# References

CENTRAL ELEMENTS OF THE ALGEBRAS $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$ AND $`U_q(\mathrm{iso}_m)`$

M. Havlíček, S. Pošta

Department of Mathematics and Dopler Institute, FNSPE, CTU

Trojanova 13, CZ-120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic

A. Klimyk

Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev 252143, Ukraine

## Abstract

The aim of this paper is to give a set of central elements of the algebras $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$ and $`U_q(\mathrm{iso}_m)`$ when $`q`$ is a root of unity. They are surprisingly arise from a single polynomial Casimir element of the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$. It is conjectured that the Casimir elements of these algebras under any values of $`q`$ (not only for $`q`$ a root of unity) and the central elements for $`q`$ a root of unity derived in this paper generate the centers of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$ and $`U_q(\mathrm{iso}_m)`$ when $`q`$ is a root of unity.

1. The algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$ is a nonstandard $`q`$-deformation of the universal enveloping algebra $`U(\mathrm{so}_m)`$ of the Lie algebra $`\mathrm{so}_m`$. It was defined in  as the associative algebra (with a unit) generated by the elements $`I_{21}`$, $`I_{32},\mathrm{},I_{m,m1}`$ satisfying the defining relations

$$I_{i+1,i}I_{i,i1}^2(q+q^1)I_{i,i1}I_{i+1,i}I_{i,i1}+I_{i,i1}^2I_{i+1,i}=I_{i+1,i},$$
$`(1)`$   
$$I_{i+1,i}^2I_{i,i1}(q+q^1)I_{i+1,i}I_{i,i1}I_{i+1,i}+I_{i,i1}I_{i+1,i}^2=I_{i,i1},$$
$`(2)`$   
$$[I_{i,i1},I_{j,j1}]=0\mathrm{for}|ij|>1,$$
$`(3)`$   
where \[.,.\] denotes the usual commutator. In the limit $`q1`$ formulas (1)–(3) give the relations defining the universal enveloping algebra $`U(\mathrm{so}_m)`$. Note also that the relations (1) and (2) differ from the $`q`$-deformed Serre relations in the approach of Drinfeld and Jimbo to quantum orthogonal algebras (see, for example, ) by presence of nonzero right hand sides in (1) and (2).

For the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$ the relations (1)–(3) are reduced to the following two relations:

$$I_{32}I_{21}^2(q+q^1)I_{21}I_{32}I_{21}+I_{21}^2I_{32}=I_{32},$$
$`(4)`$   
$$I_{32}^2I_{21}(q+q^1)I_{32}I_{21}I_{32}+I_{21}I_{32}^2=I_{21}.$$
$`(5)`$   
Denoting $`I_{21}`$ and $`I_{32}`$ by $`I_1`$ and $`I_2`$, respectively, and introducing the element $`I_3:=q^{1/2}I_1I_2q^{1/2}I_2I_1`$ we find that relations (4) and (5) are equivalent to three relations

$$q^{1/2}I_1I_2q^{1/2}I_2I_1=I_3,$$
$`(6)`$   
$$q^{1/2}I_2I_3q^{1/2}I_3I_2=I_1,$$
$`(7)`$   
$$q^{1/2}I_3I_1q^{1/2}I_1I_3=I_2.$$
$`(8)`$   
The Inonu–Wigner contruction applied to the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$ leads to the algebra $`U_q(\mathrm{iso}_{m1})`$ which was defined in . The algebra $`U_q(\mathrm{iso}_m)`$ is the associative algebra (with a unit) generated by the elements $`I_{21}`$, $`I_{32},\mathrm{},I_{m,m1}`$, $`T_m`$ such that the elements $`I_{21}`$, $`I_{32},\mathrm{},I_{m,m1}`$ satisfy the defining relations of the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$ and the additional defining relations

$$I_{m,m1}^2T_m(q+q^1)I_{m,m1}T_mI_{m,m1}+T_mI_{m,m1}^2=T_m,$$

$$I_{m,m1}T_m^2(q+q^1)T_mI_{m,m1}T_m+T_m^2I_{m,m1}=I_{m,m1},$$

$$[I_{k,k1},T_m]:=I_{k,k1}T_mT_mI_{k,k1}=0\mathrm{if}k<m.$$

If $`q=1`$, then these relations define the universal enveloping algebra $`U(\mathrm{iso}_m)`$ of the Lie algebra $`\mathrm{iso}_m`$ of the Lie group $`ISO(m)`$.

The algebra $`U(\mathrm{iso}_2)`$ is generated by two elements $`I_{21}`$ and $`T_2`$ satisfying the relations

$$I_{21}^2T_2(q+q^1)I_{21}T_2I_{21}+T_2I_{21}^2=T_2,$$
$`(9)`$   
$$I_{21}T_2^2(q+q^1)T_2I_{21}T_2+T_2^2I_{21}=I_{21}.$$
$`(10)`$   
Denoting $`I_{21}`$ by $`I`$ and introducing the element $`T_1:=[I,T_2]_qq^{1/2}IT_2q^{1/2}T_2I`$, we find that the relations (9) and (10) are equivalent to the relations

$$[I,T_2]_q=T_1,[T_1,I]_q=T_2,[T_2,T_1]_q=0.$$
$`(11)`$   
2. In $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$ we can determine  elements analogous to the basis matrices $`I_{ij}`$, $`i>j`$, (defined, for example, in ) of $`\mathrm{so}_m`$. In order to give them we use the notation $`I_{k,k1}I_{k,k1}^+I_{k,k1}^{}`$. Then for $`k>l+1`$ we define recursively

$$I_{kl}^\pm :=[I_{l+1,l},I_{k,l+1}]_{q^{\pm 1}}q^{\pm 1/2}I_{l+1,l}I_{k,l+1}q^{\pm 1/2}I_{k,l+1}I_{l+1,l}.$$
$`(12)`$   
The elements $`I_{kl}^+`$, $`k>l`$, satisfy the commutation relations

$$[I_{ln}^+,I_{kl}^+]_q=I_{kn}^+,[I_{kl}^+,I_{kn}^+]_q=I_{ln}^+,[I_{kn}^+,I_{ln}^+]_q=I_{kl}^+\mathrm{for}k>l>n,$$
$`(13)`$   
$$[I_{kl}^+,I_{nr}^+]=0\mathrm{for}k>l>n>r\mathrm{and}k>n>r>l,$$
$`(14)`$   
$$[I_{kl}^+,I_{nr}^+]_q=(qq^1)(I_{lr}^+I_{kn}^+I_{kr}^+I_{nl}^+)\mathrm{for}k>n>l>r.$$
$`(15)`$   
For $`I_{kl}^{}`$, $`k>l`$, the commutation relations are obtained by replacing $`I_{kl}^+`$ by $`I_{kl}^{}`$ and $`q`$ by $`q^1`$.

Using the diamond lemma (see, for example, Chapter 4 in ), N. Iorgov proved the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem for the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$ (proof of it will be published):

Theorem 1. The elements $`I_{21}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_{21}}I_{32}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_{32}}I_{31}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_{31}}\mathrm{}I_{m1}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_{m1}}`$, $`n_{ij}=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$, form a basis of the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$.

This theorem is true if the elements $`I_{ij}^+`$ are replaced by the corresponding elements $`I_{ij}^{}`$.

Using the generating elements $`I_{21}`$, $`I_{32},\mathrm{},I_{m,m1}`$ of the algebra $`U_q(\mathrm{iso}_m)`$ we define by formula (12) the elements $`I_{ij}^\pm `$, $`i>j`$, in this algebra. Besides, in $`U_q(\mathrm{iso}_m)`$ we also define recursively the elements

$$T_k^\pm :=[I_{k+1,k},T_{k+1}^\pm ]_{q^\pm },k=1,2,\mathrm{},m1.$$

It is shown in  that the elements $`I_{ij}^+`$, $`i>j`$, and $`T_k^+`$, $`1km`$, satisfy the commutation relations (13)–(15) and the relations

$$[I_{ln}^+,T_l^+]_q=T_n^+,[T_n^+,I_{ln}^+]_q=T_l^+\mathrm{for}l>n,$$

$$[T_l^+,I_{np}^+]=0\mathrm{for}l>n>p\mathrm{or}n>p>l,$$

$$[T_l^+,I_{np}^+]=(qq^1)(T_n^+I_{lp}^+T_p^+I_{nl}^+)\mathrm{for}n>l>p,$$

$$[T_l^+,T_n^+]_q=0\mathrm{for}n<l.$$

For $`U_q(\mathrm{iso}_m)`$ the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem is formulated as

Theorem 2. The elements $`I_{21}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_{21}}I_{32}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_{32}}I_{31}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_{31}}\mathrm{}I_{m1}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_{m1}}T_{1}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_1}T_{2}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_2}\mathrm{}T_{m}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n_m}`$ with $`n_{ij},n_k=0,1,2,\mathrm{}`$, form a basis of the algebra $`U_q(\mathrm{iso}_m)`$.

3. It is easy to check that for any value of $`q`$ the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$ has the Casimir element

$$C_q=q^2I_1^2+I_2^2+q^2I_3^2+q^{1/2}(1q^2)I_1I_2I_3.$$

As in the case of quantum algebras (see, for example, Chapter 6 in ), at $`q`$ a root of unity this algebra has additional central elements.

Theorem 3. Let $`q^n=1`$ for $`nN`$ and $`q^j1`$ for $`0<j<n`$. Then the elements

$$C^{(n)}(I_j)=\underset{j=0}{\overset{[\frac{n1}{2}]}{}}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{nj}{j})\frac{1}{nj}\left(\frac{i}{qq^1}\right)^{2j}I_j^{n2j},j=1,2,3,$$
$`(16)`$   
belong to the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$, where $`[x]`$ for $`xR`$ denotes the integral part of $`x`$.

The proof of this theorem is rather complicated (see ). First it is proved that $`C^{(n)}(I_1)`$ belongs to the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$. This proof is based on the formula $`I_3I_1^m=p_m(I_1)I_2+q_m(I_1)I_3`$, where

$$p_m(x)=q^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\frac{x(q+q^1)}{2}\right)^{m1}\underset{t=0}{\overset{[\frac{m1}{2}]}{}}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{m}{2t+1})\left(\left(\frac{qq^1}{q+q^1}\right)^2\left(\frac{2}{x(q+q^1)}\right)^2\right)^t,$$

$$q_m(x)=q^{\frac{1}{2}}\frac{x(qq^1)}{2}p_m(x)+\left(\frac{x(q+q^1)}{2}\right)^m\underset{t=0}{\overset{[\frac{m}{2}]}{}}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{m}{2t})\left(\left(\frac{qq^1}{q+q^1}\right)^2\left(\frac{2}{x(q+q^1)}\right)^2\right)^t.$$

The proof also needs deep combinatorial identities, such that

$$\underset{t=0}{\overset{[\frac{N1}{2}]}{}}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{N}{2t+1})(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{[\frac{N1}{2}]t}{[\frac{N1}{2}]C})(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{t}{M})=$$

$$=4^{CM}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{C}{M})(N2C(1N^{}))\frac{(2[\frac{N}{2}])!([\frac{N}{2}]+CM)!([\frac{N}{2}]M)!}{[\frac{N}{2}]!(2C+1)!(2[\frac{N}{2}]2M)!([\frac{N}{2}]C)!},$$

$$\underset{j=0}{\overset{d}{}}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{nj}{j})\frac{2d2j+1+(n2d1)^n^{}}{nj}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{[\frac{n1}{2}]d}{cj})\frac{(2[\frac{n}{2}]2j)!(n1cd)!([\frac{n}{2}]c)!}{([\frac{n}{2}]j)!(dj+1n^{})!(2[\frac{n}{2}]2c)!(n2d+n^{}1)!}=$$

$$=\frac{(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n1d}{d})(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n1c}{c})}{\left(\frac{n}{2}\right)^{1n^{}}(n2d)^n^{}},$$

where $`N,nN`$, $`0C,M[\frac{N1}{2}]`$, $`0c,d[\frac{n1}{2}]`$ and $`N^{},n^{}=0`$ or 1 such that $`N^{}=N\mathrm{mod}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}`$ and $`n^{}=n\mathrm{mod}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}`$. One also needs an extensive use of the fact that $`q`$ is a root of unity.

If it is proved that $`C^{(n)}(I_1)`$ belongs to the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$, then we have to use the automorphism $`\rho :U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$ defined by relations $`\rho (I_1)=I_2`$, $`\rho (I_2)=I_3`$, $`\rho (I_3)=I_1`$. This automorphism shows that $`C^{(n)}(I_2)`$ and $`C^{(n)}(I_3)`$ also belong to the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$.

Conjecture 1. If $`q`$ is a root of unity as above, then the elements $`C_q`$ and $`C^{(n)}(I_j)`$, $`j=1,2,3`$, generate the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$.

4. Central elements of the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$ for any value of $`q`$ are found in  and . They are given in the form of homogeneous polynomials of elements of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$. If $`q`$ is a root of unity, then (as in the case of quantum algebras) there are additional central elements of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$.

Theorem 4. Let $`q^n=1`$ for $`nN`$ and $`q^j1`$ for $`0<j<n`$. Then the elements

$$C^{(n)}(I_{kl}^+)=\underset{j=0}{\overset{[\frac{n1}{2}]}{}}(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{nj}{j})\frac{1}{nj}\left(\frac{i}{qq^1}\right)^{2j}I_{kl}^{+}{}_{}{}^{n2j},k>l,$$
$`(17)`$   
belong to the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$.

Let us prove this theorem for the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_4)`$ (for the general case a proof is the same). This algebra is generated by the elements $`I_{43}`$, $`I_{32}`$, $`I_{21}`$. We introduce the elements $`I_{31}I_{31}^+`$, $`I_{42}I_{42}^+`$, $`I_{41}I_{41}^+`$ defined as indicated above. Then the elements $`I_{ij}`$, $`i>j`$, satisfy the relations

$$[I_{43},I_{21}]=0,[I_{32},I_{31}]_q=I_{21},[I_{21},I_{32}]_q=I_{31},$$
$`(18)`$   
$$[I_{31},I_{21}]_q=I_{32},[I_{43},I_{42}]_q=I_{32},[I_{32},I_{43}]_q=I_{42},$$

$$[I_{42},I_{32}]_q=I_{43},[I_{31},I_{43}]_q=I_{41},[I_{21},I_{42}]_q=I_{41},$$

$$[I_{41},I_{21}]_q=I_{42},[I_{41},I_{31}]_q=I_{43},[I_{42},I_{41}]_q=I_{21},$$

$$[I_{41},I_{32}]=0,[I_{43},I_{41}]_q=I_{31},[I_{42},I_{31}]=(qq^1)(I_{21}I_{43}I_{41}I_{32}).$$

If one wants to prove that an element $`X`$ belongs to the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_4)`$, it is sufficient to prove that $`[X,I_{21}]=[X,I_{32}]=[X,I_{43}]=0`$.

Let us consider the element $`C^{(n)}(I_{21})`$. It belongs to the subalgebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$ generated by $`I_{21}`$, $`I_{32}`$ and $`I_{31}`$:

$`I_{21}`$ $`I_{31}`$ $`I_{41}`$

$`I_{22}`$ $`I_{32}`$ $`I_{42}`$

$`I_{23}`$ $`I_{33}`$ $`I_{43}`$

It follows from Theorem 3 that $`C^{(n)}(I_{21})`$ commutes with element $`I_{32}`$. Using the first relation in (18) we easily see that $`C^{(n)}(I_{21})`$ commutes with $`I_{43}`$ and therefore $`C^{(n)}(I_{21})`$ belongs to the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_4)`$.

Let us consider the element $`C^{(n)}(I_{32})`$. In $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_4)`$ we separate two subalgebras $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$:

$`I_{21}`$ $`I_{31}`$ $`I_{41}`$

$`I_{22}`$ $`I_{32}`$ $`I_{42}`$

$`I_{23}`$ $`I_{33}`$ $`I_{43}`$ 

From Theorem 3 we have $`[C^{(n)}(I_{32}),I_{21}]=[C^{(n)}(I_{32}),I_{43}]=0`$ and $`C^{(n)}(I_{32})`$ belongs to the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_4)`$. A proof that the element $`C^{(n)}(I_{43})`$ belongs to the center is the same as for $`C^{(n)}(I_{21})`$.

The elements $`C^{(n)}(I_{31})`$, $`C^{(n)}(I_{42})`$ and $`C^{(n)}(I_{41})`$ belong to the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_4)`$ since they belong to the sabalgebras $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$ generated by triplets

$$I_{41},I_{31},I_{43}\mathrm{and}I_{21},I_{41},I_{42}.$$

(Note that $`C^{(n)}(I_{31})`$ and $`C^{(n)}(I_{42})`$ commute with $`I_{42}`$ and $`I_{31}`$, respectively, since $`I_{42}=[I_{32},I_{43}]_q`$ and $`I_{31}=[I_{21},I_{32}]_q`$.) Theorem is proved.

Conjecture 2. If $`q`$ is a root of unity as above, then the central elements of  and of Theorem 4 generate the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_m)`$.

5. Let us consider the associative algebra $`U_{q,\epsilon }^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$ (where $`\epsilon 0`$) generated by three generators $`J_1`$, $`J_2`$, $`J_3`$ satisfying the relations:

$$[J_1,J_2]_q:=q^{1/2}J_1J_2q^{1/2}J_2J_1=J_3,[J_2,J_3]_q=J_1,[J_3,J_1]_q=\epsilon ^2J_2.$$

It is easily proved that this algebra is isomorphic to the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$ and the corresponding isomorphism is uniquely defined by $`J_1\epsilon I_1`$, $`J_3\epsilon I_3`$, $`J_2I_2`$. Therefore, the elements

$$\stackrel{~}{C}^{(n)}(J_i,\epsilon ):=n\epsilon ^nC^{(n)}(J_i/\epsilon ),i=1,3,\stackrel{~}{C}^{(n)}(J_2,\epsilon ):=C^{(n)}(J_2)$$

belong to the center of $`U_{q,\epsilon }^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$ if $`q^n=1`$. By means of the contraction $`\epsilon 0`$ we transform the algebra $`U_{q,\epsilon }^{}(\mathrm{so}_3)`$ into the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{iso}_2)`$. Under this contraction the commutation relations $`[\stackrel{~}{C}^{(n)}(J_i,\epsilon ),J_k]=0`$ transform into the relations $`[\stackrel{~}{C}^{(n)}(J_i,0),J_k]=0`$. In other words, we have proved the following

Theorem 5. Let $`q^n=1`$ for $`nN`$ and $`q^j1`$ for $`0<j<n`$. Then the elements $`T_1^n`$, $`T_2^n`$ and $`C^{(n)}(I)`$ belong to the center of the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{iso}_2)`$.

It was shown in  that the element

$$C_q=q^1T_1^2+qT_2^2+q^{3/2}(1q^2)T_1T_2I$$

is central in $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{iso}_2)`$.

Conjecture 3. If $`q`$ is a root of unity as above, then the elements $`C_q`$, $`T_1^n`$, $`T_2^n`$ and $`C^{(n)}(I)`$ generate the center of $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{iso}_2)`$.

Using Theorem 5 and repeating the proof of Theorem 4 we prove the following theorem:

Theorem 6. Let $`q^n=1`$ for $`nN`$ and $`q^j1`$ for $`0<j<n`$. Then the elements

$$C^{(n)}(I_{ij}),i>j,T_j^n,j=1,2,\mathrm{},m,$$

belong to the center of the algebra $`U_q^{}(\mathrm{iso}_m)`$.