# References

Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics 1998, V.5, N 4, 1References. Letter

Copyright ©1998 by S.K. Paul and A.R. Chowdhury  

On the Analytical Approach to   
the N-Fold Bäcklund Transformation   
of Davey-Stewartson Equation

S.K. PAUL and A. ROY CHOWDHURY

High Energy Physics Division, Department of Physics,   
Jadavpur University, Calcutta 700032, India

Received March 12, 1998; Accepted May 31, 1998

## Abstract

$`N`$-fold Bäcklund transformation for the Davey-Stewartson equation is constructed by using the analytic structure of the Lax eigenfunction in the complex eigenvalue plane. Explicit formulae can be obtained for a specified value of $`N`$. Lastly it is shown how generalized soliton solutions are generated from the trivial ones.

Introduction: Inverse scattering transform holds a central place in the analysis of nonlinear integrable system in either (1+1)- or (2+1)-dimensions . On the other hand it has been found that explicit soliton solutions can also be obtained by the use of Bäcklund transformations in a much easier way . These Bäcklund transformations are also useful in proving the superposition formulae for these solutions. There have been many attempts to construct explicit $`N`$-soliton solutions for nonlinear integrable system either by Bäcklund transformations or the inverse scattering method. A separate and elegant approach was developed by Zakharov et al  which relied on the pole structure of the Lax eigenfunction and use of projection operators. In this letter we have used an approach similar to that of Zakharov et al but have generated a formulae for the $`N`$-fold BT of the nonlinear field variables occurring in the (2+1)-dimensional Davey-Stewartson equation . Our approach is very similar to that of gauge transformation repeatedly applied to any particular seed solution. Lastly we demonstrate how non-trivial solutions are generated by starting with known trivial ones.

Formulation: The Davey-Stewartson equation under consideration can be written as

$$\begin{array}{c}ir_t+r_{xx}r_{yy}+r(A_2A_1)=0,\hfill \\ iq_t+q_{yy}q_{xx}+q(A_1A_2)=0,\hfill \\ A_{1x}=\frac{1}{2}(q_yr+r_yq),A_{2y}=\frac{1}{2}(q_xr+r_xq).\hfill \end{array}$$
(1)   
Equation (1) is known to be a result of the consistency of the operators $`T_1`$ and $`T_2`$ written as $`[T_1,T_2]\mathrm{\Psi }=0`$, where

$$\begin{array}{c}T_1\mathrm{\Psi }=\left\{2\left(\begin{array}{cc}_x& 0\\ 0& _y\end{array}\right)+\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& q\\ r& 0\end{array}\right)\right\}\mathrm{\Psi }=0,\hfill \\ T_2\mathrm{\Psi }=\frac{1}{2}\left\{\left(i_t+_x^2+_y^2\right)+\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& q_x\\ r_y& 0\end{array}\right)+A\right\}\mathrm{\Psi }=\frac{K^2}{2}\mathrm{\Psi },\hfill \end{array}$$

and $`A=\left(\begin{array}{cc}A_1& 0\\ 0& A_2\end{array}\right)`$, $`K=\text{const}`$.

To proceed further we set

$$A_1=f_{1y},A_2=f_{2x}$$

and

$$\mathrm{\Psi }=\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{exp}\left\{i\left(\alpha +\lambda ^2\right)xi\left(\beta \lambda ^2\right)y\right\}.$$

Whence the Lax pair becomes,

$$M\mathrm{\Phi }=U\mathrm{\Phi },\mathrm{\Phi }_t=V\mathrm{\Phi }$$
(2)   
with

$$M=\left(\begin{array}{cc}_x& 0\\ 0& _y\end{array}\right),U=\left(\begin{array}{cc}i\left(\alpha +\lambda ^2\right)& q/2\\ r/2& i\left(\beta \lambda ^2\right)\end{array}\right)$$
(3)   
and

$$V=\left(\begin{array}{cc}i\mathrm{\Lambda }+Q(_x,_y)+if_{1y}& iq_x\\ ir_y& i\mathrm{\Lambda }+Q(_x,_y)+if_{2y}\end{array}\right).$$
(4)   
With

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Lambda }=K^2\left(\alpha +\lambda ^2\right)^2\left(\beta \lambda ^2\right)^2,\hfill \\ Q(_x,_y)=i\left(_x^2+_y^2\right)2\left\{\left(\alpha +\lambda ^2\right)_x\left(\beta \lambda ^2\right)_y\right\},\hfill \end{array}$$

we can construct particular Jost solutions, corresponding to $`q=q_0=\text{const}`$, $`r=r_0=\text{const}`$, $`A_1=A_{10}=f_{1y}^0`$ and $`A_2=A_{20}=f_{2x}^0`$ with $`f_{1y}^0=f_{2x}^0=\text{const}`$. This particular eigenvector $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0`$ turns out to be

$$\widehat{\mathrm{\Phi }}_0=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{exp}(\theta _1x+\chi _1y+\xi _1t)& \mathrm{exp}(\theta _2x+\chi _2y+\xi _2t)\\ m_0\mathrm{exp}(\theta _1x+\chi _1y+\xi _1t)& n_0\mathrm{exp}(\theta _2x+\chi _2y+\xi _2t)\end{array}\right)$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}\theta _1=i\left(\alpha +\lambda ^2\right)+am_0,\theta _2=i\left(\alpha +\lambda ^2\right)+an_0,\hfill \\ \chi _1=b/m_0+i\left(\beta \lambda ^2\right),\chi _2=b/n_0+i\left(\beta \lambda ^2\right),\hfill \end{array}$$

$`\xi _1`$, $`\xi _2`$ are arbitrary complex constants, $`m_0`$, $`n_0`$ are arbitrary constants and $`m_0n_0`$.

Note that $`det\mathrm{\Phi }_00`$ so that $`\mathrm{\Phi }_0^1`$ exists.

Now suppose that $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{n1}`$ denotes the Lax eigenfunction, corresponding to the $`(n1)`$ soliton solution, and $`B_n(x,y,t)`$ be the transformation which yields the $`\mathrm{\Phi }_n`$ (solution corresponding to the $`n`$ soliton case when applied to $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{n1}`$), that is

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_n(x,y,t,\lambda )=B_n(x,y,t,\lambda )\mathrm{\Phi }_{n1}(x,y,t,\lambda ).$$

Using the above Lax equations (2) and (4), we can at once deduce the equations satisfied by $`B_n`$

$$MB_n=U_nB_nB_nU_{n1},_tB_n=V_nB_nB_nV_{n1},$$
(5)   
where $`U_n`$, $`V_n`$ denote the Lax matrices.

Corresponding to the $`n`$-soliton solution: Note that $`U`$, $`V`$ are even functions of $`\lambda `$, so that we can assume that

$$B_n(\lambda )=B_n(\lambda ).$$

We now assume $`B_n`$ to have simple pole structure in the complex $`\lambda `$-plane, so that

$$B_n(x,y,t,\lambda )=Q_n+\frac{2\lambda _n}{\lambda ^2\lambda _n^2}P_n.$$
(6)   
We also assume that

$$B_n^1(x,y,t,\lambda )=Q_n^{}+\frac{2\lambda _n^{}}{\lambda ^2\lambda _n^2}P_n^{},$$
(7)   
where $`P_n`$, $`Q_n`$, $`P_n^{}`$, $`Q_n^{}`$ are matrix functions of $`(x,y,t)`$. The condition $`B_nB_n^1=B_n^1B_n=I`$ leads to

$$\begin{array}{c}B_n\left(\lambda _n^{}\right)P_n^{}=0,P_nB_n^1(\lambda _n)=0,\hfill \\ B_n^1(\lambda _n)P_n=0,P_n^{}B_n\left(\lambda _n^{}\right)=0.\hfill \end{array}$$

Calculation of the matrices $`Q_n`$, $`P_n`$, $`Q_n^{}`$, $`P_n^{}`$: Let us now go back to equation (5) and use the expression (6) and (7). Rewriting $`U_n`$ as

$$U_n=i\lambda ^2I+U_n^{}$$

and using the form of $`B_n`$ given in (6) we get:

$$\begin{array}{c}MQ_n+\frac{2\lambda _n}{\lambda ^2\lambda _n^2}(MP_n)=\left(i\lambda ^2I+U_n^{}\right)\left(Q_n+\frac{2\lambda _n}{\lambda ^2\lambda _n^2}P_n\right)\hfill \\ \left(Q_n+\frac{2\lambda _n}{\lambda ^2\lambda _n^2}P_n\right)\left(i\lambda ^2I+U_{n1}^{}\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

which yields equations satisfied by $`P_n`$ and $`Q_n`$:

$$\begin{array}{c}M(P_n\mathrm{\Phi }_{n1}(\lambda _n))=U_n(\lambda _n)(P_n\mathrm{\Phi }_{n1}(\lambda _n)),\hfill \\ M(Q_n\mathrm{\Phi }_{n1}(\lambda _n))=U_n(\lambda _n)(Q_n\mathrm{\Phi }_{n1}(\lambda _n)).\hfill \end{array}$$

Using the same form of $`V_n`$ as give in equation (3) in the time part, we get the following equations:

$$\begin{array}{c}_x\left(Q_n\frac{2}{\lambda _n}P_n\right)=_y\left(Q_n\frac{2}{\lambda _n}P_n\right),\hfill \\ _t(P_n\mathrm{\Phi }_{n1}(\lambda _n))=V_n(\lambda _n)(P_n\mathrm{\Phi }_{n1}(\lambda _n)),\hfill \\ Q_{nt}=OP_2Q_n+2i(Q_{nx}_x+Q_{ny}_y)+D_nQ_nQ_nD_{n1},\hfill \end{array}$$

where operator $`OP_2i\left(_x^2+_y^2\right)2(\alpha _x\beta _y)`$, $`\alpha ,\beta =\text{const.}`$, and $`D_n=\left(\begin{array}{cc}if_{1y}^n& iq_{nx}\\ ir_{ny}& if_{2x}^n\end{array}\right)`$.

As per the ansatz of Zakharov we search for $`P_n`$ in the form,

$$P_n=\left(\begin{array}{c}\gamma _{n1}\\ \gamma _{n2}\end{array}\right)(\delta _{n1},\delta _{n2}).$$

It is interesting to observe that

$$(\delta _{n1},\delta _{n2})=(a_{n1},a_{a2})\mathrm{\Phi }_{n1}^1(n),$$

where $`a_{n1}`$, $`a_{n2}`$ are practically two constants.

Similarly for $`P_n^{}`$ and $`Q_n^{}`$, we set

$$P_n^{}=\left(\begin{array}{c}\gamma _{n1}^{}\\ \gamma _{n2}^{}\end{array}\right)(\delta _{n1}^{},\delta _{n2}^{})\text{and}Q_n^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _n^{}& \alpha _n^{\prime \prime }\\ \beta _n^{}& \beta _n^{\prime \prime }\end{array}\right).$$

Whence we get

$$B_l(\lambda _l^{})=\left(\begin{array}{cc}F_l^{11}+\sigma _l\gamma _{l1}\delta _{l1}& F_l^{12}+\sigma _l\gamma _{l2}\delta _{l2}\\ F_l^{21}+\sigma _l\gamma _{l2}\delta _{l1}& F_l^{22}+\sigma _l\gamma _{l2}\delta _{l2}\end{array}\right),$$

where

$$\begin{array}{c}F_l^{11}=f_l^{11}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}(xy)\},F_l^{12}=f_l^{12}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}^{}(xy)\},\hfill \\ F_l^{21}=f_l^{21}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}(xy)\},F_l^{22}=f_l^{22}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}^{}(xy)\},\hfill \end{array}$$

and

$$\begin{array}{c}\sigma _l=\frac{2}{\lambda _l}\frac{2\lambda _l}{\lambda _l^2\lambda _l^2},\hfill \\ \delta _{l1}=\frac{\delta _{l1}^{}F_l^{11}+\delta _{l2}^{}F_l^{21}}{\sigma _l(\delta _{l1}^{}\gamma _{l1}+\delta _{l2}^{}\gamma _{l2})},\delta _{l2}=\frac{\delta _{l1}^{}F_l^{12}+\delta _{l2}^{}F_l^{22}}{\sigma _l(\delta _{l1}^{}\gamma _{l1}+\delta _{l2}^{}\gamma _{l2})},\hfill \\ \gamma _{l1}=\frac{\gamma _{l1}^{}F_l^{11}+\gamma _{l2}^{}F_l^{12}}{\sigma _l(\gamma _{l1}^{}\delta _{l1}+\gamma _{l2}^{}\delta _{l2})},\gamma _{l2}=\frac{\gamma _{l1}^{}F_l^{21}+\gamma _{l2}^{}F_l^{22}}{\sigma _l(\gamma _{l1}^{}\delta _{l1}+\gamma _{l2}^{}\delta _{l2})}.\hfill \end{array}$$

$$B_l^1(\lambda _l)=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\alpha _l^{}+\epsilon _l^{}\gamma _{l1}^{}\delta _{l1}^{}& \alpha _l^{\prime \prime }+\epsilon _l^{}\gamma _{l1}^{}\delta _{l2}^{}\\ \beta _l^{}+\epsilon _l^{}\gamma _{l2}^{}\delta _{l1}^{}& \beta _l^{\prime \prime }+\epsilon _l^{}\gamma _{l2}^{}\delta _{l2}^{}\end{array}\right].$$

Here$`\epsilon _l^{}={\displaystyle \frac{2\lambda _l^{}}{\lambda _l^2\lambda _l^2}}`$, along with

$$\begin{array}{c}\delta _{l1}^{}=\frac{\alpha _l^{}\delta _{l1}+\beta _l^{}\delta _{l2}}{\epsilon _l^{}(\delta _{l1}\gamma _{l1}^{}+\delta _{l2}\gamma _{l2}^{})},\delta _{l2}^{}=\frac{\alpha _l^{\prime \prime }\delta _{l1}+\beta _l^{\prime \prime }\delta _{l2}}{\epsilon _l^{}(\delta _{l1}\gamma _{l1}^{}+\delta _{l2}\gamma _{l2}^{})},\hfill \\ \gamma _{l1}^{}=\frac{\gamma _{l1}\alpha _l^{}+\gamma _{l2}\alpha _l^{\prime \prime }}{\epsilon _l^{}(\gamma _{l1}\delta _{l1}^{}+\gamma _{l2}\delta _{l2}^{})},\gamma _{l2}^{}=\frac{\gamma _{l1}\beta _l^{}+\gamma _{l2}\beta _l^{\prime \prime }}{\epsilon _l^{}(\gamma _{l1}\delta _{l1}^{}+\gamma _{l2}\delta _{l2}^{})}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Finally the matrix $`Q_l`$ is given as

$$Q_l=(\begin{array}{cc}f_l^{11}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}(xy)\}+\frac{2}{\lambda _l}\gamma _{l1}\delta _{l1}& f_l^{12}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}^{}(xy)\}+\frac{2}{\lambda _l}\gamma _{l1}\delta _{l2}\\ f_l^{21}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}(xy)\}+\frac{2}{\lambda _l}\gamma _{l2}\delta _{l2}& f_l^{22}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}^{}(xy)\}+\frac{2}{\lambda _l}\gamma _{l2}\delta _{l2}\end{array}).$$

It is also very convenient to rewrite the matrix elements of $`Q`$ and $`P`$ in terms of Lax eigenfunctions $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$. We collect these results below without giving the detailed derivation,

$$\begin{array}{c}Q_l^{11}=\frac{R_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)+R_l^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)}{a_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)b_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)},Q_l^{12}=\frac{M_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)+M_l^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)}{a_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)b_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)},\hfill \\ Q_l^{21}=\frac{L_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)+L_l^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)}{a_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)b_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)},Q_l^{22}=\frac{N_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)+N_l^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)}{a_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)b_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)},\hfill \end{array}$$

where

$$\begin{array}{c}R_l=\frac{\lambda _l^2b_lf_l^{11}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}(xy)\}}{\lambda _l^2},\hfill \\ R_l^{}=\frac{1}{\lambda _l^2}\left\{\lambda _l^2a_lf_l^{11}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}(xy)\}+\left(\lambda _l^2\lambda _l^2\right)b_lf_l^{12}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}^{}(xy)\}\right\},\hfill \\ M_l=\frac{1}{\lambda _l^2}\left\{\left(\lambda _l^2\lambda _l^2\right)a_lf_l^{11}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}(xy)\}\lambda _l^2b_lf_l^{12}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}^{}(xy)\}\right\},\hfill \\ M_l^{}=\frac{\lambda _l^2a_lf_l^{12}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}^{}(xy)\}}{\lambda _l^2},L_l=\frac{\lambda _l^2b_lf_l^{21}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}(xy)\}}{\lambda _l^2},\hfill \\ L_l^{}=\frac{1}{\lambda _l^2}\left\{\lambda _l^2a_lf_l^{21}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}(xy)\}+\left(\lambda _l^2\lambda _l^2\right)b_lf_l^{22}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}^{}(xy)\}\right\},\hfill \\ N_l=\frac{1}{\lambda _l^2}\left\{\left(\lambda _l^2\lambda _l^2\right)a_lf_l^{21}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}(xy)\}\lambda _l^2b_lf_l^{22}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}^{}(xy)\}\right\},\hfill \\ N_l^{}=\frac{\lambda _l^2a_lf_l^{22}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}(xy)\}}{\lambda _l^2}.\hfill \end{array}$$

The elements of the $`P_l`$ matrix are:

$$\begin{array}{c}P_l^{11}=\frac{F_l}{\sigma _l}\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)}{a_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)b_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)},P_l^{12}=\frac{F_l}{\sigma _l}\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)}{a_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)b_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)},\hfill \\ P_l^{21}=\frac{F_l^{}}{\sigma _l}\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)}{a_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)b_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)},P_l^{22}=\frac{F_l^{}}{\sigma _l}\frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)}{a_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)b_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)},\hfill \end{array}$$

with

$$\begin{array}{c}F_l=a_lf_l^{11}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}(xy)\}+b_lf_l^{12}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{1l}^{}(xy)\},\hfill \\ F_l^{}=a_lf_l^{21}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}(xy)\}+b_lf_l^{22}(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2l}^{}(xy)\},\hfill \\ \sigma _l=\frac{2\lambda _l^2}{\lambda _l\left(\lambda _l^2\lambda _l^2\right)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Construction of the nonlinear fields: Once the form of the matrices $`P_l`$ and $`Q_l`$ are determined we can construct the matrix $`B_l`$, so that the Lax eigenfunction $`\mathrm{\Phi }_l(\lambda )`$ for the next stage can be determined from that of the previous one via,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_l(\lambda )=B_l(\lambda )\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}(\lambda ).$$

These expressions are very complicated, so we just quote one of them to display their structure. For example,

$$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{\Phi }_l^{11}(\lambda )=N_l/D_l,\hfill \\ D_l=a_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)b_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l),\hfill \\ N_l=R_l\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{11}(\lambda )+\{R_l^{}f_l(\lambda )F_l\}\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{11}(\lambda )\hfill \\ +\{M_l+f_l(\lambda )F_l\}\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda )+M_l^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda ),\hfill \end{array}$$
(8)   
with similar expression for other elements $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{12}`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{21}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{22}`$.

Now, for the determination of nonlinear fields, consider

$$U_n^{}Q_n=M_nQ_n+Q_nU_{n1}^{},$$

where

$$M=\left(\begin{array}{cc}_x& 0\\ 0& _y\end{array}\right),U_n^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}i\alpha & \frac{q_n}{2}\\ \frac{r_n}{2}& i\beta \end{array}\right),U_{n1}^{}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}i\alpha & \frac{q_{n1}}{2}\\ \frac{r_{n1}}{2}& i\beta \end{array}\right).$$

In the expression for $`U_n^{}`$ and $`U_{n1}^{}`$ we take $`\alpha =\beta =0`$, which at once yields

$$q_n=\frac{2Q_{nx}^{12}}{Q_n^{22}}+\frac{Q_n^{11}}{Q_n^{22}}q_{n1}.$$
(9)   
This is nothing but a simple recursion relation. Similarly,

$$r_n=\frac{2Q_{ny}^{21}}{Q_n^{11}}+\frac{Q_n^{22}}{Q_n^{11}}r_{n1}.$$
(10)   
Explicitly are can write,

$$\begin{array}{c}n=1,q_1=\frac{2Q_{1x}^{12}}{Q_1^{22}}+\frac{Q_1^{11}}{Q_1^{22}}q_0,r_1=\frac{2Q_{1y}^{21}}{Q_1^{11}}+\frac{Q_1^{22}}{Q_1^{11}}r_0,\hfill \\ n=2,q_2=\frac{2Q_{2x}^{12}}{Q_2^{22}}\frac{2Q_2^{11}Q_{1x}^{12}}{Q_2^{22}Q_1^{22}}+\frac{Q_2^{11}Q_1^{11}}{Q_2^{22}Q_1^{22}}q_0,\hfill \\ r_2=\frac{2Q_{2y}^{21}}{Q_2^{11}}\frac{2Q_2^{22}Q_{1y}^{21}}{Q_2^{11}Q_1^{11}}+\frac{Q_2^{22}Q_1^{22}}{Q_2^{11}Q_1^{11}}r_0.\hfill \end{array}$$

So far we have considered $`f_l^{11}(t)`$, $`f_l^{12}(t)`$, $`f_l^{21}(t)`$, $`f_l^{22}(t)`$ to be functions of time or constants; $`m_{1l}`$, $`m_{1l}^{}`$, $`m_{2l}`$, $`m_{2l}^{}`$ to be arbitrary constants; $`a_l`$, $`b_l`$ to be arbitrary constants for all $`l`$. Now assume that $`f_l^{12}(t)=f_l^{21}(t)=0`$ and $`b_l=0`$ for all $`l`$ values. So that $`R_l=M_l^{}=L_l=L_l^{}=N_l=F_l^{}=0`$ for all $`l`$. In this case the form of $`B_l(\lambda )`$ turns out to be:

$$B_l(\lambda )=(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{\lambda _l^2}{\lambda _l^2}\left(1\frac{\lambda _l^2\lambda _l^2}{\lambda ^2\lambda _l^2}\right)f_l^{11}(t)e^{im_{1l}(xy)}& \left(1+\frac{\lambda _l^2}{\lambda ^2\lambda _l^2}\right)\left(1\frac{\lambda _l^2}{\lambda _l^2}\right)f_l^{11}(t)e^{im_{1l}(xy)}\theta _{l1}\\ 0& f_l^{22}(t)e^{im_{2l}(xy)}\end{array}),$$

where $`\theta _{l1}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{21}(\lambda _l)}{\mathrm{\Phi }_{l1}^{22}(\lambda _l)}}`$.

To write the formulae for the $`n`$-soliton solution in a compact form, we note that

$$Q_n^{11}Q_{n1}^{11}Q_{n2}^{11}\mathrm{}Q_R^{11}=A_{nR+1}^nF_{nR+1}^n(t)\mathrm{exp}\left\{i\underset{j=1}{\overset{nR+1}{}}m_{1,nj+1}(xy)\right\},$$

where $`A_{nR+1}^n`$, $`F_{nR+1}^n(t)`$ stands for

$$A_{nR+1}=\underset{l=1}{\overset{nR+1}{}}\frac{\lambda _{nl+1}^2}{\lambda _{nl+1}^2},F_{nR+1}^n(t)=\underset{l=1}{\overset{nR+1}{}}f_{nl+1}^{11}(t).$$

Similar expressions can be written for $`Q_n^{ij}`$ and its products. Using these, we at once obtain:

$$\begin{array}{c}q_n=\frac{2\overline{m}_nQ_n^{12}}{G_1^n(t)\mathrm{exp}\{im_{2,n}^{}(xy)\}}+\frac{A_n^nF_n^n(t)\mathrm{exp}\left\{i\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}m_{1,nj+1}(xy)\right\}}{G_n^n(t)\mathrm{exp}\left\{i\underset{j=1}{\overset{n}{}}m_{2,nj+1}(xy)\right\}}\hfill \\ 2\underset{K=1}{\overset{n1}{}}\frac{A_K^nF_K^n(t)\mathrm{exp}\left\{i\underset{j=1}{\overset{K}{}}m_{1(nj+1)}(xy)\right\}}{G_{K+1}^n(t)\mathrm{exp}\left\{i\underset{j=1}{\overset{K+1}{}}m_{2(nj+1)}(xy)\right\}}\overline{m}_{nK}Q_{nK}^{12},\hfill \end{array}$$

where we have set

$$\overline{m}_0=a(m_0n_0),G_K^n(t)=\underset{l=1}{\overset{K}{}}f_{nl+1}^{22}(t),\overline{m}_n^{}=im_{1n}+\overline{m}_0^{},$$

$$\overline{m}_0^{}=b(1/m_01/n_0),F_k^n=\underset{l=1}{\overset{k}{}}f_{nl+1}^{11}(t),T_n=\frac{m_0}{n_0}\left(1\frac{\lambda _n^2}{\lambda _n^2}\right),$$

$$Q_n^{12}=T_nf_n^{11}(t)\mathrm{exp}(im_{1n}x)\mathrm{exp}(\overline{m}_{0x}+\overline{m}_n^{}y+\delta t).$$

Here $`\delta `$ is a complex constant.

Discussions: In the above analysis we have demonstrated how the pole type ansatz of Zakharov et al  can be used to generate a compact formulae for the $`N`$-fold Bäcklund transformation in the case of the Davey-Stewartson equation. The study yields two main results exhibited in equations (8) and (9). While the equation gives a recursive procedure for the determination of the Lax eigenfunction ($`\mathrm{\Phi }_l`$ corresponds to the $`l`$-soliton state) equation (9) and (10) gives the corresponding recursion relation for the nonlinear fields. We have actually checked that for $`n=1`$ one obtains the one soliton solution well known in the literature.