# SLOWING DOWN AND SPEEDING UP PSR’S PERIODS: A SHAPIRO TELESCOPE TRACING DARK MATTER

## 1 Introduction

Matter bends space-time. This is the reason for Newton’s apple to fall down and for planets and stars to follow Keplerian curves. Gravity is the deformation of space and time. This double reality is why massless photons are bent twice by Einstein Relativity than just one time as predicted by a simplest Newtonian plus Special Relativity model. This factor two is the base for 1919 light deflection test and General Relativity triumph.   
The light bending is the root for the microlensing techniques able to reveal unseen dark MACHOs running in our galaxy. But time itself is slowed down by gravity. The famous twin paradox might be played as well as near and far a neutron star surface (neglecting tidal-Riemmann forces). The clock beats are slowed down near compact stars (NS, white dwarf, sun..) than in a far flat space- time. Indeed gravitational redshift is an additional cornerstone for General Relativity. The variable position of a wave-source respect to a gravitational field is “recorded” by a phase shift on the wave observed: a Shapiro Phase Delay. Indeed it has been predicted on 1964 and observed by Shapiro himself with radar echoes from Mercury and Venus, grazing the Sun. Because PSR’s period are on average stable ($`<\dot{P}_{psr}>10^{14}ss^1`$) we proposed  as timing candles to scan all over the galaxy hunting for crossing Dark Matter along the line of sight.

## 2 The first evidences of Shapiro Phase Delay on PSR’s

Microlensing technique seems an unique powerful test because it is inspecting million stars for acromatic luminosity magnifications: how could a few hundred pulsar sample compete with such a huge number? The reason lay on the extreme Shapiro Phase Shift sensitivity versus the microlensing one. While microlensing magnification is proportional to the inverse of the MACHO’s impact parameter $`1/b_{min}=1/u_{min}R_E`$ (where $`u_{min}`$ is adimensional and $`R_E`$ is the Einstein Radius), Shapiro Phase Delay is made up by two main terms: a first geometrical one, $`\mathrm{\Delta }t_{geo}=\frac{r_S}{4c}\left(\sqrt{u^2+4}u\right)^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}}`$, which is due to deflect and undeflected path and it is rapidly vanishing at large impact values: $`\mathrm{\Delta }t_{geo}|_{u1}=\frac{r_S}{cu^{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}}}`$. The second and main phase delay is the gravitational redshift (Shapiro Phase Delay) due to a MACHO field $`\frac{GM}{c^2r}𝑑r`$ all along the wave trajectory; its behaviour is logarithmic on the impact parameter $`u`$:   

$$\mathrm{\Delta }t_{grav}=\frac{r_S}{c}\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{8D_s}{r_S}\right)\frac{2r_S}{c}\mathrm{ln}\left(\sqrt{u^2+4}+u\right)$$
(1)   
where $`u=b/R_E`$ is the adimensional impact parameter of any MACHO crossing along, whose Schwarchild and Einstein radii are:   

$$r_S=\frac{GM}{c^2},$$

$$R_E=\sqrt{2r_S\frac{D_dD_{ds}}{D_s}}=4.810^{13}\sqrt{\left[\frac{M}{M_{}}\right]\left[\frac{D_s}{4Kpc}\right]\left[\frac{x_d}{1/2}\right]\left[2\frac{x_d}{1/2}\right]}cm$$
(2)   
where $`x_d=\frac{D_d}{D_s}`$, $`1x_d=\frac{D_{ds}}{D_s}`$; $`D_d`$ is the deflector-observer distance, $`D_{ds}`$ the source-deflector distance and $`D_s`$ the source-observer distance.   
The consequent characteristic time of the Shapiro delay while the MACHO approaches or goes far away the line of sight is:   

$$t_c=\frac{R_E}{v_{}}u_{min}4.55\frac{\left[\frac{u_{min}}{10^2}\right]}{\left[\frac{\beta _{}}{10^3}\right]}\sqrt{\left[\frac{M}{M_{}}\right]\left[\frac{D_s}{4Kpc}\right]\left[\frac{x_d}{1/2}\right]\left[2\frac{x_d}{1/2}\right]}yr$$
(3)   
and the consequent PSR’s period derivative is:   

$$\dot{P}=1.3810^{13}\frac{\left[\frac{\beta _{}}{10^3}\right]\sqrt{\frac{M}{M_{}}}}{\left[\frac{u_{min}}{10^2}\right]\sqrt{\left[\frac{D_s}{4Kpc}\right]\left[\frac{x_d}{0.5}\right]\left[2\frac{x_d}{0.5}\right]}}ss^1$$
(4)   
First we must notice that the above period derivative is an order of magnitude larger than the average PSR one ($`\dot{P}10^{14}ss^1`$) and therefore it is well detectable. Secondly because of above sensitivities we could parametrized the adimensional impact parameters not just as $`u_{min}1`$ as needed in microlens technique but at $`u_{min}10^2`$ scales. This offer a corresponding square geometrical probability amplification ($`\pi u^2`$) to reveal a MACHO, nearly four orders of magnitude larger than in microlensing case. For this reason present Shapiro Delay on 7 hundreds PSRs are comparable with a sample of nearly 7 millions of stars for microlensing. However a positive period derivative ($`\dot{P}>0`$) might be well indebted to a large intrinsic positive angular momentum loss. Therefore we first looked for negative PSR period derivative ($`\dot{P}<0`$) whose interpretation cannot be indebted to any (rare) corotating accretion mass (single stars). We could find statistically a few events a year , for a MACHO density comparable with the observed microlenses. We did observed (up date to 6) and at least one, B1813-26, very isolated PSR, which we do definitively interpret as a Shapiro Phase Delay alive. We also find a group of PSRs in a globular cluster possibly suffering a collective Shapiro Phase Delay due to the own cluster gravitational field: B0021-72C, B0021-72D in 47 Tucanae and B2127+11D, B2127+11A in M15.

## 3 Shapiro Delay in Dark Planet search

The technique above could be fruitful and certain believed by testing and calibrating the PRS’s delay while crossing along the Sun’s field, Juppiter or Mars trajectories. For nearby deflectors the gravitational phase delay has a more complicated 3D vectorial formula:   

$$\mathrm{\Delta }t_{Grav}=\frac{r_S}{c}\mathrm{ln}\left[\frac{D_sD_d\mathrm{cos}\psi +D_{ds}}{D_d\left(\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}\mathrm{cos}\psi \right)}\right]$$
(5)   
where $`D_d=|\stackrel{}{D_d}|`$, $`D_s=|\stackrel{}{D_s}|`$, $`D_{ds}=|\stackrel{}{D_s}\stackrel{}{D_d}|=|\stackrel{}{D_{ds}}|`$ and $`\psi =\widehat{\stackrel{}{D_s}\stackrel{}{D_d}}`$. For $`\psi 0`$ after simple expansion one recovers from equation 5 the previous Shapiro well known equation 1. For the Sun the effect even few degrees far away its position is huge ($`|\dot{P}|10^{10}ss^1`$) and must be observed within $`t_cday`$. In order to avoid any additional and confusing refractive index delay (due to solar plasma even at large impact parameters) PRSs might be better observed near Sun at higher radio PSR frequencies  ($`\nu GHz`$) where plasma refractive index is smaller than the gravitational Shapiro one. Solar Shapiro delay has, naturally, a strong annual modulation. Planets like Jupiter, at $`5.2AU`$, will produce well detectable period derivative ($`|\dot{P}|10^{12}ss^1`$) at $`u_{min}100`$ and even at $`10^{}`$ angular impact parameter distance the effect might be observable ($`|\dot{P}|610^{15}ss^1`$) (see figure 2). In particular to test the technique we chose a sub sample of all known PRSs laying along the ecliptic trajectory ($`\pm 6^{}`$). Most PRSs are localized toward Galactic Center and Anticenter and are described in figure 3 . The planetary (Juppiter, Mars..) Shapiro Delay is strongly modulated not only by the Terrestrial yearly trajectory, but also by the combined Earth-Juppiter, Earth-Mars.. mutual distances, which play a key role in defining the Einstein radius and the Shapiro Phase Delay. These combined effects must introduce a very characteristic imprint in their own phase delay as we predicted in figure 3.

## 4  Conclusions

The Shapiro Phase might be able to discover not only dark matter but once calibrated it may even lead to new mini planets discovers on our ecliptic plane. Their presence might be of relevance (by tidal disturbances during rare encounter) on Earth past (and future) history (and life evolution ). Finally recent EGRET data  on diffused Gev galactic-Halo might find an answer, among the others , by ($`pc`$) hydrogen molecular clouds interacting by proton (Gev) cosmic rays . Microlenses at those large radii, (by Kirchoff theorem) are unefficient. Therefore the Shapiro Phase Delay might be the unique probe to verify such an evanescent dark matter barionic candidature.