# References

DESY 99-019

IISc-CTS-3/99

hep-ph/9902405

February 1999

Infra-red stable fixed points of R-parity violating Yukawa couplings in supersymmetric models   
B. Ananthanarayan,

Centre for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Science,   
Bangalore 560 012, India   
P. N. Pandita,

Theory Group, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY,   
Notkestrasse 85, D 22603 Hamburg, Germany   
and   
Department of Physics, North-Eastern Hill University,   
Shillong 793 022, India<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1Permanent Address 

## Abstract

We investigate the infra-red stable fixed points of the Yukawa couplings in the minimal version of the supersymmetric standard model with R-parity violation. Retaining only the R-parity violating couplings of higher generations, we analytically study the solutions of the renormalization group equations of these couplings together with the top- and b-quark Yukawa couplings. We show that only the B-violating coupling $`\lambda _{233}^{^{\prime \prime }}`$ approaches a non-trivial infra-red stable fixed point, whereas all other non-trivial fixed point solutions are either unphysical or unstable in the infra-red region. However, this fixed point solution predicts a top-quark Yukawa coupling which is incompatible with the top quark mass for any value of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$.

PACS No.: 11.10.Hi, 11.30.Fs, 12.60.Jv   
Keywords: Supersymmetry, R-parity violation, Infra-red fixed points

There is considerable interest in the study of infra-red (IR) stable fixed points of the standard model (SM) and its extensions, especially those of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). This interest follows from the fact that in the SM (and in the MSSM) there are large number of unknown dimensionless Yukawa couplings, as a consequence of which the fermion masses cannot be predicted. One may attempt to relate the Yukawa couplings to the gauge couplings via the Pendleton-Ross infra-red stable fixed point (IRSFP) for the top-quark Yukawa coupling , or via the quasi-fixed point behaviour . The predictive power of the SM and its supersymmetric extensions may, thus, be enhanced if the renormalization group (RG) running of the parameters is dominated by IRSFPs. Typically, these fixed points are for ratios like Yukawa coupling to the gauge coupling, or, in the context of supersymmetric models, the supersymmetry breaking tri-linear A-parameter to the gaugino mass, etc. These ratios do not always attain their fixed points values at the weak scale, the range between the GUT (or Planck) scale and the weak scale being too small for the ratios to closely approach the fixed point. Nevertheless, the couplings may be determined by quasi-fixed point behaviour , where the value of the Yukawa coupling at the weak sale is independent of its value at the GUT scale, provided the Yukawa couplings at the unification scale are large. For the fixed point or quasi-fixed point scenarios to be successful, it is necessary that these fixed points be stable .

Since supersymmetry  necessciates the introduction of superpartners for all known particles in the SM (in addition to the introduction of two Higgs doublets), which transform in an indentical manner under the gauge group, we have additional Yukawa couplings in supersymmetric models which violate  baryon number (B) or lepton number (L). In the MSSM a discrete symmetry called R-parity ($`R_p`$) is invoked to eliminate these B and L violating Yukawa couplings . However, the assumption of $`R_p`$ conservation at the level of MSSM appears to be ad hoc, since it is not required for the internal consistency of the model. Therefore, the study of MSSM, including R-parity violation, deserves a serious consideration.

Recently attention has been focussed on the study of renormalization group evolution of $`R_p`$ violating Yukawa couplings of the MSSM , and their quasi-fixed points. This has led to certain insights and constraints on the quasi-fixed point behavior of some of the $`R_p`$ violating Yukawa couplings, involving higher generation indices. We recall that the usefulness of the fixed point and quasi-fixed point scenarios is the existence of stable infra-red fixed points. The purpose of this paper is to address the important question of the infra-red fixed points of supersymmetric models with $`R_p`$ violation, and their stability. Our interest is in the structure of the infra-red stable fixed points, rather than the actual values of the fixed points.

To this end we shall consider the supersymmetric standard model with the minimal particle content and with $`R_P`$ violation, and refer to it as MSSM with R-parity violation. We begin by recalling some of the basic features of the model. The superpotential of the MSSM is given by

$$W=\mu H_1H_2+(h_u)_{ab}Q_L^a\overline{U}_R^bH_2+(h_d)_{ab}Q_L^a\overline{D}_R^bH_1+(h_E)_{ab}L_L^a\overline{E}_R^bH_1,$$
(1)   
to which we add the L and B violating terms

$`W_L=\mu _iL_iH_2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{abc}L_L^aL_L^b\overline{E}_R^c+\lambda _{abc}^{}L_L^aQ_L^b\overline{D}_R^c,`$ (2)   
$`W_B={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\lambda _{abc}^{\prime \prime }\overline{D}_R^a\overline{D}_R^b\overline{U}_R^c,`$ (3)   
respectively, as allowed by gauge invariance and supersymmetry. In Eq. (1), $`(h_U)_{ab}`$, $`(h_D)_{ab}`$ and $`(h_E)_{ab}`$ are the Yukawa coupling matrices, with $`a,b,c`$ as the generation indices. The Yukawa couplings $`\lambda _{abc}`$ and $`\lambda _{abc}^{\prime \prime }`$ are antisymmetric in their first two indices due to $`SU(2)_L`$ and $`SU(3)_C`$ group structure. Phenomenological studies of supersymmetric models of this type have placed constraints  on the various couplings $`\lambda _{abc}`$, $`\lambda _{abc}^{}`$ and $`\lambda _{abc}^{\prime \prime }`$, but there is still considerable room left. We note that the simultaneous presence of the terms in Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) is essentially ruled out by the stringent constraints  implied by the lack of observation of nucleon decay.

In addition to the dominant third generation Yukawa couplings $`h_t(h_U)_{33}`$, $`h_b(h_D)_{33}`$ and $`h_\tau (h_E)_{33}`$ in the superpotential (1), there are 36 independent $`R_p`$ violating couplings $`\lambda _{abc}`$ and $`\lambda _{abc}^{}`$ in Eq. (2), and 9 independent $`\lambda _{abc}^{\prime \prime }`$ in Eq. (3). Thus, one would have to solve 39 coupled non-linear evolution equations in the L-violating case, and 12 in the B-violating case, in order to study the evolution of the Yukawa couplings in the minimal model with $`R_p`$ violation. In order to render the Yukawa coupling evolution tractable, we need to make certain plausible simplications. Motivated by the generational hierarchy of the conventional Higgs couplings, we shall assume that an analogous hierarchy amongst the different generations of $`R_p`$ violating couplings exists. Thus we shall retain only the couplings $`\lambda _{233}`$, $`\lambda _{333}^{}`$ and $`\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime }`$, and neglect the rest. We note that the $`R_p`$ violating couplings to higher generations evolve more strongly because of larger Higgs couplings in their evolution equations, and hence could take larger values than the corresponding couplings to the lighter generations. Furthermore, the experimental upper limits are stronger for the $`R_p`$ violating Yukawa couplings corresponding to the lighter generations.

We shall first consider the evolution of Yukawa couplings arising from superpotentials (1) and (3), which involve baryon number violation. The one-loop renormalization group equations for $`h_t,h_b,h_\tau `$ and $`\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime }`$ (all others set to zero) are:

$`16\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{dh_t}{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )}}=h_t\left(6h_t^2+h_b^2+2\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime 2}{\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}g_3^23g_2^2{\displaystyle \frac{13}{15}}g_1^2\right),`$   
$`16\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{dh_b}{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )}}=h_b\left(h_t^2+6h_b^2+h_\tau ^2+2\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime 2}{\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}g_3^23g_2^2{\displaystyle \frac{7}{15}}g_1^2\right),`$   
$`16\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{dh_\tau }{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )}}=h_\tau \left(3h_b^2+4h_\tau ^23g_2^2{\displaystyle \frac{9}{5}}g_1^2\right),`$ (4)   
$`16\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{d\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime }}{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )}}=\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime }\left(2h_t^2+2h_b^2+6\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime 2}8g_3^2{\displaystyle \frac{4}{5}}g_1^2\right).`$   
For completeness we list the well-known evolution equations for the gauge couplings, which at one-loop order are identical to those in the MSSM, since the additional Yukawa coupling(s) do not play a role at this order:

$`16\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{dg_i}{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )}}=b_ig_i^3,i=1,2,3,`$ (5)   
with $`b_1=33/5,b_2=1,b_3=3`$. With the definitions

$$R_t=\frac{h_t^2}{g_3^2},R_b=\frac{h_b^2}{g_3^2},R_\tau =\frac{h_\tau ^2}{g_3^2},R^{\prime \prime }=\frac{\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime 2}}{g_3^2},$$
(6)   
and retaining only the $`SU(3)_C`$ gauge coupling constant, we can rewrite the renormalization group equations as ($`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_3=g_3^2/(16\pi ^2)`$):

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR_t}{dt}}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha _3}R_t\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}+b_3\right)6R_tR_b2R^{\prime \prime }\right],`$ (7)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR_b}{dt}}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha _3}R_b\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}+b_3\right)R_t6R_bR_\tau 2R^{\prime \prime }\right],`$ (8)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR_\tau }{dt}}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha _3}R_\tau \left[b_33R_b4R_\tau \right],`$ (9)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR^{\prime \prime }}{dt}}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha _3}R^{\prime \prime }\left[\left(8+b_3\right)2R_t2R_b6R^{\prime \prime }\right],`$ (10)   
where $`b_3=3`$ is the beta function for $`g_3`$ in the MSSM, and $`t=\mathrm{ln}\mu ^2`$. Ordering the ratios as $`R_i=(R^{\prime \prime },R_\tau ,R_b,R_t)`$, we rewrite the RG equations (7) - (10) in the form 

$$\frac{dR_i}{dt}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_3R_i\left[(r_i+b_3)\underset{j}{}S_{ij}R_j\right],$$
(11)   
where $`r_i=_R2C_R`$, $`C_R`$ is the QCD Casimir for the various fields ($`C_Q=C_{\overline{U}}=C_{\overline{D}}=4/3`$), the sum is over the representation of the three fields associated with the trilinear coupling that enters $`R_i`$, and $`S`$ is a matrix whose value is fully specified by the wavefunction anomalous dimensions. A fixed point is then reached when the right hand side of Eq. (11) is 0 for all $`i`$. If we were to write the fixed-point solutions as $`R_i^{}`$, then there are two fixed point values for each coupling: $`R_i^{}=0`$, or

$$\left[\left(r_i+b_3\right)\underset{j}{}S_{ij}R_j^{}\right]=0.$$
(12)   
It follows that the non-trivial fixed point solution is

$$R_i^{}=\underset{j}{}(S^1)_{ij}(r_j+b_3).$$
(13)   
Since we shall consider the fixed points of the couplings $`h_t`$, $`h_b`$ and $`\lambda _{233}^{^{\prime \prime }}`$ only, we shall ignore the evolution equation (9). However, the coupling $`h_\tau `$ does enter the evolution Eq. (8) of $`h_b`$, but it can be related to $`h_b`$ at the weak scale (which we take to be the top-quark mass), since

$$h_\tau (m_t)=\frac{\sqrt{2}m_\tau (m_t)}{\eta _\tau v\mathrm{cos}\beta },$$
(14)   
and

$$h_\tau (m_t)=\frac{m_\tau (m_\tau )}{m_b(m_b)}\frac{\eta _b}{\eta _\tau }h_b(m_t)=0.6h_b(m_t),$$
(15)   
where $`\eta _b`$ gives the QCD or QED running  of the b-quark mass $`m_b(\mu )`$ between $`\mu =m_b`$ and $`\mu =m_t`$ (similarly for $`\eta _\tau `$), and $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =v_2/v_1`$ is the usual ratio of the Higgs vacuum expectation values in the MSSM, with $`v=(\sqrt{2}G_F)^{1/2}=246`$ GeV. The anomalous dimension matrix $`S`$ can, then, be written as

$$S=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}6& 2& 2\\ 2& 6+\eta & 1\\ 2& 1& 6\end{array}\right),$$
(16)   
where $`\eta =h_\tau ^2(m_t)/h_b^2(m_t)0.36`$ is the factor coming from Eq. (15). We, therefore, get the following fixed point solution for the ratios:

$`R_1^{}R^{\prime \prime }={\displaystyle \frac{385+76\eta }{3(170+32\eta )}}0.76,`$   
$`R_2^{}R_b^{}={\displaystyle \frac{20}{170+32\eta }}0.11,`$ (17)   
$`R_3^{}R_t^{}={\displaystyle \frac{20+4\eta }{170+32\eta }}0.12.`$   
Since each of the $`R_i`$’s is positive, this is a theoretically acceptable fixed point solution.

We next try to find a fixed point solution with $`R^{\prime \prime }=0`$, with $`R_b`$ and $`R_t`$ being given by their non-zero solutions. We need to consider only the lower right hand $`2\times 2`$ sub-matrix of the matrix S in Eq. (16) to obtain the fixed point solutions for $`R_b`$ and $`R_t`$ in this case. We then have

$`R_1^{}R^{\prime \prime }=0,`$   
$`R_2^{}R_b^{}={\displaystyle \frac{35}{3(35+6\eta )}}0.36,`$ (18)   
$`R_3^{}R_t^{}={\displaystyle \frac{7(5+\eta )}{3(35+6\eta )}}0.34.`$   
This is also a theoretically acceptable solution, as all the fixed point values are non-negative. We must also consider the fixed point with $`R_b^{}=0`$, which is relevant for the low values of the parameter $`\mathrm{tan}\beta .`$ In this case, we have to reorder the couplings as $`R_i=(R_b,R^{\prime \prime },R_t)`$, so that we have the anomalous dimension matrix (in this case denoted as $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$)

$$\stackrel{~}{S}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}6+\eta & 2& 1\\ 2& 6& 2\\ 1& 2& 6\end{array}\right).$$
(19)   
Since $`R_b^{}=0,`$ we have to determine the non-zero fixed point values for $`R^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`R_t`$ only. For this we consider the lower right hand $`2\times 2`$ submatrix of the matrix in (19) to obtain

$`R_1^{}R_b^{}=0,`$   
$`R_2^{}R^{\prime \prime }={\displaystyle \frac{19}{24}}0.79,`$ (20)   
$`R_3^{}R_t^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{8}}0.12.`$   
which is an acceptable fixed point solution as well. Since there are more than one theoretically acceptable IRSFPs in this case, it is important to determine which, if any, is more likely to be realized in nature. To this end, we must examine the stability of each of the fixed point solutions.

The infra-red stability of a fixed point solution is determined by the sign of the eigenvalues of the matrix $`A`$ whose entries are ($`i`$ not summed over) 

$$A_{ij}=\frac{1}{b_3}R_i^{}S_{ij},$$
(21)   
where $`R_i^{}`$ is the set of the fixed point solutions of the Yukawa couplings under consideration, and $`S_{ij}`$ is the matrix appearing in the corresponding RG equations (11) for the ratios $`R_i`$. For stability, we require all the eigenvalues of the matrix Eq. (21) to have negative real parts (note that the QCD $`\beta `$-function $`b_3`$ is negative). Considering the fixed point solution (17), the matrix $`A`$ can be written as

$$A=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{ccc}6R_1^{}& 2R_1^{}& 2R_1^{}\\ 2R_2^{}& (6+\eta )R_2^{}& R_2^{}\\ 2R_3^{}& R_3^{}& 6R_3^{}\end{array}\right),$$
(22)   
where $`R_i^{}`$ are given in Eq. (17). The eigenvalues of the matrix Eq. (22) are calculated to be

$$\lambda _1=1.6,\lambda _2=0.2,\lambda _3=0.2,$$
(23)   
which shows that the fixed point (17) is an infra-red stable fixed point. We note that the eigenvalue $`\lambda _1`$ is larger in magnitude as compared to the other eigenvalues in (23), indicating that the fixed point for $`\lambda _{233}^{^{\prime \prime }}`$ is more attractive, and hence more relevant.

Next, we consider the stability of the fixed point solution (18). Since in this case the fixed point of the coupling $`R^{\prime \prime }=0`$, we have to obtain the behaviour of this coupling around the origin. This behaviour is determined by the eigenvalue 

$$\lambda _1=\frac{1}{b_3}\left[\underset{j=2}{\overset{3}{}}S_{1j}R_j^{}(r_1+b_3)\right],$$
(24)   
where $`r_1=2(C_{\overline{U}}+C_{\overline{D}})=8`$, the $`C`$s are the quadratic Casimirs of the fields occuring in the B-violating terms in the superpotential (3), and the $`S_{ij}`$ is the matrix (16), with the fixed points $`R_i^{},i=1,2,3`$ given by Eq. (18). Inserting these values in Eq. (24), we find

$$\lambda _1=\frac{385+76\eta }{9(35+6\eta )}>0,$$
(25)   
thereby indicating that the fixed point is unstable in the infra-red. The behaviour of the couplings $`R_b`$ and $`R_t`$ around their respective fixed points is governed by the eigenvalues of the the $`2\times 2`$ lower submatrix of the matrix $`A`$ in Eq. (22)

$$\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{cc}(6+\eta )R_2^{}& R_2^{}\\ R_3^{}& 6R_3^{}\end{array}\right),$$
(26)   
which we find to be

$$\lambda _2=0.78,\lambda _3=0.56.$$
(27)   
Although $`\lambda _2`$ and $`\lambda _3`$ are negative, because of the result (25), the fixed-point solution (18) is unstable in the infra-red. In other words, the $`R_p`$ conserving fixed point solution (18) will never be achieved at low energies and must be rejected.

Finally we come to the question of the stability of the fixed point solution (20). The behaviour of the coupling $`R_b^{}`$ around the origin is determined by the eigenvalue

$$\lambda _1=\frac{1}{b_3}\left[\underset{j=2}{\overset{3}{}}\stackrel{~}{S}_{1j}R_j^{}(r_1+b_3)\right],$$
(28)   
where $`r_1=2(C_{\overline{Q}}+C_{\overline{D}})=16/3`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ is the matrix (19). Inserting these numbers, we find

$$\lambda _1=\frac{5}{24}0.21>0,$$
(29)   
with the other two eigenvalues for determining the stability given by the eigenvalues of the matrix which is obtained from the lower $`2\times 2`$ submatrix of the matrix $`\stackrel{~}{S}`$ in (19). This submatrix can be written as

$$\stackrel{~}{A}=\frac{1}{3}\left(\begin{array}{cc}6R_2^{}& 2R_2^{}\\ 2R_3^{}& 6R_3^{}\end{array}\right),$$
(30)   
where $`R_2^{}`$ and $`R_3^{}`$ are given by Eq. (20). The eigenvalues are

$$\lambda _2=1.61,\lambda _3=0.22.$$
(31)   
It follows, once again, that the fixed point solution given in (20) is not stable in the infra-red and is, therefore, never reached at low-energies.

One may also consider the case where the couplings $`\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`h_b`$ attain trivial fixed point values, whereas $`h_t`$ attains a non-trivial fixed point value. In this case we have $`R_3^{}R_t^{}=7/18`$, the well-known Pendleton-Ross  top-quark fixed point of the MSSM. To study the stability of this solution in the present context, we must consider the eigenvalues

$`\lambda _i={\displaystyle \frac{1}{b_3}}(S_{i3}R_3^{}(r_i+b_3)),i=1,2,`$   
where $`S_{i3}`$ are read off from the matrix (16), which yields

$`\lambda _1={\displaystyle \frac{38}{27}},\lambda _2={\displaystyle \frac{35}{54}}.`$   
Since the sign of each of $`\lambda _1`$ and $`\lambda _2`$ is positive, this solution is also unstable in the infra-red region. However, from our discussion of infra-red fixed point solution (17), it is clear that the Pendelton-Ross fixed point would be stable in case $`h_b`$ and $`\lambda _{233}^{^{\prime \prime }}`$ are small, though negligible at the GUT scale. In this case, these would, of course, evolve away from zero at the weak scale, though realistically they would still be small (but not zero) at the weak scale. Thus, the only true infra-red stable fixed point solution is the baryon number, and $`R_p`$, violating solution (17). This is one of the main conclusions of this paper. We note that the value of $`R_t^{}`$ in (17) is lower than the corresponding value of $`7/18`$ in MSSM with $`R_p`$ conservation.

It is appropriate to examine the implications of the value of $`h_t(m_t)`$ predicted by our fixed point analysis for the top-quark mass. From (17), and $`\alpha _3(m_t)0.1`$, the fixed point value for the top-Yukawa coupling is predicted to be $`h_t(m_t)0.4`$. This translates into a top-quark (pole) mass of about $`m_t70\mathrm{sin}\beta `$ GeV, which is incompatible with the measured value  of top mass, $`m_t174`$ GeV, for any value of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$. It follows that the true fixed point obtained here provides only a qualitative understanding of the top quark mass in MSSM with $`R_p`$ violation.

We now turn to the study of the renormalization group evolution for the lepton number violating, and $`R_p`$, violating couplings in the superpotential (2). Here we shall consider the dimensionless couplings $`\lambda _{233}`$ and $`\lambda _{333}^{}`$ only. The relevant one-loop renormalization group equations are:

$`16\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{dh_t}{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )}}=h_t\left(6h_t^2+h_b^2+\lambda _{333}^2{\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}g_3^2\right),`$   
$`16\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{dh_b}{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )}}=h_b\left(h_t^2+6h_b^2+h_\tau ^2+6\lambda _{333}^2{\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}g_3^2\right),`$   
$`16\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{dh_\tau }{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )}}=h_\tau \left(3h_b^2+4h_\tau ^2+4\lambda _{233}^2+3\lambda _{333}^2\right),`$ (32)   
$`16\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{d\lambda _{233}}{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )}}=\lambda _{233}\left(4h_\tau ^2+4\lambda _{233}^2+3\lambda _{333}^2\right),`$   
$`16\pi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{d\lambda _{333}^{}}{d(\mathrm{ln}\mu )}}=\lambda _{333}^{}\left(h_t^2+6h_b^2+h_\tau ^2+\lambda _{233}^2+6\lambda _{333}^2{\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}g_3^2\right).`$   
Defining the new ratios

$$R=\frac{\lambda _{233}^2}{g_3^2},R^{}=\frac{\lambda _{333}^{}}{g_3^2},$$
(33)   
we may now rewrite the equations (32) as

$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR}{dt}}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha _3}R\left[b_34R3R^{}4R_\tau \right],`$ (34)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR^{}}{dt}}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha _3}R^{}\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}+b_3\right)R6R^{}R_\tau 6R_bR_t\right],`$ (35)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR_\tau }{dt}}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha _3}R_\tau \left[b_34R3R^{}3R_b4R_\tau \right],`$ (36)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR_b}{dt}}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha _3}R_b\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}+b_3\right)6R^{}R_\tau 6R_bR_t\right],`$ (37)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{dR_t}{dt}}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha _3}R_t\left[\left({\displaystyle \frac{16}{3}}+b_3\right)R^{}R_b6R_t\right].`$ (38)   
Ordering the ratios as $`R_i=(R,R^{},R_\tau ,R_b,R_t)`$, we can write these RG equations as:

$$\frac{dR_i}{dt}=\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_3R_i\left[(r_i+b_3)\underset{j}{}S_{ij}R_j\right],$$
(39)   
where $`r_i=_R2C_R`$, with $`C_R`$ denoting the quadartic Casimir of the each of the fields, the sum being over the representation of fields that enter $`R_i`$, and $`S`$ fully specified by the respective wavefunction anomalous dimensions. It follows that there are two fixed point values for each coupling: $`R_i^{}=0`$, or the non-trivial fixed point solution

$$R_i^{}=\underset{j}{}(S^1)_{ij}(r_j+b_3).$$
(40)   
We shall be interested in the fixed-point solutions of the couplings $`\lambda _{233},\lambda _{333}^{},h_b,h_t`$ only, and shall not consider the $`h_\tau `$ coupling. Therefore, we replace it, as we did earlier, by $`h_\tau (m_t)=0.6h_b(m_t)`$ at the weak scale in the determination of the fixed point solutions (40). The anomalous dimensions matrix can then be written as:

$$S=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}4& 3& 4\eta & 0\\ 1& 6& 6+\eta & 1\\ 0& 6& 6+\eta & 1\\ 0& 1& 1& 6\end{array}\right)$$
(41)   
This leads to the fixed point values for the ratios:

$`R_1^{}R^{}=0,`$   
$`R_2^{}R^{}={\displaystyle \frac{315+194\eta }{366\eta 315}},`$   
$`R_3^{}R_b^{}={\displaystyle \frac{140}{122\eta 105}},`$ (42)   
$`R_4^{}R_t^{}={\displaystyle \frac{110\eta 105}{366\eta 315}}.`$   
We note that $`R_2^{}R^{}<0`$, and therefore, this fixed point solution is not an acceptable fixed point. We, thus, see that a simultaneous fixed point for the lepton number violating couplings $`\lambda _{233},\lambda _{333}^{}`$, and $`h_b,h_t`$ does not exist.

We now consider the two L-violating couplings separately, i.e., we shall take either $`\lambda _{233}\lambda _{333}^{^{}}`$, or $`\lambda _{333}^{^{}}\lambda _{233}`$, respectively. In the case when $`\lambda _{333}^{}`$ is the dominant of the couplings, we order the couplings as $`R_i=(R^{},R_b,R_t)`$, so that the matrix $`S`$ that enters Eq. (40) for this case can be written as

$$S=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}6& 6+\eta & 1\\ 6& 6+\eta & 1\\ 1& 1& 6\end{array}\right).$$
(43)   
Since the determinant of this matrix vanishes, there are no fixed points in this case. We thus conclude that a simultaneous non-zero fixed point for the coupling $`\lambda _{233}^{},h_b,h_t`$ does not exist. We note that the vanishing of the determinant corresponds to a solution with a fixed line or surface.

If $`h_b`$ is small (e.g., for the case of small $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$) we may reorder the couplings $`R_i=(R_b,R^{},R_t)`$, and the matrix $`S`$, to find the fixed point solution

$`R_1^{}R_b^{}=0,`$   
$`R_2^{}R^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}},`$ (44)   
$`R_3^{}R_t^{}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}.`$   
In order to study the stability of this solution, we must obtain the behaviour of the coupling $`R_b^{}`$ around the origin from the eigenvalue

$$\lambda _1=\frac{1}{b_3}\left[\underset{j=2}{\overset{3}{}}S_{1j}R_j^{}(r_1+b_3)\right],$$
(45)   
where $`r_1=16/3`$. Inserting the relevant $`R_i^{}`$’s into (45), we get

$$\lambda _1=0,$$
(46)   
from which we conclude that the fixed point Eq. (44) will never be reached in the infra-red region. This fixed point is either a saddle point or an ultra-violet fixed point. We conclude that there are no non-trivial stable fixed points in the infra-red region for the lepton number violating coupling $`\lambda _{333}^{^{}}`$.

Finally, we consider the case when $`\lambda _{333}^{^{}}\lambda _{233}`$. We find the fixed point solution

$`R_1^{}R^{}={\displaystyle \frac{315194\eta }{12(35+6\eta )}},`$   
$`R_2^{}R_b^{}={\displaystyle \frac{35}{3(35+6\eta )}},`$ (47)   
$`R_3^{}R_t^{}={\displaystyle \frac{7(5+\eta )}{3(35+6\eta )}},`$   
which is unphysical. We, therefore, try a fixed point with $`R_b^{}=0`$. We find

$`R_1^{}R_b^{}=0,`$   
$`R_2^{}R^{}=3/4,`$ (48)   
$`R_3^{}R_t^{}=7/18,`$   
which, again, is unphysical. We have also checked that: (1) trivial fixed points for $`\lambda _{233}`$ and $`h_b`$ and the Pendleton-Ross type fixed point for the top-quark Yukawa coupling, or (2) trivial fixed points for $`\lambda _{333}^{}`$ and $`h_b`$ and the Pendleton-Ross fixed point for the top-quark Yukawa coupling, are, both, unstable in the infra-red region. We, therefore, conclude that there are no fixed point solutions for the lepton number violating coupling $`\lambda _{233}`$.

To summarize, we have analyzed the one-loop renormalization group equations for the evolution of Yukawa couplings in MSSM with $`R_p`$ violating couplings to the heaviest generation, taking into account B and L violating couplings one at a time. The analysis of the system with $`R_p`$, and the baryon number, violating coupling $`\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime }`$ yields the surprising and important result that only the simultaneous non-trivial fixed point for this coupling and the top-quark and b-quark Yukawa couplings $`h_t`$ and $`h_b`$ is stable in the infra-red region. However, the fixed point value for the top-quark coupling here is lower than its corresponding value in the MSSM, and is incompatible with the measured value of the top-quark mass. The $`R_p`$ conserving solution with $`\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime }`$ attaining its trivial fixed point, with $`h_t`$ and $`h_b`$ attaining non-trivial fixed points, is infra-red unstable, as is the case for trivial fixed points for $`\lambda _{233}^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`h_b`$, with a non-trivial fixed point for $`h_t`$. Our analysis shows that the usual Pendelton-Ross type infra-red fixed point of MSSM is unstable in the presence of $`R_p`$ violation, though for small, but negligible, values of $`h_b`$ and $`\lambda _{233}^{^{\prime \prime }}`$ it could be stable. The system with $`L`$, and $`R_p`$, violating couplings does not possess a set of non-trivial fixed points that are infra-red stable. Our results are the first in placing strong theoretical constraints on the nature of $`R_p`$ violating couplings from fixed-point and stability considerations: the fixed points that are unstable, or the fixed point that is a saddle point, cannot be realized in the infra-red region. The fixed points obtained in this work are the true fixed points, in contrast to the quasi-fixed points of , and serve as a lower bound on the relevant $`R_p`$ violating Yukawa couplings. In particular, from our analysis of the simultaneous (stable) fixed point for the baryon number violating coupling $`\lambda _{233}^{^{\prime \prime }}`$ and the top and bottom Yukawa couplings, we infer a lower bound on $`\lambda _{233}^{^{\prime \prime }}\stackrel{>}{}0.98`$.

Note addded: After this paper was submitted for publication, another paper  which considers the question of infra-red fixed points in the supersymmetric standard model with $`R_p`$ violation has appeared. The fixed points for $`\lambda _{333}^{^{}}`$, $`\lambda _{233}^{^{\prime \prime }}`$ and $`h_t`$, neglecting all other Yukawa couplings, is considered. Their results, where there is an overlapp, agree with ours. However, unlike in the present work, the stability of the fixed points has not been considered in .

Acknowledgements: One of the authors (PNP) thanks the Theory Group at DESY for hospitality while this work was done. The work of PNP is supported by the University Grants Commission, India under the project No. 10-26/98(SR-I).