# Special Lagrangian Tori on a Borcea-Voisin Threefold

## 1. Special Lagrangian Tori on Borcea-Voisin Threefolds

Let $`E_i`$ be an elliptic curve with periods $`1`$ and $`\tau _i`$ ($`i=1,2,3`$). The Borcea-Voisin Threefold in discussion is the resolution of quotient $`E_1\times E_2\times E_3`$ by $`_2\times _2`$. We denote the quotient by $`M_0`$. Let $`z_1,z_2,z_3`$ be the coordinates of the three elliptic curves. The generators of the two $`_2`$ actions are

$`\alpha :z_1z_1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},z_2z_2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}},z_3z_3,`$   
$`\beta :z_1z_1,z_2z_2,z_3z_3.`$   
The fixed locus of $`\alpha `$ is the union of sixteen elliptic curves:

$$(\frac{2+\tau _1\pm 1\pm \tau _1}{4},\frac{2+\tau _2\pm 1\pm \tau _2}{4})\times E_3.$$

The fixed locus of $`\beta `$ is the union of sixteen elliptic curves:

$$\frac{1+\tau _1\pm 1\pm \tau _1}{4}\times E_2\times \frac{1+\tau _3\pm 1\pm \tau _3}{4}$$

The fixed locus of $`\alpha \beta `$ is empty. Note that the 32 elliptic curves in the fixed locus do not intersect each other and their images in $`M_0`$ are 16 elliptic curves. Denote the image set by $`F`$.

Let $`\pi :MM_0`$ be the resolution map by a single blowup of $`F`$. Then $`M`$ is a Borcea-Voisin threefold. To see this fact, first we resolve the quotient of $`E_1\times E_2\times E_3`$ by $`\alpha `$. According to Kummer construction, we get $`K\times E_3`$, where $`K`$ is a Kummer surface. Then $`\beta `$ induces an action on $`K\times E_3`$. This is exactly the action used in Borcea-Voisin threefold construction (see \[B\] or \[V\]). $`M`$ is the Borcea-Voisin threefold constructed from $`K\times E_3`$ and $`\beta `$. Note that the fixed locus of the involution on $`K`$ is two tori and $`M`$ is self mirror.

1a. Holomorphic (3,0)-form on $`M`$. Note that $`dz_1dz_2dz_3`$ is a holomorphic (3,0)-form on $`E_1\times E_2\times E_3`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ be the induced holomorphic (3,0)-form on $`M_0`$. Denote $`\pi ^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ by $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$. Then

###### Lemma 1

$`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is a holomorphic (3,0)-form on $`M`$.

Proof. We only need to check that $`\pi ^{}\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ extends across the exceptional divisors and is nonzero everywhere on the exceptional divisors. Since $`M`$ is resolved by a single blow-up along the singular elliptic curves in $`M_0`$. In the normal direction the singularities are of the form $`^2/_2`$. We know the required extension is possible for $`^2/_2`$ (see, for example, \[L\], the proof of Lemma 3.1). ∎

1b. Ricci-flat metrics on $`M`$. First we describe the Ricci-flat metrics on the total spaces of the normal bundles of the exceptional divisors in $`M`$. There are two types of exceptional divisors in $`M`$: 8 copies of $`P^1\times E_3`$ and 8 copies of $`P^1\times E_2`$. Let $`E`$ be either $`E_2`$ or $`E_3`$. The total space of the normal bundle of $`P^1\times E`$ in $`M`$ is $`K_{P^1}\times E`$. We can identify $`K_{P^1}\times E`$ with the resolution of $`(^2/_2)\times E`$. Let $`w_1,w_2`$ be coordinates on $`^2`$ and $`w_3`$ be a coordinate on $`E`$. Define $`U=|w_1|^2+|w_2|^2`$ and

$$f_a(U)=U\sqrt{1+\frac{a^2}{U^2}}+a\mathrm{ln}\frac{U}{\sqrt{U^2+a^2}+a},a>0.$$
$`1`$   
Then $`\stackrel{~}{g}_a=\sqrt{1}\overline{}(f_a(U)+|w_3|^2)`$ are Ricci-flat Kähler metrics on $`K_{P^1}\times E`$. Note that we need to extend these metrics under blowup. These metrics are asymptotically flat at $`\mathrm{}`$.

Now we construct the approximate Ricci-flat metrics on $`M`$. We glue $`M_0`$ with 8 copies of $`K_{P^1}\times E_2`$ and 8 copies of $`K_{P^1}\times E_3`$, by patching the boundaries of some fixed tubular neighborhoods of $`F`$ in $`M_0`$, the boundaries of some fixed tubular neighborhoods of $`P^1\times E_2`$ in $`K_{P^1}\times E_2`$ and the boundaries of some fixed tubular neighborhoods of $`P^1\times E_3`$ in $`K_{P^1}\times E_3`$. Topologically the result manifold is $`M`$. We glue the Kähler potential of the flat orbifold metric on $`M_0`$ and the 16 copies of the Kähler potential described above to get a function $`h_\stackrel{}{a}`$ (we use different $`a`$’s for different divisors, $`\stackrel{}{a}=(a_1,\mathrm{},a_{16})`$). Since all metrics are nearly flat near the boundaries as long as $`\stackrel{}{a}`$ is very small, $`g_\stackrel{}{a}=\sqrt{1}\overline{}h_\stackrel{}{a}`$ are Kähler metrics on $`M`$. They are very close to Ricci flat (as close as we want by choosing small $`\stackrel{}{a}`$). From Yau’s existence theorem of Ricci-flat Kähler metrics (see \[Y\]), there is a unique function $`u_\stackrel{}{a}`$ on $`M`$ with $`_Mu_\stackrel{}{a}𝑑g_\stackrel{}{a}=0`$ such that $`g_\stackrel{}{a}^{RF}`$ is Ricci flat, where $`g_\stackrel{}{a}^{RF}=g_\stackrel{}{a}+\sqrt{1}\overline{}u_\stackrel{}{a}`$.

We need the following

###### Theorem 2

Let $`F`$ be the set of singular points in $`M_0`$. For any relatively compact set $`W`$ in the complement of the proper transformation of $`F`$ in $`M`$, there exists positive constant $`C`$ independent of $`\stackrel{}{a}`$ but depending on $`W`$, such that

$$u_\stackrel{}{a}_{\stackrel{~}{C}^{4,\alpha }(W)}C|\stackrel{}{a}|^2,$$
$`2`$   
where $`\stackrel{~}{C}^{4,\alpha }(W)`$ is the Hölder norm with respect to some fixed coordinate system on $`M`$.

Proof. The approximate Ricci-flat metrics $`g_\stackrel{}{a}`$ on $`M`$ are similar to the approximate Ricci-flat metrics $`\omega _a`$ in \[L\]. The same proof of Theorem 3.4 in \[L\] gives the proof of the theorem here. ∎

1c. Special Lagrangian tori on $`M`$. First $`E_1\times E_2\times E_3`$ has special Lagrangian torus fibration with respect to holomorphic (3,0)-form $`dz_1dz_2dz_3`$ and the flat metric, namely $`T_{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma }=T_\alpha \times T_\beta \times T_\gamma `$ for any real numbers $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$, where $`T_\alpha E_1`$ is the image of $`\alpha +i`$ under the projection $`E_1`$ (Here we need the periods $`\tau _i`$ to be pure imaginary, $`i=1,2,3`$). For generic values of $`\alpha ,\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$, the image of $`T_{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma }`$ in $`M_0`$ does not intersect with the singular set $`F`$. They are embedded tori in $`M_0`$. Now we conclude that these tori can be perturbed to special Lagrangian tori in $`M`$ (embedded).

###### Theorem 3

Any special Lagrangian torus $`f_0`$ in $`M_0`$ as described above, can be perturbed to a special Lagrangian torus in $`M`$.

Proof. Assume that open set $`U`$ contains the image of $`f_0`$ in $`M_0`$, the closure $`\overline{U}`$ is compact. On $`\overline{U}`$, the metric $`g_\stackrel{}{a}^{RF}`$ differs from the flat metric on $`E_1\times E_2\times E_3`$ by an exact form. The difference is small on $`\overline{U}`$ by Theorem 2. $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`\pi ^1(\overline{U})`$ is the same as $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0`$ on $`\overline{U}`$. The image of $`f_0`$ in $`M`$ is approximate special Lagrangian torus. Now we can apply the proof of Theorem 2.1 in \[L\] to conclude that $`f_0`$ can be perturbed to a special Lagrangian torus provided we choose $`\stackrel{}{a}`$ small enough. ∎

Next we remove the assumption that the periods $`\tau _i`$ being pure imaginary. We can view the threefolds with general $`\tau _i`$ as deformations of those with pure imaginary periods. Then by applying Theorem 2.1 i) in \[L\], we conclude that the threefolds have a family of embedded special Lagrangian tori when the real parts of $`\tau _i`$ are sufficiently small.

We check that the special Lagrangian torus $`f:T^3M`$ satisfies $`f^{}H^2(M)=0`$. This is the condition required by mirror symmetry (see \[L\]). Note that $`h^2(M)=19`$ by \[B\]. The following are a basis of $`H^2(M)`$. There are 16 classes which are the Poincare dual of the exceptional divisors in $`M`$. Since the image $`f(T^3)`$ has no intersection with the exceptional divisors, the pull-backs of these classes are zero. Again let $`z_1=x_1+iy_1,z_2=x_2+iy_2,z_3=x_3+iy_3`$ be the complex coordinates of $`E_1\times E_2\times E_3`$. Then $`dx_1dy_1,dx_2dy_2,dx_3dy_3`$ are the classes of degree two invariant under actions $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$. They can be lifted to three classes in $`H^2(M)`$. Obviously their pull-backs on $`T^3`$ are zero classes.

## 2. Special Lagrangian Submanifolds on $`K_{P^n}`$

In the following the periods $`\tau _1,\tau _2`$ and $`\tau _3`$ are pure imaginary. From section 1c we know that one can perturb any special Lagrangian torus $`T_{\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma }`$ to one in $`M`$ as long as $`\stackrel{}{a}`$ is small, except $`(\alpha ,\beta )=(\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4}),(\frac{1}{4},\frac{3}{4}),(\frac{3}{4},\frac{1}{4}),(\frac{3}{4},\frac{3}{4})`$ or $`(\alpha ,\gamma )=(0,0),(0,\frac{1}{2}),(\frac{1}{2},0),(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2})`$ (these are also tori which are preserved by either action $`\alpha `$ or $`\beta `$). Note that each such torus intersects 4 fixed elliptic curves in $`F`$. For example, $`T_{0,\beta ,0}`$ intersects $`0\times E_2\times 0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}\times E_2\times \frac{\tau _3}{2},\frac{\tau _1}{2}\times E_2\times 0,\frac{\tau _1}{2}\times E_2\times \frac{\tau _3}{2}`$. Here we try to describe what happens to these special Lagrangian tori.

Let $`z_1=u_1+iv_1,z_2=u_2+iv_2`$ be coordinate on $`^2`$. A obvious family of special Lagrangian submanifolds $`L_{bc}^0`$ on $`^2`$ are given by: $`u_1+iu_2=(b+ic)(v_2+iv_1)`$. It is clear that they are invariant under the $`_2`$ action of $`^2`$. We show

###### Theorem 4

Under the blow up of $`^2/_2`$ (the blowup is $`K_{P^1}`$), $`L_{bc}^0`$ give a family of special Lagrangian which covers $`K_{P^1}`$.

Proof. First we show that there are submanifolds $`L_{bc}`$ in $`K_{P^1}`$ corresponding to extending $`L_{bc}^0`$ across the exceptional divisor. Blowup coordinates are $`p=p_1+ip_2,q=q_1+iq_2`$ with $`z_1=p^{1/2},z_2=p^{1/2}q`$. Combining with the equation of $`L_{bc}^0`$ we get by eliminating $`u_1,u_2,v_1,v_2`$

$`bq_1^2+bq_2^22bq_1+(b^2+c^21)q_2b=0,`$ $`3`$$`4`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{(bq_1c)^2(bq_21)^2}{(bq_1c)^2+(bq_21)^2}}={\displaystyle \frac{p_1}{\sqrt{p_1^2+p_2^2}}}.`$   
Equation (3) shows that the intersection of special Lagrangian $`L_{bc}`$ with $`P^1`$ is a circle. So the topological type of $`L_{bc}`$ is $`S^1\times `$ for all $`b`$ and $`c`$. Note that $`L_{bc}`$ cover $`P^1`$ for $`c=0`$ and $`1b1`$. It is not a fibration and there is no sub-family of $`L_{bc}`$ to form a fibration of $`P^1`$ with fibre $`L_{bc}P^1`$.

Similar to 1a the holomorphic (2,0)-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`K_{P^1}`$ is induced from $`dz_1dz_2`$. So Im$`\mathrm{\Omega }|_{L_{bc}}=0`$.

The Ricci-flat metric on $`K_{P^1}`$ is given by

$$\omega =\frac{\sqrt{1}}{U^2\sqrt{1+U^2}}[(1+U^2)U\overline{}UU\overline{}U].$$

where $`U=|z_1|^2+|z_2|^2`$. A easy calculation shows that $`\overline{}U|_{L_{bc}}=0`$ and $`U|_{L_{bc}}`$ is real one form. So $`\omega |_{L_{bc}}=0`$. $`L_{bc}`$ are special Lagrangian submanifolds. ∎

Note that special Lagrangian $`L_{00}^0\times T_\beta `$ matches with special Lagrangian $`T_{0\beta 0}`$ near each singular locus $`0\times E_2\times 0,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}\times E_2\times \frac{\tau _3}{2},\frac{\tau _1}{2}\times E_2\times 0`$, and $`\frac{\tau _1}{2}\times E_2\times \frac{\tau _3}{2}`$ in $`M_0`$. We glue four copies of $`L_{00}\times T_\beta `$ to $`T_{0\beta 0}`$ and get $`\stackrel{~}{T}_{0\beta 0}`$ in $`M`$, it is tempting to think that some perturbation of $`\stackrel{~}{T}_{0\beta 0}`$ will be a special Lagrangian torus in $`M`$. We can not prove it because we do not know how to estimate the first eigenvalue of Laplace operator acting on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^1(\stackrel{~}{T}_{0\beta 0})`$.

Finally we construct special Lagrangian submanifolds in $`K_{P^{n1}}`$ which is isomorphic to the blowup of $`^n/_n`$. Let $`z_1=x_1+iy_1,\mathrm{},z_n=x_n+iy_n`$ be complex coordinates of $`^n`$. The holomorphic $`(n,0)`$-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`K_{P^{n1}}`$ is the pull-back of $`dz_1\mathrm{}dz_n`$. Let $`U=|z_1|^2+\mathrm{}+|z_n|^2`$. The Ricci-flat Käler form on $`K_{P^{n1}}`$ is

$`\omega =\sqrt{1}(f^{}(U)\overline{}U+f^{\prime \prime }(U)U\overline{}U),`$   
$`f^{}(U)=(1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{U^n}})^{1/n}.`$   
Let $`\stackrel{}{x}=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n),\stackrel{}{y}=(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)`$ and $`A=(a_{ij})_{n\times n}`$ a real matrix. Consider the real $`n`$-dimensional plane $`L_A^0`$ in $`^n`$ defined by $`\stackrel{}{x}=A\stackrel{}{y}`$. It is easy to check that $`\overline{}U|_{L_A^0}=0`$ and $`U|_{L_A^0}`$ is real one form if and only if $`A`$ equals its transpose $`A^t`$. So $`A=A^t`$ implies that $`\omega |_{L_A^0}=0`$. Note that the only singular point on the image of $`L_A^0`$ in $`^n/_n`$ is origin.

Let $`z_1=w_1^{1/n},z_2=w_1^{1/n}w_2,\mathrm{},z_n=w_1^{1/n}w_n`$ be the blowup coordinates. Let $`L_A`$ be the image of $`L_A^0`$ under blowup. We show that $`L_A`$ is smooth. Rewrite $`\stackrel{}{x}=A\stackrel{}{y}`$ in terms of $`z_1=x_1+iy_1,w_2=u_2+iv_2,\mathrm{},w_n=u_n+iv_n`$, we have

$`(1{\displaystyle \underset{j=2}{\overset{n}{}}}a_{1j}v_j)x_1=(a_{11}+{\displaystyle \underset{j=2}{\overset{n}{}}}a_{1j}u_j)y_1,`$ $`5`$$`6i`$   
$`(u_i{\displaystyle \underset{j=2}{\overset{n}{}}}a_{ij}v_j)x_1=(a_{i1}+v_i+{\displaystyle \underset{j=2}{\overset{n}{}}}a_{ij}u_j)y_1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}2}in.`$   
Dividing (6i) by (5) we get $`n1`$ equations defining the intersection of $`L_A`$ with $`P^{n1}`$ which is smooth. In particular when $`n=3`$, $`a_{11}=a_{22}=1`$ and all other $`a_{ij}=0`$, we get the equations $`u_2+v_2=0,u_3+v_3=0`$ which defines a $`S^1\times S^1`$ in $`P^2`$. So the topological type of $`L_A`$ is $`S^1\times S^1\times `$ for the $`A`$.

Let $`A_{i_1\mathrm{}i_k}`$ be a $`k\times k`$ matrix formed from elements in $`A`$ with both row and column numbers in set $`\{i_1,\mathrm{},i_k\}`$. Then

$$dz_1\mathrm{}dz_n|_{L_A^0}=(\underset{k=\text{even}}{}\underset{i_1<\mathrm{}<i_k}{}i^kdet(A_{i_1\mathrm{}i_k})+\underset{k=\text{odd}}{}\underset{i_1<\mathrm{}<i_k}{}i^kdet(A_{i_1\mathrm{}i_k}))dy_1\mathrm{}dy_n.$$

Taking the phase factor into consideration we conclude that $`L_A`$ is special Lagrangian submanifolds in $`K_{P^{n1}}`$ when $`A=A^t`$ and

$$\mathrm{sin}\theta \underset{k=\text{even}}{}\underset{i_1<\mathrm{}<i_k}{}det(A_{i_1\mathrm{}i_k})+\mathrm{cos}\theta \underset{k=\text{odd}}{}\underset{i_1<\mathrm{}<i_k}{}det(A_{i_1\mathrm{}i_k}),$$

where $`0\theta <2\pi `$. Furthermore any real $`n`$-dimensional hyperplane in $`^n`$, which is the limit of special Lagrangian $`L_A^0`$, gives rise to a special Lagrangian submanifold in $`K_{P^{n1}}`$.