# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The existence of N=1 supersymmetry in the standard model was confirmed by the indirect experimental data . That is why the dynamics of supersymmetric theories should be thoroughly investigated, especially beyond the frames of the perturbation theory. This case, being the most complicated, is of the most interest, because nonperturbative effects seem to produce the quark confinement.

Recently there is a considerable progress in understanding of the nonperturbative dynamics, caused by . In this paper the sum of instanton corrections was found explicitly for the simplest N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with $`SU(2)`$ gauge group. However, this model is very far from the realistic ones, the investigation of N=1 supersymmetric models being much more interesting.

N=1 supersymmetric theories were considered first in . In this paper the effective potential was found from the exact conservation of R-symmetry current beyond the perturbation theory. This approach was developed in , where it was proposed to use composite fields for the description of the theory for $`N_fN_c`$.

However, the corresponding superpotential does not agree with instanton calculations and does not reproduce quantum anomalies. These problems can be solved by introducing a new composite field – gluino condensate. At the perturbative level anomalies are reproduced by the Veneziano-Yankielowitch effective Lagrangian . However, it is not applicable beyond the frames of the perturbative theory. At the nonperturbative level it is possible to use the relation between perturbative and exact anomalies, which allows to construct a superpotential, that is in agreement with the transformation law of the collective coordinate measure and reproduces quantum anomalies . For $`N_cN_f`$ it is possible to integrate the gluino condensate out of it and obtain Seiberg’s exact results, but for $`N_c>N_f`$ it is not so .

However, in the present paper we argue, that the method, based on using of composite fields, suffers from some problems and propose a new approach. As a consequence we find a new form of the effective superpotential.

The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 we briefly remind some results, obtained in the frames of the approach, proposed by Seiberg – Affleck-Dine-Seberg superpotential (section 2.1) and nonperturbative generalization of Veneziano-Yankielowitch effective Lagrangian (section 2.2). Here we discuss main shortcomings of these expressions and make a conclusion, that a new approach is needed. This new approach is formulated in Section 3. In this section we also construct our main result – exact effective action for the massive N=1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with $`SU(N_c)`$ gauge group and $`N_f`$ matter supermultiplets. The results are briefly discussed in the Conclusion. In the Appendix we derive the expression for the superpotential and prove its uniqueness.

## 2 Exact superpotential – usual approach

### 2.1 Affleck-Dine-Seiberg superpotential

The first attempt to construct the exact superpotential for $`N=1`$ supersymmetric theories was made in .

It is well known, that in this case there is a special chiral symmetry (so called R-symmetry), which is not destroyed by the perturbative quantum corrections. Assuming, that the correspondent current is also conserved beyond the frames of the perturbation theory, Affleck, Dine and Seiberg constructed the following superpotential, depending only on scalar fields and reproducing zero anomaly of R-symmetry:

$$L_a=d^2\theta \mathrm{\Lambda }^{\frac{3N_cN_f}{N_cN_f}}\varphi ^{\frac{2N_f}{N_cN_f}}$$
(1)   
(Here $`L_a`$ denotes the holomorphic part of the effective Lagrangian.)

However, this superpotential can not be generated by instantons, because for the N=1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with $`SU(N_c)`$ gauge group and $`N_f`$ matter supermultiplets the instanton corrections should be proportional to

$$L_a\mathrm{\Lambda }^{(3N_cN_f)n}$$
(2)   
where $`n`$ is the module of a topological number.

Moreover, (1) does not reproduce anomalies (except for R-symmetry) according to the equation

$$_\mu J_{(\alpha )}^\mu =\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{\alpha }$$
(3)   
because it does not contain gauge degrees of freedom.

The development of the ADS-approach was given in . The dynamics was argued to depend crucially on the numbers of colors and flavors. For example, for $`N_f>N_c`$ it was proposed to use gauge invariant variables, parametrizing the moduli space, as new quantum fields, while for $`N_f<N_c`$ the effective action depends on the original fields. For $`N_f=N_c`$ instanton corrections to a special classical constrain lead to the necessity of introducing Lagrange multiplier to the effective action.

However, the problems mentioned above were not solved. Moreover, these results do not explain the phenomenon of confinement.

### 2.2 Nonperturbative generalization of Veneziano-Yankielowitch effective Lagrangian

The development of this approach in  allowed to construct a superpotential, agreeing with the transformation law of the collective coordinate measure and reproducing anomalies of chiral symmetries. The matter is that constructing exact superpotential it is impossible to omit gauge degrees of freedom. In the frames of the above approach it is a gluino condensate $`S=W_a^2`$.

Taking this dependence into account it is possible to find the following expression for the superpotential 

$$L_a=\frac{1}{16\pi }\text{Im}d^2\theta S\tau (z^{1/4})$$
(4)   
Here $`\tau (a)`$ coincides with the correspondent function in the Seiberg-Witten solution, defined by

$$\tau (a)=\frac{da_D(u)}{da}|_{u=u\left(a\right)}$$
(5)   
where

$$a(u)=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\pi }\underset{1}{\overset{1}{}}𝑑x\frac{\sqrt{xu}}{\sqrt{x^21}};a_D(u)=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\pi }\underset{1}{\overset{u}{}}𝑑x\frac{\sqrt{xu}}{\sqrt{x^21}}.$$
(6)   
In the frames of the approach, proposed by Seiberg, the parameter $`z`$ is a function of ”mesons”, ”barions” and gluino condensate $`S`$. The exact expression, found in , has the following form:

$`z={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3N_cN_f}}{\text{det}MS^{N_cN_f}}},N_c>N_f`$   
$`z={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3N_cN_f}S^{N_fN_c}}{\text{det}M(\stackrel{~}{B}^{A_1A_2\mathrm{}A_{N_fN_c}}M_{A_1}{}_{}{}^{B_1}\mathrm{}M_{A_{N_fN_c}}{}_{}{}^{B_{N_fN_c}}B_{B_1B_2\mathrm{}B_{N_fN_c}}^{})}},`$   
$`N_cN_f`$ (7)   
Taking the asymptotic of the exact solution

$$\tau (a)\frac{2i}{\pi }\mathrm{ln}a,a\mathrm{}(z0)$$
(8)   
we obtain, that at the perturbative level (4) coincides with the Veneziano-Yankielowitch effective Lagrangian.

Therefore, (4) can be considered as a synthesis of Seiberg’s exact results and Veneziano-Yankielowitch effective Lagrangian.

In addition we should point out, that the gluino condensate $`S`$ is a natural Lagrange multiplier if $`N_f=N_c`$ and, moreover, (4) allows to treat theories with N=2 and N=1 supersymmetry in a similar way.

However, (4) (with the parameter $`z`$ given by (2.2)) suffers from some problems. For example, it seems, that a theory can not be described by gauge invariant composite fields in principle. Really, note, that in the frames of the above approach the gluino condensate should be considered as a new scalar quantum field, because otherwise some operations with $`S`$ become senseless. For example, if $`S=W_a^2`$ it is impossible to take $`\mathrm{ln}S`$, because the lowest component of this superfield contains anticommuting spinors. Moreover, all sufficiently large powers of $`S`$ are simply equal to 0 due to the same reason. Therefore, $`S`$ is a new scalar field which should be integrated out on shell . If it is possible, formally we should obtain Seiberg’s exact results. Nevertheless, it is impossible for $`N_c>N_f`$, because in this case the equation

$$\frac{w}{S}=0$$
(9)   
has no solutions . For $`N_cN_f`$ there are solutions, but, as we mentioned above, integrating the gluino condensate out of the effective action seems to be impossible in principle. By other words, the Yang-Mills theory should be formulated in terms of the gauge field $`A_\mu ^a`$, but not in terms of gauge invariant $`F_{\mu \nu }^2`$, and, therefore, $`S`$, $`M_A^B`$ and so on can not be considered as quantum fields.

## 3 Another approach to construct exact superpotential

Taking into account the arguments, given in the previous section, it is necessary to propose another approach for constructing an exact superpotential. An exact result should satisfy the following evident conditions:

1. It should depend on the original fields of the theory.

2. It should agree with dynamical (perturbative and instanton) calculations (This requirement is much more restrictive, than the agreement with the transformation law of the collective coordinate measure).

The purpose of the present paper is to construct an expression for the effective superpotential, satisfying these requirements.

First, let us find its general structure. Note, that there is a relation between perturbative and instanton contributions . For example, the renorminvariance of instanton corrections allows to construct exact $`\beta `$-functions of supersymmetric theories.

Let us express this relation mathematically. Chose a scale $`M`$ and denote the value of the coupling constant at this scale by $`e`$. Then the perturbative result is proportional to $`1/4e^2`$, while the instanton contributions are proportional to $`\mathrm{exp}(8\pi ^2n/e^2)`$, where $`n`$ is the module of a topological number. (Perturbative and (each of) instanton contributions are renorminvariant separately.)

The holomorphic part of the perturbative effective action can be written as

$$L_a=\frac{1}{16\pi }\text{Im}\text{tr}d^2\theta W^2\left(\frac{4\pi i}{e_{eff}^2}+\frac{\vartheta _{eff}}{2\pi }\right)$$
(10)   
where $`e_{eff}`$ and $`\vartheta _{eff}`$ are renorminvariant functions of fields, the effective perturbative coupling and $`\vartheta `$-term respectively. Denoting

$$z\mathrm{exp}\left(2\pi i\left(\frac{4\pi i}{e_{eff}^2}+\frac{\vartheta _{eff}}{2\pi }\right)\right)$$
(11)   
we obtain, that the exact effective action (with instanton contributions) can be written as

$$L_a=\frac{1}{32\pi ^2}\text{Re}\text{tr}d^2\theta W^2f(z)=\frac{1}{32\pi ^2}\text{Re}\text{tr}d^2\theta W^2\left(\mathrm{ln}z+\underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_nz^n\right)$$
(12)   
Note, that this expression is valid beyond the constant field approximation (that is usually assumed in derivation of the exact results).

The function $`f(z)`$ can be found explicitly. The matter is that the conditions

$$f(z)=\mathrm{ln}z+\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_nz^n;\text{Re}f(z)<0$$
(13)   
define its form uniquely. (The latter equation is a requirement of a positiveness of the squared effective coupling). In the Appendix A we prove, that these conditions uniquely lead to

$$f(z)=2\pi i\tau (z^{1/4})$$
(14)   
where $`\tau (a)`$ is the Seiberg-Witten solution (5). Therefore, finally,

$$L_a=\frac{1}{16\pi }\text{Im}d^2\theta W^2\tau (z^{1/4})$$
(15)   
where the parameter $`z`$ can be found approximately by the one-loop calculations and exactly (up to a constant factor) by investigation of the collective coordinate measure, similar to .

Let us consider, for example, N=1 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with $`SU(N_c)`$ gauge group and $`N_f`$ matter supermultiplets. Because in the one-loop approximation

$$\beta (e)=\frac{e^3}{16\pi ^2}(3N_cN_f)$$
(16)   
the parameter $`z`$ should be proportional to $`M^{3N_cN_f}`$, where $`M`$ is an UV-cutoff. This result, of course, can be obtained from the collective coordinate measure .

The exact results, reminded in the previous section, were obtained for a massless case. However, in realistic theories most fields are massive (except for the gauge bosons, corresponding to an unbroken group). That is why the massive case is the most interesting for the physical applications. Of course, we will assume, that the supersymmetry is broken, although will not care about the concrete mechanism. It is important only, that there are some soft terms in the Lagrangian.

The purpose is to construct the effective action in the low-energy limit, below the thresholds for all massive particles. The contributions of massive particles into the running coupling constant are fixed at the masses and, therefore, their contributions to the parameter $`z`$ will be proportional to $`M/m`$ in a power, defined by the corresponding coefficient of the $`\beta `$-function. It is much more difficult to investigate the contributions of massless gauge fields. Of course, in this case the coupling constant is not fixed at a definite value and we need to perform a detailed analysis of the IR behavior of the theory. Note, that we are interested not in the renormgroup functions but in the effective action, that can be calculated, for example, in the constant field limit. Therefore, the contribution of the massless gauge field to the parameter $`z`$ will be a function of these fields.

Because the parameter $`z`$ is a scalar, we need to find a scalar superfield containing $`F_{\mu \nu }`$ and not having anticommuting fields in the lowest component (otherwise all sufficiently large powers of $`z`$ will be equal to 0 or infinity). The only such superfield is

$$B=\frac{1}{8}\overline{D}(1\gamma _5)D(W_a^{})^2=(D^a)^2\frac{1}{2}(F_{\mu \nu }^a)^2\frac{i}{2}F_{\mu \nu }^a\stackrel{~}{F}_{\mu \nu }^a+O(\theta )$$
(17)   
where the index $`a`$ runs over the generators of a gauge group. (At the perturbative level similar expression was proposed in ).

Therefore, taking into account dimensional arguments, we obtain, that the contribution of massless gauge fields to the parameter $`z`$ is proportional to $`M/B^{1/4}`$ in a power, defined by the corresponding coefficient of $`\beta `$-function.

The $`\beta `$-function of the considered model can be written as

$$\beta (e)=\frac{e^3}{16\pi ^2}(c_{gauge}+c_\lambda +c_q+c_{sq})$$
(18)   
where

$$c_{gauge}=\frac{11}{3}N_c;c_\lambda =\frac{2}{3}N_c;c_q=\frac{2}{3}N_f;c_{sq}=\frac{1}{3}N_f$$
(19)   
are contributions of gauge fields (with ghosts), their spinor superpartners, quarks and squarks respectively. So, according to the above arguments, we obtain, that

$$z=e^{8\pi ^2/e^2}M^{3N_cN_f}\left(\frac{m_\lambda ^{2/3}}{B^{11/12}}\right)^{N_c}\left(m_q^{2/3}m_{sq}^{1/3}\right)^{N_f}$$
(20)   
where $`m_\lambda `$ is a gluino mass, $`(m_q)_i^j`$ is a quark mass matrix and $`(m_{sq})_i^j`$ is a squark mass matrix.

However, this expression was found in the frames of the one-loop approximation. To take into account multiloop effects we should note , that the collective coordinate measure  contains a factor

$$\left(\frac{8\pi ^2}{e^2}\right)^{N_c}$$
(21)   
Of course, it will be also present in $`z`$. So, finally, the parameter $`z`$ (up to a constant factor $`C`$) is written as

$$z=C\left(\frac{8\pi ^2}{e^2}\right)^{N_c}e^{8\pi ^2/e^2}M^{3N_cN_f}\left(\frac{m_\lambda ^{2/3}}{B^{11/12}}\right)^{N_c}\left(\text{det}(m_q)_i^j\right)^{2/3}\left(\text{det}(m_{sq})_i^j\right)^{1/3}$$
(22)   
where we take into account $`SU(N_f)`$ symmetry under the global rotations in the flavor space.

## 4 Conclusion

The main result of the present paper is the effective superpotential (15) with the parameter $`z`$, given by (22). This expression is in agreement with the perturbative calculations and possibly do not contradict to instanton calculations (although the explicit check, similar to  seems to be very interesting). Moreover, it is easy to see, that this result is in agreement with the exact $`\beta `$-function, calculated in .

The structure (15) is different from the exact results, found in , and, especially, in  or . The results depend on the original (instead of composite) fields. The presence of mass is also very important. In the massless limit the obtained results become ill defined. It is very difficult to say, if it is necessary to consider massless theories. At least, these theories have complicated problems in the IR-region.

In the present paper we did not discuss the physical consequences of the results. It will be done separately in other papers.

Acknowledgments

The author is very grateful to professor P.I.Pronin for valuable discussions and especially likes to thank V.V.Asadov for the financial support.

Appendix

## Appendix A Explicit expression for $`f(z)`$ and its uniqueness

Let us prove, that the conditions

$$f(z)=\mathrm{ln}z+\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}c_nz^n;\text{Re}f(z)<0$$
(23)   
uniquely define the function $`f(z)`$ and find it explicitly. For this purpose we introduce a new variable $`az^{1/4}`$ (this choice of the power will be explained below) and write formally

$$a\frac{df}{da}=4\frac{d^2u}{da^2}$$
(24)   
where $`u(a)`$ is an undefined function. Defining $`F(a)`$ as

$$2\pi i\frac{d^2F}{da^2}f,$$
(25)   
we can rewrite (24) in the form, similar to the exact anomaly in the Seiberg-Witten model 

$$F+F_D=\frac{2i}{\pi }u$$
(26)   
where

$$F_D=Faa_D;a_D=\frac{dF}{da}$$
(27)   
Differentiating (26) with respect to $`u`$ twice, we obtain, that

$$a_D\frac{d^2a}{du^2}a\frac{d^2a_D}{du^2}=0$$
(28)   
Therefore, the functions $`a(u)`$ and $`a_D(u)`$ can be identified with two linear independent solutions of the equation

$$\left(\frac{d^2}{du^2}+L(u)\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& \\ a_D& \end{array}\right)$$
(29)   
where $`L(u)`$ is an (so far) undefined function. Substituting the asymptotic $`f_{pert}(z)=\mathrm{ln}z`$ into (24), we obtain, that $`u_{pert}=a^2/2`$. Therefore, in the frames of perturbation theory

$$L(u)_{pert}=\frac{1}{4u^2}$$
(30)   
Using (25) we find, that

$$(a_D)_{pert}=\frac{2i}{\pi }\sqrt{2u}\left(\mathrm{ln}\sqrt{2u}1\right)$$
(31)   
is a second linear independent solution of this equation. Hence, the monodromy at the infinity is

$$M_{\mathrm{}}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 1& \hfill 0\\ \hfill 2& \hfill 1\end{array}\right)$$
(32)   
and coincides with the correspondent monodromy in the Seiberg-Witten model. The further arguments completely repeat the derivation of Seiberg-Witten exact result by the method, proposed in . Finally, we conclude, that the functions $`a(u)`$ and $`a_D(u)`$ coincide with the Seiberg-Witten solution (6).

Now it is quite clear, that the substitution $`z=a^4`$ was made in order to obtain the correct structure of the expansion (23). The uniqueness of the solution (with the condition $`\text{Re}f<0`$) can be proven similar to .