# OBSERVED PROPERTIES OF 𝜎-PARTICLE

## 1 Introduction

<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1This talk was presented by M. Y. Ishida.  

Recently we found rather strong evidences for existence of the light $`\sigma `$-particle analyzing the experimental data obtained through both the scattering and the production process of $`I=0S`$-wave $`\pi \pi `$ system. In the preceding talk of this conference, (which is referred as I in the following,) it was explained that our applied methods of the analyses are generally consistent with the unitarity of $`S`$-matrix. More specifically, the Interfering Amplitude(IA) method applied in reanalysis of $`\pi \pi `$ scattering phase shift satisfies the elastic unitarity, and the VMW method applied in analyses of $`\pi \pi `$ production processes is consistent with the final state interaction theorem. In this talk first I collect the values of our observed property of $`\sigma `$ meson, its mass and width.

Then I show this observed property of $`\sigma `$ is consistent with that to be expected in the linear $`\sigma `$ model. Furthermore, I shall show, by investigating the background phase shift $`\delta _{BG}`$ theoretically in the framework of linear $`\sigma `$ model, the experimental behaviors of $`\delta _{BG}`$ in both the $`I=0`$ and $`I=2`$ systems are quantitatively describable theoretically.

## 2 Observed property of $`\sigma `$ meson

Reanalysis of $`\pi \pi `$ scattering phase shift In the IA method<sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2 The detailed explanation of IA method is given in I.  the total phase shift $`\delta _0^0`$ is represented by the sum of component phase shift, $`\delta _\sigma ,\delta _{f_0(980)}`$ and $`\delta _{BG}`$. In the actual analysis the $`\delta _{BG}`$ was taken phenomenologically of hard core type:

$`\delta _0^0`$ $`=`$ $`\delta _\sigma +\delta _{f_0(980)}+\delta _{BG};\delta _{BG}=p_1r_c.`$ (1)   
We analyzed the data of “standard phase shift” $`\delta _0^0`$ between $`\pi \pi `$\- and K$`\overline{\mathrm{K}}`$-thresholds and also the data on upper and lower bounds reported so far (see ref. in detail). The results of the analyses are given in Fig. 2 of I, and we concluded that the $`\sigma `$ meson exists with the property,

$`m_\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`585\pm 20(535675)\mathrm{MeV},\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma =385\pm 70\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}.`$ (2)   
As explained in I, the fit with $`r_c=0`$ corresponds to the conventional analyses without the repulsive $`\delta _{BG}`$. In the present analysis with $`\delta _{BG}`$ the greatly improved $`\chi ^2`$ value 23.6 is obtained for standard $`\delta _0^0`$, compared with that of the conventional analysis, 163.4. The similar $`\chi ^2`$ improvement is also obtained for the upper and lower phase shifts.<sup>3</sup><sup>3</sup>3 For upper phase shift the $`\chi ^2`$ in the present(conventional) analysis is $`\chi ^2/N_{d.o.f.}=32.3/(264)(135.1/(263))`$. For lower phase shift $`\chi ^2/N_{d.o.f.}=42.1/(174)(111.7/(173))`$.  This fact strongly suggests the existence of light $`\sigma `$ meson phenomenologically. <sup>4</sup><sup>4</sup>4 Concerning this $`\chi ^2`$ improvement Klempt gave a seemingly-strange criticism in his summary talk of Hadron ’97, “ However, the $`\chi ^2`$ gain comes from a better description of a small anomaly in the mass region around the $`\rho (770)`$ mass. $`\mathrm{}`$ A small feedthrough from P-wave to S-wave can very well mimic this effect. ” Actually the $`\chi ^2`$ contribution from this “anomalous” region 650 MeV through 810 MeV in the present(conventional) fit is 5.3(62.6), and the $`\chi ^2`$ contribution from the outside region is 23.6-5.3=18.3(163.4-62.6=100.8). Thus, the $`\chi ^2`$ improvement comes from a better description of global phase motion below 1 GeV, showing the criticism is not correct. Furthermore, we tried to fit the data without the relevant data points. The obtained values of parameters are almost equal to the ones with the data of full region, while obtaining the similar improvement of $`\chi ^2`$.    
Analyses of $`\pi \pi `$ production processes We also analyzed the data of $`\pi \pi `$ production processes, pp central collision experiment by GAMS and $`J/\psi \omega \pi \pi `$ decay reported by DM2 collabration, and showed the possible evidence of the existence of the $`\sigma `$ particle. In the analyses we applied the VMW method, where the production amplitude is represented by a sum of the $`\sigma `$, $`f_0`$ and $`f_2`$ Breit-Wigner amplitudes with relative phase factors. For detailed analyses, see ref. . The obtained mass and width of $`\sigma `$ are 

$`m_\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`580\pm 30\mathrm{MeV},\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma =785\pm 40\mathrm{MeV}\mathrm{for}pp\mathrm{central}\mathrm{collision}`$   
$`m_\sigma `$ $`=`$ $`480\pm 5\mathrm{MeV},\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma =325\pm 10\mathrm{MeV}\mathrm{for}J/\psi \omega \pi \pi \mathrm{decay}.`$ (3)   
## 3 Property of $`\sigma `$-meson and chiral symmetry

Now the property of $`\sigma `$ meson obtained above is checked from the viewpoint of chiral symmetry. In the $`SU(2)`$ linear $`\sigma `$ model(L$`\sigma `$M) the coupling constant $`g_{\sigma \pi \pi }`$ of the $`\sigma \pi \pi `$ interaction is related to $`\lambda `$ of the $`\varphi ^4`$ interaction and $`m_\sigma `$ as

$`g_{\sigma \pi \pi }`$ $`=`$ $`f_\pi \lambda =(m_\sigma ^2m_\pi ^2)/(2f_\pi ).`$ (4)   
Thus, the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma `$ is related with $`m_\sigma `$ through the following equation:

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\sigma \pi \pi }^{\mathrm{theor}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3g_{\sigma \pi \pi }^2}{4\pi m_\sigma ^2}}p_1{\displaystyle \frac{3m_\sigma ^3}{32\pi f_\pi ^2}}.`$ (5)   
Substituting the experimental $`m_\sigma `$=535$``$675 MeV given in Eq. (2) and $`f_\pi `$=93 MeV into Eq.(5), we can predict $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma ^{\mathrm{theor}}=400900\mathrm{MeV},`$ which is consistent with the $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_\sigma ^{\mathrm{exp}}`$ given in Eq.(2). Thus the observed $`\sigma `$ meson may be identified with the $`\sigma `$ meson described in the L$`\sigma `$M.

## 4 Repulsive background phase shift

Experimental phase shift and repulsive core in the I=2 system In our phase shift analyses of the $`I=0`$ $`\pi \pi `$ system the $`\delta _{\mathrm{BG}}`$ of hard core type introduced phenomenologically played an essential role. In the $`I=2`$ $`\pi \pi `$ system, there is no known / expected resonance, and accordingly it is expected that the phase shift of repulsive core type will appear directly. As shown in Fig. 1, actually the experimental data from the threshold to $`m_{\pi \pi }1400`$ MeV of the $`I=2`$ $`\pi \pi `$-scattering $`S`$-wave phase shift $`\delta _0^2`$ are apparently negative, and fitted well also by the hard-core formula $`\delta _0^2=r_c^{(2)}|𝐩_1|`$ with the core radius of $`r_c^{(2)}=0.87\mathrm{GeV}^1`$ (0.17 fm).   

Origin of the $`\delta _{BG}`$  The origin of this $`\delta _{\mathrm{BG}}`$ seems to have a close connection to the $`\lambda \varphi ^4`$-interaction in L$`\sigma `$M: It represents a contact zero-range interaction and is strongly repulsive both in the $`I=0`$ and 2 systems, and has plausible properties as the origin of repulsive core.

The $`\pi \pi `$-scattering $`A(s,t,u)`$-amplitude by $`SU(2)`$ L$`\sigma `$M is given by $`A(s,t,u)=(2g_{\sigma \pi \pi })^2/(m_\sigma ^2s)2\lambda .`$ Because of the relation (4), the dominant part of the amplitude due to virtual $`\sigma `$ production( 1st term) is cancelled by that due to repulsive $`\lambda \varphi ^4`$ interaction( 2nd term) in $`O(p^0)`$ level, and the $`A(s,t,u)`$ is rewritten into the following form:

$`A(s,t,u)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m_\sigma ^2m_\pi ^2)^2}{m_\sigma ^2s}}{\displaystyle \frac{m_\sigma ^2m_\pi ^2}{f_\pi ^2}}={\displaystyle \frac{sm_\pi ^2}{f_\pi ^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{f_\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(m_\pi ^2s)^2}{m_\sigma ^2s}},`$ (6)   
where in the last side the $`O(p^2)`$ Tomozawa-Weinberg amplitude and the $`O(p^4)`$ (and higher order) correction term are left. As a result the derivative coupling property of $`\pi `$-meson as a Nambu-Goldstone boson is preserved. In this sense the $`\lambda \varphi ^4`$-interaction can be called a “compensating” interaction for $`\sigma `$-effect.

Thus the strong cancellation between the positive $`\delta _\sigma `$ and the negative $`\delta _{\mathrm{BG}}`$ in our analysis leading to the $`\sigma `$, as shown in Fig. 2 of I, is reducible to the relation Eq.(6) in L$`\sigma `$M.

In the following we shall make a theoretical estimate of $`\delta _{BG}`$ in the framework of L$`\sigma `$M. The scattering $`𝒯`$ matrix consists of a resonance part $`𝒯_R`$ and of a background part $`𝒯_{BG}`$. The $`𝒯_{BG}`$ corresponds to the contact $`\varphi ^4`$ interaction and the exchange of the relevant resonances. The main term of $`𝒯_{BG}`$ comes from the $`\lambda \varphi ^4`$ interaction. This $`𝒯_{BG}`$ has a weak $`s`$-dependence in comparison with that of $`𝒯_R`$. The explicit form of $`𝒯_{BG}`$ for $`I=0`$ and $`I=2`$ $`S`$-wave channels are given by

$`𝒯_{BG;S}^I`$ $`=`$ $`6\lambda a+2\left({\displaystyle \frac{(2g_{\sigma \pi \pi })^2}{4p_1^2}}ln\left({\displaystyle \frac{4p_1^2}{m_\sigma ^2}}+1\right)2\lambda \right)`$ (7)   
$`+`$ $`b2g_\rho ^2\left(1+{\displaystyle \frac{2s4m_\pi ^2+m_\rho ^2}{4p_1^2}}ln\left({\displaystyle \frac{4p_1^2}{m_\rho ^2}}+1\right){\displaystyle \frac{s+2p_1^2}{m_\rho ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2+4m_\pi ^2}{\mathrm{\Lambda }^2+s}}\right),`$   
where $`(a,b)=(1,2)`$ for $`I=0`$ and $`(a,b)=(0,1)`$ for $`I=2`$. Here we introduced the $`\rho `$ meson contribution,which are supposed to be described by Schwinger-Weinberg Lagrangian, <sup>5</sup><sup>5</sup>5The derivative $`\varphi ^4`$ interaction appearing in Schwinger -Weinberg Lagrangian makes Eq.(8) divergent. Thus we introduce a form factor with cut off $`\mathrm{\Lambda }1`$ GeV.  $`_\rho =g_\rho \rho _\mu (_\mu \varphi \times \varphi )g_\rho ^2/2m_\rho ^2(\varphi \times _\mu \varphi )^2.`$ In order to obtain $`\delta _{BG}`$ theoretically, we unitarize $`𝒯`$ by using the N/D method, $`𝒯_{BG}(s)^I=e^{i\delta _{BG}}\mathrm{sin}\delta _{BG}/\rho _1=N_{BG}^I/D_{BG}^I`$. We take the Born term Eq.(7) as $`N`$-function. In obtaining $`D`$-function one subtraction is necessary,

$`N_{BG}^I`$ $`=`$ $`𝒯_{BG;S}^I,D_{BG}^I=1+b_I+{\displaystyle \frac{s}{\pi }}{\displaystyle _{4m_\pi ^2}^{\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{ds^{}}{s^{}(s^{}siϵ)}}\rho _1(s^{})N_{BG}^I(s^{}).`$ (8)   
We adopt the subtraction condition<sup>6</sup><sup>6</sup>6 By using this condition the resulting $`\delta _{BG}`$ takes the same value as the one obtained by simple $`𝒦`$ matrix unitarization at the resonance energy $`\sqrt{s}=m_\sigma `$. $`ReD_{BG}^I(m_\sigma ^2)=1.`$ The $`m_\sigma `$ is fixed with the value of the best fit, 0.585 GeV; and the values of $`m_\rho `$ and $`g_\rho `$ are determined from the experimental property of $`\rho `$ meson; The obtained $`\delta _{BG}^{I=0,2}`$ is shown in Fig. 2.

The $`s`$-dependence of the theoretical $`\delta _{BG}`$ by L$`\sigma `$M including $`\rho `$ meson contribution is almost consistent with the phenomenological $`\delta _{BG}`$ of hard core type.

Concerning on our analysis of $`\delta ^{I=0}`$, Pennington made a criticism that the form of $`\delta _{BG}`$ is completely arbitrary. However, as shown in Fig. 2, our phenomenological $`\delta _{BG}`$, Eq.(1), is almost consistent with the theoretical prediction by L$`\sigma `$M. Thus, the criticism is not valid.

## 5 Concluding remark

We have shortly summarized the properties of the light $`\sigma `$ meson “observed” in a series of our recent works. The obtained values of mass and width of $`\sigma `$ satisfy the relation predicted by L$`\sigma `$M. This fact suggests the linear representation of chiral symmetry is realized in nature.   
In our phase shift analysis there occurrs a strong cancellation between $`\delta _\sigma `$ due to the $`\sigma `$ resonance and $`\delta _{BG}`$, which is guaranteed by chiral symmetry. A reason of overlooking $`\sigma `$ in conventional phase shift analysis is due to overlooking of this cancellation mechanism.   
The behavior of phenomenological $`\delta _{BG}`$ is shown to be quantitatively describable in the framework of L$`\sigma `$M including $`\rho `$ meson contribution.

Finally I give a comment: By the analysis of $`I=1/2`$ $`S`$-wave $`K\pi `$ scattering phase shift in a similar method, the existence of $`\kappa (900)`$ particle with a broad ($`500`$ MeV) width is suggested. The scalars below 1 GeV, $`\sigma (600)`$, $`\kappa (900)`$, $`a_0(980)`$ and $`f_0(980)`$ are possibly to form a single scalar nonet. Octet members of this nonet satisfy the Gell-Mann Okubo mass formula. Moreover, this $`\sigma `$ nonet is shown to satisfy the mass and width relation of $`SU(3)`$ L$`\sigma `$M, forming with pseudoscalar $`\pi `$ nonet a linear representation of chiral symmetry.