# 1 The relation between millimeter wavelenth emissions and high-energy emissions. Arrows in Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) denote the upper limits of fluxes.

Relation between millimeter wavelengths emission and high-energy emission for active galactic nuclei 

L. H. Huang, D. R. Jiang, Xinwu Cao   
Shanghai Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road,   
Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China

to appear in Chinese Physics Letters

Abstract

After comparing the flux densities of a sample of active galactic nuclei detected by energetic gamma-ray experiment telescope at 90 and 230 GHz with the $`\gamma `$-ray emissions detected by Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and x-ray emission, a strong correlation between the emissions at the millimeter wavelength and the $`\gamma `$-ray emission is found. The average flux density of x-ray is almost proportional to the average flux density at the millimeter wavelength for quasars detected by energetic gamma-ray experiment telescope, which strongly supports the previous idea that the x-ray emissions of this kind sources are mainly produced by Synchrotron Self-Compton process.

PACS: 98.54, Aj

The identification of more than fifty EGRET (energeric gamma ray experiment telescope)sources with radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs) has drawn the attention of astronomical community to these very interesting extragalactic objects <sup>1</sup>. Nearly all of these AGNs are characterized by one or more of the following emission features: flat spectrum, core-dominated, superluminal radio emission, rapid optical and $`\gamma `$-ray variability, and high optical polarization. These properties are believed to be heavily influenced by the relativistic beaming in a narrow jet with near light speed velocities directed at a small angle to the line of sight. Many models have been proposed to explain the origin of high energy emission, including the two basic models: synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model and external Compton model, where seed photons might come from accretion disc, broad line region or the dusty torus. Comparisons with 22 and 37 GHz radio monitoring data indicated that many of EGRET sources were in an enhanced radio state at the time of $`\gamma `$-ray detection <sup>2</sup> In this paper, we will concentrate on a sample of EGRET sources detected so far (Table 1). The flux densities at 90 and 230 GHz come mainly from Tornikoski et al <sup>3</sup>, Steppe et al <sup>4</sup> and Reuter et al <sup>5</sup>, where a large number of observations at millimeter wavelengths are available. The $`\gamma `$-ray data come mainly from Mukherjee et al <sup>1</sup>, where all EGRET observations from phase 1 to phase 4 are available. So, we do not list them in Table 1. The average flux densities over all observations at 90 and 230 GHz are listed in Table 1. The x-ray data and their references are also listed in Table 1. The spectral index at millimeter wavelengths is referred to Bloom et al <sup>6</sup> and Gear et al <sup>7</sup>. We K-correct the observed fluxes according to:

$$F(\nu )=F_{obs}(\nu )(1+z)^{\alpha 1}$$
(1)   
where $`\alpha `$ is the spectral index at the frequency $`\nu `$\[$`F(\nu )\nu ^\alpha `$\]. We use $`\alpha `$=1 in the x-ray band and $`\alpha `$=0.5 in the millimeter waveband when the spectral index is not available. In Fig. 1(a), we plot the average 90 GHz flux against the high state of $`\gamma `$-ray emission for 29 EGRET AGNs for which there were 90 GHz data within 0.2 yr of the $`\gamma `$-ray observation. Figure 2(b) corresponds to the case of 230 GHz. Table 2 lists the correlation results using linear regression analysis. A strong correlation between the $`\gamma `$-ray emission and the emission at millimeter wavelength is revealed. This is consistent with that the high levels of $`\gamma `$-ray emission are associated with the millimeter flares, which has been found in several famous sources such as 3C279 <sup>1</sup><sup>5</sup> , 0528+134 <sup>1</sup><sup>6</sup>, 1730-130 <sup>1</sup><sup>7</sup> and in most of the sources of our sample. Figure 1(a) shows that two sources (1156+295, 3C273)deviate from the correlation a lot. The 1156+295 was observed to reach a historical maximun in early 1993 but there were few millimeter observations during the time, the highest flux at 90 GHz might not be recorded. The strongest radio source 3C273 might have its $`\gamma `$-ray emission concentrated on MeV, which results in a low $`\gamma `$-ray flux detected by EGRET. Figures 1(c) and 1(d) show the average 90 GHz flux density versus the x-ray flux density and the average 230 GHz flux density versus the x-ray flux density, respectively. The flux densities are averaged over all observations since it is difficult to find the quasi-simultaneous observations. For EGRET QSOs, a strong correlation is derived between the average x-ray flux and millimeter wavelength flux. The relation between the fluxes at 90 GHz , 230 GHz and the flux of x-ray is also listed in the Table 2. For 3C273, a correlated variability between the x-ray emission and the emission at millimeter wavelength was obtained by McHardy et al <sup>1</sup><sup>8</sup> , and similar result was recently reported by Wehrle et al for 3C279. All these observations are consistent with our statistical result. When BL Lacs are included, the correlations become worse. This implies that the x-ray emission could not be attributed to SSC for BL Lac objects. This can also be shown by the difference between the spectral index of BL Lacs and that of flat radio spectrum quasars (FRSQs): $`<\alpha _x>=1.43\pm 0.21`$ for BL Lacs and $`<\alpha _x>=0.67\pm 0.13`$ for EGRET FRSQs <sup>9</sup>. The average spectral index at millimeter-submillimeter wavelength is 0.75 for all FRSQs and about 0.6 for EGRET FRSQs <sup>6</sup>, which approximates the average spectral index of x-ray for FRSQs. While for BL Lacs, the average spectral index at millimeter-submillimeter wavelength is small <sup>6</sup>. The approximate spectral index and the strong correlation between the emission at the millimeter wavelength and the emission of x-ray support the view that the x-ray is mainly produced via SSC process for EGRET QSOs. Seed photons that are scattered to x-ray regime probably originate in the millimeter region. For a large sample, Bloom & Marscher <sup>1</sup><sup>9</sup> did not find a correlation between x-ray flux and VLBI core flux at 10.7 GHz. The VLBI core is optically thick and the dependence of the VLBI core flux on the Doppler factor $`\delta `$ is different from that of the x-ray emission. In contrast, the emission at millimeter wavelengths is optically thin and has the same dependence on the Doppler factor $`\delta `$ as the x-ray emission, so, it is not difficult to understand a correlation between the emissions at millimeter wavelengths and the x-ray emissions, which might be attributed to SSC. It should also be noted that the emissions at millimeter wavelengths come from a more compact region at lower radio frequency band, so, the correlation between the $`\gamma `$-ray emission and millimeter wavelength emission is consistent with the result of Zhou et al <sup>2</sup><sup>0</sup>, who found a strong correlation between the $`\gamma `$-ray emission and the VLBI core flux at radio frequency. Since the millimeter wavelength emissions are scattered to x-ray regime, the strong correlation between the $`\gamma `$-ray emission and the emission at millimeter wavelength suggests that the same electrons are responsible for both the $`\gamma `$-ray emission and the millimeter wavelength emission. We should also expect a correlation between the $`\gamma `$-ray emission and the x-ray emission. Unfortunately, there are very little corresponding x-ray observations during the Compton gamma-ray observatory detection for most of the sources in our sample. A strong correlation might appear when the data in both waveband are obtained almost simultaneously. This is exactly the case of 3C279 <sup>1</sup><sup>5</sup>, where a dramatic x-ray flare is observed to occur almost simultanously with $`\gamma `$-ray flare, suggesting a correlation. The best way to establish the connection between the emission in high energy band ($`\gamma `$-ray and x-ray) and that in lower frequencies is through a series of simultaneous multi-waveband monitoring with high temporal resolution.

We thank the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 19703002 and Pandeng Plan.

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