# DPNU-99-23KFKI-1999-03/A Back-to-Back Correlations for Bosons Modified by Medium This research was partly supported by the US - Hungarian Joint Fund, the Hungarian OTKA grant T024094, an OTKA - NWO grant, the U.S. Department of Energy contracts No. DE-FG02-93ER40764, DE-FG-02-92-ER40699 and DE-AC02-76CH00016 and the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research No. 10740112 of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture.

## 1 INTRODUCTION

In this paper we consider the effect of possible mass shifts in the dense medium on two boson correlations in general. Thus far medium modifications of hadron masses have been mainly considered in terms of effects on such observables as dilepton yields and spectra. Hadron mass shifts are caused by interactions in a dense medium and therefore vanish on the freeze-out surface. Thus, a naive first expectation is that in medium hadron modifications may have little or no effect on two boson correlations, and so the usual Hanbury-Brown Twiss (HBT) effect  has been expected to be only concerned with the geometry and matter flow gradients on the freeze-out surface. However, in this paper we show that an interesting quantum mechanical correlation is induced due to the fact that medium modified bosons can be represented in terms of two-mode squeezed states of the asymptotic bosons, which are observables.

In this paper we assume the validity of relativistic hydrodynamics up to freeze-out. The local temperature $`T(x)`$ and chemical potential $`\mu (x)`$ are given. In relativistic heavy ion collisions at CERN SPS, it has been observed that the one particle spectra , simultaneously with the two particle correlation function, can be described by (local) thermal distributions fairly precisely . We assume that the sudden approximation is a valid abstraction in describing the freeze-out process in relativistic heavy ion collisions quantum mechanically and that there exists an abrupt freeze-out surface, $`\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mu (x)`$.

Let us consider the following model Hamiltonian for a scalar field $`\varphi (𝐱)`$ in the rest frame of matter,

$$H=H_0\frac{1}{2}𝑑𝐱𝑑𝐲\varphi (𝐱)\delta M^2(𝐱𝐲)\varphi (𝐲),H_0=\frac{1}{2}𝑑𝐱\left(\dot{\varphi }^2+|\varphi |^2+m_0^2\varphi ^2\right),$$
(1)   
where $`H_0`$ is the asymptotic Hamiltonian. The field $`\varphi (𝐱)`$ in $`H`$ corresponds to quasi - particles that propagate with a momentum-dependent effective mass, which is related to the vacuum mass, $`m_0`$, via $`m_{}^2(|𝐤|)=m_0^2\delta M^2(|𝐤|)`$. The mass-shift is assumed to be limited to long wavelength collective modes.

The invariant single-particle and two-particle momentum distributions are given by

$`N_1(𝐤_1)`$ $`=`$ $`\omega _{𝐤_1}{\displaystyle \frac{d^3N}{d𝐤_1}}=\omega _{𝐤_1}a_{𝐤_1}^{}a_{𝐤_1}^{},`$ (2)   
$`N_2(𝐤_1,𝐤_2)`$ $`=`$ $`\omega _{𝐤_1}\omega _{𝐤_2}a_{𝐤_1}^{}a_{𝐤_2}^{}a_{𝐤_2}^{}a_{𝐤_1}^{}`$ (3)   
$`=`$ $`\omega _{𝐤_1}\omega _{𝐤_2}(a_{𝐤_1}^{}a_{𝐤_1}^{}a_{𝐤_2}^{}a_{𝐤_2}^{}+a_{𝐤_1}^{}a_{𝐤_2}^{}a_{𝐤_2}^{}a_{𝐤_1}^{}+a_{𝐤_1}^{}a_{𝐤_2}^{}a_{𝐤_2}^{}a_{𝐤_1}^{}),`$   
where $`a_𝐤`$ is the annihilation operator for the asymptotic quantum with four-momentum $`k^\mu =(\omega _𝐤,𝐤)`$, $`\omega _𝐤^2=m_0^2+𝐤^2`$ and the expectation value of an operator $`\widehat{O}`$ is given by the density matrix $`\widehat{\rho }`$ as $`\widehat{O}=\mathrm{Tr}\widehat{\rho }\widehat{O}`$.

We introduce the chaotic and squeezed amplitudes, defined, respectively, as

$$G_c(1,2)=\sqrt{\omega _{𝐤_1}\omega _{𝐤_2}}a_{𝐤_1}^{}a_{𝐤_2}^{},G_s(1,2)=\sqrt{\omega _{𝐤_1}\omega _{𝐤_2}}a_{𝐤_1}^{}a_{𝐤_2}^{}.$$
(4)   
In most situations, the chaotic amplitude, $`G_c(1,2)G(1,2)`$ is dominant, and carries the Bose-Einstein correlations, while the squeezed amplitude, $`G_s(1,2)`$ vanishes:

$$C_2(𝐤_1,𝐤_2)=\frac{N_2(𝐤_1,𝐤_2)}{N_1(𝐤_1)N_1(𝐤_2)}=1+\frac{|G(1,2)|^2}{G(1,1)G(2,2)}.$$
(5)   
The exact value of the intercept, $`C_2(𝐤,𝐤)=2`$, is a characteristic signature of a chaotic Bose gas without dynamical 2-body correlations.

## 2 RESULTS FOR A HOMOGENEOUS SYSTEM

The terms neglected in (5) involving $`G_s(1,2)`$ become non-negligible when $`\delta M^2(|𝐤|)0`$. Given such a mass shift, the dispersion relation is modified to $`\mathrm{\Omega }_𝐤^2=\omega _𝐤^2\delta M^2(|𝐤|)`$, where $`\mathrm{\Omega }_𝐤`$ is the frequency of the in-medium mode with momentum $`𝐤`$. The annihilation operator for the in-medium quasi-particle with momentum $`𝐤`$, $`b_𝐤`$, and that of the asymptotic field, $`a_𝐤`$, are related by a Bogoliubov transformation :

$$a_{𝐤_1}^{}=U^{}b_{𝐤_1}^{}U=c_{𝐤_1}^{}b_{𝐤_1}^{}+s_{𝐤_1}^{}b_{𝐤_1}^{}C_1^{}+S_1^{},$$
(6)   
where $`c_𝐤=\mathrm{cosh}[r_𝐤]`$, $`s_𝐤=\mathrm{sinh}[r_𝐤]`$, and $`r_𝐤=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{log}(\omega _𝐤/\mathrm{\Omega }_𝐤)`$. As is well-known, the Bogoliubov transformation is equivalent to a squeezing operation, and so we call $`r_𝐤`$ the mode dependent squeezing parameter. While it is the $`a`$-quanta that are observed, it is the $`b`$-quanta that are thermalized in medium. Thus, we consider the thermal average for a globally thermalized gas of the $`b`$-quanta, that is homogeneous in volume $`V`$:

$$\widehat{\rho }=\frac{1}{Z}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{T}\frac{V}{(2\pi )^3}𝑑𝐤\mathrm{\Omega }_𝐤b_𝐤^{}b_𝐤^{}\right).$$
(7)   
When this thermal average is applied,

$`N_1(𝐤)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{V}{(2\pi )^3}}\omega _𝐤n_1(𝐤),n_1(𝐤)=|c_𝐤^{}|^2n_𝐤^{}+|s_𝐤|^2(n_𝐤+1),n_𝐤={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{\Omega }_𝐤/T)1}},`$   
$`G_c(1,2)`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{\omega _{𝐤_1}\omega _{𝐤_2}}\left[C_1^{}C_2^{}+S_1^{}S_2^{}\right],G_s(1,2)=\sqrt{\omega _{𝐤_1}\omega _{𝐤_2}}[S_1^{}C_2^{}+C_1^{}S_2^{}].`$ (8)   
In the homogeneous case, the resulting two particle correlation function is unity except for the parallel and anti-parallel cases. The dynamical correlation due to the two mode squeezing associated with mass shifts is therefore back-to-back as first pointed out in . The HBT correlation intercept remains 2 for identical momenta. Evaluating $`C_2(𝐤,𝐤)`$ for $`T140`$ MeV, $`|𝐤|=0`$ – 500 MeV for $`\varphi `$ mesons, as a function of $`m_\varphi ^{}`$, one finds back-to-back correlations (BBC) as big as 100 – 1000 for reasonable values of $`m_\varphi ^{}`$. Note, that these novel BBC-s are not bounded from above, $`1<C_2(𝐤,𝐤)<\mathrm{}`$. With increasing values of $`|𝐤|`$ these BBC-s increase indefinitely. The huge BBC of decaying medium is, however, reduced if the decay of the medium is not completely sudden. To describe a more gradual freeze-out, the probability distribution $`F(t_i)`$ of the decay times $`t_i`$ is introduced. The time evolution of $`a_𝐤(t)`$ is $`a_𝐤(t)=a_𝐤(t_i)\mathrm{exp}[i\omega _𝐤(tt_i)]`$, which leads to

$$C_2(𝐤,𝐤)=1+\frac{|c_𝐤^{}s_𝐤^{}n_𝐤^{}+c_𝐤^{}s_𝐤^{}(n_𝐤^{}+1)|^2}{n_1(𝐤)n_1(𝐤)}\left|𝑑tF(t)\mathrm{exp}\left[i(\omega _𝐤+\omega _𝐤)t\right]\right|^2.$$
(9)   
For a typical exponential decay, $`F(t)=\theta (tt_0)\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{exp}[\mathrm{\Gamma }(tt_0)]`$ with $`\delta t=\mathrm{}/\mathrm{\Gamma }=2`$ fm/c, we show the BBC for the $`\varphi `$ mesons in Fig. 1, which shows that the BBC survives the suppression with a strength as large as 2-3.

## 3 RESULTS FOR INHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS

Following Ref., we divide the inhomogeneous fluid into cells labeled $`i`$. In each cell, it is assumed that the field can be expanded with creation and annihilation operators, and that $`H_i`$ is diagonalized by a local Bogoliubov transformation, that implies

$`G_c(1,2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}}{\displaystyle d^4\sigma _\mu (x)K_{12}^\mu e^{iq_{12}x}\left[|c_{1,2}|^2n_{1,2}+|s_{1,2}|^2(n_{1,2}+1)\right]},`$ (10)   
$`G_s(1,2)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}}{\displaystyle d^4\sigma _\mu (x)K_{12}^\mu e^{i2K_{12}x}\left[s_{1,2}^{}c_{2,1}n_{1,2}+c_{1,2}s_{2,1}^{}(n_{1,2}+1)\right]}.`$ (11)   
Here $`d^4\sigma ^\mu (x)=d^3\mathrm{\Sigma }^\mu (x;\tau _f)F(\tau _f)d\tau _f`$ is the product of the normal-oriented volume element depending parametrically on $`\tau _f`$ (the freeze-out hypersurface parameter) and the invariant distribution of that parameter $`F(\tau _f)`$. The other variables are defined as follows:

$`n_{i,j}(x)`$ $`=`$ $`1/\left[\mathrm{exp}[(K_{i,j}^\mu (x)u_\mu (x)\mu (x))/T(x)]1\right],`$ (12)   
$`r(i,j,x)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{log}\left[(K_{i,j}^\mu (x)u_\mu (x))/(K_{i,j}^\mu (x)u_\mu (x))\right],`$ (13)   
$`c_{i,j}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{cosh}[r(i,j,x)],s_{i,j}=\mathrm{sinh}[r(i,j,x)],`$ (14)   
where $`i,j=\pm 1,\pm 2`$ and the mean and the relative momenta for the $`a`$($`b`$)-quanta are defined as $`K_{i,j}^{()\mu }(x)=[k_i^{()\mu }(x)+k_j^{()\mu }(x)]/2`$ and $`q_{i,j}^\mu =k_i^\mu k_j^\mu ,`$ respectively. The local hydrodynamical flow field is denoted by $`u^\mu (x)`$. See ref.  for further details. The correlation function in the presence of local squeezing is given by

$$C_2(𝐤_1,𝐤_2)=1+\frac{|G_c(1,2)|^2}{G_c(1,1)G_c(2,2)}+\frac{|G_s(1,2)|^2}{G_c(1,1)G_c(2,2)}.$$
(15)   
As the Bogoliubov transformation always mixes particles with anti-particles, the above expression holds only for the case where particles are equivalent to their anti-particles, e.g. the $`\varphi `$ meson and $`\pi ^0`$. However, the extension to the case where particles and their anti-particles are different is straightforward; correlations between particles and anti-particles such as $`\pi ^+`$ and $`\pi ^{}`$, $`K^+`$ and $`K^{}`$, and so forth, appear . Fig. 2 illustrates the novel character of BBC for two identical bosons caused by medium mass-modifications, along with the familiar Bose-Einstein or HBT correlations on the diagonal of the $`(𝐤_1,𝐤_2)`$ plane.

## 4 SUMMARY

The theory of particle correlations and spectra for bosons with in-medium mass-shifts predicts the existence of back-to-back correlations of $`\varphi \varphi `$, $`K^+K^{}`$, $`\pi ^0\pi ^0`$ and $`\pi ^+\pi ^{}`$ pairs that could be searched for at CERN SPS and upcoming RHIC BNL heavy ion experiments . Surprisingly, such novel back-to-back correlations could be as large as the well-known HBT correlations, surviving large finite time suppression factors.