# Absorption cross section and Hawking radiation in two-dimensional AdS black hole

## Abstract

We calculate the absorption coefficient of scalar field on the background of the two-dimensional AdS black hole, which is of relevance to Hawking radiation. For the massless scalar field, we find that there does not exist any massless radiation.

preprint:   SOGANG-HEP 255/99 hep-th/9902093     
There has been much attention to the lower-dimensional black holes to study the final state of black holes at the end of evaporation  without encountering some complexities of realistic four-dimensional gravity. The evaporation of the black hole is essentially based on Hawking radiation . The Hawking radiation of Callan-Giddings-Harvey-Strominger(CGHS) model is given by the vacuum expectation value of energy-momentum tensors, which means that the black hole is no more black, instead, grey hole after quantization. Therefore the absorption coefficient  is less than one and the reflection coefficient should be nontrivial.

On the other hand, two-dimensional anti-de Seitter(AdS<sub>2</sub>) geometry which has a constant curvature scalar appears in the CGHS model with the help of quantum back reaction of the geometry on a constant dilaton background , where the AdS<sub>2</sub> black hole geometry is given by

$$ds^2=\left(M+\frac{r^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\right)dt^2+\left(M+\frac{r^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\right)^1dr^2$$
(1)   
where the horizon is $`r_H=\sqrt{M}\mathrm{}`$. This metric (1) is asymptotically nonflat and has a constant negative curvature scalar $`R=\frac{2}{\mathrm{}^2}`$ with a negative cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\frac{1}{\mathrm{}^2}`$, which is drastically different from the asymptotic flat CGHS model. So one might wonder whether conventional Hawking radiation appears or not in such a AdS<sub>2</sub> black hole. The recent study  shows that the AdS black hole may be quantum-mechanically stable without Hawking radiation as far as we consider massless radiation from the black hole. In Ref. , the energy-momentum tensor for the N massless scalar fields on the AdS<sub>2</sub> black hole background yields remarkably vanishing result as

$$T_{}^{\mathrm{Qt}}(\sigma ^+,\sigma ^{})=T_{}^{\mathrm{Bulk}}+T_{}^{\mathrm{boundary}}=0$$
(2)   
where the energy-momentum tensor induced by quantum correction $`T_{}^{Qt}`$ is conveniently defined by bulk and boundary contributions,

$`T_{}^{\mathrm{Bulk}}(\sigma ^+,\sigma ^{})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa M}{4\mathrm{}^2}},`$ (3)   
$`T_{}^{\mathrm{boundary}}(\sigma ^+,\sigma ^{})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\kappa M}{4\mathrm{}^2}}`$ (4)   
in the conformal gauge, $`g_+=\frac{1}{2}e^{2\rho (\sigma ^+,\sigma ^{})}`$, $`g_{\pm \pm }=0`$,and $`\kappa =\frac{N}{12}`$. For the asymptotically flat CGHS black hole, however, the Hawking radiation has been determined by only the boundary contribution since the bulk part vanishes at the spatial infinity. In our AdS case, the bulk contribution is definite due to the nontrivial asymptotic behavior of the geometry.

One might still wonder how does the Hawking radiation of AdS<sub>2</sub> black hole vanish. So, in this Brief Report, we shall study massless scalar field as a test probe on the AdS<sub>2</sub> black hole background and calculate absorption(or reflection) coefficient, which will be a different test whether Hawking radiation appears or not in AdS<sub>2</sub> black hole.

Let us now consider the wave equation for the massless scalar field on the AdS<sub>2</sub> black hole background (1), which is given by

$$\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Psi }(t,r)=0$$
(5)   
with $`\mathrm{\Psi }(t,r)=e^{i\omega t}\mathrm{\Phi }(r)`$, and it yields explicitly

$$\left(r^2r_H^2\right)_r^2\mathrm{\Phi }(r)+2r_r\mathrm{\Phi }(r)+\frac{\omega ^2\mathrm{}^4}{r^2r_H^2}\mathrm{\Phi }(r)=0.$$
(6)   
By changing variable $`r`$ in terms of $`z=\frac{rr_H}{r+r_H}`$ ($`0z1`$), Eq.(6) becomes

$$z(1z)_{z}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\mathrm{\Phi }(z)+(1z)_z\mathrm{\Phi }(z)+\frac{\omega ^2\mathrm{}^4}{4r_H^2}\left(\frac{1}{z}1\right)\mathrm{\Phi }(z)=0,$$
(7)   
it is exactly solved as

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(r)=C_1\left(\frac{rr_H}{r+r_H}\right)^\alpha +C_2\left(\frac{rr_H}{r+r_H}\right)^\alpha ,$$
(8)   
where $`\alpha =\pm \frac{i\omega \mathrm{}^2}{2r_H}`$. This solution (8) contains the ingoing and outgoing wave modes together, which will be easily seen by rewriting Eq.(8) as

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(r)=C_1e^{\frac{i\omega \mathrm{}^2}{2r_H}\mathrm{ln}(\frac{rr_H}{r+r_H})}+C_2e^{\frac{i\omega \mathrm{}^2}{2r_H}\mathrm{ln}(\frac{rr_H}{r+r_H})}.$$
(9)   
Thus the coefficient $`C_1`$ and $`C_2`$ are defined with ingoing and outgoing amplitudes, respectively. The wave equation is exactly solved on the $`AdS_2`$ black hole background, and we need not have matching procedure, which is contrasted to the higher-dimensional analysis of greybody factors . We now choose boundary condition in the near horizon region and simply set $`C_2=0`$, which means that the outgoing mode does not exist in the near horizon limit . On the other hand, the solution in the far region naturally contains only ingoing mode, and modes mixing does not occur. Once it means that ingoing mode starts at the far region, it does not change its direction in the massless case. This feature is drastically different from that of the wave solution of the three-dimensional AdS black hole so called Ba$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{n}}`$ados-Teitelboim-Zanelli(BTZ) black hole  in that the mode mixing certainly appears and it is responsible for the Hawking radiation.

Now, the flux is defined by the conserved current as

$$F=\frac{2\pi }{i}\left(\frac{r^2r_H^2}{\mathrm{}^2}\right)(\mathrm{\Phi }^{}_r\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }_r\mathrm{\Phi }^{}),$$
(10)   
and it is simply given by

$$F=4\pi \omega |C_1|^2,$$
(11)   
by the use of Eq.(9). As easily seen, the flux does not depend on the outgoing amplitude everywhere outside the horizon, and the absorption coefficient defined by

$$A=\frac{F_{\mathrm{near}}}{F_{\mathrm{far}}},$$
(12)   
is exactly given as

$$A=1.$$
(13)   
From Eq.(13), we find our black hole is a (perfect) black body rather than the grey hole. The physical meaning of this result is remarkable in that there is no massless radiation in the AdS<sub>2</sub> spacetime. This result is already shown in Ref. by the use of the different method, direct calculation of stress-tensor on the AdS<sub>2</sub> black hole.

Finally we compare our result with three-dimensional calculation of absorption coefficient of BTZ black hole in Ref. . For a limiting case of vanishing azimuthal angular momentum of scalar field in the nonrotating BTZ black hole, there is still Hawking radiation, which is contrast with the AdS$`2`$ black hole case. This is because the radial equation in BTZ black hole is different from Eq. (6), and the reflection coefficient is nonzero. In three-dimensions, in fact, ingoing mode in the near horizon is decomposed into ingoing and outgoing modes in the far region, and this is essential reason why the Hawking radiation appears. However, in our AdS<sub>2</sub> case, the ingoing mode in the near horizon is still ingoing mode in the far region, which reflects no massless Hawking radiation in AdS<sub>2</sub> black hole.

Acknowledgments   
W.T. Kim would like to thank Mariano Cadoni for helpful discussion on Hawking radiation and Sergey N. Solodukhin for bringing his papers related to AdS<sub>2</sub> to my attention and Seungjoon Hyun and Julian Lee for enlightening discussion and hospitality during the course of visiting Korea Institute of Advanced Study. We also thank Myungseok Yoon for valuable comments. This work was supported by Korea Research Foundation, No. BSRI-1998-015-D00074.