# The suppression of 𝜋⁢𝑁⁢𝑁⁢(1535) coupling in QCD

Abstract

The light cone QCD sum rules are employed to calculate the $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling $`g_{\pi NN^{}}`$. We study the two point correlation function of two nucleon currents sandwiched between the vacuum and the pion state. The contribution from the excited states and the continuum is subtracted cleanly through the double Borel transform with respect to the nucleon and $`N(1535)`$ momenta, $`p_1^2`$, $`p_2^2=(pq)^2`$. Our calculation shows that the $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling is strongly suppressed.

PACS Indices: 13.75.Gx; 14.20.Gk; 14.40.Aq; 13.75.Cs; 12.38.Lg 

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is asymptotically free and its high energy behavior has been tested to one-loop accuracy. On the other hand, the low-energy behavior has become a very active research field in the past years. Various hadronic resonances act as suitable labs for exploring the nonperturbative QCD. The inner structure of nucleon and mesons and their interactions is of central importance in nuclear and particle physics. Internationally there are a number of experimental collaborations, like TJNAL (former CEBAF), COSY, ELSA (Bonn), MAMI (Mainz) and Spring8 (Japan), which will extensively study the excitation of higher nucleon resonances.

Among various baryon resonances, negative parity resonance $`N^{}(1535)`$ is particularly interesting, which dominates the $`\eta `$ meson photo- or electro-production on a nucleon. The branching ratio for the decay $`N^{}\eta N`$ is comparable with that for $`N^{}\pi N`$. Considering the phase space difference and using the experimental decay width of $`N^{}`$ , we get $`g_{\eta NN^{}}=2`$ and $`g_{\pi NN^{}}=0.7`$. The latter value is in strong contrast with the pion nucleon coupling $`g_{\pi NN}=13.4`$. Thus arises the question: why is the coupling $`g_{\pi NN^{}}`$ so small compared with $`g_{\pi NN}`$?

Whether the coupling $`g_{\pi NN^{}}`$ is strongly suppressed is under heated debate in literature. In a recent extended coupled channel analysis of $`\pi N`$ scattering, the J$`\ddot{u}`$lich group used $`g_{\eta NN^{}}=1.94`$ and $`g_{\pi NN^{}}<0.12`$ . Jido, Oka and Hosaka suggested in a recent letter that $`\pi NN^{}`$ coupling is strongly suppressed as a consequence of chiral symmetry . Their argument was based on a pion-nucleon correlator of two baryon interpolating fields. The chiral transformation properties of their interpolating fields then imply that the correlator is purely proportional to the tensor structure $`\gamma _5`$, with no piece of the form $`\widehat{p}\gamma _5`$, which is the relevant structure for $`\pi NN^{}`$ coupling. Based on the above observation they claimed that the coupling $`\pi NN^{}`$ vanishes. The above argument was criticized by Birse . He pointed out that the $`\widehat{p}\gamma _5`$ piece of the correlator is a sum of all possible pion-baryon couplings that can contribute. Hence the absence of a $`\widehat{p}\gamma _5`$ piece is a statement about the particular combination of the pion-baryon coupling and the subtraction terms that correspond to the chosen interpolating fields. It does not imply that the physical $`\pi NN^{}`$ coupling is suppressed. With an interpolating field with covariant derivative for the $`N^{}`$ Kim and Lee used QCD sum rules to estimate $`g_{\pi NN^{}}1.5`$ . But in their analysis the continuum and excited states contribution is poorly subtracted and the numerical results depend strongly on the value of the quark gluon mix condensate $`\overline{q}g_s\sigma Gq`$, which renders their conclusion less convincing.

Although it is widely accepted that QCD is the underlying theory of the strong interaction, the self-interaction of the gluons causes the infrared behavior and the vacuum of QCD highly nontrivial. In the typical hadronic scale QCD is nonperturbative which makes the first principle calculation unrealistic except the lattice QCD approach, which is very computer time consuming. So a quantitative calculation of the $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling with a tractable and reliable theoretical approach proves valuable.

Among the various nonperturbative methods, QCD sum rules (QSR) is very useful in extracting low-lying hadron masses and coupling constants . The light cone QCD sum rules (LCQSR) is quite different from the conventional QSR, which is based on the short-distance operator product expansion (OPE). The LCQSR is based on the OPE on the light cone, which is the expansion over the twists of the operators. The main contribution comes from the lowest twist operator. Matrix elements of nonlocal operators sandwiched between a hadronic state and the vacuum defines the hadron wave functions. When the LCQSR is used to calculate the coupling constant, the double Borel transformation is always invoked so that the excited states and the continuum contribution can be treated quite nicely. Moreover, the final sum rule depends only on the value of the wave function at a specific point like $`\phi _\pi (u_0=\frac{1}{2})`$, which is much better known than the whole wave function .

LCQSR has been used to derive the couplings of pions with heavy mesons in full QCD , in the limit of $`m_Q\mathrm{}`$  and $`1/m_Q`$ correction , the couplings of pions with heavy baryons , and various semileptonic decays of heavy mesons  etc.

We shall employ the LCQSR to calculate $`\pi NN^{}`$ coupling. The continuum and excited states contribution is subtraced cleanly within our approach.

We start with the two point function

$$\mathrm{\Pi }(p_1,p_2,q)=d^4xe^{ipx}0\left|𝒯\eta _p(x;s)\overline{\eta _n}(0;t)\right|\pi ^+\left(q\right)$$
(1)   
with $`p_1=p`$, $`p_2=pq`$ and the general nucleon interpolating field without derivatives which couples to both positive and negative parity nucleon resonances

$$\eta _p(x;s)=ϵ_{abc}\left\{\left[u^a\left(x\right)𝒞d^b\left(x\right)\right]\gamma _5u^c\left(x\right)+s\left[u^a\left(x\right)𝒞\gamma _5d^b\left(x\right)\right]u^c\left(x\right)\right\}$$
(2)   
where $`a,b,c`$ is the color indices, $`𝒞=i\gamma _2\gamma _0`$ is the charge conjugation matrix, $`s`$ is the mixing parameter and $`\overline{\eta _p}=\eta _{p}^{}{}_{}{}^{}\gamma _0`$. For the neutron interpolating field, $`ud`$. The Ioffe’s current $`\eta _p(x;s=1)`$ couples strongly to the positive parity nucleon , while it was found that the current $`\eta _p(x;s=0.8)`$ is optimized for negative parity nucleons and couples strongly to $`N(1535)`$ .

$`\mathrm{\Pi }(p_1,p_2,q)`$ has the general form

$$\mathrm{\Pi }(p_1,p_2,q)=F(p_1^2,p_2^2,q^2)\widehat{q}\gamma _5+F_1(p_1^2,p_2^2,q^2)\gamma _5+F_2(p_1^2,p_2^2,q^2)\widehat{p}\gamma _5+F_3(p_1^2,p_2^2,q^2)\sigma _{\mu \nu }\gamma _5p^\mu q^\nu $$
(3)   
It was well known that the sum rules derived from the chiral odd tensor structure yield better results than those from the chiral even ones in the QSR analysis of the nucleon mass and magnetic moment . Most of the QSR analysis of the pion nucleon coupling constant deals with the tensor structure $`\widehat{q}\gamma _5`$. It is important to note that the diagonal transitions like $`NN`$, $`N^{}N^{}`$ does not contribute to the tensor structure $`\widehat{p}\gamma _5`$. In other words, the function $`F_2`$ involves solely with the process $`N^{}N`$ and corresponding continuum contribution. Based on the above observation we shall focus on the chiral odd tensor structure $`\widehat{p}\gamma _5`$ throughout.

The $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling constant $`g_{\pi NN^{}}`$ is defined as:

$$_{\pi NN^{}}=g_{\pi NN^{}}\overline{N}\tau \pi N+h.c.$$
(4)   
At the phenomenological level the eq.(1) can be expressed as:

$$\mathrm{\Pi }(p_1,p_2,q)=\left(m_N+m_N^{}\right)g_{\pi NN^{}}\left\{\frac{\lambda _N\left(s\right)\lambda _N^{}\left(t\right)}{\left(p_1^2M_N^2\right)\left(p_2^2M_N^{}^2\right)}\frac{\lambda _N^{}\left(s\right)\lambda _N\left(t\right)}{\left(p_1^2M_N^{}^2\right)\left(p_2^2M_N^2\right)}\right\}i\widehat{p}\gamma _5+\mathrm{}$$
(5)   
where we write the structure $`\widehat{p}\gamma _5`$ explicitly only and the continuum contribution is denoted by the ellipse. $`\lambda _N(s)`$ is the overlapping amplitude of the interpolating current $`\eta _N(x)`$ with the nucleon state

$$0\left|\eta (0;s)\right|N\left(p\right)=\lambda _N\left(s\right)u_N\left(p\right)$$
(6)   
By the operator expansion on the light-cone the matrix element of the nonlocal operators between the vacuum and pion state defines the two particle pion wave function (PWF). Up to twist four the Dirac components of this wave function can be written as :

$`<\pi \left(q\right)\left|\overline{d}\left(x\right)\gamma _\mu \gamma _5u\left(0\right)\right|0>`$ $`=`$ $`if_\pi q_\mu {\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑ue^{iuqx}\left(\phi _\pi \left(u\right)+x^2g_1\left(u\right)+𝒪\left(x^4\right)\right)`$ (7)   
$`+`$ $`f_\pi \left(x_\mu {\displaystyle \frac{x^2q_\mu }{qx}}\right){\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑ue^{iuqx}g_2\left(u\right),`$   
$`<\pi \left(q\right)\left|\overline{d}\left(x\right)i\gamma _5u\left(0\right)\right|0>`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi m_\pi ^2}{m_u+m_d}}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑ue^{iuqx}\phi _P\left(u\right),`$ (8)   
$`<\pi \left(q\right)\left|\overline{d}\left(x\right)\sigma _{\mu \nu }\gamma _5u\left(0\right)\right|0>`$ $`=`$ $`i\left(q_\mu x_\nu q_\nu x_\mu \right){\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi m_\pi ^2}{6\left(m_u+m_d\right)}}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑ue^{iuqx}\phi _\sigma \left(u\right).`$ (9)   
$`<\pi \left(q\right)\left|\overline{d}\left(x\right)\sigma _{\alpha \beta }\gamma _5g_sG_{\mu \nu }\left(ux\right)u\left(0\right)\right|0>=`$   
$`if_{3\pi }\left[\left(q_\mu q_\alpha g_{\nu \beta }q_\nu q_\alpha g_{\mu \beta }\right)\left(q_\mu q_\beta g_{\nu \alpha }q_\nu q_\beta g_{\mu \alpha }\right)\right]{\displaystyle 𝒟\alpha _i\phi _{3\pi }\left(\alpha _i\right)e^{iqx\left(\alpha _1+v\alpha _3\right)}},`$ (10)   
$`<\pi \left(q\right)\left|\overline{d}\left(x\right)\gamma _\mu \gamma _5g_sG_{\alpha \beta }\left(vx\right)u\left(0\right)\right|0>=`$   
$`f_\pi \left[q_\beta \left(g_{\alpha \mu }{\displaystyle \frac{x_\alpha q_\mu }{qx}}\right)q_\alpha \left(g_{\beta \mu }{\displaystyle \frac{x_\beta q_\mu }{qx}}\right)\right]{\displaystyle 𝒟\alpha _i\phi _{}\left(\alpha _i\right)e^{iqx\left(\alpha _1+v\alpha _3\right)}}`$   
$`+f_\pi {\displaystyle \frac{q_\mu }{qx}}\left(q_\alpha x_\beta q_\beta x_\alpha \right){\displaystyle 𝒟\alpha _i\phi _{}\left(\alpha _i\right)e^{iqx\left(\alpha _1+v\alpha _3\right)}}`$ (11)   
and

$`<\pi \left(q\right)\left|\overline{d}\left(x\right)\gamma _\mu g_s\stackrel{~}{G}_{\alpha \beta }\left(vx\right)u\left(0\right)\right|0>=`$   
$`if_\pi \left[q_\beta \left(g_{\alpha \mu }{\displaystyle \frac{x_\alpha q_\mu }{qx}}\right)q_\alpha \left(g_{\beta \mu }{\displaystyle \frac{x_\beta q_\mu }{qx}}\right)\right]{\displaystyle 𝒟\alpha _i\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{}\left(\alpha _i\right)e^{iqx\left(\alpha _1+v\alpha _3\right)}}`$   
$`+if_\pi {\displaystyle \frac{q_\mu }{qx}}\left(q_\alpha x_\beta q_\beta x_\alpha \right){\displaystyle 𝒟\alpha _i\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{}\left(\alpha _i\right)e^{iqx\left(\alpha _1+v\alpha _3\right)}}.`$ (12)   
The operator $`\stackrel{~}{G}_{\alpha \beta }`$ is the dual of $`G_{\alpha \beta }`$: $`\stackrel{~}{G}_{\alpha \beta }=\frac{1}{2}ϵ_{\alpha \beta \delta \rho }G^{\delta \rho }`$; $`𝒟\alpha _i`$ is defined as $`𝒟\alpha _i=d\alpha _1d\alpha _2d\alpha _3\delta (1\alpha _1\alpha _2\alpha _3)`$. Due to the choice of the gauge $`x^\mu A_\mu (x)=0`$, the path-ordered gauge factor $`P\mathrm{exp}(ig_s_0^1𝑑ux^\mu A_\mu (ux))`$ has been omitted. The coefficient in front of the r.h.s. of eqs. (8), (9) can be written in terms of the light quark condensate $`<\overline{u}u>`$ using the PCAC relation: $`\mu _\pi ={\displaystyle \frac{m_\pi ^2}{m_u+m_d}}={\displaystyle \frac{2}{f_\pi ^2}}<\overline{u}u>`$.

The PWF $`\phi _\pi (u)`$ is associated with the leading twist two operator, $`g_1(u)`$ and $`g_2(u)`$ correspond to twist four operators, and $`\phi _P(u)`$ and $`\phi _\sigma (u)`$ to twist three ones. The function $`\phi _{3\pi }`$ is of twist three, while all the PWFs appearing in eqs.(11), (12) are of twist four. The PWFs $`\phi (x_i,\mu )`$ ($`\mu `$ is the renormalization point) describe the distribution in longitudinal momenta inside the pion, the parameters $`x_i`$ ($`_ix_i=1`$) representing the fractions of the longitudinal momentum carried by the quark, the antiquark and gluon.

The wave function normalizations immediately follow from the definitions (7)-(12): $`_0^1𝑑u\phi _\pi (u)=_0^1𝑑u\phi _\sigma (u)=1`$, $`_0^1𝑑ug_1(u)=\delta ^2/12`$, $`𝒟\alpha _i\phi _{}(\alpha _i)=𝒟\alpha _i\phi _{}(\alpha _i)=0`$, $`𝒟\alpha _i\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{}(\alpha _i)=𝒟\alpha _i\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{}(\alpha _i)=\delta ^2/3`$, with the parameter $`\delta `$ defined by the matrix element: $`<\pi (q)|\overline{d}g_s\stackrel{~}{G}_{\alpha \mu }\gamma ^\alpha u|0>=i\delta ^2f_\pi q_\mu `$.

The full light quark propagator with both perturbative term and contribution from vacuum fields reads

$`iS\left(x\right)=0\left|T[q\left(x\right),\overline{q}\left(0\right)]\right|0`$   
$`=i{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{x}}{2\pi ^2x^4}}{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{q}q}{12}}{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{192}}\overline{q}g_s\sigma Gq`$ (13)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{ig_s}{16\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle _0^1}𝑑u\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{\widehat{x}}{x^2}}\sigma G\left(ux\right)4iu{\displaystyle \frac{x_\mu }{x^2}}G^{\mu \nu }\left(ux\right)\gamma _\nu \right\}+\mathrm{}`$ $`,`$   
where we have introduced $`\widehat{x}x_\mu \gamma ^\mu `$.

We neglect the four particle component of the pion wave function and express (1) with the PWFs. After Fourier transformation and making double Borel transformation with the variables $`p_1^2`$ and $`p_2^2`$ the single-pole terms in (5) are eliminated and finally we arrive at:

$`\left(m_N+m_N^{}\right)\left[\lambda _N\left(s\right)\lambda _N^{}\left(t\right)\lambda _N^{}\left(s\right)\lambda _N\left(t\right)\right]g_{\pi NN^{}}e^{\left(\frac{M_N^2}{M_1^2}+\frac{M_N^{}^2}{M_2^2}\right)}=`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{192\pi ^2}}\left(1+s\right)\left(1+t\right)\phi _\pi ^{}\left(u_0\right)M^6f_2\left({\displaystyle \frac{s_0}{M^2}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{16\pi ^2}}\left(1+s\right)\left(1+t\right)g_1^{}\left(u_0\right)M^4f_1\left({\displaystyle \frac{s_0}{M^2}}\right)`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{32\pi ^2}}\left[7\left(1+st\right)+3\left(s+t\right)\right]g_2\left(u_0\right)M^4f_1\left({\displaystyle \frac{s_0}{M^2}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{288\pi ^2}}\left(1+s+t3st\right)a\mu _\pi \phi _\sigma ^{}\left(u_0\right)M^2f_0\left({\displaystyle \frac{s_0}{M^2}}\right)`$   
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{4608\pi ^2}}\left(1+s\right)\left(1+t\right)g_s^2G^2\phi _\pi ^{}\left(u_0\right)M^2f_0\left({\displaystyle \frac{s_0}{M^2}}\right){\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{6912\pi ^2}}\left(5+3s+3t11st\right)am_0^2\mu _\pi \phi _\sigma ^{}\left(u_0\right)`$   
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{192\pi ^2}}\left(st\right)am_0^2\mu _\pi \phi _P\left(u_0\right){\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{2304\pi ^2}}\left[19\left(1+st\right)+7\left(s+t\right)\right]g_s^2G^2g_2\left(u_0\right)`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{1152\pi ^2}}\left(1+s\right)\left(1+t\right)g_s^2G^2g_1^{}\left(u_0\right)`$ $`,`$ (14)   
where $`\mu _\pi =1.65`$GeV, $`f_\pi =132`$MeV, $`\overline{q}q=(225\text{MeV})^3`$, $`\overline{q}g_s\sigma Gq=m_0^2\overline{q}q`$, $`m_0^2=0.8`$GeV<sup>2</sup>, $`a=(2\pi )^2\overline{q}q`$. $`f_n(x)=1e^x\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{x^k}{k!}`$ is the factor used to subtract the continuum, which is modeled by the dispersion integral in the region $`s_1,s_2s_0`$, $`s_0`$ is the continuum threshold. $`u_0=\frac{M_1^2}{M_1^2+M_2^2}`$, $`M^2\frac{M_1^2M_2^2}{M_1^2+M_2^2}`$, $`M_1^2`$, $`M_2^2`$ are the Borel parameters, and $`\phi _\pi ^{}(u_0)=\frac{d\phi _\pi (u)}{du}|_{u=u_0}`$ etc.

In obtaining (The suppression of $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling in QCD) we have used integration by parts to absorb the factor $`(qx)`$, which leads to the derivatives of PWFs in the above formula. Moreover we have used the double Borel transformation formula: $`_{1}^{}{}_{p_1^2}{}^{M_1^2}_{2}^{}{}_{p_2^2}{}^{M_2^2}\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(n)}{[m^2(1u)p_1^2up_2^2]^n}=(M^2)^{2n}e^{\frac{m^2}{M^2}}\delta (uu_0)`$.

We note that the twist four PWFs $`\phi _{}(\alpha _i)`$, $`\phi _{}(\alpha _i)`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{}(\alpha _i)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\phi }_{}(\alpha _i)`$ do not contribute to the chiral odd tensor structures, which was first observed in . Moreover the twist three PWF $`\phi _{3\pi }`$ appears in the combination $`f_{3\pi }\phi _{3\pi }\overline{q}qq^2`$. In the physical limit $`q^2=m_\pi ^20`$, its contribution is negligible, which is in contrast with the sum rule for $`g_{\pi NN}`$ , where the twist three PWF $`\phi _{3\pi }`$ plays an important role.

It is a common practice to adopt the Ioffe current for the ground-state nucleon , i.e., letting $`s=1`$. Now the equation (The suppression of $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling in QCD) has a simple form:

$`\left(m_N+m_N^{}\right)\left[\lambda _N\left(s\right)\lambda _N^{}\left(t\right)\lambda _N^{}\left(s\right)\lambda _N\left(t\right)\right]g_{\pi NN^{}}e^{\left(\frac{M_N^2}{M_1^2}+\frac{M_N^{}^2}{M_2^2}\right)}=`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{8\pi ^2}}\left(1t\right)g_2\left(u_0\right)M^4f_1\left({\displaystyle \frac{s_0}{M^2}}\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{72\pi ^2}}ta\mu _\pi \phi _\sigma ^{}\left(u_0\right)M^2f_0\left({\displaystyle \frac{s_0}{M^2}}\right)`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{3456\pi ^2}}\left(1+7t\right)am_0^2\mu _\pi \phi _\sigma ^{}\left(u_0\right){\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{192\pi ^2}}\left(1+t\right)am_0^2\mu _\pi \phi _P\left(u_0\right)`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{f_\pi }{192\pi ^2}}\left(1t\right)g_s^2G^2g_2\left(u_0\right)`$ $`,`$ (15)   
where $`t=0.8`$.

The various parameters which we adopt are $`a=0.546\text{GeV}^3`$, $`g_s^2G^2=0.474\text{GeV}^4`$, $`m_0^2=0.8\text{GeV}^2`$, $`s_0=3.2`$GeV<sup>2</sup>, $`\lambda _N(s=1)=0.013`$GeV<sup>3</sup>, $`\lambda _N^{}(s=0.8)=0.27`$GeV<sup>3</sup> with the formulas in . Moreover $`\lambda _N(s=1)\lambda _N(t=0.8)`$, $`\lambda _N^{}(t=0.8)\lambda _N^{}(s=1)`$, so it is reasonable to discard the term $`\lambda _N(t=0.8)\lambda _N^{}(s=1)`$ in the eq. (The suppression of $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling in QCD). We use the model PWFs presented in  to make the numerical analysis.

Our sum rule (The suppression of $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling in QCD) is asymmetric with the Borel parameters $`M_1^2`$ and $`M_2^2`$ due to the significant mass difference of $`N`$ and $`N(1535)`$. It is natural to let $`M_1^2=2m_N^2\beta `$, $`M_2^2=2m_N^{}^2\beta `$, where $`\beta `$ is a scale factor ranging from $`1.0`$ to $`2.0`$. In this case we have $`M^2=1.28\beta `$GeV<sup>2</sup>, $`u_0=0.27`$, $`g_2(u_0)=0.03`$GeV<sup>2</sup>, $`\phi _P(u_0)=0.66`$ and $`\phi _\sigma ^{}(u_0)=2.63`$ at the scale $`\mu =1`$GeV.

The dependence of $`g_{\pi NN^{}}`$ on the continuum threshold and the Borel parameter is weak. It is very stable with reasonable variations of $`s_0`$ and $`M^2`$ as can be seen in FIG 1. Finally we have

$$g_{\pi NN^{}}=()\left(0.08\pm 0.03\right).$$
(16)   
We have included the uncertainty due to the variation of the continuum threshold and the Borel parameter $`\beta `$ in (16). In other words, only the errors arising from numerical analysis of the sum rule (The suppression of $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling in QCD) are considered. Other sources of uncertainty include: (1) the truncation of OPE on the light cone and keeping only the lowest twist operators. For example the four particle component of PWF is discarded explicitly; (2) the inherent uncertainty due to the detailed shape of PWFs in different models; (3) throwing away the term $`\lambda _N(t=0.8)\lambda _N^{}(s=1)`$ in the eq. (The suppression of $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling in QCD); (4) the continuum model etc. In the present case the major error comes from the uncertainty of PWFs since our final sum rule (The suppression of $`\pi NN(1535)`$ coupling in QCD) depends both on the value of PWFs and their derivatives at $`u_0=0.27`$. Luckily around $`u_0=0.27`$ different model PWFs have a shape roughly consistent with each other. So a more conservative estimate is to enlarge the error by a factor of two. Now we have

$$g_{\pi NN^{}}=()\left(0.08\pm 0.06\right).$$
(17)   
We want to point out that one should not be too serious about the specific number. What’s important is the fact that $`|g_{\pi NN^{}}||g_{\pi NN}|`$. Our result is consistent with the conclusions in Refs. .

In summary we have used LCQSR to calculate the $`\pi NN^{}`$ coupling. The continuum and the excited states contribution is subtracted rather cleanly through the double Borel transformation with respect to the nucleon and $`N(1535)`$ momenta, $`p_1^2`$, $`p_2^2=(pq)^2`$. Our result shows explicitly the suppression of $`g_{\pi NN^{}}`$.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China. S.-L. Zhu thanks Dr. D. Jido for useful communications.

Figure Captions

FIG 1. The sum rule for $`g_{\pi NN^{}}`$ as a function of the scale parameter $`\beta `$ with the continuum threshold $`s_0=3.4,3.2,3.0`$ GeV<sup>2</sup> using the PWFs in .