# References

hep-ph/9901329

LMU-99-02

WIS-99/01/Jan.DPP

TAU-2547-99

January 1999

Flavor Symmetry, $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ Mixing and New Physics Effects   
on $`CP`$ Violation in $`D^\pm `$ and $`D_s^\pm `$ Decays

Harry J. Lipkin <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1Electronic address: ftlipkin@wiswic.weizmann.ac.il

Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel

School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

Zhi-zhong Xing <sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2Electronic address: xing@hep.physik.uni-muenchen.de

Sektion Physik, Universit$`\ddot{a}`$t M$`\ddot{u}`$nchen, Theresienstrasse 37A, 80333 M$`\ddot{u}`$nchen, Germany

## Abstract

Flavor symmetry and symmetry breaking, $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing and possible effects of new physics on $`CP`$ violation in weak decay modes $`D^\pm K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+X^\pm `$, $`(K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+\pi ^0)_K^{}^{}+X^\pm `$ (for $`X=\pi ,\rho ,a_1`$) and $`D_s^\pm K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+X_s^\pm `$, $`(K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+\pi ^0)_K^{}^{}+X_s^\pm `$ (for $`X_s=K,K^{}`$) are analyzed. Relations between $`D^\pm `$ and $`D_s^\pm `$ decay branching ratios are obtained from the $`ds`$ subgroup of SU(3) and dominant symmetry-breaking mechanisms are investigated. A $`CP`$ asymmetry of magnitude $`3.3\times 10^3`$ is shown to result in the standard model from $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing in the final-state. New physics affecting the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed channels might either cancel this asymmetry or enhance it up to the percent level. A comparison between the $`CP`$ asymmetries in $`D_{(s)}^\pm K_\mathrm{S}X_{(s)}^\pm `$ and $`D_{(s)}^\pm K_\mathrm{L}X_{(s)}^\pm `$ can pin down effects of new physics.

Effects of $`CP`$ violation in weak decays of $`D`$ mesons are expected to be rather small, of order $`10^3`$ or lower, within the standard electroweak model . They can naturally be enhanced up to the $`O(10^2)`$ level, if new physics beyond the standard model exists in the charm-quark sector . Although no new physics model suggests direct $`CP`$ violation in charged $`D`$-meson decays, a search is cheap and easy when decays of charge-conjugate particles are measured . Some efforts have so far been made to search for $`CP`$ violation in the $`D`$ system . The experimental prospects are becoming brighter, with the development of higher-luminosity $`e^+e^{}`$ colliders and hadron machines .

While a variety of mixing and $`CP`$-violating phenomena may manifest themselves in neutral $`D`$-meson decays , the charged $`D`$-meson transitions provide a unique experimental opportunity for the study of direct $`CP`$ violation . Some phenomenological analyses of $`CP`$ asymmetries in charged $`D`$-meson decay modes have been made (see, e.g., Ref.  and Refs. ). In particular, the importance and prospects of searching for $`CP`$-violating new physics in the promising decays $`D^\pm K_\mathrm{S}X^\pm `$ and $`D^\pm K_\mathrm{S}K_\mathrm{S}K^\pm `$, where $`X^\pm `$ denotes any charged hadronic state, have been outlined in Ref. .

In the present note we first consider flavor-symmetry relations between corresponding $`D^\pm `$ and $`D_s^\pm `$ and then discuss both the non-negligible $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing effect and the possible (significant) new physics effect on $`CP`$ asymmetries in

$$D^\pm K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+X^\pm $$
$`(1\mathrm{a})`$   
(for $`X=\pi ,\rho ,a_1`$) and

$$D_s^\pm K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+X_s^\pm $$
$`(1\mathrm{b})`$   
(for $`X_s=K,K^{}`$) decays. The similar decay modes involving the resonance $`K^0`$ or $`\overline{K}^0`$, i.e.,

$$D^\pm \left(K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+\pi ^0\right)_K^{}+X^\pm $$
$`(2\mathrm{a})`$   
and

$$D_s^\pm \left(K_{S,L}+\pi ^0\right)_K^{}+X_s^\pm $$
$`(2\mathrm{b})`$   
are also considered. Within the standard model we show that $`CP`$ violation in these processes comes mainly from $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing and may lead to a decay rate asymmetry of magnitude $`3.3\times 10^3`$. Beyond the standard model the $`CP`$ asymmetries are possible to reach the percent level due to the enhancement from new physics. A comparison between the $`CP`$ asymmetries in $`D_{(s)}^\pm K_\mathrm{S}X_{(s)}^\pm `$ and $`D_{(s)}^\pm K_\mathrm{L}X_{(s)}^\pm `$ decays may pin down the involved new physics.

Within the standard electroweak model the transitions in Eqs. (1) and (2) can occur through both the Cabibbo-allowed channels (Fig. 1) and the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed channels (Fig. 2). The penguin $`cu`$ transition cannot contribute to these decays. The eight diagrams in Figs. 1 and 2 describe all the diagrams allowed by QCD and the standard electroweak model if the quark lines are allowed to go backward and forward in time, and arbitrary numbers of gluon exchanges are included .

Each of the four diagrams in Fig. 1 is seen to go into one of the diagrams of Fig. 2 under the $`ds`$ transformation which interchanges $`d`$ and $`s`$ flavors and is included in SU(3). Its use with the flavor topology of Figs. 1 and 2 not only gives SU(3) symmetry relations but also pinpoints the dominant sources of symmetry breaking. We first note some relations between pairs of amplitudes related by the $`ds`$ transformation:

$$\frac{|A(D^+K^{()0}X^+)|}{|A(D_s^+\overline{K}^{()0}X_s^+)|}=\frac{|V_{cd}V_{us}^{}|}{|V_{cs}V_{ud}^{}|}=\frac{|A(D_s^+K^{()0}X_s^+)|}{|A(D^+\overline{K}^{()0}X^+)|},$$
$`(3)`$   
where $`V_{ij}`$ (for $`i=u,c`$ and $`j=d,s`$) are the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements. The explicit assumptions needed to derive these relations are:

1. $`d`$ and $`s`$ quarks couple equally to gluons at all stages of these diagrams, including final state interactions.
2. The properties of the weak interactions under the $`ds`$ transformation are given by the CKM matrix elements.

That $`d`$ and $`s`$ quarks couple equally to gluons at short distances in all the complicated quark diagrams seems reasonable. Thus further $`ds`$ symmetry breaking occurs only at the hadron level via decay constants and form factors. The $`ds`$ transformation changes pions into kaons, $`\rho `$’s into $`K^{}`$’s, etc. The breaking produced by the corresponding changes in masses, decay constants and form factors must be taken into account. The form factors depend upon whether the $`q\overline{q}`$ pair is pointlike or has a hadronic scale defined by the initial state wave function or pair creation by gluons.

Branching ratio data for these decays may well become available with sufficient precision to test SU(3) symmetry and symmetry breaking before they have sufficient precision to show $`CP`$ violation or new physics. They can therefore provide useful constraints on parameters and relative strengths of different diagrams to help narrow the searches for crucial effects predicted by new physics.

We now investigate the phases relevant to $`CP`$ violation. For each decay mode under discussion, its doubly Cabibbo-suppressed transition amplitude and its Cabibbo-allowed one may have different weak and strong phases. We denote the ratio of two transition amplitudes for $`D^+K^{()0}X^+`$ and $`\overline{K}^{()0}X^+`$ or $`D_s^+K^{()0}X^+`$ and $`\overline{K}^{()0}X^+`$ (before $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing) as follows:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{A(D^+K^{()0}X^+)}{A(D^+\overline{K}^{()0}X^+)}}`$ $`=`$ $`R_de^{\mathrm{i}\delta _d}{\displaystyle \frac{V_{cd}V_{us}^{}}{V_{cs}V_{ud}^{}}},`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{A(D_s^+K^{()0}X_s^+)}{A(D_s^+\overline{K}^{()0}X_s^+)}}`$ $`=`$ $`R_se^{\mathrm{i}\delta _s}{\displaystyle \frac{V_{cd}V_{us}^{}}{V_{cs}V_{ud}^{}}},`$ (4)   
where $`\delta _q`$ and $`R_q`$ (for $`q=d`$ or $`s`$) denote the strong phase difference and the ratio of real hadronic matrix elements, respectively. Under $`ds`$ symmetry, $`\delta _s=\delta _d`$ and $`R_s=R_d^1`$.

The magnitudes of $`R_d`$ and $`R_s`$ can be estimated with the help of the effective weak Hamiltonian and the naive factorization approximation. Neglecting the annihilation diagrams in Figs. 1 and 2, which are expected to have significant form factor suppression, we arrive at

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{R_d}}`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{a_2}}{\displaystyle \frac{X^+|(\overline{u}d)_{VA}^{}|0\overline{K}^{()0}|(\overline{s}c)_{VA}^{}|D^+}{K^{()0}|(\overline{d}s)_{VA}^{}|0X^+|(\overline{u}c)_{VA}^{}|D^+}},`$   
$`R_s`$ $`=`$ $`1+{\displaystyle \frac{a_1}{a_2}}{\displaystyle \frac{X_s^+|(\overline{u}s)_{VA}^{}|0K^{()0}|(\overline{d}c)_{VA}^{}|D_s^+}{\overline{K}^{()0}|(\overline{d}s)_{VA}^{}|0X_s^+|(\overline{u}c)_{VA}^{}|D_s^+}},`$ (5)   
where $`a_11.1`$ and $`a_20.5`$ are the effective Wilson coefficients at the $`O(m_c)`$ scale . We list the explicit results of $`R_d`$ and $`R_s`$ in Table 1, in which the relevant decay constants and form factors are self-explanatory and their values can be found from Refs. .

These expressions show clearly that the relation $`R_s=R_d^1`$ is violated only by the obvious $`ds`$ breaking in the decay constants and form factors, and holds in the limit where these decay constants and form factors have the same values for all pairs related by $`ds`$; e.g. $`m_\pi =m_K^{}`$, $`f_\pi =f_K`$, $`F_0^{DK}(m_\pi ^2)=F_0^{DK}(m_K^2)`$, $`m_\rho =m_K^{}^{}`$, $`f_\rho =f_K^{}`$, $`F_1^{DK}(m_\rho ^2)=F_1^{D_sK}(m_K^{}^2)`$, etc.

The diagrams selected by factorization differ from other diagrams only in the form factors. Thus relaxing the demand for factorization can only introduce additional form factors and decay constants into the expressions in Table 1 corresponding to the replacement of color-favored couplings by color suppressed couplings.

The ballpark numbers obtained in Table 1 serve only for illustration and show that the $`ds`$ symmetry between $`R_s`$ and $`R_d^1`$ is reasonably acceptable for either the two-pseudoscalar states or the pseudoscalar-vector (axialvector) states. In general $`|R_d|O(1)`$ and $`|R_s|O(1)`$ are expected to be true, independent of the dynamical details of these transitions.

We now consider the decays into final-states including $`K_\mathrm{S}`$ or $`K_\mathrm{L}`$, where the dominant $`CP`$ violation in the standard model comes from the $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing described by

$`|K_\mathrm{S}`$ $`=`$ $`p|K^0+q|\overline{K}^0,`$   
$`|K_\mathrm{L}`$ $`=`$ $`p|K^0q|\overline{K}^0,`$ (6)   
where $`p`$ and $`q`$ are complex parameters. To ensure the rephasing invariance of all analytical results, we do not use the popular notation $`q/p=(1ϵ)/(1+ϵ)`$. As we shall see later on, the mixing-induced $`CP`$ violation

$$\delta _K=\frac{|p|^2|q|^2}{|p|^2+|q|^2}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}3.3}\times 10^3,$$
(7)   
which has been measured in semileptonic $`K_\mathrm{L}`$ decays , may play a significant role in the $`CP`$ asymmetries of $`D^\pm `$ and $`D_s^\pm `$ decays.

The ratios of transition amplitudes for $`D^{}`$ and $`D_s^{}`$ decays can be read off from Eq. (4) with the complex conjugation of relevant quark mixing matrix elements. Then we obtain <sup>3</sup><sup>3</sup>3The formulas for the decays involving $`K^0K^0\pi ^0K_\mathrm{S}\pi ^0`$ and $`\overline{K}^0\overline{K}^0\pi ^0K_\mathrm{S}\pi ^0`$ are basically the same as those for $`D^\pm K_\mathrm{S}X^\pm `$ or $`D_s^\pm K_\mathrm{S}X_s^\pm `$ transitions, therefore they will not be written down for simplicity. 

$`{\displaystyle \frac{A(D^+K_\mathrm{S}X^+)}{A(D^{}K_\mathrm{S}X^{})}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(V_{cs}V_{ud}^{})q^{}+R_de^{\mathrm{i}\delta _d}(V_{cd}V_{us}^{})p^{}}{(V_{cs}^{}V_{ud})p^{}+R_de^{\mathrm{i}\delta _d}(V_{cd}^{}V_{us})q^{}}},`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{A(D_s^+K_\mathrm{S}X_s^+)}{A(D_s^{}K_\mathrm{S}X_s^{})}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(V_{cs}V_{ud}^{})q^{}+R_se^{\mathrm{i}\delta _s}(V_{cd}V_{us}^{})p^{}}{(V_{cs}^{}V_{ud})p^{}+R_se^{\mathrm{i}\delta _s}(V_{cd}^{}V_{us})q^{}}}.`$ (8)   
Although $`q/p`$ itself depends on the phase convention of $`|K^0`$ and $`|\overline{K}^0`$ meson states, which relies intrinsically on that of relevant quark fields , the following two quantities are rephasing-invariant:

$$\frac{V_{cd}V_{us}^{}}{V_{cs}V_{ud}^{}}\frac{p^{}}{q^{}}=re^{+\mathrm{i}\varphi },\frac{V_{cd}^{}V_{us}}{V_{cs}^{}V_{ud}}\frac{q^{}}{p^{}}=\overline{r}e^{\mathrm{i}\varphi }.$$
(9)   
Note that $`|q/p|`$ deviates from unity only at the $`O(10^3)`$ level, i.e., the order of observable $`CP`$ violation in $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing . Therefore $`r=\overline{r}=\mathrm{tan}^2\theta _\mathrm{C}5\%`$ is an excellent approximation, where $`\theta _\mathrm{C}13^{}`$ is the Cabibbo angle. The $`CP`$ asymmetries of $`D^\pm K_\mathrm{S}X^\pm `$ and $`D_s^\pm K_\mathrm{S}X_s^\pm `$ transitions can then be given as

$`𝒜_d`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|A(D^{}K_\mathrm{S}X^{})|^2|A(D^+K_\mathrm{S}X^+)|^2}{|A(D^{}K_\mathrm{S}X^{})|^2+|A(D^+K_\mathrm{S}X^+)|^2}}`$ (10)   
$``$ $`\delta _K+2R_d\mathrm{tan}^2\theta _\mathrm{C}\mathrm{sin}\varphi \mathrm{sin}\delta _d,`$   
and

$`𝒜_s`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{|A(D_s^{}K_\mathrm{S}X_s^{})|^2|A(D_s^+K_\mathrm{S}X_s^+)|^2}{|A(D_s^{}K_\mathrm{S}X_s^{})|^2+|A(D_s^+K_\mathrm{S}X_s^+)|^2}}`$ (11)   
$``$ $`\delta _K+2R_s\mathrm{tan}^2\theta _\mathrm{C}\mathrm{sin}\varphi \mathrm{sin}\delta _s,`$   
where $`\delta _K`$ has been given in Eq. (7). Clearly $`𝒜_d`$ or $`𝒜_s`$ consists of two different contributions: that from $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing in the final state, and that from the interference between Cabibbo-allowed and doubly Cabibbo-suppressed channels.

The smallness of $`\delta _K`$ implies that the $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing phase is nearly the same as that in direct decays of $`K^0`$ and $`\overline{K}^0`$ mesons . Thus one may take $`q/p=(V_{us}V_{ud}^{})/(V_{us}^{}V_{ud})`$ in the leading-order approximation. The rephasing-invariant weak phase $`\varphi `$ turns out to be the largest outer angle of the unitarity triangle $`V_{cd}V_{ud}^{}+V_{cs}V_{us}^{}+V_{cb}V_{ub}^{}=0`$ (see, e.g., Ref. ) and its magnitude can roughly be constrained as follows:

$$\varphi =\mathrm{arg}\left(\frac{V_{cd}V_{ud}^{}}{V_{cs}V_{us}^{}}\right)\pi \mathrm{arctan}\left|\frac{V_{cb}V_{ub}^{}}{V_{cd}V_{ud}^{}}\right|.$$
(12)   
In obtaining this bound, we have taken $`|V_{cd}V_{ud}^{}||V_{cs}V_{us}^{}||V_{cb}V_{ub}^{}|`$ into account. We find $`\mathrm{sin}\varphi O(10^3)`$ by use of current experimental data on quark flavor mixing . This result, together with $`|R_q|O(1)`$ and $`\mathrm{tan}^2\theta _\mathrm{C}5\%`$, implies that the $`CP`$ asymmetry arising from the interference between Cabibbo-allowed and doubly Cabibbo-suppressed channels is negligibly small in $`𝒜_q`$ (for $`q=d`$ or $`s`$). One then concludes that $`𝒜_s𝒜_d\delta _K`$ holds to a good degree of accuracy in the standard model. Such $`\delta _K`$-induced $`CP`$-violating effects can also be observed in the semileptonic $`D^\pm `$ and $`D_s^\pm `$ decays which involve $`K_\mathrm{S}`$ or $`K_\mathrm{L}`$ meson via $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing in the final states .

The conclusion drawn above may not be true if new physics enters the decay modes under discussion. As pointed out in Ref. , one can wonder about a kind of new physics which causes the decay channels resembling the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed ones in Fig. 2 but occurring through a new charged boson or something more complicated than the $`W`$ boson. The amplitudes of such new channels may remain to be suppressed in magnitude (e.g., of the same order as the doubly Cabibbo-suppressed amplitudes in the standard model), but they are likely to have significantly different weak and strong phases from the dominant Cabibbo-allowed channels in Fig. 1 and result in new $`CP`$-violating asymmetries via the interference effects. The strong phases are expected to be very different because of the presence of meson resonances in the D mass region which affect the phases of the doubly-suppressed $`D^\pm `$ and Cabibbo-allowed $`D_s`$ amplitudes while the Cabibbo-allowed $`D^\pm `$ and doubly-suppressed $`D_s`$ decays feed exotic channels which have no resonances . Following this illustrative picture of new physics, we modify the ratios of transition amplitudes in Eq. (4) as follows:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{A(D^+K^0X^+)}{A(D^+\overline{K}^0X^+)}}`$ $`=`$ $`R_d^{}e^{\mathrm{i}\delta _d^{}}{\displaystyle \frac{U_{cd}U_{us}^{}}{V_{cs}V_{ud}^{}}},`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{A(D_s^+K^0X_s^+)}{A(D_s^+\overline{K}^0X_s^+)}}`$ $`=`$ $`R_s^{}e^{\mathrm{i}\delta _s^{}}{\displaystyle \frac{U_{cd}U_{us}^{}}{V_{cs}V_{ud}^{}}},`$ (13)   
in which $`\delta _q^{}`$, $`U_{cd}U_{us}^{}`$ and $`R_q^{}`$ (for $`q=d`$ or $`s`$) stand for the effective strong phase difference, the effective weak coupling and the ratio of effective real hadronic matrix elements, respectively. Note that these quantities are composed of both the contribution from doubly Cabibbo-suppressed channels in the standard model and that from additional channels induced by new physics. The same kind of new physics might also affect $`K^0`$-$`\overline{K}^0`$ mixing, but this effect can always be incorporated into the $`p`$ and $`q`$ parameters. In this case the rephasing-invariant combinations in Eq. (9) become

$$\frac{U_{cd}U_{us}^{}}{V_{cs}V_{ud}^{}}\frac{p^{}}{q^{}}=r^{}e^{+\mathrm{i}\varphi ^{}},\frac{U_{cd}^{}U_{us}}{V_{cs}^{}V_{ud}}\frac{q^{}}{p^{}}=\overline{r}^{}e^{\mathrm{i}\varphi ^{}}.$$
(14)   
Here $`r^{}=\overline{r}^{}`$ remains to be a good approximation, but the magnitude of $`r^{}`$ (or $`\overline{r}^{}`$) may deviate somehow from $`\mathrm{tan}^2\theta _\mathrm{C}5\%`$. The $`CP`$ asymmetries of $`D^\pm K_\mathrm{S}X^\pm `$ and $`D_s^\pm K_\mathrm{S}X_s^\pm `$ decays, similar to those obtained in Eqs. (10) and (11), read as

$`𝒜_d^{}`$ $``$ $`\delta _K+2R_d^{}r^{}\mathrm{sin}\varphi ^{}\mathrm{sin}\delta _d^{},`$   
$`𝒜_s^{}`$ $``$ $`\delta _K+2R_s^{}r^{}\mathrm{sin}\varphi ^{}\mathrm{sin}\delta _s^{}.`$ (15)   
If $`CP`$ violation from the interference between the channel induced by standard physics and that arising from new physics is comparable in magnitude with $`\delta _K`$ (i.e., at the $`O(10^3)`$ level) or dominant over $`\delta _K`$ (i.e., at the $`O(10^2)`$ level), then significant difference between $`𝒜_s^{}`$ and $`𝒜_d^{}`$ should in general appear. This follows that $`\delta _s^{}\delta _d^{}`$ and they may even have the opposite signs. For illustration, we plot the dependence of $`𝒜_d^{}`$ and $`𝒜_s^{}`$ on $`\varphi ^{}`$ in Fig. 3 with the typical inputs $`r^{}=0.04`$, $`R_d^{}\mathrm{sin}\delta _d^{}=0.3`$ and $`R_s^{}\mathrm{sin}\delta _s^{}=0.5`$. Clearly it is worthwhile to measure both asymmetries, and a comparison between them will be helpful to examine SU(3) symmetry and probe possible new physics effects.

The $`CP`$-violating asymmetries in $`D^\pm K_\mathrm{L}X^\pm `$ and $`D_s^\pm K_\mathrm{L}X_s^\pm `$ decays can directly be obtained from those in Eqs. (10), (11) and (15) through the replacements $`R_qR_q`$ and $`R_q^{}R_q^{}`$ (for $`q=d`$ or $`s`$), as ensured by $`CPT`$ symmetry in the total width  . The point is simply that $`q/p`$ becomes $`q/p`$, if one moves from the $`K_\mathrm{S}X_{(s)}^\pm `$ state to the $`K_\mathrm{L}X_{(s)}^\pm `$ state. The difference between the $`CP`$ asymmetries in $`D_{(s)}^\pm K_\mathrm{S}X_{(s)}^\pm `$ and $`D_{(s)}^\pm K_\mathrm{L}X_{(s)}^\pm `$ turns out to be

$`𝒜_d^{}(K_\mathrm{S})𝒜_d^{}(K_\mathrm{L})`$ $``$ $`4R_d^{}r^{}\mathrm{sin}\varphi ^{}\mathrm{sin}\delta _d^{},`$   
$`𝒜_s^{}(K_\mathrm{S})𝒜_s^{}(K_\mathrm{L})`$ $``$ $`4R_s^{}r^{}\mathrm{sin}\varphi ^{}\mathrm{sin}\delta _s^{}.`$ (16)   
This implies an interesting possibility to pin down the involved new physics, which significantly violates $`CP`$ invariance. For either $`D^\pm `$ or $`D_s^\pm `$ decays, we may explicitly conclude that the $`CP`$-violating effect induced by new physics is

* vanishing or negligibly small, if the relationship $`𝒜_q^{}(K_\mathrm{S})𝒜_q^{}(K_\mathrm{L})\delta _K`$ is observed in experiments;
* comparable in magnitude with the $`\delta _K`$-induced $`CP`$ violation, if $`|𝒜_q^{}(K_\mathrm{S})||𝒜_q^{}(K_\mathrm{L})|`$ (or vice versa) is experimentally detected;
* dominant over the $`\delta _K`$-induced $`CP`$ asymmetry, if $`𝒜_q^{}(K_\mathrm{S})𝒜_q^{}(K_\mathrm{L})`$ (of order $`10^2`$) is measured in experiments.

These conclusions are quite general and they should also be valid for other types of new physics involved in the charm-quark sector.

In view of current experimental data , the branching ratios of $`D^\pm K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+(\pi ^\pm ,\rho ^\pm ,a_1^\pm )`$ are estimated to be about $`1.4\%`$, $`3.3\%`$ and $`4.0\%`$, respectively. The branching ratios of $`D_s^\pm K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+(K^\pm ,K^\pm )`$ amount approximately to $`1.8\%`$ and $`2.2\%`$, respectively <sup>4</sup><sup>4</sup>4The decay modes involving the $`\overline{K}^0`$ (or $`K^0`$) resonance may have smaller branching ratios, as both $`\overline{K}^0\overline{K}^0\pi ^0`$ and $`\overline{K}^0K^{}\pi ^+`$ are allowed but only the former is relevant to our purpose. For example, the branching ratio of $`D^+(K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+\pi ^0)_K^{}^{}+\pi ^+`$ is expected to be $`3.2\times 10^3`$ from current data , about 1/5 of the branching ratio of $`D^+K_{\mathrm{S},\mathrm{L}}+\pi ^+`$.. It is therefore possible to measure the $`\delta _K`$-induced $`CP`$ asymmetries in these decay modes with about $`10^{78}`$ $`D^\pm `$ or $`D_s^\pm `$ events. If new physics enhances the asymmetries up to the percent level, then clean signals of $`CP`$ violation can be established with only about $`10^6`$ $`D^\pm `$ or $`D_s^\pm `$ events.

Acknowledgement: It is a pleasure to thank Jeffrey Appel, Edmond Berger, Karl Berkelman, Ikaros Bigi, John Cumalat, Harald Fritzsch, Yuval Grossman, Yosef Nir, J. G. Smith and Yue-liang Wu for helpful discussions and comments. This work was partially supported by the German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF).