# GLUON PROPAGATOR IN THE LANDAU GAUGE FIXED LATTICE QCD SIMULATION

## 1 Introduction

In 1978 Gribov showed that the fixing of the divergence of the gauge field in non-Abelian gauge theory does not uniquely fix its gauge. The restriction of the gauge field such that its Faddeev-Popov determinant is positive (Gribov region) is necessary yet insufficient for excluding the ambiguity.

The restriction to the fundamantal modular region, i.e. minimizing the norm of the gauge field, cancels the infrared singularity of the perturbation theory and makes the gluon to have the complex mass.

$`D_{\mu \nu }(k)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{n}}{\displaystyle \underset{x=𝐱,t}{}}e^{ikx}TrA_\mu (x)A_\nu (0)`$ (1)   
$`=`$ $`G(k^2)(\delta _{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \frac{k_\mu k_\nu }{k^2}}).`$   
$$G(k^2)=\frac{k^2}{k^4+\kappa ^4}=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{k^2+i\kappa ^2}+\frac{1}{k^2i\kappa ^2})$$
(2)   
where $`n=N^21`$ is the dimension of the adjoint representation of the SU(N) group.

In order to measure the propagator on a lattice, it is necessary to avoid the Gribov copy. We confirmed that it is possible by the smeared gauge fixing, when $`\beta =5`$ in the case of $`4^3\times 8`$.

## 2 The gluon propagator

On the lattice we define an $`SU(N)`$ lattice action for $`S=S_{gauge}+S_{fermi}`$ in the pseudo-fermion scheme. We measure

$`D_T(𝐤,t)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2n}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{T}{}}Tr\stackrel{~}{A}_j(𝐤,T+t)\stackrel{~}{A}_j(𝐤,T)`$ (3)   
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2n}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{T}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{𝐱}{}}e^{i\mathrm{𝐤𝐱}}TrA_j(𝐱,T+t)A_j(\mathrm{𝟎},T)`$   
where $`\stackrel{~}{A}_j`$ is the Fourier component of $`A_j`$, and $`j`$ is summed over transverse polarization with respect to k .

The gauge field on links is defined as $`e^{A_{x,\mu }}=U_{x,\mu },\mathrm{where}A_{x,\mu }^{}=A_{x,\mu }`$ The gauge transformation is $`e^{A_{x,\mu }^g}=g_x^{}e^{A_{x,\mu }}g_{x+\mu },\varphi _x^g=g^{}\varphi _x`$ where $`g_x=e^{ϵ_x}`$ and $`ϵ`$ is a traceless antihermitian

The connected part of the propagator is defined by the normalized Fourier transform

$$\stackrel{~}{A}_\mu ^a(𝐤,T)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N_x^3}}\underset{x}{}A_\mu ^a(𝐱,T)e^{i𝐤𝐱}$$
(4)   
as

$`G_{\mu \nu }(𝐤,t)_c`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{T,a}{}}\stackrel{~}{A}_\mu ^a(𝐤,T+t)\stackrel{~}{A}_\nu ^a(𝐤,T)^{}`$ (5)   
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{T,a}{}}\stackrel{~}{A}_\mu ^a(𝐤,T+t)\stackrel{~}{A}_\nu ^a(𝐤,T)^{}`$   
where $`\stackrel{~}{A}_\mu ^a(𝐤,T)`$ specifies the expectation value of the gauge field in the Landau gauge. For this evaluation it is necessary to fix the global gauge transformation.

We fix the global gauge such that the average over T of the zero-mode of a sample: $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3N_T}}{\displaystyle \underset{T,i}{}}\stackrel{~}{A}_i^m(\mathrm{𝟎},T)\lambda _m,`$ where $`\lambda `$ is the SU(3) Gell-Mann matrix, is diagonalized and the smallest eigenvalue appears at the top and the largest eigenvalue at the bottom. We observed that the 2nd term of $`G_{ii}(\mathrm{𝟎},t)_c`$ is almost independent of t and that the value is several % of the 1st term of $`G_{ii}(\mathrm{𝟎},0)_c`$. The value is larger for the unquenched case as compared to the quenched case. The Fourier transform of $`D_T(\mathrm{𝟎},t)`$ in the unquenched $`4^3\times 8`$ and in the quenched $`8^3\times 16`$ lattice simulation  suggest the suppression of the infrared part of the gluon propagator.

In the Stingl’s factorizing-denominator rational approximants (FDRA) method, the transverse gluon propagator is expressed in the 2nd order as

$$D_T(p^2)^{[r=3]}=\frac{\rho }{p^2+u_+\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}+\frac{\tau }{p^2+v_+\mathrm{\Lambda }^2}+c.c.$$
(6)   
We compared the lattice fourier transform of the above expression with $`D_T(𝐤,t)`$ and observed that in the confinement region there appears a pair of complex zero near $`p^2=0`$ as is suggested by the eq (2).

## 3 Discussion and outlook

In the Landau gauge, the transverse gluon propagator in the infrared region is finite at $`p^2=0`$ and the position of the zero of $`D_T(p^2)`$ approaches $`p^2=0`$ as the lattice size increases, while the propagator of the Faddeev-Popov ghost which is measured in the quenched $`8^3\times 16`$ lattice shows the infrared singularity. These results support the possibility of a realization of the confinement mechanism of the Gribov-Zwanziger theory.

This work was supported by High Enery Accelerator Research Organization, as KEK Supercomputer Project (Project No.98-34).