# References

Recently at LEP the L3 and OPAL Collaborations have produced new results on the total cross section $`\sigma (e^+e^{}e^+e^{}hadrons)`$ for several values of the $`e^+e^{}`$ center of mass energy, up to $`\sqrt{s}=183GeV`$ \[1-3\]. The analysis of these data allows to isolate the two-photon cross section $`\sigma (\gamma \gamma hadrons)`$, which has been obtained in the range $`5W_{\gamma \gamma }145GeV`$. The lowest energy data , which corresponds to $`5W_{\gamma \gamma }75GeV`$, has revealed experimentally for the first time a rise for the two-photon cross section. This increasing energy dependence has been confirmed on the full energy range, as seen on Fig. 1, showing that the photon behaves pretty much like a hadron.

Increasing total cross sections were first predicted nearly thirty years ago  entirely on theoretical grounds based on quantum field theory. Indeed, one of the starting point of that theoretical work was $`\gamma \gamma `$ scattering; see for example  and . One of the results of this theory, sometimes referred to as the impact picture, is that there is a universal increase of all total cross sections at very high energies ; see Eq.(1) below. It is the purpose of this letter to return to the root of the theory and apply it  for comparison with the experimental data on $`\gamma \gamma `$ total cross section $`\sigma _{tot}^{\gamma \gamma }`$.

In view of the recent experimental results \[1-3\], several theoretical attempts have been made to explain the behavior of $`\sigma _{tot}^{\gamma \gamma }`$. This energy behavior can be described by a Regge-type parametrization based on the exchange of Regge trajectories and Pomeron in the $`t`$-channel, which was used for all hadron total cross sections . In early impact-picture predictions , a simple $`s`$ dependence $`s^{0.08}`$ was first obtained and later extensively used by several authors i.e. Ref.. However, a best fit to the LEP data by the L3 collaboration gives a higher power value . The Dual Parton Model with unitarization constraint  gives a faster rise of the cross section, also the model of $`\gamma \gamma `$ scattering  where the total cross section receives contributions from three event classes, VDM processes, direct and anomalous processes. In the framework of eikonalized amplitudes, a model of mini-jet  explains the increase of the cross section through the rise of jet cross sections, while a model  using the vector dominance and an eikonalized form of the quarks and gluons interactions, reproduces the energy dependence of the total cross sections for $`pp`$, $`\overline{p}p`$, $`\gamma p`$ and $`\gamma \gamma `$.

Returning to the impact picture, which is the basis of the present consideration, we have learned that the effective interaction strength increases with energy in the form 

$$\frac{s^{1+c}}{(\mathrm{ln}s)^c^{}},$$
(1)   
a simple expression in terms of two key parameters $`c`$ and $`c^{}`$. It should be emphasized that these two parameters are independent of the scattering process under consideration, i.e., the increase in the total cross section for example is universal. The scattering amplitude from the impact picture is given by

$$a^N(s,t)=is_0^{\mathrm{}}J_0(b\sqrt{t})(1e^{\mathrm{\Omega }(s,b)})b𝑑b,$$
(2)   
where

$$\mathrm{\Omega }(s,b)=S_0(s)F(b^2)+\mathrm{\Omega }_R(s,b),$$
(3)   
$`\mathrm{\Omega }_R(s,b)`$ being a Regge background which allows to use the model at rather low energy. The energy dependence is given by the crossing symmetric version of Eq.(1),

$$S_0(s)=\frac{s^c}{(\mathrm{ln}s)^c^{}}+\frac{u^c}{(\mathrm{ln}u)^c^{}},$$
(4)   
$`s`$ and $`u`$ are the Mandelstam variable. The $`t`$-dependence of $`a^N(s,t)`$ is controlled by $`F(b^2)`$ whose Fourier transform is taken to be

$$\stackrel{~}{F}(t)=f[G(t)]^2[(a^2+t)/(a^2t)],$$
(5)   
where $`G(t)`$ is given by

$$G(t)=\frac{1}{(1t/m_1^2)(1t/m_2^2)}.$$
(6)   
It describes successfully $`\overline{p}p`$ and $`pp`$ elastic scattering up to ISR energies, including the total and differential cross sections, the polarization, and the forward real part of the amplitude, and a systematic study of the experimental data available up to 1979 led to the values,

$$c=0.167,c^{}=0.748.$$
(7)   
Its predictions at very high energy, are in excellent agreement with the data from the CERN SPS collider and the FNAL Tevatron, as we recall for total cross sections in the bottom part of Fig. 1, and some others, at several $`TeV`$, which remain to be checked at the Large Hadron Collider under construction at CERN.

For hadron-hadron processes at high energies, the physical picture is such that each hadron appears as a black disk with a gray fringe, where the black disk radius increases as $`lns`$. So far we have encountered the expanding proton in $`\overline{p}p`$ and $`pp`$ scattering, but also recently in a very different experimental situation, namely in $`\gamma p`$ scattering at HERA . It can be shown that the energy rise observed in the $`\gamma p`$ total cross section, for the center of mass energy up to $`\sqrt{s}=180GeV`$, is entirely consistent with the theory of expanding protons  and this is also shown in the middle part of Fig. 1.

Similarly, since the parameters $`c`$ and $`c^{}`$, which control the increase of the total cross sections, are given by Eq.(7) and are universal for all scattering processes, we expect the high-energy behavior of $`\sigma _{tot}^{\gamma \gamma }`$ to follow approximately what we have obtained for $`\sigma _{tot}^{pp}`$, the $`pp`$ total cross section. Accordingly, a simple way to obtain $`\sigma _{tot}^{\gamma \gamma }`$ is to use the following approximate relationship

$$\sigma _{tot}^{\gamma \gamma }(W_{\gamma \gamma })=A\sigma _{tot}^{pp}(\sqrt{s}),$$
(8)   
where A is a normalization constant and $`\sqrt{s}`$ is the $`pp`$ center of mass energy. Since there seems to be a normalization discrepancy between L3 and OPAL, the accurate determination of this constant is not needed for comparison with experiments. We have found that to get the best agreement with L3 data, $`A_L=\mathrm{8.5.10}^6`$ is required and the use of Eq. (2) (see also ) yields the $`\sigma _{tot}^{\gamma \gamma }`$ shown as the solid curve in the top part of Fig. 1. Another possible choice which agrees with the OPAL data is $`A_O=10^5`$, the corresponding dotted curve is also shown in Fig. 1. We also display in Fig. 1 our predictions over a much higher energy range. These prediction may be checked at a future $`e^+e^{}`$ linear collider. The success of our previous predictions for the $`pp`$ total cross section gives confidence for the present one for the $`\gamma \gamma `$ total cross section.

Therefore this universal energy rise, presented in Fig. 1, for three different reactions, is one of the properties of the impact-picture approach which is once again verified by experiment. We expect that more accurate data and possible access to higher energy domains will strenghten the validity of these predictions.   

We obtained useful informations from Guy Coignet and Maria Kienzle on the L3 data, from Stefan Söldner-Rembold on the OPAL data and we thank them all. One of us (TTW) is very grateful for hospitality at the CERN Theory Division. This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-84ER40158.