# Thermodynamics for Fractal Statistics

## Abstract

We consider for an anyon gas its thermodynamic properties taking into account the fractal statistics obtained by us recently. This approach describes the anyonic excitations in terms of equivalence classes labeled by fractal parameter or Hausdorff dimension $`h`$. An exact equation of state is obtained in the high-temperature and low-temperature limits, for gases with a constant density of states.

In the literature, the fractional spin particles are a subject of attention by now for a long date. Anyons are such kind of particles, that live in two dimensions, where wavefunctions aquire an arbitrary phase when two of them are braided. A fractional exclusion statistics was proposed in for arbitrary dimensions, which interpolates between bosonic and fermionic statistics. In was showed that anyons also satisfy an exclusion principle when Haldane statistics is generalised to infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces. The statistics parameter $`g`$ was introduced for particles with finite dimensional Hilbert spaces and defined as $`g=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }D}{\mathrm{\Delta }N}`$, such that if we add $`\mathrm{\Delta }N`$ particles into the system, the number of single-particles states $`D`$ available for further particles is altered by $`\mathrm{\Delta }D`$. This expresses a reduction of single-particle Hilbert space by the exclusion statistics parameter $`g`$. In a distribution function for particles obeying a generalised exclusion principle was introduced, and the statistical mechanics and thermodynamics considered. Also in, some physical properties considering exclusion statistics for identical particles called $`g`$-ons was obtained.

On the other hand, in the context of Fractional Quantum Hall Effect (FQHE), the anyonic model can be considered. FQHE are observed in two-dimensional eletron systems in a stronger magnetic field at low temperature, and for such systems in wavefunctions were obtained for the lowest Landau level ( LLL). FQHE quasiparticles as anyons confined in the LLL were discussed in terms of exclusion statistics in.

Recently, we proposed another way to consider anyons. They can be classified in terms of a fractal parameter or Hausdorff dimension $`h`$, and so these particles appear into the equivalence classes labeled by $`h`$. In this way ab initio we consider spin $`s`$ for such particles which are related to statistics $`\nu `$, by $`\nu =2s`$. The particles within the equivalence class $`h`$ satisfy a specific fractal statistics. This constitutes in some sense a more suitable approach to fractional spin particles, since unify them naturally. A connection with FQHE systems also was made, such that the filling factors for which FQHE were observed just appear into these classes and the ocurrence of FQHE were considered in terms of duality between equivalence classes. A supersymmetric character between fermions and bosons ( dual objects by definition ) in the extremes of the range of $`h`$ is a special result advanced by this formulation.

In this Letter, we consider the thermodynamics for fractal statistics and in this way a free gas of anyons are termed fractons $`(h,\nu )`$. In particular, at low temperature and in the low density, for a gas with a constant density of states in energy, equation of state for such systems are obtained exactly.

The fractal parameter $`h`$ is defined into the interval $`1`$$`<`$$`h`$$`<`$$`2`$. In the extremes we have Fermi and Bose statistics, respectively. The average ocuppation number is given by

$`n_j={\displaystyle \frac{1}{𝒴(\xi _j)h}},`$ (1)   
where the function $`𝒴(\xi _j)`$ satisfies the functional equation

$`\xi _j=\left\{𝒴(\xi _j)1\right\}^{h1}\left\{𝒴(\xi _j)2\right\}^{2h},`$ (2)   
with $`\xi _j=\mathrm{exp}\left\{(ϵ_j\mu )/KT\right\}`$.

The fractal parameter $`h`$ is related to statistics $`\nu `$, as follows:

$`h1=1\nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}0}<\nu <1;h1=\nu 1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}1}<\nu <2;`$ (3)   
$`h1=3\nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}2}<\nu <3;h1=\nu 3,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}3}<\nu <4;`$ (4)   
$`h1=5\nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}4}<\nu <5;h1=\nu 5,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}5}<\nu <6;`$ (5)   
$`h1=7\nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}6}<\nu <7;h1=\nu 7,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}7}<\nu <8;`$ (6)   
$`h1=9\nu ,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}8}<\nu <9;h1=\nu 9,\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}\hspace{0.33em}9}<\nu <10;`$ (7)   
$`etc,`$ (8)   
and so, we have a mirror symmetry for all spectrum of $`\nu `$. This symmetry gives us, for example, the equivalence classes

$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{5}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{7}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{11}{3}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{5}{3}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{8}{3}},{\displaystyle \frac{10}{3}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{4}{3}};`$ (9)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{5}{2}},{\displaystyle \frac{7}{2}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{3}{2}};`$ (10)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{9}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{11}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{19}{5}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{9}{5}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{4}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{6}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{14}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{16}{5}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{6}{5}};`$ (11)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{6}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{8}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{20}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{22}{7}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{8}{7}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{1}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{13}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{15}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{27}{7}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{13}{7}};`$ (12)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{12}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{16}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{26}{7}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{12}{7}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{5}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{9}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{19}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{23}{7}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{9}{7}};`$ (13)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{16}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{20}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{34}{9}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{16}{9}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{7}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{11}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{25}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{29}{9}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{11}{9}};`$ (14)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{2}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{8}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{12}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{18}{5}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{8}{5}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{7}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{13}{5}},{\displaystyle \frac{17}{5}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{7}{5}};`$ (15)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{3}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{11}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{17}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{25}{7}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{11}{7}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{4}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{10}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{18}{7}},{\displaystyle \frac{24}{7}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{10}{7}};`$ (16)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{4}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{14}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{22}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{32}{9}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{14}{9}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{5}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{13}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{23}{9}},{\displaystyle \frac{31}{9}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{13}{9}};`$ (17)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{6}{13}},{\displaystyle \frac{20}{13}},{\displaystyle \frac{32}{13}},{\displaystyle \frac{46}{13}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{20}{13}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{7}{13}},{\displaystyle \frac{19}{13}},{\displaystyle \frac{33}{13}},{\displaystyle \frac{45}{13}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{19}{13}};`$ (18)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{5}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{17}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{27}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{39}{11}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{17}{11}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{6}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{16}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{28}{11}},{\displaystyle \frac{38}{11}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{16}{11}};`$ (19)   
$`\{{\displaystyle \frac{7}{15}},{\displaystyle \frac{23}{15}},{\displaystyle \frac{37}{15}},{\displaystyle \frac{53}{15}},\mathrm{}\}_{h=\frac{23}{15}},\{{\displaystyle \frac{8}{15}},{\displaystyle \frac{22}{15}},{\displaystyle \frac{38}{15}},{\displaystyle \frac{52}{15}},\mathrm{}\}_{\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{22}{15}},`$ (20)   
where $`h`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{h}`$ are dual classes defined by

$$\stackrel{~}{h}=3h.$$
(21)   
This is another symmetry that relates statistics $`(\nu ,\stackrel{~}{\nu })`$, such that in the context of FQHE this corresponds to filling factors ( rational numbers with an odd denominator ), that is, parameters which characterize the Hall resistance in two-dimensional eletron systems in a stronger magnetic field at low temperature. In particular, the class $`h=\stackrel{~}{h}=\frac{3}{2}`$ is a selfdual class and for particles into this class we obtain the distribution

$$n=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}+\xi ^2}}.$$
(22)   
The thermodynamic properties for a given class $`h`$ can be now obtained. In two dimensions, the particle number in a volume element $`d^2pdV`$ in phase space is given by

$`dN=𝒢{\displaystyle \frac{d^2pdV}{(2\pi \mathrm{})^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{𝒴(\xi )h}},`$ (23)   
with $`𝒢=\nu +1`$ and $`\nu =2s`$. Integrating over $`V(area)`$, we obtain

$`dN_p={\displaystyle \frac{𝒢V}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{pdp}{𝒴(\xi )h}},`$ (24)   
and for the dispersion $`ϵ(p)=\frac{p^2}{2m}`$

$`dN_ϵ={\displaystyle \frac{m𝒢V}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{dϵ}{𝒴[\xi (ϵ)]h}}.`$ (25)   
The total energy is given by

$`E`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}ϵ𝑑N_ϵ`$ (26)   
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{m𝒢V}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}}{\displaystyle _0^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{ϵdϵ}{𝒴[\xi (ϵ)]h}}`$ (27)   
and

$$PV=E=\frac{m𝒢V}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{ϵdϵ}{𝒴[\xi (ϵ)]h}.$$
(28)   
For the thermodynamic potential we obtain

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=PV=\frac{m𝒢V}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{ϵdϵ}{𝒴[\xi (ϵ)]h}.$$
(29)   
For the class $`h=\frac{3}{2}`$ and $`\nu =\frac{1}{2}`$, the pressure is given by

$$P=\frac{3}{2}\frac{m}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{ϵdϵ}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}+\mathrm{exp}2(ϵ\mu )/KT}},\mathrm{}$$
(30)   
and defining the variable $`z=\frac{ϵ}{KT}`$, we write down

$$\frac{P}{KT}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{mKT}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{2zdz}{\sqrt{1+4\mathrm{exp}2(z\mu /KT)}},\mathrm{}$$
(31)   
which combined with the particle density

$$\frac{N}{V}=\frac{3}{2}\frac{mKT}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{2dz}{\sqrt{1+4\mathrm{exp}2(z\mu /KT)}},\mathrm{}$$
(32)   
determines the relation between $`P,V`$ and $`T`$, that is, the equation of state for a gas of free particles termed fracton $`(h,\nu )=(\frac{3}{2},\frac{1}{2})`$.

From the Eq.(2) we see that the function $`𝒴(\xi )`$ get its degree from $`h`$ denominator and so for calculate the roots of $`𝒴`$ in terms of the parameter $`\xi `$ can be a formidable mathematical task. Otherwise, we can solve $`𝒴(\xi )`$ numerically. For example, the classes $`h=\frac{4}{3},\frac{5}{3}`$ have a third degree algebraic equation

$$𝒴^3+a_1𝒴^2+a_2𝒴+a_3=0,$$
(33)   
which has real solution

$$𝒴(\xi )=s+t\frac{a_1}{3},$$
(34)   
where

$`s=\left\{\sqrt{r+\sqrt{q^3+r^2}}\right\}^3,`$ (35)   
$`t=\left\{\sqrt{r\sqrt{q^3+r^2}}\right\}^3`$ (36)   
and

$`q={\displaystyle \frac{3a_2a_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{9}},`$ (37)   
$`r={\displaystyle \frac{9a_1a_227a_32a_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{3}}{54}}.`$ (38)   
For the class $`h=\frac{4}{3}`$ we obtain

$$𝒴^35𝒴^2+8𝒴(4+\xi ^3)=0,$$
(39)   
and for $`h=\frac{5}{3}`$

$$𝒴^34𝒴^2+5𝒴(2+\xi ^3)=0.$$
(40)   
The average ocuppation number is given by

$$n=\frac{1}{s+t\frac{1}{3}a_1h}$$
(41)   
and the thermodynamic properties for the fractons $`(h,\nu )=(\frac{4}{3},\frac{2}{3});(\frac{5}{3},\frac{1}{3})`$, can be considered. However, we can follow another way. The distribution function can be written in terms of the single-state grand partition function $`\mathrm{\Theta }_j`$, as

$$n_j=\xi _j\frac{\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Theta }_j}{\xi _j},$$
(42)   
where $`\mathrm{\Theta }_j=\frac{𝒴_j2}{𝒴_j1}`$. On the other hand, we can expand $`\mathrm{\Theta }_j`$ in powers of $`\xi _j`$,

$`\mathrm{\Theta }_j`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{𝒴_j2}{𝒴_j1}}`$ (43)   
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}V_l\xi _j^l`$ (44)   
and

$`n_j={\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}U_l\xi _j^l,`$ (45)   
where

$`V_l={\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{l}{}}}\left\{1+(h2){\displaystyle \frac{l}{k}}\right\};U_l={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{l1}{}}}\left\{1+(h2){\displaystyle \frac{l}{k}}\right\}.`$ (46)   
These coefficients are obtained in the same way as discussed in. They do not depend on $`G`$ states number and are calculated from the combinatorial formula

$$w=\frac{\left[G+(h1)N1\right]!}{N!\left[G+(h2)N\right]!},$$
(47)   
taking into account the grand partition function

$`𝒵(G,\xi )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{N=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}w(G,N)\xi ^N`$ (48)   
$`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \underset{l}{}}V_l\xi ^l\right)^G,`$ (49)   
that is as $`G`$-th power of the single-state partition function $`\mathrm{\Theta }`$.

The Eq.(47) gives the same statistical mechanics as that introduced in

$$w^{}=\frac{\left[G+(N1)(h1)\right]!}{N!\left[G+(N1)(h1)N\right]!}.$$
(50)   
Now, we can consider at low temperature Sommerfeld expansions. In this way, we handle integrals of the type

$`𝒥[f]=KT{\displaystyle _2^1}{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒴}{\left(𝒴1\right)\left(𝒴2\right)}}f\left\{\mu +KT\left[h\mathrm{ln}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{𝒴1}{𝒴2}}\right\}\mathrm{ln}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{𝒴1}{\left(𝒴2\right)^2}}\right\}\right]\right\},`$ (51)   
and after expansion we have

$`𝒥[f]=h^1{\displaystyle _0^\mu }f(ϵ)𝑑ϵ+{\displaystyle \underset{l=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(KT)^{l+1}}{l!}}C_l(h)f^{(l)}(\mu ),`$ (52)   
$`C_l(h)={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{l1}{}}}C_{l,k}h^k,`$ (53)   
with

$`C_{l,k}=()^{lk}\left(\begin{array}{c}l\\ k\end{array}\right){\displaystyle _2^1}{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒴}{\left(𝒴1\right)\left(𝒴2\right)}}\mathrm{ln}^{lk}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{𝒴1}{𝒴2}}\right\}\mathrm{ln}^k\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{𝒴1}{(𝒴2)^2}}\right\}.`$ (56)   
We can obtain now some thermodynamic quantities. Let us consider, the dispersion as $`ϵ(p)=ap^\sigma `$, such that in D-dimension we get for a few terms of $`C_l`$, the expressions

$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{\gamma V}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^{\frac{D}{\sigma }+1}}{h\left(\frac{D}{\sigma }+1\right)}}+KTC_0(h)\mu ^{\frac{D}{\sigma }}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(KT)^2C_1(h)\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}\right)\mu ^{\frac{D}{\sigma }1}+\mathrm{},`$ (57)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{𝒩}{\gamma V}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^{\frac{D}{\sigma }}}{h\left(\frac{D}{\sigma }\right)}}+KTC_0(h)\mu ^{\frac{D}{\sigma }1}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(KT)^2C_1(h)\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}1\right)\mu ^{\frac{D}{\sigma }2}+\mathrm{},`$ (58)   
for the energy and the particle number, where $`\gamma =\frac{m𝒢}{2\pi \mathrm{}^2}`$, for $`D=\sigma =2`$. The coefficients $`C_0(h)`$,$`C_1(h)`$ are given by

$`C_0(h)`$ $`=`$ $`C_{0,0}={\displaystyle _2^1}{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒴}{(𝒴1)(𝒴2)}};`$ (59)   
$`C_1(h)`$ $`=`$ $`C_{1,0}={\displaystyle _2^1}{\displaystyle \frac{d𝒴}{(𝒴1)(𝒴2)}}\mathrm{ln}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{𝒴1}{𝒴2}}\right\}.`$ (60)   
We can show that to second order $`T`$

$`=_0\left\{1+h{\displaystyle \frac{KT}{\mu _0}}C_0(h)+2h{\displaystyle \frac{(KT)^2}{\mu _0^2}}C_1(h)\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}\right)hC_0^2(h){\displaystyle \frac{(KT)^2}{\mu _0^2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}+1\right)\right\},`$ (61)   
$`\mu =\mu _0\left\{1h{\displaystyle \frac{KT}{\mu _0}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}\right)C_0(h)h{\displaystyle \frac{(KT)^2}{\mu _0^2}}C_1(h)\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}1\right)\right\},`$ (62)   
for the energy and chemical potential, respectively; and to order $`T`$

$`𝒞(h)=h_0{\displaystyle \frac{K}{\mu _0}}C_0(h)+2h_0{\displaystyle \frac{K^2T}{\mu _0^2}}C_1(h)\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}\right)h_0{\displaystyle \frac{K^2T}{\mu _0^2}}C_0^2(h)\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{D}{\sigma }}+1\right),`$ (63)   
for the specific heat, where $`\mu _0`$ and $`_0`$ are the zero-temperature chemical potential and energy.

For a dilute gas or high-temperature regime, we can investigate the thermodynamic properties of a free gas using virial expansion, that is the equation of state relates $`P`$, $`T`$ and $`\rho `$ ( pressure, temperature and density respectively ) as follows

$$P=\rho KT\left\{1+a_2\rho +a_2\rho ^2+\mathrm{}\right\},$$
(64)   
where $`a_2`$,$`a_3`$, etc are the virial cofficients. On the other hand, the grand potential is the sum over the single-particle states

$$\mathrm{\Omega }=KT\underset{j}{}\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Theta }_j,$$
(65)   
and as $`\mathrm{\Omega }=PV`$, we have

$$\frac{P}{KT}=\underset{j}{}\frac{1}{V}\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{\Theta }_j,$$
(66)   
and expanding in terms of $`\xi _j`$ after summation over $`j`$, we get the cluster expansion

$$P=KT\underset{l=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}b_lz^l,$$
(67)   
and for density

$$\rho =\underset{l=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}lb_lz^l,$$
(68)   
where $`b_l=_{k=1}^{l1}\left\{1+(h2)\frac{l}{k}\right\}\frac{𝒵_1(\frac{T}{l})}{l}`$, $`z=\mathrm{exp}\frac{\mu }{KT}`$ is the fugacity and $`𝒵_1(T)=V\gamma (KT)^{\frac{D}{\sigma }}`$ is the one-particle partition function $`_j\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{ϵ_j}{KT}\right\}`$. In this way we can show that

$$a_2=2^{\frac{D}{\sigma }}\left(h\frac{3}{2}\right)\frac{V}{𝒵_1(T)},$$
(69)   
$$a_3=\left\{\left(53h\right)\left(3h4\right)3^{(\frac{D}{\sigma }+1)}+2^{2(\frac{D}{\sigma })}\left(2h3\right)^2\right\}\left[\frac{V}{𝒵_1(T)}\right]^2,$$
(70)   
with $`a_l=\stackrel{~}{a}_lV^{l1}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{b}_l=\frac{b_l}{b_1^l}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{a}_2=\stackrel{~}{b}_2`$, $`\stackrel{~}{a}_3=2\stackrel{~}{b}_3+4\stackrel{~}{b}_2^2`$, etc.

For a gas with a constant density of states in energy, with $`D=\sigma =2`$, we have

$$\frac{𝒴(0)1}{𝒴(0)2}=e^{\frac{\mu }{hKT}}=e^{\frac{\rho }{\gamma KT}}$$
(71)   
and from the Eq.(2) we obtain

$$\mu (\rho ,T)=\frac{(h1)\rho }{\gamma }+KT\mathrm{ln}\left\{e^{\frac{\rho }{\gamma KT}}1\right\}$$
(72)   
and in the low density, the pressure is a finite expression

$$P=\left(h+1\right)\frac{\rho ^2}{2\gamma }$$
(73)   
and at low temperature, we obtain

$$P=\frac{h\rho ^2}{2\gamma }+\gamma (KT)^2C_1(h).$$
(74)   
In summary, we have considered a free gas of fractons $`(h,\nu )`$, that is anyons classified into equivalence classes labeled by fractal parameter $`h`$. Fractons satisfy a fractal statistics Eq.(1). The thermodynamic quantities in the low density and at low temperature were considered for a gas with a constant density of states $`(D=\sigma =2)`$ in energy. We have obtained an exact equation of state for both regimes. In particular, for a gas in the low density the equation of state shows us only interaction between pairs of group of two clusters of fractons $`(h,\nu )`$.