# AdS3 Black Hole Entropy and the Spectral Flow on the Horizon

## Abstract

We consider the entropy problem of $`AdS_3`$ black holes using the conformal field theory at the horizon. We observe that the supersymmetry is enhanced at the horizon of massless $`AdS_3`$ black hole. This allows us to determine the vacuum of the modular invariant conformal field theory to be the NS-ground state (which corresponds to $`AdS_3`$ spacetime). This is smoothly related to the R-ground state (corresponding to massless black hole) by a spectral flow, which can be understood as a superconformal transformation.

preprint: APCTP-1999006// hep-th/9903058  

The microscopic origin of the entropy of black holes has been a challenging problem in quantum gravity since its original formulation. It has proven to be a fertile ground to test the ideas of string theory, and the conformal field theory on D-branes has been quite successful. However, in the D-brane approach, the geometric picture was not so clear because it was formulated in the weak coupling limit. The fact that it can be extended to near-extremal cases has been taken with a grain of salt, since the D-branes are BPS objects. Better understanding of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy could follow from the relationship of the BTZ black hole in 2+1 dimensions and higher dimensional black holes in string theory. This possibility is due to the observation that the near horizon geometry of higher dimensional black hole configurations can be related to that of BTZ black hole by some duality transformations. This makes the study of BTZ black hole quite important. Since black holes in 2+1 dimensions have asymptotic geometry of anti-de Sitter ($`AdS`$) space, some kind of holographic principle might hold a key to the problem of black hole entropy, in light of recent developments in $`AdS`$/CFT. However, at least for the case of BTZ black hole, we need not resort to the full string theory on $`AdS_3\times S^3\times M^4`$ to solve the entropy problem.

In this paper, we consider the entropy problem of $`AdS_3`$ black holes using the conformal field theory at the horizon (to be precise we mean the apparent horizon). First we observe that the supersymmetry is enhanced at the horizon of massless $`AdS_3`$ black hole. This allows us to determine the vacuum of the modular invariant conformal field theory to be the NS-ground state (which corresponds to $`AdS_3`$ spacetime). This is smoothly related to the R-ground state (corresponding to massless black hole) by a spectral flow, which can be understood as a superconformal transformation.

Let us now describe the BTZ black hole. There are no curvature singularities for the solution so that the BTZ black hole solution came as a surprise. The metric of black hole of mass $`M`$ and angular momentum $`J`$ is

$$ds^2=N^2dt^2+N^2dr^2+r^2(d\varphi +N^\varphi dt)^2,$$
(1)   
where the lapse and shift functions are

$$N=\left(8GM+\frac{r^2}{l^2}+\frac{16G^2J^2}{r^2}\right)^{1/2},N^\varphi =\frac{4GJ}{r^2}.$$
(2)   
The asymptotic symmetry of $`AdS_3`$ is generated by two copies of the Virasoro algebra with generators $`L_n,n\mathrm{integer}`$, with central charge $`c=3l/2G`$. Although the bulk degrees of freedom are nondynamical, we have a nontrivial dynamical conformal field theory (CFT) on the boundary. Such conformal symmetry is also found on the horizon of the black hole.

Let us sketch the current status of study on BTZ black hole. Applying the Cardy’s formula for the asymptotic growth of states for CFT, one can count the number density of the microscopic degrees. Using this Carlip obtained the black hole entropy from CFT on the horizon. The derivation was based on the fact that gravity in $`2+1`$ dimensions can be formulated as topological Chern-Simons theory, and the boundary dynamics at the horizon is a CFT described by the $`SL(2,R)\times SL(2,R)`$ Wess-Zumino-Witten model. However, the difficulties with this approach were spelled out recently. Carlip’s original work  is flawed by the fact although he resorts to large $`k`$ limit, where $`k`$ is the level number of the $`SL(2,R)`$ Kac-Moody algebra, $`k`$ actually is not so large, on shell, at the point $`\mathrm{}r_{}r_+k`$ which is the most relevant to the black hole entropy in his calculation. This was remedied with a simpler boundary condition for the horizon, and he obtained the central charge without the details of the boundary CFT, and derived entropies even for higher dimensional black holes. Similar results were also found by Solodukhin.

On the other hand, Strominger obtained the entropy from the CFT at the asymptotic boundary of $`AdS_3`$ black hole. This very simple and elegant observation, however, cannot tell what the boundary degree of freedom is, and whether the central charge is the effective central charge $`c_{\mathrm{eff}}=c24\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{min}}`$ or not, just as in the case of Carlip’s approach. (See also .) Here $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{min}}`$ is minimum value of the conformal dimension of the CFT. We will elaborate on this point later.

Applying the Regge-Teitelboim method, Bañados et al. obtained the algebra satisfied by the global charges without the details of boundary theoryi . There is also an explicit derivation using a boundary system coupled to the bulk geometric background. However, as is noted by Carlip, the central charge is modified to be $`c_{\mathrm{eff}}=1`$ and is too small to account for the black hole entropy.

There have been many related works due to the recent keen interest of $`AdS`$/CFT duality of Maldacena. For example the works of Martinec takes the $`AdS`$/CFT seriously and argues that Liouville field theory (derived from Chern-Simons Gravity) is just an effective theory corresponding to the macroscopic description, and cannot account for the black hole entropy. There is also a stringy interpretation of the entropy. Despite these conformal field theoretic approaches, it has already been pointed out that none is completely satisfactory.

In this paper we revisit the CFT approach to the black hole entropy problem. In deriving the Cardy’s formula used to calculate the entropy, the following two ingredient are quite essential. First, the partition function of a CFT must have modular invariance, $`\tau 1/\tau `$, where $`\tau `$ is the modular parameter. Secondly, to evaluate the partition function using saddle point approximation, the value of the central charge has to be shifted to $`c_{\mathrm{eff}}=c24\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{min}}`$, whenever the ground state eigenvalue $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{min}}`$ of $`L_0`$ does not vanish. Here we stress that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{min}}`$ should be evaluated on the plane, i.e. $`L_0`$ is the zero mode of the stress energy tensor on the plane, even though the partition function is that of a CFT on a cylinder.

Getting the correct number for $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{min}}`$ is the source of the difficulty in the problem. Extracting the exact information on the conformal data ($`c`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{min}}`$) of the CFT starting from a black hole geometry is usually quite difficult. One way to obtain $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{min}}`$ easily is to make use of supersymmetry. In the Neveu-Schwarz(NS)-sector of a superconformal field theory, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{min}}=0`$ always, and Ramond(R)-sector has value of $`c/24`$. $`AdS_3`$ geometry is identified as the bosonic backgrounds of (1,1)-type $`AdS`$ supergravity. To be more specific, we have the following cases: (i) the $`AdS_3`$ vacuum(global $`AdS_3`$ spacetime) has four Killing spinors which are antiperiodic (NS-sector), (ii) a massless black black hole has two periodic Killing spinors (R-sector), (iii) a massive extremal black hole has one periodic Killing spinor (R-sector). This can be easily seen by analyzing the Killing spinor equations for each geometry:

$$D_\lambda \chi =\frac{ϵ}{2l}\gamma _\lambda \chi .$$
(3)   
In the above $`D_\lambda =_\lambda +\frac{1}{4}\omega _\lambda ^{ab}\gamma _a\gamma _b`$ is the covariant differential form with respect to the spin connection $`\omega ^{ab}`$, $`ϵ=\pm 1`$ and $`\{\gamma _a,\gamma _b\}=2\eta _{ab}`$. Two values of $`ϵ`$ is possible because there are two independent representations for Clifford algebra in three spacetime dimension. Naively one expects that the massless black hole corresponds to the ground state of the boundary CFT, and this looks reasonable because $`AdS`$ vacuum ($`M=1/8G`$) is disconnected from the black-hole spectrum ($`M0`$), although $`AdS`$ vacuum has the lowest energy.

However, this choice of the ground state gives a wrong answer for the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, while using the $`AdS`$ vacuum instead gives the correct answer. If we restrict the spectrum solely to the black holes, the corresponding CFT seems to be restricted to the R-sector only. We know very well that we cannot have a modular invariant theory restricting to the R-sector only, because the contribution to the partition function from the R-sector transforms into that of NS-sector under some modular transformations.

Furthermore the operator product expansion (OPE) algebra for superconformal theory is such that

$$[R]\times [R][NS],[NS]\times [NS][NS],[R]\times [NS][R].$$
(4)   
This means that we cannot restrict the CFT to the R-sector only. Moreover, the identity will come out from the OPE algebra eventually. If we examine this more carefully, we note the $`AdS`$ vacuum is not quite disjoint from the black hole spectrum, but is connected via singular point particle geometries between them (see preprint version, hep-th/9204099 of ). This becomes quite clear as we consider the boundary geometries.

Actually one can create massless black hole out of $`AdS_3`$ by head-on collision of two massless particles. In this case mass gap, $`\mathrm{\Delta }M=1/8G`$, between the $`AdS_3`$ spacetime and massless black hole exactly matches with the energy of those two particles. The spatial geometry of a point particle has a conical singularity. Here the conical singularity is not a serious problem. One can resolve the singularity by replacing the matter distribution over a small region for the point particle. In fact, in the high energy scale, this point particle structure can be resolved. The most important thing is that the string cannot see this orbifold fixed point as singular.

Now we look into the boundary conformal structure starting from its geometry. The metric on the $`r=r_0`$ surface for the geometry generated by the point particle source of mass $`m=\alpha ^2/8G`$ in the bulk <sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup>*here we have negative mass because we set the massless black hole case to have $`m=0`$ is

$`ds^2=r_0^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{dt^2}{l^2}}+d\varphi ^2\right),\varphi \varphi +2\pi \alpha ,0<\alpha 1,`$ (5)   
from which we note the deficit angle $`2\pi (1\alpha )`$. In the above we have redefined $`(1+l^2/r_0^2)^{1/2}t`$ as $`t`$. It is convenient to work in the Euclidean scheme.

$$ds_E^2=r_0^2\left(d\tau ^2+d\varphi ^2\right),$$
(6)   
where $`\tau =it/l`$ is the Euclidean time. One can focus on the $`r=r_0`$ region by rescaling $`d\stackrel{~}{s}^2ds^2/r_0^2=d\tau ^2+d\varphi ^2`$. Although the boundary topology is $`S^1\times \mathrm{}`$, the angular geometry has a deficit angle. We can map this cylindrical geometry with deficit angle to a conical one, i.e. the boundary conformal cone, by the following exponential conformal mapping $`w=e^{\tau +i\varphi }(\overline{w}=e^{\tau i\varphi })`$:

$$ds_{\mathrm{cone}}^2=dwd\overline{w}R^{2\alpha 2}(dR^2+R^2d\theta ^2),$$
(7)   
where $`w`$ is the holomorphic coordinate on the cone. In the above we have introduced the polar coordinates $`R=(\alpha e^\tau )^{1/\alpha }`$ and $`\theta =\varphi /\alpha `$ to show the conical structure, where $`0R<\mathrm{},\theta \theta +2\pi `$. With another conformal transformation $`w(z)=z^\alpha /\alpha ,\overline{w}=\overline{z}^\alpha /\alpha `$ we get to the conformal plane:

$`ds_{cone}^2=z^{\alpha 1}\overline{z}^{\alpha 1}dzd\overline{z}.`$ (8)   
So $`\alpha =1`$, which is the plane geometry, corresponds to the AdS vacuum and the singular limit $`\alpha 0`$ approaches to the massless black hole. The mass parameter of the point particle is a continuous parameter which interpolates these two limits.

The stress energy tensor of the CFT on the cone is obtained from the following conformal transformation with the Schwarzian derivative:

$`T_{\mathrm{plane}}(z)z^{2(\alpha 1)}T_{\mathrm{cone}}(w){\displaystyle \frac{c}{24z^2}}(\alpha 1)(\alpha +1).`$ (9)   
Thus the conformal weight of a primary on the cone is related to that on the plane as follows (with similar expressions for $`\overline{L}_0`$):

$`(L_{\mathrm{cone}})_0=(L_{\mathrm{plane}})_0+{\displaystyle \frac{c}{24}}(\alpha 1)(\alpha +1).`$ (10)   
Here we note that $`L_{\mathrm{cone}}`$ interpolates $`L_{\mathrm{cylinder}}`$ (for $`\alpha 0`$) and $`L_{\mathrm{plane}}`$ (for $`\alpha =1`$). For spinning particle case, we can follow similar step. In this case $`L_0`$ and $`\overline{L}_0`$ is shifted differently to have $`L_0\overline{L}_00`$.

There is another thing which connects these two limit. This is the spectral flow between these two states in the corresponding boundary CFT. However, to realize spectral flow one actually needs an extended supersymmetry. In fact, one can show that at the black hole horizon, there is supersymmetry enhancement. To see this let us consider the Killing spinor equation for the massless black hole case.

$`D\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\left(d+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{r}{l}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{dt}{l}}\gamma _0\gamma _1d\varphi \gamma _1\gamma _2\right)\right)\chi `$ (11)   
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{2l}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{rdt}{l}}\gamma _0+{\displaystyle \frac{ldr}{r}}\gamma _1+rd\varphi \gamma _2\right)\chi `$ (12)   
The solutions are

$`ϵ=1;\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{r}\chi _+`$ (13)   
$`\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{r}}}+{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{r}}{2l}}x^\alpha \gamma _\alpha \right)\chi _{}`$ (14)   
$`ϵ=1;\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\sqrt{r}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{r}}{2l}}x^\alpha \gamma _\alpha \right)\chi _+`$ (15)   
$`\chi `$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{r}\chi _{},`$ (16)   
where $`x^\alpha \gamma _\alpha =t\gamma _0/l+\varphi \gamma _2`$. Due to the $`\varphi `$-dependent terms, only two out of these four Killing spinors survive upon the identification $`\varphi \varphi +2\pi `$. However near the horizon the $`\varphi `$-dependent terms drop out because they are relatively small compared to the other $`1/\sqrt{r}`$ terms, and all four solutions survive enhancing supersymmetry. Such an enhancement is not a surprising thing as we can see in similar cases discussed before. Actually this enhancement of supersymmetry at the boundary CFT is consistent with the spacetime supersymmetry. So if the horizon is where the boundary CFT (for the microscopic degrees of freedom for BTZ black holes) is located, then we can solve the entropy problem. The (1,1)-type $`AdS`$ supergravity in the bulk gives rise to (2,2) supersymmetric horizon CFT.

One can ask, when the mass of the black hole is zero, if the boundary CFT makes any sense, because the horizon is just a point. It is not a problem because the BTZ black hole coordinate patch cannot cover the whole region of $`AdS_3`$. In fact, $`r=0`$ ‘point’ is the null surfaces in the global coordinates for $`AdS_3`$, deliminating the Poincaré region. Below the black hole spectrum, that is to say, for the $`AdS_3`$ spacetime and conical geometries of point particles, one can take the boundary at any point with finite radius. This is so because the boundary geometry looks the same regardless of the value of the radius we have.

The isomorphism, which maps the R-sector to the NS-sector in the (2,2) supersymmetric CFT is the spectral flow. We want to show that the spectral flow in fact is a symmetry transformation, i.e. superconformal transformation in superspace. To see this we write down the super stress-energy tensor in superspace formalism as follows:

$`𝒥(z,\theta ^+,\theta ^{})=J(z)+\theta ^+G^{}(z)+\theta _{}G^+(z)+i\theta ^+\theta ^{}T(z).`$ (17)   
The superconformal transformation of the stress energy tensor is given by

$`𝒥(z,\theta ^+,\theta ^{})(𝒟^+\stackrel{~}{\theta }^{}𝒟^{}\stackrel{~}{\theta }^+)\stackrel{~}{𝒥}(\stackrel{~}{z},\stackrel{~}{\theta }^+,\stackrel{~}{\theta }_{})+{\displaystyle \frac{ik}{4}}S(Z,\stackrel{~}{Z}),`$ (18)   
where $`𝒟^\pm =\frac{}{\theta ^{}}+\theta ^\pm \frac{}{z}`$ are the superderivatives and $`S(Z,\stackrel{~}{Z})`$ is the $`N=2`$ super-Schwarzian derivative. $`Z=(z,\theta ^+,\theta ^{})`$ is the complex $`N=2`$ supercoordinate. In general, the superconformal transformation on a super Riemann surface is given as

$`\stackrel{~}{z}=f(z),\stackrel{~}{\theta }^+=\mu ^{++}(z)\theta ^++\mu ^+(z)\theta ^{},\stackrel{~}{\theta }^{}=\mu ^+(z)\theta ^++\mu ^{}(z)\theta ^{},`$ (19)   
with the following superconformal condition:

$`\mu ^{++}=\sqrt{f^{}}e^{i\xi },\mu ^{}=\sqrt{f^{}}e^{i\xi },\mu ^+=\mu ^+=0,`$ (20)   
for some functions $`f(z)`$ and $`\xi (z)`$. Conventional conformal transformation corresponds to the case of $`\xi =0`$. The prime denotes the derivative with respect to $`z`$. Under this the components of super stress-energy tensor transform as

$`J(z)`$ $``$ $`f^{}\stackrel{~}{J}(\stackrel{~}{z}){\displaystyle \frac{k}{2}}\xi ^{}`$ (21)   
$`G^+(z)`$ $``$ $`(f^{})^{\frac{3}{2}}e^{i\xi }\stackrel{~}{G}^+(\stackrel{~}{z}),G^{}(z)(f^{})^{\frac{3}{2}}e^{i\xi }\stackrel{~}{G}^{}(\stackrel{~}{z})`$ (22)   
$`T(z)`$ $``$ $`(f^{})^2\stackrel{~}{T}(\stackrel{~}{z})+2\xi ^{}f^{}\stackrel{~}{J}(\stackrel{~}{z})+{\displaystyle \frac{k}{4}}\left[2(\xi ^{})^2+{\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime \prime }}{f^{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{f^{\prime \prime }}{f^{}}}\right)^2\right].`$ (23)   
Denoting the right hand sides as $`J_\xi (z),G_\xi ^\pm (z)`$ and $`T_\xi (z)`$ respectively, one can simplify the whole expression as

$`J_\xi (z)=J_0(z){\displaystyle \frac{c}{6}}\xi ^{},G_\xi ^\pm (z)=G_0^\pm (z)e^{\pm i\xi (z)},`$ (24)   
$`T_\xi (z)=T_0(z)+2\xi ^{}J_0(z){\displaystyle \frac{c}{6}}(\xi ^{})^2,`$ (25)   
where $`k=c/3`$ was used. We note here $`J_0(z),G_0^\pm (z)`$ and $`T_0(z)`$ are nothing but the standard superconformal transformation. Rephrasing $`J`$ as $`iJ/2`$ and $`\xi `$ as $`i\eta \mathrm{ln}z`$, we are led to the spectral flow map for the $`N=2`$ superconformal symmetry. This means that the spectral flow can be understood as a kind of superconformal transformation. The ‘twist’ operator which connects the NS-vacuum and R-vacuum is not just a tool here but is in the set of primary operators. (The same interpretation is expected for the spectral flow for the higher extended superconformal symmetry.) The true vacuum turns out to be the NS-vacuum. This makes $`c_{\mathrm{eff}}=c`$, whatever theory the horizon CFT is.

Another advantage of the spectral flow is that we can understand the the black hole creation (R-state) from particle (NS-state) collisions in terms of OPE. The particle collision would be OPE of two NS-states, and it seems that making R-state is impossible. However with the spectral flow, we can actually make

$$[NS]_\eta \times [NS]_\eta ^{}[NS]_{\eta +\eta ^{}}$$
(26)   
If $`\eta +\eta ^{}=1`$ actually $`[NS]_1=[R]`$. The Cardy’s formula, which counts the physical degrees of freedom, must be invariant under the symmetry, and thus under the spectral flow. Relevance of spectral flow for black hole entropy was discussed in ref., where the unitary representation of $`N=2`$ superconformal algebra is used. Description of the spectral flow in terms of charged particles coupled to the Chern-Simons gauge theory was discussed in different setting.

To calculate the black hole entropy from this horizon CFT, we have to know the central charge $`c`$ and the conformal weight $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ of the horizon state of the black hole. We use the results recently obtained by Carlip.

$$c=\frac{3r_+\beta }{GT},\mathrm{\Delta }=\frac{r_+T}{8G\beta },$$
(27)   
where $`\beta `$ is the inverse Hawking temperature and $`T`$ is an arbitrary periodicity, which does not affect the result for the entropy. Differently from the asymptotic CFT, the central charge $`c`$ depends on the inner and outer horizon radius $`r_{},r_+`$ of the black hole. Different black hole gives different CFT on the horizon. Another remarkable thing for the horizon CFT is that the central charge $`\overline{c}`$ of the right moving mode vanishes in the case. The same features were also found in .

In three dimension, one can determine the arbitrary periodicity $`T`$ as follows. Given a black hole of mass $`\widehat{M}`$ and angular momentum $`\widehat{J}`$, the conformal data are fixed as in (27). Each horizon state of conformal weight $`(\delta ,\overline{\delta })`$ contributes to the bulk mass $`M`$ and angular momentum $`J`$. Although the energy of a horizon state needs not be equal to the bulk mass they must be proportional to each other; $`\delta +\overline{\delta }=\gamma Ml+\zeta `$, where $`\gamma `$ and $`\zeta `$ are dimensionless constants to adjust the different scalings and different base points of the energy respectively. One can also find the relation between the angular momentum of the horizon state and the bulk angular momentum $`J`$ as $`\delta \overline{\delta }=\gamma J`$. The energy gap beween the R-vacuum and NS-vacuum of the horizon CFT matches with the mass gap between the massless black hole and the $`AdS`$ vacuum.

$`{\displaystyle \frac{c}{24}}={\displaystyle \frac{\gamma l}{8G}},`$ (28)   
which tells us $`c=3\gamma l/G`$ and $`\beta /T=\gamma l/r_+`$. Therefore the ambiguity of the periodicity $`T`$ is concerned with the different energy scalings of the horizon CFT and the bulk $`AdS`$ geometry. From Carlip’s results and some known facts about the $`AdS`$ vacuum one can determine $`\gamma `$ and $`\zeta `$ completely, therefore fix the periodicity.

$`\delta (M,J)={\displaystyle \frac{r_+}{2l}}\left(Ml+J+{\displaystyle \frac{l}{8G}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{T}}`$ (29)   
$`\overline{\delta }(M,J)={\displaystyle \frac{r_+}{2l}}\left(MlJ+{\displaystyle \frac{l}{8G}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{T}}`$ (30)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{\beta }{T}}={\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{2}l}{\left(l^2+\left(r_++r_{}\right)^2\right)^{1/2}}}.`$ (31)   
The central charge $`c`$ together with the conformal weight $`\delta (\widehat{M},\widehat{J})=\mathrm{\Delta }`$ results in the correct statistical entropy $`S2\pi r_+/4G`$.

Lastly, we would like to comment on the success of the string theory which gives the correct entropy, regardless of the delicate arguments we had to give in supergravity theory. The successes which specify the microscopic structure are those works making use of the BPS arguments. At least in the weak coupling regime, they point out that the microscopic structure resides on the world volume of D-branes. In this weak coupling region, it is meaningless to say the bulk geometry. For the D1-D5-KK case, the effective world volume theory is the (4,4) supersymmetric sigma model on the symmetric product of K3. Owing to the extended supersymmetry, the Cardy’s formula can be applied at any point of ground state under the spectral flow as long as both R-sector and NS-sector are fully included in the calculation. Fortunately for this world volume theory, there is no reason to pick out the R sector ground state as the true ground state.

There are several works which seem to produce the correct central charge and entropy using the AdS/CFT correspondence, also without referring to the points we have resolved above. In fact, one needs to address the same question of the true ground state for this scheme also so far as the microscopic structure is not specified. (Even though the microscopic structure is not specified, one can determine the ground state using supersymmetry.) In the calculation of the two point function of stress energy tensor, it has been a priori assumed that the ground state is the NS-sector since the Poincaré coordinates (without identification) are usually used. However, if one neglect the 3-sphere part of $`AdS_3\times S_3`$, the supersymmetry on the asymptotic boundary is just $`N=1`$ for the R sector ground state because there is no supersymmetry enhancement on the asymptotic boundary differently from the horizon. Therefore spectral flow is not expected in this asymptotic CFT. One has to resort to other method to say that the NS vacuum is the true vacuum of the asymptotic CFT.

Acknowledgements We would like to thank J. de Boer, A. Giveon and N. Ohta for discussions. This work is supported by KOSEF (981-0201-002-2) and by Korea Research Foundation (1998-015-D00073).