# Electroweak baryogenesis by black holes

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## Abstract

We propose a new scenario of the electroweak baryogenesis based on the properties of electroweak domain walls surrounding black holes in the Higgs phase vacuum of the extended Standard Model with 2-Higgs doublets. It is shown that there exists the electroweak domain walls and the symmetric regions surrounding black holes and that the Hawking radiation of the black holes can produce a non-zero baryon number density. The scenario can explain the origin of the baryon number in our universe even without the assumption of the existence of the first order electroweak phase transition.

preprint: DPNU-98-19    
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The thermal radiation from a black hole was discovered by Hawking , and contributions of primordial black holes in the early universe have been discussed . Then it is natural to ask if black holes can play a role in the baryogenesis. Barrow et al. pointed out this possibility based on the GUT baryogenesis , but these theory cannot avoid the washout problem by the sphaleron process . To avoid this problem, Majumdar et al. consider the GUT-baryogenesis by black holes survived in the symmetric phase vacuum . Because of the washout problem, the electroweak baryogenesis proposed by Cohen et al.  is an important scenario, in which the electroweak domain wall created by the assumed first order phase transition plays a crucial role.

In this paper, we show two new and important points: First, we find existence of the electroweak domain wall and the symmetric region surrounding the black hole by the Hawking radiation; Second, by the previous mechanism, we show the possibility of the electroweak baryogenesis without the first order phase transition in the Higgs phase vacuum of the extended Standard Model (SM) with two Higgs doublets. We then propose new scenario of the baryogenesis by the black holes, which can create the baryon number with the baryon-entropy ratio $`B/S10^910^{10}`$ in the early universe, and can satisfy the requirement of the big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), if most of the matter existed as primordial black holes with mass of some hundreds kilograms and our domain wall has a CP phase $`\mathrm{\Delta }\theta /\pi >\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}0.1}`$.

The most important difference between our scenario and the existing one  is the requirement on the nature of the phase transition: In the scenario discussed in Ref., one needs the first order phase transition to create the domain wall to realize non-equilibrium, and the structure of the domain wall is determined by the dynamics of phase transition. In our scenario, we do not need the first order phase transition, since the thermal structure of the black hole creates the domain wall and determines its structure. Finally, we point out that the existence of the symmetric region surrounding the black hole washes out the baryon number created by the GUT-baryogenesis discussed in Ref..

First, we discuss how to satisfy the Sakharov’s three conditions  for the baryogenesis. Let us consider the Schwarzschild black holes whose Hawking temperature $`T_{\mathrm{BH}}`$ is higher than the critical temperature of electroweak phase transition. In the Higgs phase vacuum, the radiation from these black holes restores the electroweak symmetry in the neighborhood of the horizon and the electroweak domain wall does appear as we shall demonstrate below. Then we can discuss the baryogenesis scenarios in analogy with the ordinary electroweak baryogenesis . Here we assume the two-Higgs-doublets extension of the Standard Model (2HSM) as the background field theory for the origin of CP phase in the domain walls, and that the electroweak phase transition is the second order with its critical temperature taken as $`T_\mathrm{W}=100\mathrm{GeV}`$ for simplicity. Actually, the Sakharov’s three conditions  for baryogenesis are satisfied as follows:

1. The baryon number violation: The sphaleron process  takes place in the domain wall near the symmetric region.
2. The C-asymmetry: the SM is the chiral theory.   
The CP-asymmetry: Here we assume in 2HSM that the domain wall has the space-dependent CP phase.
3. Out of equilibrium: The black-hole radiation is a non-equilibrium process. This radiation creates the spherical domain wall and the radiated particles pass through.

To begin with we note that the Schwarzschild black hole mass $`m_{\mathrm{BH}}`$, temperature $`T_{\mathrm{BH}}`$, Schwarzschild radius $`r_{\mathrm{BH}}`$, and lifetime $`\tau _{\mathrm{BH}}`$ are related by the equations: $`T_{\mathrm{BH}}=\frac{1}{8\pi }\frac{m_{\mathrm{pl}}^2}{m_{\mathrm{BH}}},r_{\mathrm{BH}}=2\frac{m_{\mathrm{BH}}}{m_{\mathrm{pl}}^2}=\frac{1}{4\pi }\frac{1}{T_{\mathrm{BH}}},\tau _{\mathrm{BH}}\frac{10240}{g_{}}\frac{m_{\mathrm{BH}}^3}{m_{\mathrm{pl}}^4}=\frac{20}{\pi ^2g_{}}\frac{m_{\mathrm{pl}}^2}{T_{\mathrm{BH}}^3},`$ where $`g_{}`$ is the freedom of the massless particles that this black hole can decay into at its temperature. In the electroweak critical temperature, we have $`g_{}100`$. In this paper, we parameterize black holes by its Hawking temperature rather than its mass for convenience. We display these relations in Figure 1.

Now, we consider the space-dependence of the temperature in the neighborhood of the black hole by the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) approximation. Because of the spherical symmetry of the black hole, we put the local temperature as $`T(r)`$, where $`r`$ means the radius from the center of the black hole. In the symmetric phase, the mean free path (MFP) of quarks and gluons is determined by QCD interaction and the MFP is a function of the temperature: $`\lambda _s(T)=\beta _s/T`$, where $`T`$ is the temperature of background plasma and $`\beta _s10`$ is a constant related to the QCD coupling constant $`\alpha _s`$. The Hawking radiation thermalizes, at first, a sphere with the radius $`r_s=\lambda _s(T_s)`$ to the temperature $`T_s`$, because the size of the black hole is smaller than the MFP: $`r_{\mathrm{BH}}<\lambda _s(T_{\mathrm{BH}})`$. We call this radius $`r_s`$ a minimal thermalized radius. Later we determine this radius $`r_s`$. For every sphere greater than the minimal thermalized radius, we can make sure of the thermalization of such a sphere by the temperature distribution $`T(r)`$.

To determine the temperature distribution $`T(r)`$, we discuss the transfer equation of energy. The energy diffusion current in the LTE is $`J_\mu =\lambda (T)_\mu (\frac{\pi ^2}{120}g_{}T^4)`$, where $`\lambda (T)=\beta /T`$ is the effective MFP of all particles by all interactions of the SM, and we can estimate $`\beta 100`$. Then the transfer equation is $`\dot{\rho }=_\mu J^\mu `$, where $`\rho =\frac{\pi ^2}{30}g_{}T^4`$ is the energy density. This treatment is referred to as the diffusion approximation of photon transfer at the deep light-depth region . The stable spherical-symmetric general solution of this equation is $`T^3(r)=T_{\mathrm{univ}}^3+(T_s^3T_{\mathrm{univ}}^3)\frac{r_s}{r}`$, where $`T_{\mathrm{univ}}=T(r\mathrm{})`$ is the background universe temperature. Here, we approximate that the freedom of the massless particles $`g_{}`$ is constant, because we consider only $`T(r)>T_\mathrm{W}`$. Our stable solution has total out-going energy flux $`r`$-independent: $`F=4\pi r^2\times J_r=\frac{2\pi ^3}{45}\beta _s\beta c_sg_{}T_s^2`$, where $`c_s=1(T_{\mathrm{univ}}/T_s)^3`$ is a factor of the background correction. This flux must be equal to the total flux by the Hawking radiation: $`F_{\mathrm{BH}}=4\pi r_{\mathrm{BH}}^2\times \frac{\pi ^2}{120}g_{}T_{\mathrm{BH}}^4`$. This relation $`F=F_{\mathrm{BH}}`$ leads us to the temperature of the minimum thermalized sphere: $`T_s=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{8\pi \sqrt{\beta _s\beta }\sqrt{c_s}}T_{\mathrm{BH}}`$. Finally we get the spherical thermal distribution surrounding the black hole:

$`T(r)`$ $`=`$ $`\left[T_{\mathrm{univ}}^3+{\displaystyle \frac{3}{64\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta }}{\displaystyle \frac{T_{\mathrm{BH}}^2}{r}}\right]^{1/3}`$ (1)   
for $`r>r_s=\frac{8\pi \sqrt{\beta _s^3\beta }\sqrt{c_s}}{\sqrt{3}}\frac{1}{T_{\mathrm{BH}}}`$.

Let us next discuss formation of the domain wall. The local temperature $`T(r)`$ is a decreasing function of $`r`$. This local temperature configuration allows us a nontrivial phase structure of the symmetry breaking depending on the space, i.e., the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of Higgs doublets depends on the distance from the center of the black hole $`r`$. By the LTE the space dependence of the Higgs doublets may take the form

$`\varphi _i(r)`$ $`=`$ $`\varphi _i_{T=T(r)}.`$ (2)   
For simplicity, we assume that the electroweak phase transition is the second order and the simplest form of the Higgs VEV as $`(|\varphi _T|/v)^2+(T/T_\mathrm{W})^2=1.`$ Then the CP-phased neutral Higgs VEV may be written as

$`\varphi _1^0(r)`$ $`=`$ $`\{\begin{array}{ccc}0\hfill & & (rr_{\mathrm{DW}})\hfill \\ v_1f(r)e^{i\mathrm{\Delta }\theta (1f(r))}\hfill & & (r>r_{\mathrm{DW}})\hfill \end{array},`$ (5)   
where $`f(r)=\sqrt{1(T(r)/T_\mathrm{W})^2}`$ (see Figure 2). In this configuration of the Higgs VEV, the width of our domain wall $`d_{\mathrm{DW}}`$ is approximately equal to the radius of the symmetric region $`r_{\mathrm{DW}}`$. By $`T(r_{\mathrm{DW}})=T_\mathrm{W}`$, we find

$`d_{\mathrm{DW}}r_{\mathrm{DW}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{64\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\beta c_\mathrm{W}}}{\displaystyle \frac{T_{\mathrm{BH}}^2}{T_\mathrm{W}^3}},`$ (6)   
where $`c_\mathrm{W}=1(T_{\mathrm{univ}}/T_\mathrm{W})^3`$ is other background correction. We see that this electroweak phase structure is determined by the thermal structure of the black hole. We illustrate this width in Figure 1.

On the other hand, in the ordinary electroweak baryogenesis scenarios , structure of the domain wall is determined by the dynamics of phase transition, and they assumed $`f(z)=\frac{1}{2}[\mathrm{tanh}z/\delta +1]`$, where $`z`$ is the perpendicular direction to wall and $`\delta `$ is the width of the wall.

The mean velocity of the out-going diffusing particles at radius $`r`$ is $`v(r)J_r(r)/\rho (r)`$. Especially, the mean velocity at the domain wall is $`v_{\mathrm{DW}}=v(r_{\mathrm{DW}})\frac{64\pi ^2}{9}\beta ^2c_\mathrm{W}^2\left(\frac{T_\mathrm{W}}{T_{\mathrm{BH}}}\right)^2`$. This means that the plasma radiated from the black hole is flowing from the symmetric region to the broken one with velocity $`v_{\mathrm{DW}}`$ at the domain wall, i.e., the plasma and domain wall moves relatively.

Our stable LTE approximation for baryogenesis is valid when the size of the domain wall is greater than the MFP and when the black-hole lifetime is large enough to keep the stationary electroweak domain wall. The first condition is $`1d_{\mathrm{DW}}/\lambda (T_\mathrm{W})=(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{8\pi \sqrt{\beta _s\beta }\sqrt{c_\mathrm{W}}}\frac{T_{\mathrm{BH}}}{T_\mathrm{W}})^2`$, and hence we have $`T_{\mathrm{BH}}>\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}4.6}\times 10^4\mathrm{GeV}`$. Because the time to construct the stable weak domain wall is $`\tau _{\mathrm{DW}}r_{\mathrm{DW}}/v_{\mathrm{DW}}=\frac{27}{4096\pi ^4}\frac{1}{\beta ^3c_\mathrm{W}^3}\frac{T_{\mathrm{BH}}^4}{T_\mathrm{W}^5}`$, the second condition leads us to $`1\tau _{\mathrm{BH}}/\tau _\mathrm{W}\frac{81920\pi ^2}{27g_{}}\beta ^3c_\mathrm{W}^3\frac{m_{\mathrm{pl}}^2T_\mathrm{W}^5}{T_{\mathrm{BH}}^7}`$. Then we get a restriction for the black-hole temperature as $`T_{\mathrm{BH}}<\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}3.9}\times 10^7\mathrm{GeV}`$. To obtain this restriction, we used the later relation between the Hawking temperature and the universe temperature. We note that we have $`T_{\mathrm{univ}}98\mathrm{GeV}`$, when $`T_{\mathrm{BH}}=3.9\times 10^7\mathrm{GeV}`$. When these two conditions are satisfied, we can easily check the thermalization of the domain wall in the meaning of time scale. We illustrate these conditions in Figure 1 as the thermalized wall.

Here we propose a scenario of the baryogenesis due to these black holes. Because the width of domain wall $`d_{\mathrm{DW}}`$ is greater than the MFP of the quarks $`\lambda (T_\mathrm{W})`$, and particles at domain wall have a mean out-going velocity $`v_{\mathrm{DW}}`$, then we can consider a variant of spontaneous baryogenesis scenario , which we call the “thick-wall black-hole baryogenesis”.

The C- and CP-asymmetries take place in the domain wall as the space-dependent physical CP phase of the domain wall and the baryon-number-violating process also occurs in the domain wall near the symmetric phase as the sphaleron one. Because the domain wall is thermalized, the sphaleron transition rate in the domain wall is $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{sph}}=\kappa \alpha _\mathrm{W}^5T_\mathrm{W}^4e^{E_{\mathrm{sph}}/T_\mathrm{W}},E_{\mathrm{sph}}(T)=\frac{2M_W(T)B}{\alpha _\mathrm{W}}\frac{|\varphi |_T}{v_1}\times 10\mathrm{TeV},`$ where $`\kappa O(30)`$ is a numerical constant . When $`|\varphi (r)|/v_1<ϵ1/100`$, i.e., $`E_{\mathrm{sph}}<T_\mathrm{W}`$, the sphaleron transition is not suppressed by the exponential factor. Then we can consider the sphaleron process only in the neighborhood of the symmetric region in the domain wall. We define the width of this region $`d_{\mathrm{sph}}`$ by $`f(r_{\mathrm{DW}}+d_{\mathrm{sph}})=ϵ`$ because of the form of Higgs VEV. Then the volume integral of the sphaleron transition at work is $`V=4\pi r_{\mathrm{DW}}^2\times _{r_{\mathrm{DW}}}^{r_{\mathrm{DW}}+d_{\mathrm{sph}}}𝑑r`$. In this region, we have a space-dependent CP phase $`\theta (r)`$, and diffusing particles have an out-going mean velocity $`v_{\mathrm{DW}}`$. Then at the co-moving frame of this plasma-flow, these particles feel the time-dependence of the CP phase: $`\dot{\theta }v_{\mathrm{DW}}\frac{d}{dr}\theta `$. In the ordinary spontaneous baryogenesis scenario, the plasma containing top quarks is at rest but the domain wall is moving, while in our scenario, the domain wall is rest but the plasma is flowing though the domain wall. The relation between the baryon-number chemical potential and the time-dependent CP phase is $`\mu _B=𝒩\dot{\theta }`$, where $`𝒩O(1)`$ is a model-dependent constant . Finally, we can write down by the detailed-balance relation the rate of the baryon number creation per black hole:

$`\dot{B}`$ $`=`$ $`V{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{sph}}}{T_\mathrm{W}}}\mu _B`$ (7)   
$`=`$ $`4\pi 𝒩\kappa \alpha _\mathrm{W}^5T_\mathrm{W}^3r_{\mathrm{DW}}^2v_{\mathrm{DW}}{\displaystyle _{r_{\mathrm{DW}}}^{r_{\mathrm{DW}}+d_{\mathrm{sph}}}}𝑑r{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dr}}\theta (r)`$ (8)   
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{16\pi }}𝒩\kappa \alpha _\mathrm{W}^5ϵ\mathrm{\Delta }\theta {\displaystyle \frac{T_{\mathrm{BH}}^2}{T_\mathrm{W}}},`$ (9)   
where we have used the relation $`_{r_{\mathrm{DW}}}^{r_{\mathrm{DW}}+d_{\mathrm{sph}}}𝑑r\frac{d}{dr}\theta (r)=ϵ\mathrm{\Delta }\theta `$, and the total baryon number created in the lifetime of the black hole:

$`B`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle ^{\tau _{\mathrm{BH}}}}𝑑t\dot{B}={\displaystyle \frac{15}{4\pi ^3g_{}}}𝒩\kappa \alpha _\mathrm{W}^5ϵ\mathrm{\Delta }\theta {\displaystyle \frac{m_{\mathrm{pl}}^2}{T_\mathrm{W}T_{\mathrm{BH}}}}.`$ (10)   
This result has no parameters like $`\beta `$ and $`T_{\mathrm{univ}}`$. Then we see the form of this result has a kind of stability.

We assume a scenario of the following three steps: First, in the very early universe, most of the matter existed as the primordial black holes with its mass $`m_{\mathrm{BH}}`$, i.e., the universe was black-hole-dominant. Second, the black holes evaporated through creating baryons in our processes. Finally, after evaporation of these black holes, the universe became radiation dominant at the temperature $`T_{\mathrm{univ}}`$ by the Hawking radiation from these black holes. In this scenario, we assumed the monochrome mass-spectrum of black holes only for simplicity of calculation. The scenario implies age of the black-hole-dominant-universe $`t_{\mathrm{univ}}`$, when the baryon number was created, equals to lifetime of the black holes: $`t_{\mathrm{univ}}\tau _{\mathrm{BH}}`$. Further more, it implies the energy density of the black holes in the universe $`\rho _{\mathrm{BH}}`$ is transfered to the energy density of radiation in the universe $`\rho _{\mathrm{rad}}=\frac{\pi ^2}{30}g_{\mathrm{univ}}T_{\mathrm{univ}}^4`$ by the Hawking radiation, i.e., $`\rho _{\mathrm{rad}}\rho _{\mathrm{BH}}`$ at the time $`t_{\mathrm{univ}}`$. The Einstein equation of the black-hole-dominant-universe is same as the one of the matter-dominant-universe . Then we have the relation between the energy density and the age of the universe: $`\rho _{\mathrm{BH}}=\rho _{\mathrm{matterdom}.}\frac{1}{6\pi }\frac{m_{\mathrm{pl}}^2}{t_{\mathrm{univ}}^2}`$. By combining the relations in the scenario and the expression of $`\tau _{\mathrm{BH}}`$, we have a relation between temperature of the universe and one of the black holes:

$`g_{\mathrm{univ}}T_{\mathrm{univ}}^4`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi g_{}^2}{80}}{\displaystyle \frac{T_{\mathrm{BH}}^6}{m_{\mathrm{pl}}^2}},`$ (11)   
and the energy density of the black holes: $`\rho _{\mathrm{BH}}\frac{\pi ^3g_{}^2}{2400}\frac{T_{\mathrm{BH}}^6}{m_{\mathrm{pl}}^2}`$.

In our theory, the evaporation of the black holes in the Higgs phase vacuum is essential to creating baryons, and to conserve the created baryons, the temperature of universe must be lower than the electroweak critical temperature $`T_\mathrm{W}`$. By the relation (11), this restriction gives us an upper bound for the black-hole temperature $`T_{\mathrm{BH}}<\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}4.0}\times 10^7\mathrm{GeV}`$ (see Figure 1). Here we require that our theory does not affect the very successful BBN theory  at $`T_{\mathrm{univ}}10\mathrm{MeV}0.1\mathrm{MeV}`$, then we have a lower bound for the black-hole temperature $`T_{\mathrm{BH}}>\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}5.9}\times 10^4\mathrm{GeV}`$ (see Figure 1).

When the black holes evaporate, the number density of black holes is $`n_{\mathrm{BH}}=\rho _{\mathrm{BH}}/m_{\mathrm{BH}}=\frac{\pi ^4}{300}g_{}^2\frac{T_{\mathrm{BH}}^7}{m_{\mathrm{pl}}^4}`$, and the created baryon number density is $`b=Bn_{\mathrm{BH}}`$. At the same time, the entropy density in the universe is $`s=\frac{2\pi ^2}{45}g_{\mathrm{univ}}T_{\mathrm{univ}}^3`$. By using relation (11), we have the baryon-entropy ratios in the universe:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{b}{s}}`$ $``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{45}{2\pi ^2g_{}}}𝒩\kappa \alpha _\mathrm{W}^5ϵ\mathrm{\Delta }\theta {\displaystyle \frac{T_{\mathrm{univ}}}{T_\mathrm{W}}}.`$ (12)   
$``$ $`7\times 10^{10}\times {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\theta }{\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{T_{\mathrm{univ}}}{T_\mathrm{W}}},`$ (13)   
when $`3.9\times 10^7\mathrm{GeV}>T_{\mathrm{BH}}>\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}5.9}\times 10^4\mathrm{GeV}`$. We display this result in Figure 3.

Finally, if the domain wall has CP-phase: $`\mathrm{\Delta }\theta =\pi `$, as the most optimistic estimation, the baryon-entropy ratio in our scenario satisfies the BBN requirement: $`B/S10^{10}`$  when $`3.9\times 10^7\mathrm{GeV}>T_{\mathrm{BH}}>\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}7.4}\times 10^6\mathrm{GeV}`$, namely $`270\mathrm{kg}<m_{\mathrm{BH}}<\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}1400}\mathrm{kg}`$ (see the BBN-allowed region in Figure 3). In this parameter region, we can neglect the diffusion enhancement effect , because the width of domain wall is far greater than the electroweak scale.

In conclusion, we have proposed a new scenario of the baryogenesis which does not need the first order phase transition, but does require the primordial black holes.

I would like to thank K. Yamawaki and A. I. Sanda for helpful suggestions and discussions, and also for careful reading the manuscript. I also appreciate helpful suggestions of A. Nakayama, M. Harada, T. Hanawa, K. Saigo and K. Shigetomi. I am grateful to V. A. Miransky for his encouragement and helpful advice. The work is supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (No. 80003276).