# CP Violating Phases, Nonuniversal Soft Breaking And D-brane Models

## I Introduction

It has been realized for sometime that supersymmetric (SUSY) models allow for an array of CP violating phases not found in the Standard Model(SM), and that these phases will in general give rise to electric dipole moments (EDMs) of the electron and the neutron which might violate the experimental bounds . The current 90 $`\%`$ C.L. bounds for $`d_n`$ and 95 $`\%`$ C.L. bounds for $`d_e`$ are quite stringent  :

$`(d_n)_{exp}`$ $`<`$ $`6.3\times 10^{26}ecm;(d_e)_{exp}<4.3\times 10^{27}ecm`$ (1)   
While these bounds can always be satisfied by assuming sufficiently small phases (i.e O(10<sup>-2</sup>)) and/or a heavy SUSY mass spectrum (i.e.$`\stackrel{>}{}`$1 TeV) , recently it has been pointed out that cancellations may occur allowing for “naturally” large phases (i.e. O(10<sup>-1</sup>)) and a light mass spectrum  and this has led to considerable analysis both within the MSSM framework  and the gravity mediated supergravity (SUGRA) GUT framework . In the latter type models the theory is specified by assigning the SUSY parameters at the GUT scale, and using the renormalization group equations (RGEs), one determines the physical predictions at the electroweak scale ($`M_{\mathrm{EW}}`$) (which we take here to be the t-quark mass, $`m_t`$). Thus in SUGRA models, “naturalness” is to be determined in terms of the GUT parameters.

In a previous paper , we examined the minimal model, mSUGRA, which depends on the four universal soft breaking parameters at $`M_G`$ \[$`m_0`$(scalar mass), $`m_{1/2}`$ (gaugino mass), $`A_0`$ (cubic term mass) and $`B_0`$ (quadratic term mass)\] and the Higgs mixing parameter $`\mu _0`$. Since $`m_0`$ is real and we can choose phases such that $`m_{1/2}`$ is real, one has only three phases at the GUT scale in mSUGRA:

$`A_0`$ $`=`$ $`|A_0|e^{i\alpha _{0A}};B_0=|B_0|e^{i\theta _{0B}};\mu _0=|\mu _0|e^{i\theta _{0\mu }}.`$ (2)   
In Ref., it was shown that for the t-quark cubic soft breaking parameter at $`M_{\mathrm{EW}}`$, $`A_t=|A_t|e^{i\alpha _t}`$, the nearness of the t-quark Landau pole automatically suppresses $`\alpha _t`$ (the phase of $`A_t`$ at $`M_{\mathrm{EW}}`$), and one can satisfy the EDM bounds with a light SUSY spectrum for large $`\alpha _{0A}`$, even $`\alpha _{0A}=\pi /2`$. However, the situation is more difficult for $`\theta _{0B}`$. The experimental requirements of Eq.(1) combined with radiative breaking of $`SU(2)\times U(1)`$ at $`M_{\mathrm{EW}}`$ imply that $`\theta _{0B}`$ is large i.e. O(1) (unless $`\alpha _{0A}`$ is small and then all phases are small) and more serious, must be tightly fine tuned unless tan$`\beta `$ is small (tan$`\beta \stackrel{<}{}`$3). For example, fixing $`|A_0|`$, $`m_0`$ and $`m_{1/2}`$ to be light and $`\alpha _{0A}`$ large, one characteristically would find that $`\theta _{0B}`$ needs to be specified to 1 part in 10<sup>4</sup> for tan$`\beta `$=10. Without this fine tuning, the GUT theory would not achieve electroweak symmetry breaking at $`M_{\mathrm{EW}}`$ and/or satisfaction of Eq.(1).

Nonminimal models were also examined in  with results similar to the above holding. In this paper we examine the nonminimal models in more detail. We then discuss an interesting D-brane model , where the Standard Model gauge group is associated with two 5-branes. This model results in nonuniversal gaugino and scalar masses and is able to allow larger values of $`\theta _B`$ at $`M_{\mathrm{EW}}`$. However, the same fine tuning problem at $`M_G`$ for $`\theta _{0B}`$ results in this model as well.

Our paper is organized as follows: Sec.2 reviews the basic formulae and notation of the SUGRA GUT models for calculating the EDMs. Sec.3 examines a general class of non universalities. Sec.4. considers the model of  and conclusions are given in Sec 5.

## II EDMs in SUGRA Models

We consider here supersymmetry GUT models possessing R-parity invariance where SUSY is broken in a hidden sector at a scale above $`M_G2\times 10^{16}`$ GeV. This breaking is then transmitted by gravity to the physical sector. The GUT group is assumed to be broken to the Standard Model (SM) $`SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y`$ at $`M_G`$, but is otherwise unspecified. The gauge kinetic function, $`f_{\alpha \beta }`$, and Kahler potential, K, can then give rise to nonuniversal gaugino masses at $`M_G`$ which we parametrize by

$`m_{1/2i}`$ $`=`$ $`|m_{1/2i}|e^{i\varphi _{0i}};i=1,2,3.`$ (3)   
and we chose the phase convention where $`\varphi _{02}=0`$. We also allow nonuniversal Higgs and third generation masses at $`M_G`$ which can arise from the Kahler potential:

$`m_{H_1}^2`$ $`=`$ $`m_0^2(1+\delta _1);m_{H_2}^2=m_0^2(1+\delta _2)`$ (4)   
$`m_{q_L}^2`$ $`=`$ $`m_0^2(1+\delta _3);m_{u_R}^2=m_0^2(1+\delta _4);m_{e_R}^2=m_0^2(1+\delta _5);`$ (5)   
$`m_{d_R}^2`$ $`=`$ $`m_0^2(1+\delta _6);m_{l_L}^2=m_0^2(1+\delta _7);`$ (6)   
where $`q_L(\stackrel{~}{t}_L,\stackrel{~}{b}_L)`$, $`u_R\stackrel{~}{t}_R`$, $`e_R\stackrel{~}{\tau }_R`$, etc., $`m_0`$ is the universal mass of the first two generations and $`\delta _i`$ are the deviations from this for the Higgs bosons and the third generation. In addition, there may be nonuniversal cubic soft breaking parameters at $`M_G`$:

$`A_{0t}`$ $`=`$ $`|A_{0t}|e^{i\alpha _{0t}};A_{0b}=|A_{0b}|e^{i\alpha _{0b}};A_{0\tau }=|A_{0\tau }|e^{i\alpha _{0\tau }}.`$ (7)   
The electric dipole moment $`d_f`$ for fermion f is defined by the effective Lagrangian:

$`L_f`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}d_f\overline{f}\sigma _{\mu \nu }\gamma ^5fF^{\mu \nu }`$ (8)   
Our analysis follows that of . Thus the basic diagrams leading to the EDMs are given in Fig.1. In addition there are gluonic operators

$`L^G`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}d^Gf_{abc}G_{a\mu \alpha }G_{b\nu }^\alpha \stackrel{~}{G}_c^{\mu \nu }`$ (9)   
and

$`L^C`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}d^C\overline{q}\sigma _{\mu \nu }\gamma ^5T^aqG_a^{\mu \nu }`$ (10)   
contributing to $`d_n`$ arising from the one loop diagram of Fig.1 (when the outgoing vector boson is a gluon), the two loop Weinberg type diagram and two loop Barr-Zee type diagram. (In Eq.(9), $`\stackrel{~}{G}_c^{\mu \nu }=\frac{1}{2}ϵ^{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }G_{c\alpha \beta }`$, $`ϵ^{0123}=+1`$, $`T^a=\frac{1}{2}\lambda _a`$, where $`\lambda _a`$ are the SU(3) Gellman matrices and $`f_{abc}`$ are the SU(3) structure constants). We use naive dimensional analysis to relate these to the electric dipole moments and the QCD factors $`\eta ^{\mathrm{ED}}`$, $`\eta ^G`$, $`\eta ^C`$ to evolve these results to 1 GeV. The quark dipole moments are related to $`d_n`$ using the nonrelativistic quark model to relate the u and d quark moments to $`d_n`$ i.e.

$`d_n`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(4d_dd_u)`$ (11)   
and we assume the s-quark mass is 150 MeV. Thus QCD effects produce considerable uncertainty in $`d_n`$ (perhaps a factor of 2-3).

Our matter phase conventions are chosen so that the chargino($`\chi ^\pm `$), neutralino($`\chi ^0`$) and squark and slepton mass matrices take the following form:

$`M_{\chi ^\pm }`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{m}_2& \sqrt{2}M_Wsin\beta \\ \sqrt{2}M_Wcos\beta & |\mu |e^{i\theta }\end{array}\right)`$ (12)   
$`M_{\chi ^0}`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cccc}|\stackrel{~}{m}_1|e^{i\varphi _1}& 0& a& b\\ 0& \stackrel{~}{m}_2& c& d\\ a& c& 0& |\mu |e^{i\theta }\\ b& d& |\mu |e^{i\theta }& 0\end{array}\right)`$ (13)   
and

$`M_{\stackrel{~}{q}}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\left(\begin{array}{cc}m_{q_L}^2& e^{i\alpha _q}m_q(|A_q|+|\mu |R_qe^{i(\theta +\alpha _q)})\\ e^{i\alpha _q}m_q(|A_q|+|\mu |R_qe^{i(\theta +\alpha _q)})& m_{q_R}^2\end{array}\right).`$ (14)   
In the above $`a=M_Zsin\theta _Wcos\beta `$, $`b=M_Zsin\theta _Wsin\beta `$, $`c=cot\theta _Wa`$, $`d=cot\theta _Wb`$, $`tan\beta =v_2/v_1`$ ($`v_{1,2}=<H_{1,2}>`$), $`R_q=cot\beta (tan\beta )`$ for u(d) quarks. All parameters are evaluated at the electroweak scale using the RGEs, e.g. for quark q one has $`A_q=|A_q|e^{i\alpha _q}`$. (Similar formulae hold for the slepton mass matrices.)

Electroweak symmetry breaking gives rise to Higgs VEVs which we parametrize by

$`<H_{1,2}>`$ $`=`$ $`v_{1,2}e^{iϵ_{1,2}}.`$ (15)   
These enter in the phase $`\theta `$ appearing in Eqs.(12,13,14)

$`\theta `$ $``$ $`ϵ_1+ϵ_2+\theta _\mu `$ (16)   
The Higgs VEVs are calculated by minimizing the Higgs effective potential:

$`V_{eff}`$ $`=`$ $`m_1^2v_1^2+m_2^2v_2^2+2|B\mu |cos(\theta +\theta _B)v_1v_2+{\displaystyle \frac{g_2^2}{8}}(v_1^2+v_2^2)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{g_{}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}{8}}(v_2^2v_1^2)^2+V_1`$ (17)   
where $`m_i^2=|\mu |^2+m_{H_i}^2`$ and $`m_{H_{1,2}}^2`$ are the Higgs running masses at $`M_{\mathrm{EW}}`$. $`V_1`$ is the one loop contribution.

$`V_1={\displaystyle \frac{1}{64\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}C_a(1)^{2j_a}(2j_a+1)m_a^4(ln{\displaystyle \frac{m_a^2}{Q^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}})`$ (18)   
where $`m_a`$ is the mass of the a particle of spin $`j_a`$, $`Q`$ is the electroweak scale (which we take to be $`m_t`$) and $`C_a`$ is the number of color degrees of freedom. In the following we include the full third generation states, $`t`$, $`b`$ and $`\tau `$ in $`V_1`$ which allows us to treat the large tan$`\beta `$ regime. From Eq.(14) this implies that $`V_1`$ depends only on $`\theta +\alpha _q`$, $`\theta +\alpha _l`$ (though the rotation matrices which diagonalize $`M_{\stackrel{~}{q}}^2`$, $`M_{\stackrel{~}{l}}^2`$ will depend on $`\theta `$, $`\alpha _q`$ and $`\alpha _l`$ separately). Minimizing $`V_{eff}`$ with respect to $`ϵ_1,ϵ_2`$. then determines $`\theta `$:

$`\theta =\pi \theta _B+f_1(\pi \theta _B+\alpha _q,\pi \theta _B+\alpha _l)`$ (19)   
where $`f_1`$ is the one loop correction. In general, $`f_1`$ is small, but can become significant for large tan$`\beta `$, as discussed in .

Minimizing $`V_{eff}`$ with respect to $`v_1`$ and $`v_2`$ yields two equations which can be arranged in the usual fashion to determine $`|\mu |^2`$ and $`|B|`$ at $`M_{\mathrm{EW}}`$:

$`|\mu |^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mu _1^2tan^2\beta \mu _2^2}{tan^2\beta 1}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}M_Z^2`$ (20)   
$`|B|`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}sin2\beta {\displaystyle \frac{m_3^2}{|\mu |}}`$ (21)   
where $`\mu _i^2=m_{H_i}^2+\mathrm{\Sigma }_i`$, $`m_3^2=2|\mu |^2+\mu _1^2+\mu _2^2`$ and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_i=V_1/v_i^2`$. Note that $`|\mu |`$ and $`|B|`$ depend implicitly on the CP violating phases since the RGE that determines $`m_{H_i}^2`$ couple to the $`A`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{m}_i`$ equations, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_i`$ depend on the phases.

## III NonMinimal Models

The renormalization group equations that relate $`M_{EW}`$ to $`M_G`$ are in general complicated differential equations requiring numerical solution, and all results given here are consequences of accurate numerical integration. Approximate analytic solutions can however be found for low and intermediate tan$`\beta `$ (neglecting b and $`\tau `$ Yukawa couplings) and in the SO(10) limit of very large tan$`\beta `$ (neglecting the $`\tau `$ Yukawa coupling). These analytic solutions give some insight into the nature of the more general numerical solutions.

For low and intermediate tan$`\beta `$, the $`A_t`$ and Yukawa RGEs read

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dA_t}{dt}}`$ $`=`$ $`6Y_tA_t+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_i\alpha _i\stackrel{~}{m}_i)`$ (22)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dY_t}{dt}}`$ $`=`$ $`6Y_t{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\pi }}({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}}a_i\alpha _i)Y_t`$ (23)   
where $`Y_t=h_t^2/16\pi ^2`$, $`h_t`$ is the t-quark Yukawa coupling constant and $`a_i`$=(13/15,3,16/3). We follow the sign conventions of Ref., and $`t=2ln(M_G/Q)`$. The solutions of Eqs.(20) can be written as

$`A_t(t)`$ $`=`$ $`D_0A_{0t}\stackrel{~}{H_2}+{\displaystyle \frac{1D_0}{F}}\stackrel{~}{H}_3`$ (24)   
where

$`\stackrel{~}{H_2}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _G}{4\pi }}t{\displaystyle \frac{a_i|m_{1/2i}|e^{i\varphi _i}}{1+\beta _it}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}H_{2i}|m_{1/2i}|e^{i\varphi _i}`$ (25)   
and

$`\stackrel{~}{H_3}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^t}𝑑t^{}E(t^{})\stackrel{~}{H_2}{\displaystyle H_{3i}|m_{1/2i}|e^{i\varphi _i}}.`$ (26)   
Here $`D_0=16(F(t)/E(t))Y(t)`$ vanishes at the t-quark Landau pole and hence is generally small i.e. ($`D_0\stackrel{<}{}0.2`$ for $`m_t=175`$ GeV). The functions F and E depend on the SM gauge beta functions and are given in . (E=12.3, F=254 for $`t=2ln(M_G/m_t)`$.) We note the identity

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{F}}{\displaystyle H_{3i}}`$ $`=`$ $`t{\displaystyle \frac{E}{F}}12.1.`$ (27)   
and so if we write Eq.(24) as

$`A_t(t)`$ $`=`$ $`D_0A_{0t}+{\displaystyle \mathrm{\Phi }_i|m_{1/2i}|e^{i\varphi _i}}.`$ (28)   
the $`\mathrm{\Phi }_i`$ are real and $`O(1)`$. (In the SO(10) large tan$`\beta `$ limit, one obtains an identical result with the factor 6 replaced 7 in $`D_0`$. Thus Eq.(28) gives a valid qualitative picture over a wide range in tan$`\beta `$.)

Nonuniversal gaugino masses affect the EDMs in two ways. First, taking the imaginary part of Eq.(28) one has ($`\varphi _2`$=0 in our phase convention):

$`|A_t(t)|sin\alpha _t`$ $`=`$ $`|A_{0t}|D_0\mathrm{sin}\alpha _{0t}+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1,3}{}}\mathrm{\Phi }_i|m_{1/2i}|\mathrm{sin}\varphi _i.`$ (29)   
As in the universal case, the smallness of $`D_0`$ suppresses the effects of any large $`\alpha _{0t}`$ on the electroweak scale phase $`\alpha _t`$. However large gaugino phases $`\varphi _i`$ will generally make $`\alpha _t`$ large. Second, Eqs.(13) and (12) show that the phase $`\varphi _1`$ enters into the neutralino mass matrix though the chargino mass matrix remains unchanged ($`\varphi _2=0`$). Thus the $`\varphi _1`$ phase will affect any cancellation occurring between the neutralino and chargino contributions to the EDMs.

Some of the above efffects are illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3, where we plot K vs. the phase $`\theta _B`$ at the electroweak scale for $`d_e`$. Here K is defined by

$`K=log_{10}{\displaystyle \frac{d_f}{(d_f)_{exp}}}`$ (30)   
Thus K=0 corresponds to the case where the theory saturates the current experimental EDM bound, while K=-1, would be the situation if the experimental bounds were reduced by a factor of 10. Fig.2 considers universal scalar masses and universal $`A_0`$ with $`\alpha _{0A}=\pi /2`$ at the GUT scale, and $`\varphi _1=\varphi _3=1.1\pi `$, -1.3$`\pi `$, -1.5$`\pi `$ for tan$`\beta `$=3. We see that as $`|\varphi _1|`$ is increased from $`|\varphi _1|`$=1.1$`\pi `$ to 1.3 $`\pi `$, the allowed values of $`\theta _B`$ increases significantly since the $`\varphi _1`$ phase in Eq. (11) aids the cancellation between the neutralino and the chargino contributions. However, increasing $`|\varphi _1|`$ further to $`|\varphi _1|`$=1.5$`\pi `$ over compensates causing the allowed values of $`\theta _B`$ to decrease. Fig. 3 for tan$`\beta `$=10 shows a similar effect. The experimentally allowed parameters require $`K0`$. The allowed range $`\mathrm{\Delta }\theta _B`$ of $`\theta _B`$ decreases with tan$`\beta `$. It is very small for tan$`\beta `$=10 and is quite small even for tan$`\beta `$=3.

## IV D-Brane Models

Recent advances in string theory leading to possible D=4, N=1 supersymmetric vacua after compactification has restimulated interest in phenomenological string motivated model building. A number of approaches exists including models based on Type IIB orientifolds, Horava-Witten M theory compactification on $`CY\times S^1/Z_2`$ and perturbative heterotic string vacua. The existence of open string sectors in Type IIB strings implies the presence of $`Dp`$-branes, manifolds of p+1 dimensions in the full D=10 space of which 6 dimensions are compactified e.g. on a six torus $`T^6`$. (For a survey of properties of Type IIB orientifold models see ). One can build models containing 9 branes (the full 10 dimensional space) plus $`5_i`$-branes, i=1, 2, 3 (each containg two of the compact dimensions) or 3 branes plus 7<sub>i</sub> branes, i=1, 2, 3 (each having two compactified dimensions orthogonal to the brane). Associated with a set of n coincident branes is a gauge group U(n). Thus there are large number of ways one might embed the Standard Model gauge group in Type IIB models.

We consider here an interesting model recently proposed  based on 9-branes and 5-branes. In this model, $`SU(3)_C\times U(1)_Y`$ is associated with one set of 5-branes, i.e. $`5_1`$, and SU(2)<sub>L</sub> is associated with a second intersecting set 5<sub>2</sub>. Strings starting on 5<sub>2</sub> and ending on 5<sub>1</sub> have massless modes carrying the joint quantum numbers of the two branes (we assume these are the SM quark and lepton doublets, Higgs doublets) while strings beginning and ending on 5<sub>1</sub> have massless modes carrying $`SU(3)_C\times U(1)_Y`$ quantum numbers (right quark and right lepton states). A number of general properties of such models have been worked out . Thus to accommodate the phenomenological requirement of gauge coupling constant unification at $`M_G2\times 10^{16}`$ GeV, one may assume, that $`M_c`$, the compactification scale of the Kaluza-Klein modes obeys $`M_c=M_G`$. Above $`M_c`$, the gauge interactions on the 5-branes see a D=6 dimensional space (with Kaluza Klein modes) while above $`M_c`$ gravity sees the full D=10 space. Gravity and gauge unification then is to take place at the string scale $`M_{\mathrm{str}}=1/\sqrt{\alpha ^{}}`$ given by $`M_{\mathrm{str}}=(\alpha _GM_cM_{Planck}/\sqrt{2})^{1/2}8\times 10^{16}`$ GeV (for $`\alpha _G1/24`$).

The gauge kinetic functions for 9 branes and 5<sub>i</sub>-branes are given by  $`f_9=S`$ and $`f_{5_i}=T_i`$ where S is the dilaton and $`T_i`$ are moduli. The origin of the spontaneous breaking of N=1 supersymmetry and of compactification is not yet understood within this framework. Further, CP violation must also occur as a spontaneous breaking. One assumes these effects can be phenomenologically accounted for by F-components growing VEVs parametrized as 

$`F^S`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{3}<\mathrm{Re}S>\mathrm{sin}\theta _be^{i\alpha _s}m_{3/2}`$ (31)   
$`F^{T_i}`$ $`=`$ $`2\sqrt{3}<\mathrm{Re}T_i>\mathrm{cos}\theta _b\mathrm{\Theta }_ie^{i\alpha _i}m_{3/2}`$ (32)   
where $`\theta _b`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }_i`$ are Goldstino angles ($`\mathrm{\Theta }_1^2+\mathrm{\Theta }_2^2+\mathrm{\Theta }_3^2=1`$). CP violation is thus incorporated in the phases $`\alpha _s`$, $`\alpha _i`$. In the following we will assume, for simplicity, that $`\mathrm{\Theta }_3=0`$ (i.e. that the 5<sub>3</sub>-brane does not affect the physical sector). We also assume isotropic compactification ($`<ReT_i>`$) are equal) to guarantee grand unification at $`M_G`$, and $`<ImT_i>`$=0 so that the spontaneous breaking does not grow a $`\theta `$-QCD type term.

For models of this type, T-duality determines the Kahler potential  and, combined with Eq.(28), generates the soft breaking terms. One finds at $`M_G`$:

$`\stackrel{~}{m_1}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}\mathrm{cos}\theta _b\mathrm{\Theta }_1e^{i\alpha _1}m_{3/2}=\stackrel{~}{m_3}=A_0`$ (33)   
$`\stackrel{~}{m_2}`$ $`=`$ $`\sqrt{3}\mathrm{cos}\theta _b\mathrm{\Theta }_2e^{i\alpha _2}m_{3/2}`$ (34)   
and

$`m_{5_15_2}^2`$ $`=`$ $`(1{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\mathrm{sin}^2\theta _b)m_{3/2}^2`$ (35)   
$`m_{5_1}^2`$ $`=`$ $`(13\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}^2\theta _b)m_{3/2}^2`$ (36)   
Here $`A_0`$ is a universal cubic soft breaking mass, $`m_{5_15_2}^2`$ are the soft breaking masses for $`q_L`$, $`l_L`$, $`H_{1,2}`$ and $`m_{5_1}^2`$ are for $`u_R`$, $`d_R`$ and $`e_R`$.

We see that the brane models give rise to nonuniversalities that are strikingly different from what one might expect in SUGRA GUT models. Thus it would be difficult to construct a GUT group, which upon spontaneous breaking at $`M_G`$ yields gaugino masses $`\stackrel{~}{m}_1`$=$`\stackrel{~}{m}_3\stackrel{~}{m}_2`$, and similarly the above pattern of sfermion and Higgs soft masses. Brane models can achieve the above pattern since they have the freedom of associating different parts of the SM gauge group with different branes.

The above model does not determine the $`B`$ and $`\mu `$ parameters. We therefore will phenomenologically parametrize these at $`M_G`$ by

$`B_0=|B_0|e^{i\theta _{0B}};\mu _0=|\mu _0|e^{i\theta _{0\mu }}.`$ (37)   
with two additional CP violating phases $`\theta _{0B}`$ and $`\theta _{0\mu }`$. We also set $`\alpha _2=0`$ in the following.

We consider first the electron EDM. (We use the interactions of Ref. including the Erratum on the sign of Eq.(5.5) of Ref.). Fig.4 plots K as a function of $`\theta _B`$ for tan$`\beta `$=2 (solid), 5 (dashed), 10 (dotted) with phases $`\varphi _1=\varphi _3=\pi +\alpha _{0A}=1.25\pi `$ and $`m_{3/2}=150`$ GeV, $`\theta _b=0.2`$, $`\mathrm{\Theta }_1`$=0.85. We see that the EDM bounds allow remarkably large values of $`\theta _B`$ in this model even for large tan$`\beta `$, e.g. $`\theta _B0.4`$ for tan$`\beta `$=2 and $`\theta _B0.25`$ for tan$`\beta `$=10. (A second allowed region occurring approximately for $`\theta _B\pi +\theta _B`$ also exists. However this corresponds to the sign of $`\mu `$ that is mostly excluded by the $`bs\gamma `$ data.) Fig.5 shows a similar plot for somewhat smaller phases $`\varphi _1=\varphi _3=\pi +\alpha _{0A}=1.1\pi `$. Again relatively large phases can exist at the electroweak scale.

As discussed in Ref., the largeness of $`\theta _B`$ is due to an enhanced cancellation between the neutralino and chargino contributions as a consequence of the additional $`\varphi _1`$ dependence in Eq.(11), allowing $`\theta _B`$ to be O(1). However, in spite of this, the range in $`\theta _B`$ at the electroweak scale, where the experimental bound $`K0`$ is satisfied, is quite small, e.g. from Fig.4, $`\mathrm{\Delta }\theta _B`$0.015 even for tan$`\beta `$=2. As discussed in Ref, this implies that the radiative breaking condition makes the allowed range $`\mathrm{\Delta }\theta _{0B}`$ at the GUT scale very small, particularly for large tan$`\beta `$. This is illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7. In Fig.6, we have plotted the central value of $`\theta _{0B}`$ which satisfies $`K0`$ as a function of tan$`\beta `$. Thus $`\theta _{0B}`$ is generally quite large. In Fig.7 we have plotted the allowed range of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\theta _{0B}`$ satisfying the EDM constraints. One sees that even for small tan$`\beta `$ the allowed range $`\mathrm{\Delta }\theta _{0B}`$ is very small. Thus as in the mSUGRA model of Ref., one has a serious fine tuning problem at the GUT scale due to the combined conditions of radiative breaking and the EDM bound: $`\theta _{0B}`$ must be large but very accurately determined by the string model if it is to agree with low energy phenomenology.

The neutron dipole moment is more complicated due to the additional contributions arising from $`L^C`$ and $`L^G`$ of Eqs.(8) and (7). While there are significant uncertainties in the calculation of $`d_n`$ it is of interest to see if the experimental bounds on $`d_n`$ can be achieved in the same region of parameter space as occur in $`d_e`$ above. The fact that the brane model requires $`\varphi _3=\varphi _1`$ allows for the $`L^C`$ gluino contribution to aid in canceling the chargino contribution. This generally aids in broadening the overlap region of joint satisfaction of the $`d_n`$ and $`d_e`$ bounds of Eq.(1). However, in addition to this, there is a contribution from $`L^G`$ from the Weinberg type diagram. While this term is enhanced due to the factor of $`m_t`$, it is a two loop diagram and is suppressed by a factor of $`\alpha _3^2`$($`g_3/4\pi `$) and in most models is usually a small contribution. However, for the D-brane model where $`\varphi _3=\varphi _1`$, the presence of a large $`\varphi _3`$ phase increases the significance of this diagram, reducing the $`d_nd_e`$ overlap region. This is illustrated in Figs.8 where $`\mathrm{\Theta }_1`$ is plotted as a function of $`\theta _B`$ for parameters tan$`\beta `$=2, $`m_{3/2}=150`$ GeV, $`\theta _b`$=0.2. (LEP189 bounds of $`m_{1/2}\stackrel{>}{}150`$ GeV imply here that $`\mathrm{\Theta }_1\stackrel{<}{}0.94`$.) As one proceeds from $`\varphi _1=\varphi _3=1.25\pi `$ of Fig.8a to $`\varphi _1=\varphi _3=1.95\pi `$ of Fig.8d, one goes from no overlap of the allowed $`d_e`$ and $`d_n`$ regions to a significant overlap. However, the large $`\theta _B`$ phase allowed separately by $`d_e`$ and $`d_n`$ (e.g. $`\theta _B0.6`$) in Fig.8a is sharply reduced in Fig.8d in the overlap region by a factor of 10. Further, the region of parameter space where the experimental constraints for $`d_e`$ and $`d_n`$ can be simultaneously satisfied generally decreases with increasing tan$`\beta `$. Fig.9 gives the allowed region for the parameters of Fig. 8b with $`\varphi _3=\varphi _1=1.90\pi `$, for tan$`\beta `$=2, 3 and 5. The allowed parameter space disappears for tan$`\beta \stackrel{>}{}5`$. If, however, the overlap in allowed parameter region between $`d_e`$ and $`d_n`$ occurs for smaller $`\varphi _1`$ i.e. $`\varphi _1=O(10^1)`$, one can have larger values of tan$`\beta `$. This is illustrated in Fig.10 for $`\varphi _1=\varphi _3=1.97\pi `$ (i.e. 2$`\pi +\varphi _1`$=0.03$`\pi `$) for tan$`\beta `$=10. The region of overlap however now requires $`\theta _B`$ to be quite small i.e. $`\theta _B=O(10^2)`$. Of course the fine tuning of $`\theta _{0B}`$ at the GUT scale becomes quite extreme for larger tan$`\beta `$ .

While the quark mass ratios are well determined, the values of $`m_u`$ and $`m_d`$ remain very uncertain due to the uncertainty in $`m_s`$ . As pointed out in Ref., this uncertainty contributes significantly to the uncertainty in the calculation of $`d_n`$. This effect for the model of Ref. is illustrated in Fig.11 for $`\varphi _1=\varphi _3=1.90\pi `$, tan$`\beta `$=2. Fig. 11a corresponds to the choice of light quarks ($`m_s(1\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})`$ 95 MeV) while Fig. 11b to heavy quarks ($`m_s(1\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})`$ 225 MeV). For light quarks, the Weinberg three gluon term makes a relatively larger contribution and aids more in the cancellation needed to satisfy the EDM constraint. In general, though, the Weinberg term can be several times the upper bound on $`d_n`$ of Eq.(1), and so makes a significant contribution. In other figures of this paper, we have used a central value of $`m_s`$ i.e $`m_s(1\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})=150`$ MeV corresponding to $`m_u(1\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})4.4`$ MeV and $`m_d(1\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})8`$ MeV.

## V Conclusions

In minimal SUGRA models with universal soft breaking, it has previously been seen that the current EDM constraints can be satisfied without fine tuning the CP violating phases at the electroweak scale. For this case the EDMs are most sensitive to $`\theta _B`$, the phase of the B parameter, and experiment can be satisfied with $`\theta _B`$=O(10<sup>-1</sup>). It was seen however that at the GUT scale, $`\theta _{0B}`$ was generally large (unless masses were large or the other phases were small), and in order to satisfy both the EDM constraints and radiative electroweak breaking, $`\theta _{0B}`$ had to be fine tuned, the fine tuning becoming more serious as tan$`\beta `$ increased. In this paper we have examined nonuniversal models, and have found generally that the same phenomenon exists.

We have studied in some detail an interesting D-brane model involving CP violating phases where the Standard Model gauge group is embedded on two sets of 5-branes, $`SU(3)_C\times U(1)_Y`$ on $`5_1`$ and $`SU(2)_L`$ on $`5_2`$ so that the gaugino phases obey $`\varphi _3=\varphi _1\varphi _2`$. This is a symmetry breaking pattern that is different from what one normally expects in GUT models. If one examines $`d_e`$ and $`d_n`$ separately, one finds that this model can accommodate remarkably large values of $`\theta _B`$ i.e. $`\theta _B`$ as large as 0.7. However, the same fine tuning problem arises at the GUT scale for $`\theta _{0B}`$. Further, the region in parameter space where the experimental bounds on both $`d_e`$ and $`d_n`$ are satisfied shrinks considerably. Thus the model can not actually realize the very largest $`\theta _B`$ (though $`\theta _B`$ as large as $`0.4`$ is still possible). The Weinberg three gluon diagram typically is several times the current experimental upper bound on $`d_n`$, and so makes a significant contribution, particularly if the quark masses are light. (The Barr-Zee term is generally small if the SUSY parameters are $`\stackrel{<}{}1`$ TeV.) The allowed region in parameter space which simultaneously satisfies the $`d_n`$ and $`d_e`$ constraints also shrinks as tan$`\beta `$ is increased, the $`d_e`$ and the $`d_n`$ allowed regions narrowing. In general, if one assumes large $`\varphi _i`$ phases, one needs tan$`\beta \stackrel{<}{}`$5 to get a significant overlap between the allowed $`d_e`$ and allowed $`d_n`$ regions in parameter space, though small overlap regions exist even for tan$`\beta =10`$ and higher (though with $`\theta _B=O(10^2)`$). In the search for the SUSY Higgs, the Tevatron in RUN II/III will be able to explore almost the entire region of tan$`\beta \stackrel{<}{}`$50 (for SUSY parameters $`\stackrel{<}{}`$1 TeV) and it should be possible to experimentally verify whether tan$`\beta `$ is in fact small.

As commented in Sec.2, the theoretical calculation of $`d_n`$ contains a number of uncertainties due to QCD effects. We have used here the conventional analysis. However, these uncertainties could affect the overlap between the allowed $`d_e`$ and $`d_n`$ regions, and modify bounds on $`\theta _B`$ and tan$`\beta `$. However, if QCD effects are not too large, we expect the general features described above to survive.

## VI Acknowledgement

This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant No. PHY-9722090. We should like to thank M. Brhlik for discussions of the results of Ref., and JianXin Lu for useful conversations.