔤`$ be a simple Lie algebra, $`𝔥𝔤`$ and $`𝔫𝔤`$ be Cartan and nilpotent Borel subalgebras respectively.

Let $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ be the corresponding affine algebra. Let us introduce some notation.

On the one hand, it is the algebra of $`𝔤`$–valued algebraic currents on the circle equipped with the central extension and the energy element. On the other hand, it is a Kac-Moody algebra. The standard bases of its Cartan subalgebra and the dual space are following:

$$𝔥_{\widehat{𝔤}}=\{\stackrel{ˇ}{\alpha }_0,\stackrel{ˇ}{\alpha }_1,\mathrm{},\stackrel{ˇ}{\alpha }_n,d\}𝔥_{\widehat{𝔤}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}=\{\alpha _0,\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n,\mathrm{\Lambda }_0\}$$

$$\stackrel{ˇ}{\alpha }_i,\alpha _j=a_{ij},\stackrel{ˇ}{\alpha }_i,\mathrm{\Lambda }_0=\delta _{i,0},d,\alpha _i=\delta _{i,0},d,\mathrm{\Lambda }_0=0,$$

where $`\left(a_{ij}\right)`$, $`i,j=0\mathrm{}n`$ is the Cartan matrix of $`\widehat{𝔤}`$. Note that the restriction of this matrix $`\left(a_{ij}\right)`$, $`i,j=1\mathrm{}n`$ coincides with the Cartan matrix of $`𝔤`$.

Also we need notation for the dual central element $`\delta 𝔥_{\widehat{𝔤}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ such that $`h,\delta =0`$ for any $`h𝔥_{\widehat{𝔤}}`$, and notation for the ”canonical class” $`\rho 𝔥_{\widehat{𝔤}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ such that $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\alpha }_i,\rho =1`$ for $`i=0\mathrm{}n`$. These properties define $`\delta `$ up to scalar multiplication and $`\rho `$ up to $`\delta `$. For this kind of affine Lie algebras one can take $`\delta =\alpha _0+\alpha _M`$, where $`\alpha _M`$ is the maximal root of $`𝔤`$.

Now consider the integrable $`\widehat{𝔤}`$–module with the highest weight $`\gamma `$. Then $`\gamma `$ is a dominant integral weight. Note that the representation does not change if we add $`c\delta `$ to $`\gamma `$. So we can eliminate the coefficient before $`\alpha _0`$ and consider

$$\gamma =\lambda +k\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,\lambda =a_1\alpha _1+\mathrm{}a_n\alpha _n.$$

As $`\gamma `$ is a dominant integral weight, $`\lambda `$ is a dominant integral weight for $`𝔤`$, $`k`$ and $`\stackrel{ˇ}{\alpha }_0,\lambda k`$. Denote such module by $`L_{k,\lambda }`$. It is usually called a representation at level $`k`$.

Consider the following simplex in $`𝔥^{}`$.

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_k=\{\eta 𝔥_{\widehat{𝔤}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\stackrel{ˇ}{\alpha }_0,\eta >k1;\stackrel{ˇ}{\alpha }_i,\eta >1\}.$$

Then representations at level $`k`$ are in natural correspondence with integral weights in $`\mathrm{\Delta }_k`$.

At last, by $`W`$ denote the Weyl group of $`𝔤`$ and by $`W_{aff}`$ denote the Weyl group of $`\widehat{𝔤}`$. By $`w\gamma `$ denote the standard linear action of Weyl groops, by $`w\gamma =w(\gamma +\rho )\rho `$ denote the ”geometric”, affine action.

Now we are ready to discuss the problem.

Let $`p_1,\mathrm{},p_n`$ be distinct complex numbers, $`𝒫=(p_1,\mathrm{}p_n)`$. Let $`𝔞𝔤`$ be a subalgebra. Consider the subalgebra $`𝔤(𝒫,𝔞)\widehat{𝔤}`$ of $`𝔤`$–valued polynomials $`Q`$ such that $`Q(p_i)𝔞`$.

To simplify the notation in this section let us ”settle” the representations $`L_{k,\lambda }`$ in the infinity. It means that we substitute the action of elements $`𝔤t^k`$ by the action of elements $`𝔤t^k`$. In particular, elements $`𝔤t^1[t^1]`$ now act trivially on the hightest vector.

Introduce the space of coinvariants

$$V(k,\lambda ,𝒫,𝔞)=L_{k,\lambda }/𝔤(𝒫,𝔞).$$

Indeed in this section either $`𝔞=0`$ or $`𝔞=𝔫`$. First case is more usual, in this case the space of coinvariants has the natural structure of $`𝔤`$–module. For shortness let $`V(k,\lambda ,𝒫)=V(k,\lambda ,𝒫,0)`$. Second case ($`𝔞=𝔫`$) is more suitable for calculations. Here the space of coinvariants has not structure of $`𝔤`$–module, but it admits the action of $`𝔥𝔤`$, and, therefore, $`𝔥`$–grading.

There exists a $`𝔥`$–equivariant filtration on these spaces. Namely, $`L_{k,\lambda }`$ is graded ”by $`t`$” due to the action of $`d𝔥_{\widehat{𝔤}}`$, so we have the induced filtration on the space of coinvariants.

This filtration describes the behavior of coinvariants when $`𝒫`$ tends to the origin $`0=(0,\mathrm{},0)`$. We can consider the space $`V(k,\lambda ,0,𝔞)`$. By general considerations we have

$$dimV(k,\lambda ,0,𝔞)dimV(k,\lambda ,𝒫,𝔞)$$

and there exists a subspace $`V^c(k,\lambda ,0,𝔞)V(k,\lambda ,0,𝔞)`$ of coinvariants that can be deformed to coinvariants at generic point.

Spaces $`V(k,\lambda ,0,𝔞)`$ and $`V^c(k,\lambda ,0,𝔞)`$ are naturally graded ”by $`t`$” and our filtration is the extension of the grading on $`V^c(k,\lambda ,0,𝔞)`$.

We are convinced that for $`sl_n`$ we have $`V^c(k,\lambda ,0,𝔫)=V(k,\lambda ,0,𝔫)`$ and $`V^c(k,\lambda ,0)=V(k,\lambda ,0)`$, but it can be shown that for the Lie algebra $`E_8`$ it is not so.

Let

$$\text{ch}_q(k,\lambda ,𝒫,𝔞)=\underset{i}{}q^i\text{ch}(\text{gr}^iV(k,\lambda ,𝒫),𝔞)$$

be the Hilbert polynomial. Our goal is to calculate this polynomial using the notion of filtered tensor product.

Now let us show that the dimension of the space of coinvariants doesn’t depend on $`𝒫`$ and can be calculated by the Verlinde rule.

### 3.2 Verlinde algebra and Verlinde rule

First of all, recall the definition of the Verlinde algebra at level $`k`$.

Let $`𝒱(𝔤)`$ be the tensor algebra of virtual finite–dimensional $`𝔤`$–modules. It means that any element of $`𝒱(𝔤)`$ is a finite linear combination of basis elements $`[\pi _\mu ]`$ corresponding to irreducible representations $`\pi _\mu `$. For any finite–dimensional representation $`\pi =\pi _\nu `$ we can consider the element $`[\pi ]=[\pi _\nu ]𝒱(𝔤)`$. Then the product of two basis elements $`[\pi _\mu ][\pi _\eta ]`$ is $`[\pi _\mu \pi _\eta ]`$.

Let us define the Verlinde algebra $`𝒱_k(𝔤)`$ as a quotient of $`𝒱(𝔤)`$ up to a certain ideal $`I_k`$.

Consider the ”geometric” action of $`W_{aff}`$ on $`𝔥_{\widehat{𝔤}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$. For any $`\gamma 𝔥_{\widehat{𝔤}}^{}{}_{}{}^{}`$ we can decompose $`\gamma =\lambda +c\delta +k\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$, $`\lambda 𝔥^{}`$. As $`w\delta =\delta `$ for any $`wW_{aff}`$ we can write

$$w(\lambda +c\delta +k\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)=w(\lambda ,k)+(c+d_w(\lambda ,k))\delta +k\mathrm{\Lambda }_0,$$

where $`w(\lambda ,k)𝔥^{}`$ and $`d_w(\lambda ,k)=d,w(\lambda +k\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)`$. Clearly, $`w(,k)`$ is a well–defined action of $`W_{aff}`$ on $`𝔥^{}`$.

Define $`I_k`$ as the linear subspace formed by $`[\pi _\eta ](1)^{l(w)}[\pi _{w(\eta ,k)}]`$ for $`wW_{aff}`$ and dominant integral $`\eta `$, $`w(\eta ,k)`$.

Proposition 3.1. 

$`(\mathrm{i})`$ $`I_k`$ is an ideal in $`𝒱(𝔤)`$.

$`(\mathrm{ii})`$ The quotient $`𝒱_k(𝔤)`$ has a basis $`\{[\pi _\eta ]\eta \mathrm{\Delta }_k\}`$.

Proof. 

To prove (i) define the $`𝒱(𝔤)`$–module $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}(𝔤)`$ with basis $`\{[\eta ]\}`$, where $`\eta `$ is integral but not always dominant weight. Let $`\pi `$ be a $`𝔤`$–module. Then we can write

$$[\pi ][\eta ]=\underset{\mu 𝔥^{}}{}dim(\pi _\mu )[\mu +\eta ],$$

where $`\pi _\mu `$ denotes the subspace of $`\pi `$ with weight $`\mu `$.

Clearly, it defines an action of $`𝒱(𝔤)`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}(𝔤)`$.

The Weyl groups $`W`$ and $`W_{aff}`$ act on $`𝔥^{}`$ and, therefore, on $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}(𝔤)`$. Consider in $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}(𝔤)`$ the subspace $`J`$ formed by elements $`[\eta ](1)^{l(w)}[w\eta ]`$, $`wW`$ and the subspace $`\stackrel{~}{I}_k`$ formed by elements $`[\eta ](1)^{l(w)}[w(\eta ,k)]`$, $`wW_{aff}`$.

First of all, as the characters of $`𝔤`$–modules are $`W`$–invariant, $`J`$ is a submodule of $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}(𝔤)`$. As linear parts of transformations $`w(,k)`$, $`wW_{aff}`$ are elements of $`W`$, we have that $`\stackrel{~}{I}_k`$ is also a submodule of $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}(𝔤)`$.

Then note that $`\stackrel{~}{𝒱}(𝔤)/J`$ is isomorphic to $`𝒱(𝔤)`$ as $`𝒱(𝔤)`$–modules. Clearly, they are isomorphic as vector spaces, and one can easily compare the actions of $`𝒱(𝔤)`$ using the Weyl formula for character.

At last, we have $`\stackrel{~}{I}_k/JI_k`$. So $`I_k`$ is a left ideal in $`𝒱(𝔤)`$. As this algebra is commutative, we have (i).

The part (ii) is clear.

Now we can formulate the rule for the dimensions of the spaces of coinvariants.

Theorem 3.2.  Let $`𝒫=(p_1,\mathrm{},p_n)`$.

$`(\mathrm{i})`$ Let

$$N_k=\underset{\eta \mathrm{\Delta }_k}{}\pi _\eta .$$

We can write in $`𝒱_k(𝔤)`$ that

$$[N_k]^n=\underset{\eta \mathrm{\Delta }_k}{}c_\eta [\pi _\eta ].$$

Then $`dimV(k,\lambda ,𝒫,𝔫)=c_\lambda `$.

$`(\mathrm{ii})`$ Let

$$NN_k=\underset{\eta \mathrm{\Delta }_k}{}\pi _\eta \pi _\eta $$

be a $`𝔤𝔤`$–module. We can write in $`𝒱_k(𝔤)𝒱(𝔤)`$

$$[NN_k]^n=\underset{\eta \mathrm{\Delta }_k;\mu \text{is dominant}}{}c_\eta (\mu )[\pi _\eta ][\pi _\mu ].$$

Then

$$V(k,\lambda ,𝒫)=\underset{\mu }{}c_\lambda (\mu )\pi _\mu .$$

Using the definition of the Verlinde algebra we can reformulate the theorem for our purposes in the following way. If

$$(N_k)^n=\underset{\eta }{}c(\eta )\pi _\eta $$

then

$$dimV(k,\lambda ,𝒫,𝔫)=\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{wW_{aff}}{w(\lambda ,k)\text{is dominant}}}{}(1)^{l(w)}c(w(\lambda ,k)).$$

And if

$$(NN_k)^n=\underset{\eta ,\mu }{}c(\eta ,\mu )\pi _\eta \pi _\mu $$

then

$$V(k,\lambda ,𝒫)=\underset{\mu }{}\pi _\mu \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{wW_{aff}}{w(\lambda ,k)\text{is dominant}}}{}(1)^{l(w)}c(w(\lambda ,k),\mu ).$$

Proof. 

To prove this theorem we need an interpretation of the Verlinde algebra in terms of coinvariants.

Let as above $`𝒫=\{p_1,\mathrm{},p_n\}`$ be a set of distinct points, let $`l`$ be an integer. Let $`𝔤(𝒫^l)=𝔤[t]\left((tp_i)\right)^l`$. The spaces $`S_l=L_{k,\lambda }/𝔤(𝒫^l)`$ form a projective system $`S_0S_1\mathrm{}`$. Therefore, we can define the direct limit of dual spaces

$$S=\underset{}{lim}S_i^{}.$$

It has a natural structure of a $`(\widehat{𝔤}\mathrm{}\widehat{𝔤})`$ ($`n`$ copies)–module, where $`i`$–th copy of $`\widehat{𝔤}`$ is ”settled” in the point $`p_i`$.

Theorem 3.3. 

$`(\mathrm{i})`$ We have

$$S=\underset{\lambda _j\mathrm{\Delta }_k}{}C(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n;\lambda )L_{\lambda _1,k}\mathrm{}L_{\lambda _n,k}$$
(2)   
$`(\mathrm{ii})`$ Coefficients $`C(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n;\lambda )`$ are ”structural constants” of the Verlinde algebra. Namely,

$$[\pi _{\lambda _1}]\mathrm{}[\pi _{\lambda _n}]=\underset{\lambda \mathrm{\Delta }_k}{}C(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _n;\lambda )\pi _\lambda .$$
(3)   
This statement can be treated as another definition of the Verlinde algebra. For proof of (i) see , some methods how to prove (ii) can be found in , .

The theorem 3.3.2 can be deduced from the theorem 3.3.2. Namely, one can show that the space $`V(k,\lambda ,𝒫,𝔫)`$ is dual to the space of highest weight vectors in the decomposition of $`S`$ and that the space $`V(k,\lambda ,𝒫)`$ is dual to the $`𝔤\mathrm{}𝔤`$–module generated by these hightest weight vectors.

### 3.3 Main conjecture.

Now remark that $`N_k`$ is a cyclic $`𝔤`$–module. Let $`v_k`$ be the sum of highest vectors of irreducible components $`\pi _\eta N_k`$. Then $`v_k`$ is a cyclic vector of $`N_k`$. Consider the filtered tensor product $`_𝒵(N_k,\mathrm{},N_k)`$ for general $`𝒵`$ (see section 1). As the filtration is $`𝔤`$–equivariant, we can rewrite the Hilbert polynomial of $`_𝒵(N_k,\mathrm{},N_k)`$ in the following way:

$$\text{ch}_q(N_k^n)=\underset{\eta }{}c_q(\eta )\text{ch}\pi _\eta ,$$

where $`c_q(\eta )`$ are polynomials in $`q`$.

Conjecture 3.4.  Let $`_q(k,\lambda ,𝒫,𝔫)=q^idim\mathrm{gr}^\mathrm{i}\mathrm{V}(\mathrm{k},\lambda ,𝒫,𝔫)`$. Then

$$_q(k,\lambda ,𝒫,𝔫)=\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{wW_{aff}}{w(\lambda ,k)\text{is dominant}}}{}(1)^{l(w)}q^{d_w(\lambda ,k)}c_q(w(\lambda ,k)).$$

Recall that $`d_w(\lambda ,k)=d,w(\lambda +k\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)`$.

Now let us write the formula for $`q`$–character of this space.

The standard $`𝔥`$–grading on the filtered tensor product doesn’t help us to write the filtration, so consider the non–standard one.

Namely, let $`\mathrm{deg}\pi _\eta =\eta `$. It means that the grading of each irreducible component coincides with its highest weight.

This grading induces the grading on the tensor powers $`(N_k)^n`$. One can easily show that the filtration $`_𝒵(N_k,\mathrm{},N_k)`$, structure of $`𝔤`$–module and the grading on $`(N_k)^n`$ are compatible.

So we can write

$$\text{ch}_q^𝔥(N_k^n)=\underset{\eta }{}c_q^𝔥(\eta )\text{ch}\pi _\eta .$$

Conjecture 3.5. 

$$\text{ch}_qV(k,\lambda ,𝒫,𝔫)=\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{wW_{aff}}{w(\lambda ,k)\text{is dominant}}}{}(1)^{l(w)}q^{d_w(\lambda ,k)}c_q^𝔥(w(\lambda ,k)).$$

Now consider the space $`V(k,\lambda ,𝒫)`$. Similarly, note that $`NN_k`$ is a cyclic $`𝔤𝔤`$–module. Choose the sum of hightest vectors with respect to the action of $`𝔤𝔤`$ as a cyclic vector and consider the filtered tensor powers of $`NN_k`$. We can write

$$\text{ch}_q(NN_k^n)=\underset{\eta ,\mu }{}c_q(\eta ,\mu )\text{ch}(\pi _\eta \pi _\mu ).$$

Conjecture 3.6. 

$$\text{ch}_qV(k,\lambda ,𝒫)=\underset{\mu }{}\text{ch}\pi _\mu \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{wW_{aff}}{w(\lambda ,k)\text{is dominant}}}{}(1)^{l(w)}q^{d_w(\lambda ,k)}c_q(w(\lambda ,k),\mu ).$$

Remark.  These statements resemble the ”parabolic” analog of the Weyl formula for character. Namely, let $`M_{k,\lambda }`$ be the Weyl module. By $`q`$ denote the variable responsible for the grading ”by $`t`$ ”.Then we have

$$\text{ch}L_{k,\lambda }=\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{wW_{aff}}{w(\lambda ,k)\text{is dominant}}}{}(1)^{l(w)}q^{d_w(\lambda ,k)}\text{ch}M_{k,w(\lambda ,k)}.$$

B. Feigin, Landau Institute of theor. physics, Chernogolovka, Mosk. obl., Russia, e–mail feigin@landau.ac.ru

S. Loktev, Independent University of Moscow, Bolshoj Vlasievsky per., 7, Moscow, Russia, e–mail loktev@mccme.ru