# Magnetism of Neutron Stars and Planets

## 1 Introduction

It is known that Neutron stars or Pulsars have strong magnetic fields of $`10^8`$ Tesla in their vicinity, while certain White Dwarfs have magnetic fields $`10^2`$ Tesla. If we were to use conventional arguments that when a sun type star with a magnetic field $`10^4`$ Tesla contracts, there is conservation of magnetic flux, then we are lead to magnetic fields for Pulsars and White Dwarfs which are a few orders of magnitude less than the required values.   
We will now argue, that in the light of recent results that below the Fermi temperature, the degenerate electron gas obeys a semionic statistics, that is a statistics in between the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein, it is possible to deduce the correct magnetic fields for Neutron stars and White Dwarfs. Moreover this will also enable us to deduce the correct magnetic field of a planet like the earth.

## 2 Anomalous Behaviour Below the Fermi Temperature

In recent years, it has been realized that under specific conditions, for example low dimensionality or sub Fermi temperatures, Fermions exhibit an anomalous character - they obey statistics inbetween the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics.   
Let us specifically consider the case of sub Fermi temperatures (cf.ref.). To notice the anomalous behaviour in a simple way we observe that in this case as is known the assembly fills up each and every single particle energy level below the Fermi energy, with the Fermionic occupation number $`1`$. The density of states in momentum space is given by $`d^3p`$, exactly as in the case of Bosons. Whence we obtain the well known result

$$ϵ_F=\frac{\mathrm{}^2}{2m}\left(\frac{6\pi ^2}{v}\right)^{2/3}$$
(1)   
where $`ϵ_F`$ is the Fermi energy. The result for Phonons which obey Bose-Einstein statistics is identical to equation (1) (cf.ref.).   
The anomalous behaviour can also be seen as follows: We have for the energy density $`e,`$ in this case

$$e_o^{p_F}\frac{p^2}{2m}d^3pT_F^{2.5}$$
(2)   
where $`p_F`$ is the Fermi momentum and $`T_F`$ is the Fermi temperature. On the other hand, it is known that  in $`n`$ dimensions we have,

$$eT_F^{n+1}$$
(3)   
(For the case $`n=3,`$ (3) is identical to the Stefan-Boltzmann law). Comparison of (3) and (2) shows that the assembly behaves with the fractal dimensionality $`1.5`$.   
Let us now consider an assembly of $`N`$ electrons. As is known, if $`N_+`$ is the average number of particles with spin up, the magnetisation per unit volume is given by

$$M=\frac{\mu (2N_+N)}{V}$$
(4)   
where $`\mu `$ is the electron magnetic moment. At low temperatures, in the usual theory, $`N_+\frac{N}{2}`$, so that the magnetisation given in (4) is very small. On the other hand, for Bose-Einstein statistics we would have, $`N_+N`$. With the above semionic statistics we have,

$$N_+=\beta N,\frac{1}{2}<\beta <1,$$
(5)   
If $`N`$ is very large, this makes an enormous difference in (4). Let us use (4) and (5) for the case of Neutron stars.

## 3 Magnetism of Neutron Stars and White Dwarfs

In this case, as is well known, we have an assembly of degenerate electrons at temperatures $`10^7K`$, (cf.for example ). So the considerations of Section 2 apply. In the case of a Neutron star we know that the number density of the degenerate electrons, $`n10^{31}`$ per c.c.. So using (4) and (5) and remembering that $`\mu 10^{20}G,`$ the magnetic field near the Pulsar is $`10^{11}G10^8`$ Tesla, as required.   
As mentioned earlier some White Dwarfs also have magnetic fields. If the White Dwarf has an interior of the dimensions of a Neutron star, with a similar magnetic field, then remembering that the radius of a White Dwarf is about $`10^3`$ times that of a Neutron star, its magnetic field would be $`10^6`$ times that of the neutron star, which is known to be the case.   

## 4 Discussion

It is quite remarkable that the above mechanism can also explain the magnetism of the earth. As is known the earth has a solid core of radius of about 1200 kilometers and temperature about 6000 K. This core is made up almost entirely of Iron $`(90\%)`$ and Nickel $`(10\%)`$. It can easily be calculated that the number of particles $`N10^{48}`$, and that the Fermi temperature $`10^5`$. In this case we can easily verify using (4) and (5) that the magnetic field near the earth’s surface $`1G`$, which is indeed the case.   
It may be mentioned that the anomalous Bosonic behaviour given in (5) would imply a sensitivity to external magnetic influences which could lead to effects like magnetic flips or reversals.   
To see this, we observe that the number of electrons, with spin aligned along a magnetic field $`B`$ which is introduced, where,

$$B<<ϵ_F/2\mu ,$$

is given by (cf.ref.), using Fermi-Dirac statistics,

$$N_+\frac{N}{2}(1+\frac{3\mu B}{2ϵ_F})$$

That is, $`\beta `$ in (5) is given by

$$\beta \frac{1}{2},$$

and the introduction of the field $`B`$, does not lead to a significant magnetic field in (4). But, if as in Section 2, $`\beta \frac{1}{2}`$, but rather, $`\beta >\frac{1}{2}`$, then in view of the fact that $`N`$ is very large, the contribution from (4) could be significant.   
Indeed in the case of the earth magnetic reversals do take place from time to time and are as yet not satisfactorily explained.