# References

Does Weak CP Phase Originate from a Certain Geometry ?

As is well known, CP violation is one of the most important problem in particle physics \[1-6\]. People have been concerning it for more than thirty years. However, we still know little about it. With the runing of the $`B`$factories, we expect to know more about it in near future.

According to the standard CKM mechanism, CP violation originates from a phase presenting in the three by three quark mixing matrix \[7-8\]. Last winter, we have found that, the weak CP phase and the other three mixing angles in CKM matrix satisfy a certain geometry relation \[9-10\], so we postulated that, weak CP phase is a geometry phase. Although it is a ad hoc postulation, all the conclusions extracted from it are consistent with the present experimental results.

Our postulation in the standard parametrization can be expressed as 

$$\mathrm{sin}\delta _{13}=\frac{(1+s_{12}+s_{23}+s_{13})\sqrt{1s_{12}^2s_{23}^2s_{13}^2+2s_{12}s_{23}s_{13}}}{(1+s_{12})(1+s_{23})(1+s_{13})}$$
(1)   
where $`s_{ij}`$ and $`\delta _{13}`$ are the parameters in the standard parametrization \[11-12\]

$$V_{KM}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}c_{12}c_{13}& s_{12}c_{13}& s_{13}e^{i\delta _{13}}\\ s_{12}c_{23}c_{12}s_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta _{13}}& c_{12}c_{23}s_{12}s_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta _{13}}& s_{23}c_{13}\\ s_{12}s_{23}c_{12}c_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta _{13}}& c_{12}s_{23}s_{12}c_{23}s_{13}e^{i\delta _{13}}& c_{23}c_{13}\end{array}\right)$$
(2)   
with $`c_{ij}=\mathrm{cos}\theta _{ij}`$ and $`s_{ij}=\mathrm{sin}\theta _{ij}`$ for the ”generation” labels $`i,j=1,2,3`$. Here, the real angles $`\theta _{12},\theta _{23}`$ and $`\theta _{13}`$ can all be made to lie in the first quadrant. The phase $`\delta _{13}`$ lies in the range $`0<\delta _{13}<2\pi `$. In following, we will make the three angles $`\theta _{ij}`$ lie in the first quadrant.

The central purpose of this work is to further investigate our postulation carefully. Firstly, we investigate the whole CKM matrix, secondly, we investigate the three angles in unitarity triangle $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐁}`$, both with our postulation being used. In fact, if we notice that, the moduli of the elements in CKM matrix are squared moduli invariants, and the three angles in unitarity triangle are composed of squared and quartic invariants , we can see that is meaningful to do so.

1. About the Moduli of the Elements in CKM Matrix

We investigate the whole CKM matrix firstly, we hope to extract some useful information from our postulation. The programme is   
$`a`$. For each group of given $`V_{ud},V_{ub}`$ and $`V_{tb}`$, solve $`s_{12},s_{23},s_{13}`$ from the following equation

$$V_{ud}=c_{12}c_{13}V_{ub}=s_{13}V_{tb}=c_{23}c_{13}.$$
(3)   
$`b`$. Substituting Eq.(1) into CKM matrix Eq.(2). Then, solve the moduli of all the elements.   
$`c`$. Let $`V_{ud},V_{ub}`$ and $`V_{tb}`$ vary in certain ranges. Repeat the steps $`a`$ and $`b`$.

When we let $`V_{ud},V_{ub}`$ and $`V_{tb}`$ vary in the ranges 

$$0.9745V_{ud}\mathrm{0.9760\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}0.0018}V_{ub}\mathrm{0.0045\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}0.9991}V_{tb}0.9993$$
(4)   
$$0.9745V_{ud}\mathrm{0.9760\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}0.00045}V_{ub}\mathrm{0.00585\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}0.9991}V_{tb}0.9993$$
(5)   
and

$$0.97375V_{ud}\mathrm{0.97675\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}0.00045}V_{ub}\mathrm{0.00585\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}0.99895}V_{tb}0.99955$$
(6)   
we get the magnitudes of the elements of the complete matrix as

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0.97450.9760& 0.21820.2244& 0.00180.0045\\ 0.21800.2242& 0.97360.9752& 0.03710.0424\\ 0.00790.0093& 0.03650.0415& 0.99910.9993\end{array}\right)$$
(7)   
$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0.97450.9760& 0.21820.2244& 0.000450.00585\\ 0.21800.2242& 0.97360.9757& 0.02960.0424\\ 0.00790.0094& 0.03640.0415& 0.99910.9993\end{array}\right)$$
(8)   
and

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0.973750.97675& 0.21430.2276& 0.000450.00585\\ 0.21420.2275& 0.97270.9762& 0.02960.0458\\ 0.00720.0102& 0.03370.0448& 0.998950.99955\end{array}\right)$$
(9)   
respectively.

Compare with that given by 

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}0.97450.9760& 0.2170.224& 0.00180.0045\\ 0.2170.224& 0.97370.9753& 0.0360.042\\ 0.0040.013& 0.0350.042& 0.99910.9993\end{array}\right)$$
(10)   
we find that, the predicted results are well in agreement with that given by data book. In the meantime, $`|V_{td}|`$ is not sensitive to the variations of the inputs. It lies in a very narrow window with the central value about ($`0.0086`$), even if we take a little more large error ranges for the inputs.

On the other hand, the relevant result extracted from the experiment on $`B_d^0\overline{B_d^0}`$ mixing is 

$$|V_{tb}^{}V_{td}|=0.0084\pm 0.0018.$$
(11)   
we find that, the prediction about $`|V_{td}|`$ based on our postulation, not only coincide with the experimental result very well, but also gives a more strict constraint.

2. About the Three Angles of the Unitarity Triangle

The three angles $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ in the unitarity triangle $`\mathrm{𝐃𝐁}`$ defined as 

$$\alpha arg(\frac{V_{td}V_{tb}^{}}{V_{ud}V_{ub}^{}})\beta arg(\frac{V_{cd}V_{cb}^{}}{V_{td}V_{tb}^{}})\gamma arg(\frac{V_{ud}V_{ub}^{}}{V_{cd}V_{cb}^{}})$$
(12)   
If a small change being made, it is easy to see that, the definited angles are composed of squared and quartic invariants. For example,

$$\alpha arg(\frac{V_{td}V_{tb}^{}}{V_{ud}V_{ub}^{}})=arg(\frac{V_{td}V_{ud}^{}V_{tb}^{}V_{ub}}{V_{ud}V_{ud}^{}V_{ub}V_{ub}^{}})$$

the numerator in the definition is a quartic invariant and the denominator is a product of two squared invariants.

Now, we investigate the three angles. The programme is similar to that in section 1.   
$`a`$. For each group of given $`V_{ud},V_{ub}`$ and $`V_{tb}`$, solve $`s_{12},s_{23},s_{13}`$ from Eq.(3).   
$`b`$. Substituting Eq.(1) into CKM matrix Eq.(2). Then, solve all of the elements with the results of $`a`$ being used.   
$`c`$. Solve $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ according to the definition Eq.(12).   
$`d`$. Let $`V_{ud},V_{ub}`$ and $`V_{tb}`$ vary in certain ranges. Repeat the steps $`a`$, $`b`$ and $`c`$.

We still let $`V_{ud},V_{ub}`$ and $`V_{tb}`$ vary in the ranges given by Eq.(4), Eq.(5) and Eq.(6). The corresponding results are

$$73.3^0\alpha 94.4^0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}10.6}^0\beta 31.3^0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}74.9}^0\gamma 75.6^0$$
(13)   
$$70.3^0\alpha 98.9^0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}6.1}^0\beta 34.2^0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}74.8}^0\gamma 75.6^0$$
(14)   
and

$$66.9^0\alpha 99.8^0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}5.6}^0\beta 34.2^0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}74.5}^0\gamma 76.0^0$$
(15)   
respectively.

The recent analysis by Buras gives 

$$35^0\alpha 115^0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}11}^0\beta 27^0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}41}^0\gamma 134^0$$
(16)   
or more strictly

$$70^0\alpha 93^0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}19}^0\beta 22^0\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}65}^0\gamma 90^0$$
(17)   
It is easy to find, similar to that on $`V_{td}`$ in above, starting from our postulation, we obtain a more strict constraint on $`\gamma `$. We predict a very narrow window for $`\gamma `$ with the central value about ($`75.3^0`$). Furthermore, all the predictions about $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ coincide with the relevant analysis .

3. Conclusions and Discussions

In conclusion, we have further investigated the postulation that, weak CP phase originates in a certain geometry. Based on this postulation, we obtian two strict constraints on the magnitude of CKM matrix element $`V_{td}`$ and angle $`\gamma `$ respectively. These can be put to the more precisely test on our postulation in $`B`$factory in near future.

The significance of Eq.(1) is evident. If it can be further verified in the future, we can at least remove a uncertainty coming from the weak interaction. Through the study on heavy flavors, with Eq.(1) being considered, we can then extract more imformations on strong interaction. For instance, it becomes possible to extract the CP phase related to the part of strong interaction of final states. The further work along this direction is under way.