# Parent Stars of Extrasolar Planets V: HD 75289

## 1 Introduction

In our continuing series on the parent stars of extrasolar planets (Gonzalez 1997, Paper I; Gonzalez 1998, Paper II; Gonzalez & Vanture 1998, Paper III; and Gonzalez et al. 1999, Paper IV), we have reported on the results of our spectroscopic analyses of these stars. Other similar studies include Fuhrmann et al. (1997, 1998) and Sadakane et al. (1999). The most significant finding so far has been the high mean metallicity of these stars, as a group, compared to the metallicity distribution of nearby solar-type stars. Additional extrasolar planet candidates continue to be announced by planet hunting groups using the Doppler method. Herein, we report on a Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) abundance analysis of HD 75289, which was announced on 1 February 1999 (Udry et al. 1999) to harbor a low-mass object with a 3.5 day nearly-circular orbit.

In addition to the new candidate listed above, we also present new analyses of the spectra of $`\upsilon `$ And and $`\tau `$ Boo, which had been the subject of Paper I. The basic stellar parameters and abundances of these two stars were not well-detemined in that study, due to their relatively broad lines, which resulted in a short linelist. We will improve on that study by adding several Fe I,II lines carefully chosen to better constrain the solutions. Also, we report on extended spectroscopic analyses of the following parent stars: HD 187123, HD 210277, 14 Her, and $`\rho ^1`$ Cnc. These stars were discussed in Papers III and IV, but we had not performed a general abundance analysis from their spectra (note, we had included $`\rho ^1`$ Cnc in Paper II, but that study was superceded by Paper III). We close with a summary of the abundance patterns among stars with planets and compare them with those of nearby F and G dwarfs without (known) planets.

## 2 Observations

High-resolution, high S/N ratio spectra were obtained with the 2dcoude echelle spectrograph (described in Tull et al. 1995) at the McDonald observatory 2.7 m telescope. This is the same instrument employed in Papers I to III (in Paper IV, we analyzed spectra obtained by G. Marcy with HIRES on the Keck I). The spectral resolving power (determined from the FWHM of the Th-Ar lines in the comparison lamp spectrum) is about 65,000, and the S/N ratio is about 450-500. The spectral coverage ranges from 3700 to 10,000 Å, with gaps between orders beyond about 5500 Å. The data reduction methods are the same as those employed in Papers I to III. Two spectra of HD 75289 were obtained, for a total exposure time of 20 minutes. Spectra of a hot star with a high $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$ value were also obtained in order to divide out telluric lines (with the IRAF program, telluric).

We derived a heliocentric radial velocity of $`+9.9\pm 0.5`$ km s<sup>-1</sup> (formal error) from our spectra of HD 75289 obtained on HJD $`=2451215.784`$; this estimate is based on four clean Fe I lines with laboratory wavelengths adopted from Gratton et al.’s (1989) study. Note that while we did not observe a radial velocity standard, the stability of the 2dcoude spectrograph should result in systematic velocity errors of no more than about 0.5 km s<sup>-1</sup>. Our velocity estimate differs significantly from Gratton et al.’s radial velocity of $`+1`$ km s<sup>-1</sup>, which is the mean of six observations they made over a two week period. Based on a comparison with other published velocity estimates for this star, they concluded that HD 75289 is a radial velocity variable (with an amplitude of a few km s<sup>-1</sup>). However, Udry et al. report a systemic velocity of 9.26 km s<sup>-1</sup>, which is consistent with our single velocity estimate. In addition, they obtain a very good fit with a simple Keplerian model, implying that the velocity is not variable at the few km s<sup>-1</sup> level.

## 3 Analysis

### 3.1 Spectroscopic analysis

The present method of analysis is the same as that employed in Paper III for $`\rho ^1`$ Cnc. Briefly, it makes use of the line analysis code, MOOG (Sneden 1973, updated version), the Kurucz (1993) LTE plane parallel model atmospheres, and Fe I, II equivalent width (EW) measurements to determine the following atmospheric parameters: T<sub>eff</sub>, $`\mathrm{log}g`$, $`\xi _\mathrm{t}`$, and \[Fe/H\], where the symbols have their usual meanings. The Fe linelist was put together from Table 1 of Paper I, Table 2 of Paper II, and Table 1 of Paper IV. Lines of elements other than Fe were selected from Table 1 of Paper 1 and Table 2 of Paper II. We have also added additional lines to both lists. Their $`gf`$-values were calculated from an inverted solar analysis using the Kurucz et al. (1984) Solar Flux Atlas or our spectrum of Vesta. The final linelist, along with the EW values, is listed in Tables 1 and 2. The number of lines employed for each star varies somewhat due to the variations in intrinsic line width and temperature from one star to another; for example, low excitation lines are weaker in hot star spectra, and weak lines are more difficult to measure in spectra with relatively high $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$, i.e., $`\upsilon `$ And and $`\tau `$ Boo, and in cool stars with strong-lined spectra due to crowding, i.e., 14 Her and $`\rho ^1`$ Cnc.

The abundances of Li and Al were determined via comparison of synthesized spectra with the observed spectra. The method employed to determine the Li abundance is described in our previous papers. Our estimate of the Al abundance is based on the Al I pair at 6696 and 6698 Å; they are sufficiently close to the Li I line at 6708 Å that we were able to determine the Li and Al abundances with the same synthesized spectral region. This is a change from our previous studies, where we had relied primarily on the 7835 and 8772 Å pairs. Unfortunately, the spectrograph setup was such that the 6696 and 6698 Å Al pair fell just outside the order containing the Li I line in our spectrum of HD 75289, so we do not quote an Al abundance for this star.

The results of the analyses are presented in Tables 2 to 5. The calculations of the uncertainties and the contribution from systematic errors are the same as those discussed in Paper III; systematic errors should be negligible in the present study, since these stars are similar to the Sun. We argued in Paper III that our LTE analysis of $`\rho ^1`$ Cnc, which is about 500 K cooler than the Sun, probably does not suffer from significant systematic errors. As in Paper III, we refrain from quoting formal uncertainties in \[Fe/H\] less than 0.05 dex.

### 3.2 Derived parameters

We have determined the masses and ages in the same way as in Paper II. Using the Hipparcos parallaxes (ESA 1997) and the stellar evolutionary isochrones of Schaller et al. (1992) and Schaerer et al. (1993), along with our spectroscopic $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ estimates, we have estimated the masses and ages for $`\upsilon `$ And, $`\tau `$ Boo, and HD 75289. Due to the large parallaxes and hence small distances, neither the Lutz & Kelker (1973) nor extinction corrections were applied. We list the results in Table 4. The corresponding theoretical surface gravities are: $`\mathrm{log}g=4.10\pm 0.04`$, $`4.25\pm 0.03`$, and $`4.33\pm 0.02`$ for $`\upsilon `$ And, $`\tau `$ Boo, and HD 75289, respectively. The close agreement between the observed and theoretical surface gravities for all three stars supports the assumptions that went into the calculation of the stellar evolutionary isochrones and the LTE abundance analyses.

## 4 Discussion

### 4.1 $`\upsilon `$ And and $`\tau `$ Boo

The present spectroscopic analyses of $`\upsilon `$ And and $`\tau `$ Boo are a significant improvement over those reported in Paper I, both as evidenced by the reduction in the uncertainties of the derived physical parameters and the closer agreement with the spectroscopic analyses of Fuhrmann et al. (1998) and photometrically-derived parameters. While our new $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ estimates are significantly smaller than those in Paper I - $`\upsilon `$ And is less by 110 K and $`\tau `$ Boo is less by 180 K - the \[Fe/H\] values are similar; this is due to the fact that we derived a complete new set of atmosphere parameters for each star, not just a new $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$. As a result, the basic conclusions of Gonzalez (1999a), which is a study of the chemo-dynamical properties of stars-with-planets, are not altered. In particular, the conclusion that $`\tau `$ Boo possesses an anomalously high \[Fe/H\] value for its age and Galactocentric distance still holds. Finally, we note that the value of $`\xi _\mathrm{t}`$ we obtain for $`\tau `$ Boo is unusually small compared to the other hot stars we analyzed; its $`\xi _\mathrm{t}`$ value should be larger, given its higher $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ value.

### 4.2 HD 75289

The Bright Star Catalog (Hoffleit 1982) designates HD 75289 as G0Ia-0:, which is clearly incorrect. Gratton et al. included HD 75289 in their spectroscopic abundance study of G and K supergiants (their work confirmed that HD 75289 was in fact a metal-rich dwarf and not a supergiant). Of the EW measurements reported in their paper and ours, there are 15 spectral lines in common, with an average difference of only $`+1.5`$ mÅ between them. They went on to derive the atmospheric parameters based on a total of 35 Fe I and 5 Fe II lines, and obtained the following results: $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}=6000`$ K, $`\mathrm{log}g=3.8`$, $`\xi _\mathrm{t}=1.3`$ km s<sup>-1</sup>, and \[A/H\] $`=0.2`$. We note that the present work, which uses a similar method of analysis and a larger number of Fe lines to better constrain these same stellar parameters, is in close agreement with their results. The only exception to this statement is $`\mathrm{log}g`$, where our derived value of 4.47 differs considerably. The stellar evolutionary $`\mathrm{log}g`$ value tends to support our estimate.

Gonzalez (1999a) compared the \[Fe/H\] estimates of the parent stars to the mean trends of \[Fe/H\] with age and mean Galactocentric distance, $`R_\mathrm{m}`$, among field stars. Among the young stars (age $`2`$ Gyr), not only is $`\tau `$ Boo too metal-rich for its value of $`R_\mathrm{m}`$, but so is HD 75289. They are both metal-rich relative to the typical field star of the same $`R_\mathrm{m}`$ by $`+0.26`$ dex.

Henry et al. (1996) reported a $`\mathrm{log}R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{^{}}`$ value of $`5.00`$ for HD 75289 from a single measurement; we confirm the low chromospheric activity level of this star from examination of the Ca II H and K lines in our spectra. This measure places it among the low-activity stars of the roughly 800 stars observed by them. Employing the activity-age relation of Donahue (1993)<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1As reported in Henry et al. (1996). we derive an age of 5.6 Gyr, nearly a factor of three greater than the age derived from its position on the HR diagram. None of the other parent stars displays such a large activity age relative to the evolutionary age<sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>270 Vir has an evolutionary age nearly four times its activity age, but this discrepancy is likely due to its more evolved state than the other parent stars.. Further, Udry et al. reported a $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$ value of 4.37 km s<sup>-1</sup> \- about half the $`v\mathrm{sin}i`$ value of $`\upsilon `$ And, itself 3.5 Gyr old according to its location on the HR diagram.

Hence, according to its chromospheric activity level and rotation, HD 75289 is older than the Sun, while it is younger according to stellar evolution. A possible way out of this dilemma may be to invoke a phenomenon that spun-down HD 75289 faster than is typical for stars of its spectral type.

### 4.3 Abundance Trends

To search for subtle abundance anomalies among the star-with-planets sample, we will compare our results to high-quality abundance analyses of the general field population. The best sources of data on abundances of field stars are Edvardsson et al. (1993), Tomkin et al. (1997), Feltzing & Gustafsson (1998), and Gustafsson et al. (1999). All four studies are based on the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory group analysis techniques, and, hence, should be consistent with each other. In addition to these, we will make use of several studies of Li abundances among field and open cluster stars. In the following, for most elements, we will compare abundances relative to Fe (as \[X/Fe\]), since such a quantity is less sensitive to systematic differences among various studies.

Among the elements measured in the stars-with-planets sample, Li has the potential to give us the greatest insight into the process of planet formation. Its abundance in a stellar atmosphere is affected by a number of physical processes, some of which are possibly related to the presence of planets (see discussion in Paper II). Among the stellar parameters found to correlate with Li abundance are $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$, age, and metallicity (Pasquini, Liu, & Pallavicini 1994). What’s more, the Li abundance on the surface of an F star might be enhanced as a result of the accretion of rocky material (see Alexander 1967 and Paper II). Following Pasquini et al., we have derived an equation relating $`\mathrm{log}ϵ(Li)`$ to $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$, the chromospheric emission measure ($`R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{^{}}`$), and \[Fe/H\]:

$$\mathrm{log}ϵ(Li)=80.246+0.806[Fe/H]+0.431\mathrm{log}R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{^{}}+22.436\mathrm{log}T_{\mathrm{eff}}$$
(1)   
The stars used to calibrate this equation are from Pasquini et al., Favata et al. (1997), and Randich et al. (1999) with the $`R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{^{}}`$ values from Henry et al. (1996). The range of applicability of the parameters are: $`0.61`$ \[Fe/H\] $`+0.22`$, $`5458T_{\mathrm{eff}}6180`$ K, $`5.24\mathrm{log}R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{^{}}4.34`$, and $`+0.83\mathrm{log}ϵ(Li)+2.92`$. Note, some of our stars are outside the metallicity range of equation 1. All the stars-with-planets but one have observed Li abundances less than the values calculated from equation 1 (Figure 2). The largest deviation on this plot is $`\tau `$ Boo; there are two points to note about it: its $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$ value is beyond the range for which equation 1 is calibrated, and it is within the so-called ”Li dip” seen among open cluster stars (Balachandran 1995). It is also important to note that many stars of the same temperature, age, and metallicity range as those used to determine equation 1 do not have detectable Li; an example of this is the large spread in Li among single stars of the same colors in M67 (Jones, Fischer, & Soderblom 1999). The Li abundance of HD 75289 is not unusual compared to the field star sample, but it might be slightly high with respect to its evolutionary age.

The study of Gustafsson et al. is probably the most accurate study of C abundances among F and G disk to date. They employed the \[C I\] line at 8727 Å. The \[C/Fe\] values display remarkably small scatter about a mean trend with respect to \[Fe/H\] (see Figure 4 of Gustafsson et al.). In Figure 1 we present the \[C/Fe\] estimates from Gustafsson et al. and Tomkin et al. (who did not employ the \[C I\] line) for field stars as well as the stars-with-planets. A small trend of \[C/Fe\] with Galactocentric distance has been removed from the individual data points (amounting to $`0.015`$ dex per kpc). Some of the Tomkin et al. stars and all but one of the stars-with-planets fall below the mean trend line; $`\tau `$ Boo displays the largest negative deviation. The \[C/Fe\] estimate for HD 217107 is from Sadakane et al.’s two measurements: the \[C I\] and 5380 Å lines; the estimate for 51 Peg is the average from Paper II and Tomkin et al. It is always possible that there is a systematic offset between our \[C/Fe\] estimates and those of Gustafsson et al. due to the different lines used, but it is not likely to be significant since both studies are differential relative to the Sun. The deviation of the Sun’s \[C/Fe\] value from the mean trend in Figure 1 is also notable; while it may not seem like a large difference, the error bars on the data point corresponding to the Sun are effectively zero, since Gustafsson et al.’s study is differential with respect to the Sun (for additional discussion on this point see Gustafsson et al. and Gonzalez 1999b).

Feltzing & Gustafsson examined abundance trends (as \[X/Fe\] versus \[Fe/H\]) among metal-rich disk stars. For most elements, there are no significant deviations from the solar ratios, but they did find a significant upturn in \[Na/Fe\] for stars with \[Fe/H\] $`>0.00`$, reaching \[Na/Fe\] $`0.20`$ for the most metal-rich stars. Among the stars-with-planets sample, the mean \[Na/Fe\] value is $`0.02`$; $`\rho ^1`$ Cnc, HD 75289, and HD 210277 have the smallest \[Na/Fe\]. They used the same two Na I lines we employed in our study. The mean values of \[X/Fe\] for the other elements among our sample stars do not appear to differ significantly from the trends seen among disk stars.

The most obvious abundance trend among the stars-with-planets studied so far is their high mean metallicity compared to the general field population. Our estimate for the \[Fe/H\] value of HD 75289, $`+0.28`$, is close to the mean of the so-called ”hot Jupiter” systems. Another recently announced system, HD 217107, was studied spectroscopically by Randich et al. and Sadakane et al., who obtained \[Fe/H\] $`=+0.30`$ and $`+0.31`$, respectively.

## 5 Conclusions

The results of our analysis of high-resolution spectra of HD 75289 confirm that it is a metal-rich star, with \[Fe/H\] $`=+0.28`$. Its evolutionary age, 2.1 Gyr, is much less than the age derived from its chromospheric emission measure, $`R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{^{}}`$.

Compared, as a group, to nearby F and G dwarfs, the stars-with-planets sample display the following peculiarities:

* The latest additions to this group, HD 75289 and HD 217107, continue the trend, first noted in Paper I, that stars-with-planets are metal-rich relative to the nearby field star population.
* The stars, $`\tau `$ Boo, $`\rho ^1`$ Cnc, 14 Her, HD 75289, and HD 217107, are much more metal-rich than F and G dwarfs of similar ages and mean Galactocentric distances.
* Compared to field stars with detectable Li, stars-with-planets tend to have smaller Li abundances when corrected for differences in $`T_{\mathrm{eff}}`$, \[Fe/H\], and $`R_{\mathrm{HK}}^{^{}}`$.
* The \[Na/Fe\] and \[C/Fe\] values of stars-with-planets are, on average, smaller than the corresponding quantities among field stars of the same \[Fe/H\].

In summary, while the numbers are still small, the data on stars-with-planets are beginning to indicate ways in which they differ from the general field star population. These abundance anomalies might be useful in constraining future searches for extrasolar planets, and they will be very helpful in theoretical studies of planet formation.

The authors are grateful to David Lambert for obtaining spectra of HD 75289 at our request. Thanks also go to Robert Kurucz for his model atmospheres and Chris Sneden for use of his code, MOOG. This research has made use of the Simbad database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. The research has been supported in part by the Kennilworth Fund of the New York Community Trust.            

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