# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The $`\nu \overline{\nu }\gamma `$ production in $`e^+e^{}`$ collisions is of great interest, as it is sensitive to the triple gauge boson coupling $`WW\gamma `$ of the Standard Model. Its precise measurement will not serve only as a stringent test of the SM, but may reveal (or constrain) anomalous gauge couplings. The events with photon(s) plus missing energy might originate also from other mechanisms, signalling new physics beyond the Standard Model. For example, such final states can be produced in both gravity- and gauge-mediated supersymmetric models or low-scale gravity. The missing energy in these events is caused by weakly interacting supersymmetric particles, such as gravitinos, neutralinos and/or sneutrinos , or gravitons . In all such cases the Standard Model $`e^+e^{}\nu \overline{\nu }\gamma `$ events are irreducible background and reliable theoretical predictions for them are therefore necessary.

With the sensitivity afforded by the LEP experiments , and expected at future $`e^+e^{}`$ colliders , the photon(s) plus missing energy events provide an opportunity to search for new physics phenomena. Any meaningful interpretation of the experimental data requires a Monte Carlo simulation in which Standard Model predictions may be augmented by the contributions from possible anomalous couplings.

Since the LEP collaborations are entering their final years of operation, now is a good time to document the programs that have actually been used in the data analyses at LEP. In the present paper we document the library for the calculation of the effects of the $`WW\gamma `$ interaction for the $`e^+e^{}\nu \overline{\nu }n\gamma `$ process within the Standard Model as well as from the anomalous couplings. It is based on the work of  and the description of the physical content of the program interface and discussion of its uncertainties can be found in . For an alternative implementation of the $`WW\gamma `$ vertex, see .

In principle our library can be combined with any $`e^+e^{}f\overline{f}n\gamma `$ generator, but in the present paper we will use an interface to KORALZ version 4.04, described in , as a working example. That is the reason why the fortran code of the library will be archived together with the KORALZ tree of subdirectories . Let us note that, in future, KORALZ will be replaced by a new program, KK2f , which is based on a more powerful exponentiation at the spin amplitude level and in which the library will also be easy to implement.

Version 4.04 of the KORALZ Monte Carlo program can be used to simulate $`e^+e^{}f\overline{f}n\gamma `$, ($`f=\mu ,\tau ,u,d,c,s,b,\nu `$) processes up to the LEP2 energy range, including YFS exclusive exponentiation of initial- and final-state bremsstrahlung and, optionally, the effects of various anomalous couplings. In the case of the LEP2 centre-of-mass energies and if $`f=\nu `$, the present library can be used for that purpose.

## 2 Calculation of anomalous couplings

To evaluate the effects of anomalous $`WW\gamma `$, a tree-level calculation of the squared matrix element for the process $`e^+e^{}\nu \overline{\nu }\gamma `$ has been carried out . It includes the effects of the anomalous C- and P-conserving<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1For a recent phenomenological analysis of CP-violating couplings in $`e^+e^{}\nu \overline{\nu }\gamma `$, see . contributions parametrized with the help of the couplings $`\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _\gamma `$, $`\lambda _\gamma `$ (in what follows we will suppress the subscript $`\gamma `$). The library is formed on this basis. When activated, it uses the 4-momenta of the neutrinos and the photon provided by the host program to compute a weight, $`w`$, for each event according to

$$w=\frac{|_{\mathrm{S}M}^{WW\gamma excl.}+_{\mathrm{S}M}^{WW\gamma }+_{\mathrm{a}no}^{WW\gamma }|^2}{|_{\mathrm{S}M}^{WW\gamma excl.}|^2}.$$
(1)   
$`_{\mathrm{a}no}^{WW\gamma }`$ is the matrix element due to the anomalous $`\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa 0`$, $`\lambda 0`$ couplings, the $`_{\mathrm{S}M}^{WW\gamma }`$ is the matrix element due to the SM $`WW\gamma `$ interaction and $`_{\mathrm{S}M}^{WW\gamma excl.}`$ represents the remaining part of the SM matrix element for the $`e^+e^{}\nu \overline{\nu }\gamma `$ process<sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2Note that such a separation is gauge-dependent and, if not treated carefully, could lead to meaningless results. See ref.  for details.. Note that because of the above separation, even for the Standard Model $`WW\gamma `$ interaction, the use of the library is necessary to calculate the weight $`w`$.

As the calculation of ref.  is performed at $`𝒪(\alpha )`$, the case of multiple bremsstrahlung requires a special treatment. In this case, a reduction procedure is first applied in which all photons except the one with the highest-$`p_T`$ are incorporated into the 4-momenta of effective beams. In the second step, the 4-momenta of the highest $`p_T`$ photon, the effective beams and neutrinos are then used to compute the weight. Cross-checks of the calculation as well as checks of the validity of the reduction procedure are described in . The results of the calculation have been used in the measurement of the $`WW\gamma `$ coupling described in .

## 3 Flags to control anomalous couplings in KORALZ

The calculation of weights for anomalous couplings is activated by setting the card IFKALIN=1. This is transmitted from the main program via the KORALZ input parameter NPAR(15). Additional input parameters are set in the routine kzphynew(XPAR,NPAR), although there are currently no connections to the KORALZ matrix input parameters XPAR and NPAR <sup>3</sup><sup>3</sup>3 In most uses of KORALZ, the numerical value of these parameters is irrelevant or defaults are sufficient. It is expected that the advanced user may like to change them, connecting directly the kzphynew(XPAR,NPAR) routine with her or his main program. . Table 1 summarizes the functions of these input parameters.

More input parameters are initialized in the subroutine anomini, which is placed in the file gengface.f and subroutine initialize of the file geng.f. Both files are placed in the directory korz\_new/nunulib.

In order to provide the user with enough information to retrieve the $`w`$ for a given event for any $`\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa `$, $`\lambda `$, we take advantage of the fact that, for each event, one may write the $`w`$ as a quadratic function of the anomalous couplings, in terms of the results calculated for six numerically distinct combinations of the $`\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa `$, $`\lambda `$ values as follows:

$`w(\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa ,\lambda )`$ $`=`$ $`\left(1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{\lambda _0}}\right)^2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa }{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0}}\right)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{\lambda _0}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa }{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0}}\right)w(0,0)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa }{2\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa }{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0}}\right)^2\right)w(\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0,0)`$ (2)   
$`+`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa }{2\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa }{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0}}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{\lambda _0}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa }{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0}}\right)w(\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0,0)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{2\lambda _0}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{\lambda _0}}\right)^2\right)w(0,\lambda _0)`$   
$`+`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{2\lambda _0}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{\lambda _0}}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{\lambda _0}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa }{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0}}\right)w(0,\lambda _0)+{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda }{\lambda _0}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa }{\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0}}w(\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0,\lambda _0).`$   
When the calculation is completed, the six weights are stored in the common block common /kalinout/ wtkal(6), with the assignments shown in Table 2.

The user is then free to calculate the $`w`$ for whatever combination of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa `$ and $`\lambda `$ is desired. In our program we set $`\mathrm{\Delta }\kappa _0=10`$ and $`\lambda _0=10`$. If the IENRICH input parameter is set to 1 the generated sample will have more events with hard photons than predicted by the Standard Model. The appropriate compensating factor is included into the weights wtkal. It is thus always assured that e.g. the generated sample, if the weight wtkal(1) is used, represents the Standard Model predictions.

The code for a calculation of the weight $`w`$ is placed in the directory korz\_new/nunulib in the files geng.f and gengface.f.   

## 4 Demonstration programs

The demonstration program DEMO3.f for the run of KORALZ when our library is activated can be found in the directory korz\_new/february and the output DEMO3.out in the directory korz\_new/february/prod1. The DEMO.f for the run of KORALZ with the Standard Model interactions only and its output DEMO.out are also included in the directories mentioned above. All these files as well as the library itself are archived together with KORALZ .

Acknowledgements   
One of us (ZW) thanks CERN Theory Division for support during the final work on the paper.