# References

Hamilton-Jakobi method for classical mechanics in Grassmann algebra

Kyrylo V. Tabunshchyk

Institute for Condensed Matter Physics

of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,

1 Svientsitskii St., 79011 Lviv, Ukraine

## Abstract

We present the Hamilton-Jakobi method for the classical mechanics with constrains in Grassmann algebra. In the frame of this method the solution for the classical system characterized by the SUSY Lagrangian is obtained.

Key words: Hamilton-Jakobi method, SUSY system, classical mechanics, constrains.

PACS number(s): 03.20, 11.30.P

The problem of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics with Grassmann variables has been discussed previously in works  and an examples of solutions for classical systems were presented.

In this paper we propose the Hamilton-Jakobi method for the solution of the classical counterpart of Witten‘s model .

We assume that the states of mechanical system are described by the set of ordinary bosonic degrees of freedom $`q`$ (even Grassmann numbers) and the set of fermionic degrees of freedom $`\psi `$ (odd Grassmann numbers).

The Hamilton-Jakobi equation in the case of the classical mechanics with constrains in Grassmann algebra is following:

$$\frac{S}{t}=H(q,\psi ,\frac{S}{q},\frac{S}{\psi },\lambda (q,\psi ,\frac{S}{q},\frac{S}{\psi }),\lambda ^\alpha ,t).$$
(1)   
Here, $`\lambda `$ is the set of certain Lagrange multipliers for the constrains which can be found from the equations of motion and from the time-independence conditions. On the other hand, $`\lambda ^\alpha `$ are those multipliers which cannot be found and which form a functional arbitration for solutions (in the theory with the first-class constrains ). However, we can transform the theory with the first-class constrains to the physically equivalent theory with the second-class constrains. As an example, we can take the strong minimal gauge which does not shift the equations of motion (the so-called canonical gauge $`G^{(c)}`$ ).

Jakobi theorem.

Let us consider a full solution of the Hamilton-Jakobi equation $`S=S_r(q,\psi ,\alpha ,\beta ,t)`$ ($`\alpha `$ is a set of the even Grassmann constants, $`\beta `$ is a set of the odd ones). We perform the canonical transformation from the old variables $`q`$, $`\psi `$, $`P_q`$, $`P_\psi `$ to the new ones (taking $`S_r`$ as a generating function) and put $`\alpha =P_Q`$, $`\beta =P_\nu `$ as a new canonical momenta and $`Q`$, $`\nu `$ as a new coordinates. Then the relations between the new and old variables can be written in the form:

$$H^{}=H+\frac{S_r}{t},P_q=\frac{S_r}{q},P_\psi =\frac{S_r}{\psi },Q=\frac{S_r}{P_Q},\nu =\frac{S_r}{P_\nu }.$$

Since $`S_r`$ is the solution of the Hamilton-Jakobi equation, we obtain that

$$H^{}=0P_Q=\text{const},Q=\text{const},P_\nu =\text{const},\nu =\text{const},$$

new coordinates are constant. From the obtained result we can write:

$`S_r/\alpha =\text{const (even Grassmann number)},`$ (2)   
$`S_r/\beta =\text{const (odd Grassmann number)}.`$   
The solution of the equations (2) gives the variables $`q`$ and $`\psi `$ as functions of time. Time dependencies of the canonical momenta can be found from the relations $`P_\psi =S/\psi `$, $`P_q=S/q.`$

Let us now consider the Lagrangian 

$$L=\frac{\dot{q}^2}{2}\frac{1}{2}V^2(q)\frac{\mathrm{i}}{2}(\dot{\overline{\psi }}\psi \overline{\psi }\dot{\psi })U(q)\overline{\psi }\psi .$$
(3)   
which possess supersymmetry when $`U(q)=V^{}(q)`$ (in this case the real function $`V`$ is the so-called superpotential) . The overbar denotes the Grassmann variant of the complex conjugation.

The momenta conjugate to the fermionic variables do not depend on $`\dot{\psi }`$ or $`\dot{\overline{\psi }}`$. Hence, we have the following constrains between coordinates and momenta:

$$F_1=P_\psi +\frac{\mathrm{i}}{2}\overline{\psi },F_2=P_{\overline{\psi }}+\frac{\mathrm{i}}{2}\psi .$$
(4)   
The Lagrange multipliers can be found from the following time-independence conditions:

$$\dot{F_1}=\{H(\lambda ),F_1\}=0,\dot{F_2}=\{H(\lambda ),F_2\}=0,$$
(5)   
where

$$H(\lambda )=\frac{P_q^2}{2}+\frac{1}{2}V^2(q)+U(q)\overline{\psi }\psi +\lambda _1(P_\psi +\frac{\mathrm{i}}{2}\overline{\psi })+\lambda _2(P_{\overline{\psi }}+\frac{\mathrm{i}}{2}\psi ).$$
(6)   
Since the Hamiltonian of the system (3) is following:

$$H=H(\lambda (q,\psi ,\overline{\psi }))=\frac{P_q^2}{2}+\frac{1}{2}V^2(q)\mathrm{i}U(q)P_{\overline{\psi }}\overline{\psi }+\mathrm{i}U(q)P_\psi \psi .$$
(7)   
Starting from the obtained Hamiltonian (7), the Hamilton-Jakobi equation (1) can be written in the form:

$$\frac{S}{t}+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{S}{q}\right)^2+\frac{1}{2}V^2(q)\mathrm{i}U(q)\frac{S}{\overline{\psi }}\overline{\psi }+\mathrm{i}U(q)\frac{S}{\psi }\psi =0.$$
(8)   
Let us make an ansatz for the action

$$S(t,q,\psi ,\overline{\psi })=S_0(t,q)+\psi \overline{\psi }S_1(t,q)+\psi S_2(t,q)+\overline{\psi }S_3(t,q),$$
(9)   
where $`S_0`$ and $`S_1`$ are even Grassmann functions and $`S_2`$ and $`S_3`$ are the odd ones. After the substitution of ansatz (9) into the equation (8) and decomposition of this equation on Grassmann parities we obtain the next system of equations:

$`{\displaystyle \frac{S_0}{t}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{S_0}{q}}\right)^2+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}V^2(q)=0,`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{S_2}{t}}+{\displaystyle \frac{S_0}{q}}{\displaystyle \frac{S_2}{q}}\mathrm{i}U(q)S_2=0,`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{S_3}{t}}+{\displaystyle \frac{S_0}{q}}{\displaystyle \frac{S_3}{q}}+\mathrm{i}U(q)S_3=0,`$ (10)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{S_1}{t}}+{\displaystyle \frac{S_0}{q}}{\displaystyle \frac{S_1}{q}}=0,`$   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{S_2}{q}}{\displaystyle \frac{S_3}{q}}\psi \overline{\psi }=0.`$   
The first equation can be integrated by the variable decomposition method. Thus, we obtain

$$S_0=\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}dqEt,$$
(11)   
where $`E`$ is the constant of integration. Starting from the expression (11), for the fourth equation we obtain the following:

$$S_1=\frac{A\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}At.$$
(12)   
Here, $`A`$ and $`E`$ are real variables.

The solutions of the second and third equations can be written as

$`S_2=\varphi _1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}}t\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{i}{\displaystyle \frac{U(q)\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}}\right),`$ (13)   
$`S_3=\varphi _2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}}t\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{i}{\displaystyle \frac{U(q)\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}}\right),`$   
where $`\varphi _1`$ and $`\varphi _2`$ are arbitrary odd Grassmann functions. In our case, it is sufficient to take $`\varphi _1=const`$, $`\varphi _2=const`$. The last equation from (S0.Ex4) leads to some condition on functions $`\varphi _1`$ and $`\varphi _2`$, which is satisfied when they are constant.

Thus, we can present the action in the following form:

$`S`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \sqrt{2EV^2(q)}dq}Et+{\displaystyle \frac{A\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}\psi \overline{\psi }}At\psi \overline{\psi }`$   
$`+`$ $`\psi \varphi _1\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}}t\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{i}{\displaystyle \frac{U(q)\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}}\right)`$   
$`+`$ $`\overline{\psi }\varphi _2\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}}t\right)\mathrm{exp}\left(\mathrm{i}{\displaystyle \frac{U(q)\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}}\right).`$   
Using the Jakobi theorem (2)

$$S/\varphi _1=const,S/\varphi _2=const,$$

we obtain solutions for the odd Grassmann variables:

$$\psi =\psi _0\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{i}U(q(\tau ))d\tau ),\overline{\psi }=\overline{\psi }_0\mathrm{exp}(\mathrm{i}U(q(\tau ))d\tau ).$$
(15)   
Let us introduce the following series for the even Grassmann variable:

$$q(t)=x_{qc}(t)+q_0(t)\overline{\psi }\psi =x_{qc}(t)+q_0(t)\overline{\psi }_0\psi _0.$$
(16)   
Then, from the Jakobi theorem we have:

$$\frac{S}{A}=\frac{\mathrm{d}q}{\sqrt{2EV^2(q)}}\overline{\psi }_0\psi _0t\overline{\psi }_0\psi _0=const.$$
(17)   
From (16) and (17) we can write

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}x_{qc}}{\sqrt{2EV^2(x_{qc})}}t=const.$$
(18)   
Let us now evaluating the derivative $`S/E=const`$. Taking into account the result (18) and the following expansions

$`U(q)=U(x_{qc})+U^{}(x_{qc})q_0\overline{\psi }_0\psi _0,`$   
$`V^2(q)=V^2(x_{qc})+2V^{}(x_{qc})V(x_{qc})q_0\overline{\psi }_0\psi _0,`$ (19)   
$`f(V^2(q))=f(V^2(x_{qc}))+f^{}(V^2(x_{qc}))2V^{}(x_{qc})V(x_{qc})q_0\overline{\psi }_0\psi _0,`$   
we obtain:

$$\frac{\mathrm{d}q_0}{\sqrt{2EV^2(x_{qc})}}=\frac{\left[AU(x_{qc}(\tau ))V(x_{qc}(\tau ))V^{}(x_{qc}(\tau ))q_0(\tau )\right]}{2EV^2(x_{qc}(\tau ))}d\tau .$$
(20)   
This result can be presented in the form:

$$q_0(t)=\frac{\dot{x}_{qc}(t)}{\dot{x}_{qc}(0)}\left[q_0(0)\underset{0}{\overset{t}{}}d\tau \frac{FU(x_{qc}(\tau ))}{2EV^2(x_{qc}(\tau ))}\right].$$
(21)   
The obtained result coincides with the result obtained from the Lagrangian equations of motion .

Thus the Hamilton-Jakobi equation and Jakobi theorem are presented in Grassmann algebra. The action for the classical system characterized by the SUSY Lagrangian is presented in the explicit form. The results obtained using the Hamilton-Jakobi method coincide with ones obtained previously from the Lagrangian equations of motion.

Acknowledgements.

I am very grateful to V.M.Tkachuk for comments and discusions.

Tabunshchyk K.V. e-mail: tkir@icmp.lviv.ua