# Pulsations and stability of stars with phase transition

## I Introduction

First-order phase transition (PT1) is characterized by density jump from $`\rho _1`$ to $`\rho _2`$ with $`q=\rho _2/\rho _1>1`$, at some pressure $`P_0.`$ PT1 leads to density discontinuity inside the star while pressure is continious across boundary between phases. Also continious are gravity- and pressure-induced forces inside the star. Here we review some results of studying such stars get mainly (but not only) by author.

## II Three methods

There are three main methods of star’s equilibrium and stability analysis:

* Static Criterion (Mass - Central Pressure dependence)
* Dynamical Principle (pulsation frequency)
* Variational (Energetic) Principle (variation of total energy).

Stability loss/restoration (critical equilibrium states) according to these methods are defined as follows:

* Mass extremum, $`dM/dP_c=0`$
* Zero frequency of pulsation (of the lowest mode), $`\omega ^2=0`$
* Equilibrium energy extremum, $`\delta ^2E=0.`$

In fig.1 two first principles are shown qualitatively. Unstable equilibrium states are shown by broken line.

## III Newton Theory of Gravitation

Here are some general results in NTG for stars with PT1:

* At $`q>1.5`$, stability loss occurs at $`P_c=P_0`$ for any EoS, while recover of stability for larger $`P_c`$ depends on EoS
* At $`q_{min}(\gamma )<q<1.5`$, stability loss occurs only at $`P_c>P_0`$; $`\gamma =\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1}+1/n,\gamma \text{ and }n`$ are adiabatic and polytropic indices. E.g., $`q_{min}=1.46,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1.33},\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1.20},\text{ and }1.09\text{ for }n=1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1.5},\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}\text{ and }2.5.`$   
The critical value of (relative) mass of new-phase core is larger for smaller $`q`$’s and for smaller $`\gamma `$’s ($`softer`$ EoS’s).   
E.g., critical value of new-phase core $`x_{crit}=8/9(q3/2)\text{ for }\gamma =1(n=1)`$
* At slow rotation with angular velocity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$, in spherical approximation, $`q_{crit}=3/2\mathrm{\Omega }^2/\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}4}\pi G\rho _1`$, for stability loss at $`P_c=P_0`$ for any EoS.
* For PT1, $`starting`$ at finite radius (”$`neutralcore`$”),   
the larger size of neutral core, the larger value of $`q_{crit}.`$   
E.g.,$`q_{crit}\mathrm{}\text{ at }x\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}3}/4\text{ at }n=0\text{ and }x\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}.6824}\text{ at }n=1.`$

### A Classical example

Inverse $`\beta `$-decay reactions in dense degenerate matter of white dwarf stars lead to nuclei transformations $`(A,Z)(A,Z2)`$ (”$`neutronization`$”), and to density jump with $`q=Z/(Z2)<1.5`$. $`M\rho _c`$ curves for equilibrium cold white dwarfs in classical paper by T.Hamada, E.Salpeter, Ap.J. 134 (1961) 669 are $`incorrect`$, as:   
a) central density $`\rho _c`$ is $`not`$ continious variable, and b) mass maximum is $`not`$ at point $`P_c=P_0,`$ but at some $`P_c>P_0.`$

### B General Relativity

In GR, the critical value of energy density jump $`q=\epsilon _2/\epsilon _1`$ is equal to $`3/2(1+P_0/\epsilon _1)`$ for stability loss at $`P_c=P_0`$ for any EoS.

## IV Two-Incompressible-Phase Star

Here are some important features of this model:

* At $`q\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1.5}`$ there is no unstable equilibrium states
* At $`q>1.5`$ recover of stability occurs (at point $`P_c=P_2`$) for relative radius of new-phase core, $`x=r_{core}/R_{star}`$, defined by relation:

$$f(q,x)=(q1)^2x^4+4(q1)x+32q=0$$
(1)   
Star with $`x>\sqrt{2}1`$ is stable for $`arbitrarylargeq`$
* Frequency squared of the small adiabatic radial pulsations of the lowest mode for star in $`slow`$ rotation with angular velocity $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$:   
$`\omega _\mathrm{\Omega }^2=\omega _0^2+\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Omega }(q,x);`$

$$\omega _0^2=\frac{4\pi G\rho _1f(q,x)}{3(q1)(1x)},$$
(2)   
$$\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Omega }(q,x)=\frac{2}{3}\mathrm{\Omega }^2\left(\frac{5x(1x)(1+x)^2}{1+(q1)x^5}\frac{1+(q1)x}{(q1)(1x)}\right).$$
(3)   
At small cores ($`x0`$), $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is negative – rotation reduces the stability of star with PT1. In general, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ may be of both signs, e.g., at $`q>2.11`$, rotation leads to decreasing of value of $`x_{crit}`$ from Eq.(1).

### A Non-linear pulsations

In the next approximaion, pulsations are non-harmonic.   
Writing down $`R=R_{eq}+z,|z|<<R_{eq},R_{eq}`$being radius of equilibrium model with the same mass, we get in next-to-zeroth approximation the following equation of motion:

$$\ddot{z}+\omega _0^2z+Cz^2+D\dot{z}^2=0,$$
(4)   
where $`\omega _0^2`$ is as in Eq. (2), while constants $`C`$ and $`D`$ are some functions of $`q`$ and of equilibrium value of $`x`$. The solution of Eq. (4) with accuracy up to $`a^2,`$( $`a`$ being an amplitude of z) is as follows:

$$z(t)=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{C}{\omega _0^2}+D)a^2+a\times \mathrm{cos}\omega _0t+\frac{1}{6}(\frac{C}{\omega _0^2}D)a^2+a^2\times \mathrm{cos}2\omega _0t.$$
(5)   
In this approximation the frequency does not differ from one in zero’th approximation, $`\omega _0`$, that is period $`T=T_0=2\pi /\omega _0`$, while pulsations are non-sinusoidal.   
An amplitude of a star’s expansion is larger than an amplitude of a star’s compression and star spends more time with $`R>R_{eq}`$ than in state with $`R<R_{eq}`$. A character of non-harmonicity - a slow large-amplitude ”expansion” and rapid ”contraction” with smaller amplitude - should be the same for all equilibrium stable models at $`\lambda >3/2`$.   
Damping of pulsations of star with PT1 depends largely on relation between velocity of motion $`v_p`$ and a sound velocity $`v_s`$ in the region of phase transition.   
In general, the larger $`v_p/v_s`$ the larger damping effect due to PT.

### B General Relativity

Full analytical investigation of equlibrium and stability of two-imcompressible-phase model with PT1 is possible by static and variational methods.   
In first post-Newtonian approximation, ($`P_0/\epsilon _11`$) critical value of relative ”radius” of core, at which stability recover occurs,   
is equal to:

$$x_{crit}(q)=x+\mathrm{\Delta }_{PN}(P_0/\epsilon _1),$$
(6)   
with $`xx_N`$ defined in Eq. (1) and :

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{PN}=\frac{97q+27(q1)x+(4q^233q+27)x^2+(q1)(94q)x^3}{2(q1)(1+(q1)x^3)^3}$$
(7)   
At $`q3/2`$, $`x_{PN}q3/23/2P_0/\epsilon _1`$, so that $`x_{PN}=0`$ at $`q=3/2(1+P_0/\epsilon _1)`$,   
which coincides with result for $`any`$ EoS and for $`any`$, not only for small values of $`P_0/\epsilon _1`$. In general, first post-Newtonian correction to $`x_{crit}`$ may be of both signs, negative at $`q<1.89`$ and positive for larger $`q^{}s.`$ At $`q=4+\sqrt{8},x=\sqrt{2}1+(5941\sqrt{2})/2P_0/\epsilon _1.`$

In fact, dependence of both corrections, due to GR and rotation, on $`x`$ and $`q`$ is rather complicated, and Fig. 2 presents only part of $`(qx)`$plane with lines, on which $`\mathrm{\Delta }_\mathrm{\Omega }(q,x)=0`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{PN}(q,x)=0`$. Also shown is the curve $`f(q,x)=0`$ from Eq. (1) which marks a boundary between $`stable`$ equilibrium states (at right) from $`unstable`$ ones (at left).

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