# Why the Parity Violation

## 1 Hints

1) Let us consider the free lepton Lagrangian :

$$=0.5i\left(\overline{\psi }\gamma ^\mu \left(_\mu \psi \right)\left(_\mu \overline{\psi }\right)\gamma ^\mu \psi \right)m\overline{\psi }\psi \text{.}$$

Hence:

$$=0.5i\left(\psi ^{}\beta ^\mu \left(_\mu \psi \right)\left(_\mu \psi ^{}\right)\beta ^\mu \psi \right)m\psi ^{}\gamma ^0\psi \text{.}$$

This Lagrangian contains four matrices from the Clifford pentad 

$$\left\{\gamma _0\text{}\beta _1\text{}\beta _2\text{}\beta _3\text{}\beta _4\right\}\text{,}$$

but one does not contain $`\beta _4`$.

2) Let us consider the lepton current:

$$j_\mu =\psi ^{}\beta ^\mu \psi \text{.}$$

for $`0\mu 3`$.

Let us denote:

$$J_\gamma =\psi ^{}\gamma ^0\psi \text{ and }J_4=\psi ^{}\beta ^4\psi \text{.}$$

In this case if

$$\rho =j_0$$

then the average velocity vector is:

$$\rho v_x=j_1\text{}\rho v_y=j_2\text{}\rho v_z=j_3\text{.}$$

Let us denote:

$$\rho V_\gamma =J_\gamma \text{ and }\rho V_4=J_4\text{.}$$

In this case:

$$v_x^2+v_y^2+v_z^2+V_\gamma ^2+V_4^2=1\text{.}$$

Hence of only all five elements of the Clifford pentad lends the entire kit of the velocity components.

3) In the Standard Model we have got the following entities:

the right electron field vector $`e_R`$,

the left electron field vector $`e_L`$,

the electron field vector $`e`$ ($`e=\left[\begin{array}{c}e_L\\ e_R\end{array}\right]`$),

the left neutrino fields vector $`\nu _L`$.

the zero right neutrino fields vector $`\nu _R`$.

the unitary $`2\times 2`$ $`SU(2)`$ matrix $`U`$ of the isospin transformation:

$$U=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}\left(\epsilon \right)+in_3\mathrm{sin}\left(\epsilon \right)& \left(in_1+n_2\right)\mathrm{sin}\left(\epsilon \right)\\ \left(in_1n_2\right)\mathrm{sin}\left(\epsilon \right)& \mathrm{cos}\left(\epsilon \right)in_3\mathrm{sin}\left(\epsilon \right)\end{array}\right]\text{,}$$

$`\epsilon `$, $`n_1`$, $`n_2`$, $`n_3`$ are real and:

$$n_1^2+n_2^2+n_3^2=1\text{.}$$

This matrix acts on the vectors of the kind:$`\left[\begin{array}{c}\nu _L\\ e_L\end{array}\right]`$.

Therefore, in this theory (the (j,0)+(j,0) representation space: , , ): if

$$U=\left[\begin{array}{cc}u_{1,1}& u_{1,2}\\ u_{2,1}& u_{2,2}\end{array}\right]$$

then the matrix

$$\underset{¯}{U}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}u_{1,1}1_2& 0_2& u_{1,2}1_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 1_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ u_{2,1}1_2& 0_2& u_{2,2}1_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 1_2\end{array}\right]$$
(1)   
operates on the vector

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}\nu _L\\ \nu _R.\\ e_L\\ e_R\end{array}\right]$$

Because $`e_R`$, $`e_L`$, $`\nu _L`$, $`\nu _R`$ are the two-component vectors then

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}\nu _L\\ \nu _R\\ e_L\\ e_R\end{array}\right]\text{ is }\left[\begin{array}{c}\nu _{L1}\\ \nu _{L2}\\ \nu _{R1}\\ \nu _{R1}\\ e_{L1}\\ e_{L2}\\ e_{R1}\\ e_{R1}\end{array}\right]$$

$`\underset{¯}{U}`$ has got eight orthogonal normalized eigenvectors $`s_1`$, $`s_2`$, $`s_3`$, $`s_4`$, $`s_5`$, $`s_6`$, $`s_7`$, $`s_8`$:

$$s_1=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 1\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}s_2=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 1\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}s_3=\left[\begin{array}{c}a\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ b+ic\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}s_4=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ a\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ b+ic\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{,}$$

$$s_5=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 1\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}s_6=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right]\text{}s_7=\left[\begin{array}{c}b+ic\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ a\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}s_8=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ b+ic\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ a\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]$$

($`a`$, $`b`$, $`c`$ are a real numbers) with the corresponding eigenvalues: $`1`$, $`1`$, $`\mathrm{exp}\left(i\lambda \right)`$, $`\mathrm{exp}\left(i\lambda \right)`$, $`1`$, $`1`$, $`\mathrm{exp}\left(i\lambda \right)`$, $`\mathrm{exp}\left(i\lambda \right)`$.

Let: $`K`$ be the $`8\times 8`$ complex matrix, constructed by $`s_1`$, $`s_2`$, $`s_3`$, $`s_4`$, $`s_5`$, $`s_6`$, $`s_7`$, $`s_8`$ as the following:

$$K=\left[\begin{array}{cccccccc}s_1& s_2& s_3& s_4& s_5& s_6& s_7& s_8\end{array}\right]\text{.}$$

Let for all $`k`$ ($`1k8`$):

$$h_k=\underset{¯}{\gamma _0}s_k$$

and let:

$$M=\left[\begin{array}{cccccccc}h_1& h_2& h_3& h_4& h_5& h_6& h_7& h_8\end{array}\right]\text{.}$$

Let:

$$P_3=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& p_u& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\end{array}\right]\text{,}P_4=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& p_d& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\end{array}\right]\text{,}$$

$$P_7=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& p_u\end{array}\right]\text{}P_8=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& 0_2\\ 0_2& 0_2& 0_2& p_d\end{array}\right]\text{.}$$

In this case the projection matrices are:

$$\begin{array}{c}Y_1=MP_3M^{}\text{,}\\ Y_2=MP_4M^{}\text{,}\\ Y_3=KP_3K^{}\text{,}\\ Y_4=KP_4K^{}\text{,}\\ Y_5=MP_7M^{}\text{,}\\ Y_6=MP_8M^{}\text{,}\\ Y_7=KP_7K^{}\text{,}\\ Y_8=KP_8K^{}\text{.}\end{array}$$

The vectors:

$$\underset{¯}{e}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ e_{L1}\\ e_{L2}\\ e_{R1}\\ e_{R2}\end{array}\right]\text{}\underset{¯}{e_R}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ e_{R1}\\ e_{R2}\end{array}\right]\text{}\underset{¯}{e_L}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ e_{L1}\\ e_{L2}\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{.}$$

correspond to the vectors $`e`$, $`e_R`$ and $`e_L`$ resp.

Let:

$$\begin{array}{c}X_a=Y_1+Y_2+Y_3+Y_4\text{,}\\ X_b=Y_5+Y_6+Y_7+Y_8\text{,}\\ \underset{¯}{e_a}=X_a\underset{¯}{e}\text{,}\\ \underset{¯}{e_b}=X_b\underset{¯}{e}\text{.}\end{array}$$

In this case:

$$\begin{array}{c}X_a+X_b=1_8\text{,}\\ X_aX_b=0_8\text{,}\\ X_aX_a=X_a\text{,}\\ X_bX_b=X_b\text{,}\\ X_a^{}=X_a\text{,}\\ X_b^{}=X_b\text{.}\end{array}$$

Let:

$$\begin{array}{c}\rho _a=\underset{¯}{e_a}^{}\underset{¯}{e_a}\text{}\rho _b=\underset{¯}{e_b}^{}\underset{¯}{e_b}\text{,}\\ J_{\gamma ,a}=\underset{¯}{e_a}^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma _0}\underset{¯}{e_a}\text{}J_{\gamma ,b}=\underset{¯}{e_b}^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma _0}\underset{¯}{e_b}\text{,}\\ J_{4,a}=\underset{¯}{e_a}^{}\underset{¯}{\beta _4}\underset{¯}{e_a}\text{}J_{4,b}=\underset{¯}{e_b}^{}\underset{¯}{\beta _4}\underset{¯}{e_b}\text{,}\\ J_{\gamma ,a}=\rho _aV_{\gamma ,a}\text{}J_{\gamma ,b}=\rho _bV_{\gamma ,b}\text{,}\\ J_{4,a}=\rho _aV_{4,a}\text{}J_{4,b}=\rho _bV_{4,b}\text{.}\end{array}$$

Let:

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{¯}{e_a}^{}=U\underset{¯}{e_a}\text{}\underset{¯}{e_b}^{}=U\underset{¯}{e_b}\\ \rho _a^{}=\underset{¯}{e_a}^{}\underset{¯}{e_a}^{}\text{}\rho _b^{}=\underset{¯}{e_b}^{}\underset{¯}{e_b}^{}\text{,}\\ J_{\gamma ,a}^{}=\underset{¯}{e_a}^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma _0}\underset{¯}{e_a}^{}\text{}J_{\gamma ,b}^{}=\underset{¯}{e_b}^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma _0}\underset{¯}{e_b}^{}\text{,}\\ J_{4,a}^{}=\underset{¯}{e_a}^{}\underset{¯}{\beta _4}\underset{¯}{e_a}^{}\text{}J_{4,b}^{}=\underset{¯}{e_b}^{}\underset{¯}{\beta _4}\underset{¯}{e_b}^{}\text{,}\\ J_{\gamma ,a}^{}=\rho _a^{}V_{\gamma ,a}^{}\text{}J_{\gamma ,b}^{}=\rho _b^{}V_{\gamma ,b}^{}\text{,}\\ J_{4,a}^{}=\rho _a^{}V_{4,a}^{}\text{}J_{4,b}^{}=\rho _b^{}V_{4,b}^{}\text{.}\end{array}$$

In this case:

$$V_{\gamma ,a}=V_{\gamma ,b}\text{}V_{4,a}=V_{4,b}$$

but:

$$\begin{array}{c}V_{\gamma ,a}^{}=V_{\gamma ,a}\mathrm{cos}\left(\lambda \right)V_{4,a}\mathrm{sin}\left(\lambda \right)\text{,}\\ V_{4,a}^{}=V_{4,a}\mathrm{cos}\left(\lambda \right)+V_{\gamma ,a}\mathrm{sin}\left(\lambda \right)\text{,}\\ V_{\gamma ,b}^{}=V_{\gamma ,b}\mathrm{cos}\left(\lambda \right)+V_{4,b}\mathrm{sin}\left(\lambda \right)\text{,}\\ V_{4,b}^{}=V_{4,b}\mathrm{cos}\left(\lambda \right)V_{\gamma ,b}\mathrm{sin}\left(\lambda \right)\text{.}\end{array}$$

Hence, every isospin transformation $`U`$ divides a electron on two components which scatter on the angle $`2\lambda `$ in the space of ($`J_\gamma `$, $`J_4`$).

Hence $`\beta ^4`$ must be inserted into Lagrangian.

## 2 Sufficient Conditions

Let $`\underset{¯}{\psi }`$ be any field of the following type:

$$\underset{¯}{\psi }=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \psi _{L1}\\ \psi _{L2}\\ \psi _{R1}\\ \psi _{R2}\end{array}\right]\text{.}$$

The value of the form

$$\begin{array}{c}\left(\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}X_a\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}X_a\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2\right)^{0.5}+\\ +\left(\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\gamma ^0X_b\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\beta ^4X_b\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2\right)^{0.5}\end{array}$$
(2)   
does not depend from the choice of the $`SU(2)`$ matrix $`U`$ and the Lagrangian:

$$\begin{array}{c}_\psi =0.5i\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^\mu }\left(_\mu \underset{¯}{\psi }\right)\left(_\mu \underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^\mu }\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)\\ m_\psi \left(\begin{array}{c}\left(\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}X_a\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}X_a\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2\right)^{0.5}+\\ +\left(\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}X_b\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}X_b\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2\right)^{0.5}\end{array}\right)\end{array}$$

is invariant for this $`SU(2)`$ transformation.

Let us denote:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}X_a\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)}{\sqrt{\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}X_a\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}X_a\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}\left(\alpha _a\right)\text{,}`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}X_a\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)}{\sqrt{\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}X_a\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}X_a\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{sin}\left(\alpha _a\right)\text{,}`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}X_b\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)}{\sqrt{\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}X_b\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}X_b\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cos}\left(\alpha _b\right)\text{.}`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}X_b\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)}{\sqrt{\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}X_b\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}X_b\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^2}}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{sin}\left(\alpha _b\right)`$   
Let:

$$\underset{¯}{\gamma }=\left(\mathrm{cos}\left(\alpha _a\right)\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}+\mathrm{sin}\left(\alpha _a\right)\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}\right)X_a+\left(\mathrm{cos}\left(\alpha _b\right)\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}+\mathrm{sin}\left(\alpha _b\right)\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}\right)X_b\text{.}$$

In this case:

$$\underset{¯}{\gamma }\underset{¯}{\gamma }=1_8$$

and if $`1k3`$ then

$$\underset{¯}{\gamma }\underset{¯}{\beta ^k}=\underset{¯}{\beta ^k}\underset{¯}{\gamma }$$

and the Euler-Lagrange equation for $`_\psi `$ is the following:

$$\left(i\underset{¯}{\beta ^\mu }_\mu m_\psi \underset{¯}{\gamma }\right)\underset{¯}{\psi }=0\text{.}$$

Since

$$\alpha _a=\alpha _b$$

then

$$\underset{¯}{\gamma }=\mathrm{cos}\left(\alpha _a\right)\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}+\mathrm{sin}\left(\alpha _a\right)\underset{¯}{\beta ^4}\text{.}$$

Let $`\underset{¯}{\psi }`$ be a plane wave electron spinor  with a positive energy:

$$\underset{¯}{\psi }=\left(a_1\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 1\\ 0\\ \frac{p_z}{E+m_e}\\ \frac{p_x+ip_y}{E+m_e}\end{array}\right]+a_2\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 1\\ \frac{p_xip_y}{E+m_e}\\ \frac{p_z}{E+m_e}\end{array}\right]\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(ipx\right)\text{,}$$

here:

$`a_1`$, $`a_2`$ are complex, and $`E=\sqrt{p^2+m_e^2}`$.

In this case:

$$\mathrm{cos}\left(\alpha _a\right)=1\text{.}$$

Hence

$$\underset{¯}{\gamma }=\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}$$

and the Euler-Lagrange equation is the following:

$$\left(i\underset{¯}{\gamma ^\mu }_\mu m_\psi \right)\underset{¯}{\psi }=0\text{.}.$$

## 3 Necessary Conditions

Let $`U`$ be any $`8\times 8`$ complex matrix for which the Lagrangian

$$_0=0.5i\left(\underset{¯}{\psi }^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^\mu }\left(_\mu \underset{¯}{\psi }\right)\left(_\mu \underset{¯}{\psi }\right)^{}\underset{¯}{\beta ^\mu }\underset{¯}{\psi }\right)$$

is invariant. Hence

$$\underset{¯}{U}^{}\underset{¯}{U}=1_8$$

and for all $`\mu `$ ($`1\mu 3`$):

$$\underset{¯}{U}\underset{¯}{\beta ^\mu }=\underset{¯}{\beta ^\mu }\underset{¯}{U}\text{.}$$

$`\underset{¯}{U}`$ must be of the following type from this commutativity :

$$\underset{¯}{U}=\left[\begin{array}{cccccccc}z_{1,1}& 0& 0& 0& z_{1,5}& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& z_{1,1}& 0& 0& 0& z_{1,5}& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& z_{3,3}& 0& 0& 0& z_{3,7}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& z_{3,3}& 0& 0& 0& z_{3,7}\\ z_{5,1}& 0& 0& 0& z_{5,5}& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& z_{5,1}& 0& 0& 0& z_{5,5}& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& z_{7,3}& 0& 0& 0& z_{7,7}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& z_{7,3}& 0& 0& 0& z_{7,7}\end{array}\right]$$

(here $`z_{j,k}`$ are a complex) and from the unitarity if

$$z_{j,k}=x_{j,k}+iy_{j,k}$$

then

$$\begin{array}{c}1x_{1,5}^2y_{1,5}^2y_{5,5}^20\text{,}\\ x_{1,1}=\sqrt{1x_{1,5}^2y_{1,5}^2y_{5,5}^2}\text{,}\\ x_{5,5}=x_{1,1}\text{,}\\ x_{5,1}=x_{1,5}\text{,}\\ y_{1,1}=y_{5,5}\text{,}\\ y_{5,1}=y_{1,5}\end{array}$$

and

$$\begin{array}{c}1x_{3,7}^2y_{3,7}^2y_{7,7}^20\text{,}\\ x_{3,3}=\sqrt{1x_{3,7}^2y_{3,7}^2y_{7,7}^2}\text{,}\\ x_{7,7}=x_{3,3}\text{,}\\ x_{7,3}=x_{3,7}\text{,}\\ y_{3,3}=y_{7,7}\text{,}\\ y_{7,3}=y_{3,7}\text{.}\end{array}$$

If

$$\begin{array}{c}x_{3,7}=0\text{,}\\ y_{3,7}=0\text{,}\\ y_{7,7}=0\end{array}$$

then

$$z_{3,3}=1$$

and $`\underset{¯}{U}`$ is the matrix of type (1). In this case the mass form (2) is invariant for $`\underset{¯}{U}`$ and a right-handed particles do not interact by this transformation.

Therefore if an electron has got a nonzero mass, provided with the mass form (2), then all neutrinos must be left-handed.

Like this, for $`z_{1,1}=1`$, all antineutrinos must be right-handed to an positron has got a nonzero mass.

If $`z_{1,1}1`$ and $`z_{3,3}1`$ then a mass form, invariant for $`\underset{¯}{U}`$, does not exist.

## 4 Acknowledgment

Thanks very much to Prof. V. V. Dvoeglazov for his papers which he had sent me kindly in 1998.