# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The Ulysses mission is exploring the solar system between 1 and 5.4 AU from the Sun over a wide range of ecliptic latitudes (-79 to +79). Ulysses carries a multi-coincidence impact ionization detector, which is nearly identical to the dust detector flown onboard the Galileo spacecraft. Detailed descriptions of the dust instruments onboard both spacecraft have been published by Grün et al. (1992a,b, 1995a). Early results on interplanetary dust obtained from both missions and dust measurements achieved by Ulysses in the environment of Jupiter have been reported (Grün et al. 1992c,d, Grün 1994). Unexpected intermittent streams of dust particles originating from the Jovian system and interstellar particles sweeping through the solar system were discovered by Ulysses (Grün et al. 1993). A detailed analysis of the complete Ulysses dust data set has led to the identification of ”small“ impacts that had been previously considered potential noise events (Baguhl et al. 1993).

Data from the dust instruments onboard both spacecraft – Ulysses and Galileo – have been used in various ways: asteroids and comets have been investigated as dust sources (Riemann and Grün 1992, Hamilton and Burns 1992, Grün et al. 1994a, Mann et al. 1996a); consequences for the zodiacal light and other interplanetary meteoroid measurements have been considered (Mann et al. 1992; Mann and Grün 1993, Mann et al. 1996b, Taylor et al. 1996); a detailed model of interplanetary meteoroid populations in the solar system has been developed (Divine 1993, Divine et al. 1993, Grün and Staubach 1996, Grün et al. 1997); the dust streams originating from the Jovian system have been analysed (Horányi et al. 1993a,b, Hamilton and Burns 1993, Zook et al. 1996) and, finally, the properties of interstellar dust in the heliosphere have been investigated (Grün et al. 1994b, Baguhl et al. 1995a,b, 1996, Landgraf and Grün 1998).

This is the fifth paper in a series dedicated to presenting both raw and reduced data obtained from the dust instruments onboard the Ulysses and Galileo spacecraft. Grün et al. (1995a, hereafter Paper I) describe the reduction process of Ulysses and Galileo dust data. Papers II and III (Grün et al. 1995b,c) present the data sets from the initial three and two years of the Galileo and Ulysses missions, respectively. In the case of Ulysses the time period covered (Paper III) was October 1990 to December 1992. In the current paper we extend the Ulysses data set from January 1993 until December 1995. In a companion paper (Krüger et al. 1998, Paper IV) we publish the Galileo data set for the same time period. The main data products are a table of the impact rate of all impacts determined from the particle accumulators and a table of both raw and reduced data of all dust impacts transmitted to Earth. The information presented in these papers is similar to data which we are submitting to the various data archiving centers (Planetary Data System, NSSDC, Ulysses Data Center etc.). Electronic access to the data is also possible via the world wide web: http://galileo.mpi-hd.mpg.de.

This paper is organised similarly to Paper III. Section 2 gives a brief overview of the Ulysses mission and lists important mission events from 1993 to 1995. A description of the Ulysses dust data set for this period is given in Sect. 3. Sections 4 and 5 analyse and discuss the new data set.

## 2 Mission and instrument operation

Ulysses was launched on 6 October 1990 and was brought onto a direct trajectory towards Jupiter. A swing-by maneuver at Jupiter on 8 February 1992 deflected the spacecraft into an orbit that is inclined by 79 to the ecliptic plane (Fig. 1). In October 1994 Ulysses passed the Sun’s south polar region, then crossed the ecliptic plane again, this time at a perihelion distance of 1.3 AU on 12 March 1995 and flew over the Sun’s north polar region in August 1995. In April 1998 the spacecraft crossed the ecliptic plane at its aphelion at 5.4 AU. Approximate orbital elements for the Ulysses trajectory that include the whole out-of-ecliptic part of its orbit, are given in Paper III.

Ulysses is a spin-stabilized spacecraft with its spin axis pointing towards Earth. In Fig. 2 we show the deviation of the spin axis from the nominal Earth direction for the period 1993 to 1995 considered in this paper. Most of the time the axis pointing was within one degree of the Earth direction. This rather small deviation is negligible for the considerations in this paper. The Ulysses spacecraft and mission are explained in more detail by Wenzel et al. (1992). Details about the data transmission to Earth can also be found in Paper III.

The dust detector onboard Ulysses (GRU) has a 140 wide field of view. The instrument is mounted nearly at right angles (85) to the antenna pointing direction (spacecraft spin axis). Therefore, the sensor is most sensitive to particles approaching from the plane perpendicular to the spacecraft-Earth direction. The rotation angle measures the sensor viewing direction at the time of a dust impact. During one spin revolution the rotation angle scans through a complete circle of 360. The 0 rotation angle is defined to be the direction closest to ecliptic north. At high ecliptic latitudes, however, the sensor pointing at 0 rotation angle significantly deviates from the actual north direction. During the passages over the Sun’s polar regions the sensor always scans through a plane tilted by about $`30^{}`$ from the ecliptic and all rotation angles lie close to the ecliptic plane (cf. Fig. 4 in Grün et al. 1997). A sketch of the viewing geometry can be found in Grün et al. (1993).

Table 1 lists significant mission and dust instrument events from 1993 to 1995. Earlier events are only listed if especially significant. A comprehensive list of events from launch until the end of 1992 is given in Paper III. During the early phases of the mission the in-orbit noise characteristics of the instrument were investigated (Paper III). This led to a relatively noise-free configuration (hereafter called nominal configuration) for the instrument after 10 February 1992: channeltron voltage 1140 V (HV = 3); event definition status such that either the channeltron or the ion-collector channel can, independent of each other, start a measurement cycle (EVD = C, I); detection thresholds for ion-collector, channeltron and electron-channel set to the lowest levels and the detection threshold for the entrance grid set to the first digital step (SSEN = 0, 0, 0, 1). See Paper I for a description of these terms.

The operational configuration of the dust instrument was changed several times during noise tests: starting from the nominal configuration described above, all tests have been performed with the same instrument settings. During noise tests, the following changes of the instrument configuration were applied at one-hour intervals: a) set the event definition status such that the channelton, the ion collector and the electron-channel can initiate a measurement cycle (EVD = C, I, E); b) set the thresholds for all channels to their lowest levels (SSEN = 0, 0, 0, 0); c) reset the event definition status to its nominal configuration (EVD = C, I); d) increase the channeltron high voltage by one digital step (HV = 4); e) reset the channeltron high voltage and the detection thresholds to their nominal settings (HV = 3, SSEN = 0, 0, 0, 1). After step e) the instrument is back in its nominal configuration. No detectable change in the noise behaviour was revealed by the noise tests during the three years from 1993 to 1995.

Spacecraft anomalies occurred five times between 1993 and 1995, and all scientific instruments onboard were switched off automatically for about one day during so-called DNELs (Disconnect all Non-Essential Loads). After each DNEL, the dust instrument was switched on again and was configured to its nominal operational mode.

The dust instrument has two heaters to allow for a relatively stable operating temperature within the sensor. By heating one of the two or both heaters, three different heating power levels can be achieved (400 mW, 800 mW or 1,200 mW). One or both heaters were switched on most of the time, except close to the Sun between 5 February and 12 June 1995 when both were switched off. The heaters remained switched on during the DNELs. Table 1 lists the total heating powers provided by the heaters. The temperature of the dust sensor was between -20$`{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}`$ and +15$`{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{C}`$.

A timing error in the instrument electronics led to wrong spacecraft sector information for about 20% of the events in the data set published earlier (cf. Paper III, indicated by ROT = 999 in Table 4). The error was corrected by a reprogramming of the instrument on 30 April 1993.

After launch of Ulysses the sounder of the URAP instrument (Stone et al. 1992) emerged as a significant and unexpected noise source for the dust sensor. When the sounder was switched on after launch, sounder interference caused about 20% dead time (Paper III). With the sounder now usually being operated at a lower rate of about 2 min at 2 hour intervals the dead time is reduced to about 2%. In a detailed investigation of the noise behavior of the Ulysses dust instrument Baguhl et al. (1993) showed that the noise rate measured during periods of sounder operation was correlated with the distance to, and the position of, the Sun with respect to the sensor-viewing direction: most noise events are triggered when the Sun shines directly into the sensor. On the other hand, when the spacecraft was at large heliocentric distances in 1993, the noise rate was extremely low, even during sounder operation periods.

In Fig. 3 we show the noise rate for the 1993 to 1995 period. The upper panel shows the daily maxima, which are dominated by interference with the sounder. Since the sounder was operated for periods of only 2 min with quiet intervals of about 2 hours, such high noise rates prevailed only during about 2% of the time, with the remaining 98% being free of sounder noise. In 1994 the maxima in the noise rate induced by the sounder began to increase significantly when Ulysses approached the inner solar system. The highest sounder noise rates occurred around perihelion passage in March 1995. From 12 to 22 July 1994 and 24 November to 1 December 1994 the sounder was switched off and the noise level dropped to about 10 events per day. The noise during quiet times when the sounder was switched off is shown in the lower panel of Fig. 3. The average was about 20 events per day which shows that the dust instrument was not affected by dead time caused by random noise events during 98% of the time.

## 3 Impact events

Impact events are classified into four classes and six ion charge amplitude ranges which lead to 24 individual categories. In addition, the instrument has 24 accumulators with one accumulator belonging to one individual category. Class 3, our highest class, are real dust impacts and class 0 are noise events. Depending upon the noise of the charge measurements, classes 1 and 2 can be true dust impacts or noise events. This classification scheme for impact events has been described in Paper I and this scheme is still valid for the Ulysses dust instrument. In contrast to the Galileo dust instrument which had to be reprogrammed because of the low data transmission capabilities of the Galileo spacecraft, no such reprogramming was necessary for Ulysses. Most of the data processing for Ulysses is done on the ground.

Between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 1995 the complete data (sensor orientation, charge amplitudes, charge rise times, etc.) of 72,809 events including 509 dust impacts were transmitted to Earth. Table 2 lists the number of all dust impacts counted with the 24 accumulators of the dust instrument. ‘ACxy’ refers to class number ‘$`x`$’ and amplitude range ‘$`y`$’ (for a detailed description of the accumulator categories see Paper I). As discussed in the previous section, most noise events were recorded during the short time periods when either the sounder of the URAP instrument was operating (cf. Paper III) or the dust instrument was configured to its high sensitive state for noise tests, or both. During these periods many events were only counted by one of the 24 accumulators because their full information was overwritten before the data could be transmitted to Earth (see bottom of Table 2). Since the dust impact rate was low during times surrounding these periods, it is expected that only a few true dust impacts were lost.

Two particles in AC32 and AC33 (day 93-154, 21:01 h and 93-319, 15:31 h), respectively, were detected in a gap of several hours when no data could be transmitted to Earth, and their full information had to be taken from the instrument memory (FN7, cf. Grün et al. 1992a). Before and after these gaps the sounder was operated for about 2 min at 2 hour intervals and we assume that it was operated with the same frequency in the gap. Due to these long quiet intervals between sounder operation it is rather unlikely that the two events occurred when the sounder was active. Even in such a case these are still very likely true dust impacts because the sounder noise usually affects only the lowest ion amplitude range (AR1).

All 509 dust impacts detected between 1993 and 1995 for which the complete information exists are listed in Table 3. Dust particles are identified by their sequence number and their impact time (first two columns). The event category – class (CLN) and amplitude range (AR) – are given in the third and fourth columns. Raw data as transmitted to Earth are shown in the next columns: sector value (SEC) which is the spacecraft spin orientation at the time of impact, impact charge numbers (IA, EA, CA) and rise times (IT, ET), time difference and coincidence of electron and ion signals (EIT, EIC), coincidence of ion and channeltron signal (IIC), charge reading at the entrance grid (PA) and time (PET) between this signal and the impact. Then the instrument configuration is given: event definition (EVD), charge sensing thresholds (ICP, ECP, CCP, PCP) and channeltron high voltage step (HV). Compare Paper I for further explanation of the instrument parameters.

The next four columns in Table 3 give information about Ulysses’ orbit: heliocentric distance (R), ecliptic longitude and latitude (LON, LAT) and distance from Jupiter ($`\mathrm{D}_{\mathrm{Jup}}`$). The next column gives the rotation angle (ROT) as described in Sect. 2. Whenever this value is unknown, ROT is arbitrarily set to 999. This occurs 14 times. Then follows the pointing direction of the dust instrument at the time of particle impact in ecliptic longitude and latitude ($`\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{LON}}`$, $`\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{LAT}}`$). When ROT is not valid $`\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{LON}}`$ and $`\mathrm{S}_{\mathrm{LAT}}`$ are useless and are also set to 999. Mean impact velocity (V) and velocity error factor (VEF, i.e. multiply or divide stated velocity by VEF to obtain upper or lower limits) as well as mean particle mass (M) and mass error factor (MEF) are given in the last columns. For VEF $`>6`$, both velocity and mass values should be discarded. This occurs for 48 impacts. No intrinsic dust charge values are given (see Svestka et al. 1996 for a detailed analysis).

## 4 Analysis

The positive impact charge measured on the ion collector, $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}`$, is the most important impact parameter determined by the dust instrument because of its relative insensitivity to noise. In Fig. 4 we show the distribution of $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}`$ for all dust particles detected between 1993 and 1995. Ion impact charges have been detected over the entire range of six orders of magnitude in impact charge that can be measured by the dust instrument. About 1% of all impacts are close to the saturation limit of $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}10^8\mathrm{C}`$ and may thus constitute lower limits of the actual impact charges. The impact charge distribution is reminiscent of three individual particle populations: small particles with impact charges $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}<10^{13}\mathrm{C}`$ (AR1), intermediate particles with $`10^{13}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}3\times 10^{11}\mathrm{C}`$ (AR2 and AR3) and big particles with $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}>3\times 10^{11}\mathrm{C}`$ (AR4 to AR6). The intermediate particles are mostly of interstellar origin and the big particles are interplanetary particles detected close to the ecliptic plane (Grün et al., 1997, see also Sect. 5). The small particles occur mostly over the Sun’s polar regions and are attributed to a population of interplanetary $`\beta `$-meteoroids at high ecliptic latitudes (Baguhl et al., 1995b, Hamilton et al., 1996).

The ratio of the channeltron charge $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{C}`$ and the ion collector charge $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}`$ is a measure of the channeltron amplification A. The channeltron amplification is an important parameter for dust impact identification (Paper I). In Fig. 5 we show the charge ratio $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}`$ as a function of $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}`$ for the nominal high voltage of 1140 V (HV = 3). The mean amplification determined from particles with $`10^{12}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}10^{11}\mathrm{C}`$ is $`\mathrm{A}2.1`$. This is very close to the value obtained in Paper III for the first two years of the mission ($`\mathrm{A}2.2`$). Therefore, the channeltron does not show any detectable aging during the more than five years of the Ulysses mission.

Figure 6 shows the masses and velocities of all dust particles detected between 1993 and 1995. As in the earlier period (1990 to 1992, Paper III) velocities occur over the entire calibrated range from 2 to 70 km/s. The masses vary over 10 orders of magnitude from $`10^6\mathrm{g}`$ to $`10^{16}\mathrm{g}`$. The mean errors are a factor of 2 for the velocity and a factor of 10 for the mass. The clustering of the velocity values is due to discrete steps in the rise time measurement but this quantization is much smaller than the velocity uncertainty. For many particles in the lowest two amplitude ranges (AR1 and AR2) the velocity had to be computed from the ion charge signal alone which leads to the striping in the lower mass range in Fig. 6 (most prominent above 10 km/s). In the higher amplitude ranges the velocity could normally be calculated from both the target and the ion charge signal, resulting in a more continuous distribution in the mass-velocity plane. Impact velocities below about 3 km/s should be treated with caution because anomalous impacts onto the sensor grids or structures other than the target generally lead to prolonged rise times and hence to unnaturally low impact velocities.

## 5 Discussion

Most of the time from January 1993 to December 1995 Ulysses was at high ecliptic latitudes far away from the ecliptic plane. The dust impact rate detected by the Ulysses dust sensor in this period is displayed in Fig. 7. The highest overall impact rate was detected around the ecliptic plane crossing which occurred on 12 March 1995 (at 1.3 AU from the Sun). The maximum impact rate of particles in the three highest ion amplitude ranges (AR4 to AR6) coincides with the highest overall impact rate (upper panel of Fig. 7). These impacts are attributed to interplanetary particles on low inclination orbits (Grün et al. 1997). These are the impacts with $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}>10^{10}\mathrm{C}`$ shown in Fig. 4. The impact rate of particles in the lowest amplitude range (AR1) increased gradually since mid 1993, reached its maximum at the ecliptic plane crossing in March 1995 and decreased later. Although the impact rate reached its maximum during a short time around the ecliptic plane crossing, the majority of these small particles has been detected during the much longer time interval when Ulysses was at high ecliptic latitudes. They are attributed to a population of small interplanetary particles on escape trajectories from the solar system (Baguhl et al. 1995, Hamilton et al. 1996).

The impact rate of particles in the intermediate ion amplitude ranges AR2 and AR3 was relatively constant during the 1993 to 1995 period. It dominated the overall impact rate until early 1994, i.e. outside about 3.5 AU from the Sun. Impacts in these ion amplitude ranges are mostly due to interstellar particles (see also Fig. 8 and Grün et al. 1993, Baguhl et al. 1995). Figure 7 also shows the expected impact rate of interstellar particles assuming that they approach from the direction of interstellar helium (Witte et al. 1996) and that they move on straight trajectories with a relative velocity of $`26\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ through the solar system. This assumption means dynamically that radiation pressure cancels gravity for these particles ($`\beta =1`$) and that their Larmor radii are large compared with the dimension of the solar system. Both assumptions are reasonable for particles with masses between $`10^{13}\mathrm{g}`$ and $`10^{12}\mathrm{g}`$ which is the dominant size range measured for interstellar particles (e. g. Grün et al. 1997). The dust particle flux is independent of heliocentric distance in this simple model, which gives relatively good agreement with the observed impact rate. The variation predicted by the model is caused by changes in the instrument’s viewing direction with respect to the approach direction of the particles and changes in the relative velocity between the spacecraft and the particles. After the ecliptic plane crossing the rate of interstellar particles expected from the model is significantly higher than the one observed. A detailed dynamical model (Landgraf 1998) for the motion of interstellar particles in the interplanetary magnetic field gives better agreement with the observed impact rate, especially after 1996.

The sensor orientation at the time of a particle impact (rotation angle) is shown in Fig. 8. The detector’s sensitive area for particles approaching from the interstellar direction is superimposed. The bigger particles (squares, impact charge $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}8\times 10^{14}\mathrm{C}`$) are clearly concentrated towards the interstellar direction. They have been detected with a relatively constant rate during the whole three-year period (Fig. 7). Only a few small particles (crosses, impact charges $`\mathrm{Q}_\mathrm{I}8\times 10^{14}\mathrm{C}`$) have been detected and they cluster above the Sun’s polar regions. The particles with the highest ion amplitude ranges (AR4 to AR6) are not distinguished in this diagram because they cannot be separated from interstellar particles by directional arguments. They have to be distinguished by other means (e. g. mass and velocity). Furthermore, their total number is so small that they constitute only a small ’contamination’ of the interstellar particles in Fig. 8. In the ecliptic plane at 1.3 AU, however, interplanetary particle flux dominates over interstellar flux by a factor of about 3 (in number).

Streams of tiny dust particles originating from the Jovian system have been first detected with Ulysses and later with Galileo out to 2 AU from Jupiter (Grün et al., 1993, 1996). During the time period from 1993 to 1995 considered here, Ulysses was more than 2.5 AU away from Jupiter which makes a significant contribution of Jovian dust stream particles in the present data set very unlikely. Analysis of the particles’ trajectories and their interaction with the interplanetary magnetic field (Zook et al., 1996) showed that the velocities are about 300 km/s and the particles are about 10 nm in size. These values are far beyond the calibrated range of the dust sensors given above and, in principle, one cannot exclude that the data set presented in this paper contains at least a fraction of particles for which the masses and velocities inferred from our calibration are wrong. Recent analyses of the interplanetary (Grün and Staubach, 1997) and interstellar populations (Landgraf, 1998), however, are consistent with the calibrated velocities and masses of the particles in the new 1993 to 1995 data set. Given the present knowledge about the particles’ dynamics, the velocities and masses stated in Papers II and III for the stream particles are not correct. Future investigations will address possible contributions of particles beyond the calibrated range of the dust instruments in the complete Ulysses and Galileo data sets, not only close to Jupiter where the dust streams have been detected.

Acknowledgments. This work has been supported by the Deutsche Agentur für Raumfahrtangelegenheiten (DARA).

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Mann, I., Grün, E., Wilk, M., The contribution of asteroid dust to the interplanetary dust cloud: The impact of Ulysses results on the understanding of dust production in the asteroid belt and the formation of the IRAS dust bands. Icarus 120, 399-407, 1996a

Mann, I., Wilk, M., Grün, E., Analysis of Ulysses dust measurements within the asteroid belt. In: Physics, Chemistry and Dynamics of Interplanetary Dust, ASP Conference Series, Vol. 104, (edited by B. A. Gustafson and M. S. Hanner), page 19-22, 1996b

Riemann, R. and Grün, E., Meteor streams, asteroids and comets near the orbits of Galileo and Ulysses. In: Proceeding of the workshop on Hypervelocity Impacts in Space, (edited by J.A.M. McDonnell), University of Kent at Canterbury, 120-125, 1992

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Svestka, J., Auer, S., Baguhl, M. and Grün, E., Measurements of dust electric charges by the Ulysses and Galileo dust detectors. In: Physics, Chemistry and Dynamics of Interplanetary Dust, ASP Conference Series, Vol. 104, (edited by B. A. Gustafson and M. S. Hanner), page 31-34, 1996

Taylor, A. D., McDonnell, J. A. M. and Grün, E., Taurid complex meteoroids detected near aphelion with Ulysses. Adv. Space Res. 17, No. 12, (12)171-(12)175, 1996

Wenzel, K.P., Marsden, R.G., Page, D.E. and Smith, E.J., The Ulysses mission. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 92, 207-219, 1992

Witte, M., Banaszkiewicz, H. and Rosenbauer, H., Recent results on the parameters of interstellar helium from the Ulysses/GAS experiment, Space Sci. Rev. 78, No. 1/2, 289-296, 1996

Zook, H. A., Grün, E., Baguhl, M., Hamilton, D. P., Linkert, G., Liou, J.-C., Forsyth, R. and Phillips, J. L., Solar wind magnetic field bending of jovian dust trajectories, Science 274, 1501-1503, 1996.