# UT-KOMABA 99-21hep-th/9912273 Brane Cube Realization of Three-dimensional Nonabelian Orbifolds

## 1 Introduction

During recent years supersymmetric field theories have been investigated using D-branes on a singular manifold such as orbifolds and a conifold. In this setup field theories arise as world volume theories of the D-branes. Aspects of field theories in question are encoded in geometric information of the singularity.

On the other hand there has been another approach of construction of supersymmetric field theories using branes which appear in string theory. In this framework quantities of field theories are determined by configurations of branes. This approach has an advantage that aspects of field theories can be visualized. For some cases relations between the two approaches have been discussed, and investigations on brane configurations are also helpful to the study of geometries around singularities probed by D-branes.

In this paper we study brane realizations of supersymmetric field theories corresponding to D-branes on an orbifold $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ a nonabelian finite subgroup of $`SU(3)`$. Finite subgroups of $`SU(3)`$ are classified into ADE like series just like the finite subgroups of $`SU(2)`$. For A-type subgroups, which are abelian, D-branes on the orbifold were investigated in  and brane configurations corresponding to this case are known as brane box models . For nonabelian cases, gauge groups and field content were investigated in . Brane configurations for D-type subgroups $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$ were also proposed in  <sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1Brane configurations for other types of nonabelian orbifolds were discussed in .. The crucial point of the construction of the configuration is the correspondence between quiver diagrams of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and brane configurations for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. According to the fact that the quiver diagram of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ ($`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$) is a $`𝐙_3`$ ($`S_3`$) quotient of the quiver diagram of $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$, the configuration for D-branes on $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ ($`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$) is obtained from the configuration for D-branes on $`𝐂^3/𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ by taking $`𝐙_3`$ ($`S_3`$) quotient. In order that the $`𝐙_3`$ quotient can be defined, brane configuration for $`𝐂^3/𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ must have $`𝐙_3`$ symmetry. In , the $`𝐙_3`$ symmetry was realized by a web of $`(p,q)`$ 5-branes.

It is interesting to study whether similar approach can be applied to the cases in which $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are exceptional type subgroups of $`SU(3)`$. We can see that quiver diagrams of such subgroups can be obtained from that of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3\times 3^2)`$ by certain quotients: for instance, the quiver diagram of an exceptional type subgroup $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(648)`$ is obtained by a quotient by the tetrahedral group. From the correspondence between quiver diagrams and brane configurations, we expect that a brane configuration for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Sigma }(648)`$ is a quotient of the configuration for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3\times 3^2)`$ by the tetrahedral group. It is however difficult to realize such a quotient on the brane configuration for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3\times 3^2)`$ since it has essentially two-dimensional structure and it is not clear how the group acts on it. The situation is similar to the case of the brane configuration for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$. In that case, we constructed a brane configuration for $`𝐂^3/𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ with a $`𝐙_3`$ symmetry in order that we can define a $`𝐙_3`$ quotient. In the present case, it would be natural that the brane configuration for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3\times 3^2)`$ on which the tetrahedral group acts has three-dimensional structure and manifest symmetry under the tetrahedral group.

In this paper, as a step to the construction of brane configurations corresponding to the E-type subgroups, we propose brane configuraions for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ and $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$ with three-dimensional structure. The point of the construction is to lift the quiver diagram of $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$, which has essentially two-dimensional structure, into three-dimensions. The configuration corresponding to this quiver diagram consists of three kinds of NS5-branes intersecting each other and D4-branes whose three directions are bounded by NS5-branes. Naively, the configuration seems to be inappropriate since the number of supersymmetries of the configuration is half of the number the field theory should have: the configuration have two supercharges while field theories of D-branes on an orbifold $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }SU(3)`$ have four supercharges. We argue, however, that the supersymmetry of the field theory on D-branes is enhanced and the number of supersymmetries is the same as that of D-branes on $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }SU(3)`$. By taking quotients on the configuration, brane configurations for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ and $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$ can be constructed.

The organization of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we present three-dimensional realization of the quiver diagrams of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n,\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$. In Section 3, we first review relations between quiver diagrams and brane configurations. Based on the relations, we construct brane configuration corresponding to D1-branes on orbifolds $`𝐂^3/𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$, $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ and $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$. We also argue the enhancement of supersymmetries of the field theory on D-branes. In Section 4, we comment on a possibility of constructing configurations for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ an E-type subgroup of $`SU(3)`$ based on the configuration for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3\times 3^2)`$ constructed in Section 3.

## 2 Three-dimensional realization of quiver diagrams

In this section, we draw quiver diagrams of finite subgroups of $`SU(3)`$ in three-dimensional form. A quiver diagram of a finite group $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, which consists of nodes and arrows, represents algebraic structure of irreducible representations of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$,

$$R_3R^a=_bn_{ab}R^b.$$
(2.1)   
Here $`R^a`$ denotes irreducible representations of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`R_3`$ is a faithful three-dimensional representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Each node of the quiver diagram represents each irreducible representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and the coefficient $`n_{ab}`$ is the number of arrows starting from the $`a`$-th node and ending at the $`b`$-th node.

### 2.1 Quiver diagrams of $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$

We first present the quiver diagram of an abelian subgroup $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ of $`SU(3)`$. Irreducible representations of $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ consist of $`n^2`$ one-dimensional representations $`R_1^{(l_1,l_2)}`$ with $`(l_1,l_2)𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$. We assign an irreducible representation $`R_1^{(l_1,l_2)}`$ to points of a two-dimensional lattice $`𝐙\times 𝐙`$ represented as

$$(n_1,n_2)=(l_1+n𝐙,l_2+n𝐙).$$
(2.2)   
If we choose the three-dimensional representation to be

$$R_3=R_1^{(1,0)}R_1^{(0,1)}R_1^{(1,1)},$$
(2.3)   
the decomposition of the product $`R_3`$ and $`R_1^{(l_1,l_2)}`$ becomes

$$R_3R_1^{(l_1,l_2)}=R_1^{(l_1+1,l_2)}R_1^{(l_1,l_2+1)}R_1^{(l_11,l_21)}.$$
(2.4)   
This equation implies that there are three arrows which start from the node $`(l_1,l_2)`$; the three end points are $`(l_1+1,l_2)`$, $`(l_1,l_2+1)`$ and $`(l_11,l_21)`$. The quiver diagram of the group $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ is depicted in Figure 1.

Now we redraw the quiver diagram of Figure 1 in three-dimensional form. The idea is that we consider the quiver diagram of Figure 1 as a projection of a certain quiver diagram in three-dimensional space onto a certain plane. Concretely speaking, we consider a part of the quiver diagram in Figure 2(a) as a projection of a cube in Figure 2(b) along a diagonal direction of the cube.

Under this consideration, the assignment (2.2) of the irreducible representations to a two-dimensional lattice $`𝐙^2`$ is translated into the assignment of $`R_1^{(l_1,l_2)}`$ to points on a three-dimensional lattice $`𝐙^3`$ represented as

$$(n_1,n_2,n_3)=(l_1+n𝐙+m,l_2+n𝐙+m,m),$$
(2.5)   
where $`m`$ is an integer. As indicated in Figure 2(b), three arrows going from the nodes $`(n_1,n_2,n_3)`$ have end points at $`(n_1+1,n_2,n_3)`$, $`(n_1,n_2+1,n_3)`$ and $`(n_1,n_2,n_3+1)`$. An example of the quiver diagram is depicted in Figure 3.

Note that the quiver diagram is uniform along the direction $`n_1=n_2=n_3`$, which becomes a key point in the discussion of supersymmetry enhancement.

### 2.2 Quiver diagrams of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$

As discussed in , the quiver diagram of the group $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ is obtained by a $`𝐙_3`$ quotient of the quiver diagram of $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$. The $`𝐙_3`$ acts on the label of irreducible representations as

$$(l_1,l_2)(l_2,l_1l_2)(l_1+l_2,l_1).$$
(2.6)   
If the three nodes related by the $`𝐙_3`$ action correspond to different representations, the $`𝐙_3`$ quotient means that the three nodes must be identified. For instance, the three nodes labeled by (3,1), (3,2) and (2,1) must be identified if $`n=4`$. Such nodes represent a three-dimensional irreducible representation of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$. For representations invariant under the $`𝐙_3`$ action such as $`R_1^{(0,0)}`$, the $`𝐙_3`$ quotient must be understood as a split of the node into three nodes, each of which represents a one-dimensional irreducible representation of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$. The quiver diagram of the group $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ is depicted in Figure 4(a).

We now consider a three-dimensional realization of the quiver diagram. The idea is the same as the two-dimensional realization of the quiver diagram. That is, the quiver diagram of the group $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ is obtained by a $`𝐙_3`$ quotient of the quiver diagram of $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ given in Figure 3. The action of $`𝐙_3`$ on the lattice points of $`𝐙^3`$ is defined as follows.

$$(n_1,n_2,n_3)(n_2,n_3,n_1)(n_3,n_1,n_2).$$
(2.7)   
It means that $`𝐙_3`$ acts on the three-dimensional space as a $`3\pi /2`$ rotation along the line specified by $`n_1=n_2=n_3`$. Combining with the assignment (2.5) of the irreducible representations of $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ on the lattice $`𝐙^3`$, one can see that the action (2.7) is equivalent to the action of $`𝐙_3`$ given in (2.6). Three-dimensional version of the quiver diagram is depicted in Figure 4(b).

Now we comment on the speciality when $`n/3`$ is an integer. When $`n/3`$ is not an integer, the only fixed node under the $`𝐙_3`$ action is $`(0,0)`$. On the other hand, when $`n/3`$ is an integer, there are additional fixed nodes $`(2n/3,n/3)`$ and $`(n/3,2n/3)`$ as one can see from Figure 5.

### 2.3 Quiver diagrams of $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$

The quiver diagram of the group $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$ is obtained by a further $`𝐙_2`$ quotient on the quiver diagram of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$. The $`𝐙_2`$ acts on the label of irreducible representations as

$$(l_1,l_2)(l_2,l_1).$$
(2.8)   
It means that $`𝐙_2`$ acts as a reflection with respect to the line extending a diagonal direction $`n_1=n_2`$. If the two nodes related by the $`𝐙_2`$ action correspond to different representations, they must be identified. For instance, the nodes (1,2) and (2,1), both of which are three-dimensional irreducible representations of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ for $`n=4`$, must be identified. Such nodes represent six-dimensional irreducible representation of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$. For nodes invariant under the $`𝐙_2`$ action, $`𝐙_2`$ acts as a split the node into a certain set of nodes. For details on the irreducible representations of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$, see . The quiver diagram of the group $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$ is depicted in Figure 6(a).

In the three-dimensional version of the quiver diagram, $`𝐙_2`$ acts on a three-dimensional lattice $`𝐙^3`$ as

$$(n_1,n_2,n_3)(n_2,n_1,n_3).$$
(2.9)   
It means that $`𝐙_2`$ acts as a reflection with respect to the plane specified by $`n_1=n_2`$. Combining with the $`𝐙_3`$ action (2.7), it is equivalent to the reflections with respect to the planes $`n_2=n_3`$ and $`n_3=n_1`$. The three-dimensional version of the quiver diagram of the group $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$ is depicted in Figure 6(b).

## 3 Brane cube configurations for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$

As discussed in , brane box type realization of D-brane gauge theory on an orbifold $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ has a direct correspondence to the quiver diagram of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. In the D-brane gauge theory on the orbifold $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, each node in the quiver diagram corresponds to a gauge group factor $`U(N_a)`$ where $`N_a`$ is the dimension of the irreducible representation. In the brane box type realization of the gauge theory, it corresponds to a box with $`N_a`$ D-branes. Arrows in the quiver diagram represent matter contents of the D-brane gauge theory on $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. That is, an arrow from the node $`a`$ to the node $`b`$ represents a bifundamental matter transforming as $`(N_a,\overline{N}_b)`$ under $`U(N_a)\times U(N_b)`$. In the brane box type configuration, it comes from an oriented open string starting from D-branes on the $`a`$-th box and ending on D-branes on the $`b`$-th box. It implies that the $`a`$-th box and $`b`$-th box must adjoin each other. These two boxes are separated by another brane, for example, NS 5-branes or $`(p,q)`$ 5-branes. Due to the orientation of such branes at the boundary, only one orientation of open strings are allowed and it induces a particular set of bifundamental matters . Thus the arrows in the quiver diagram indicate how to connect boxes with D-branes. We summurize the correspondence in Table 1.

It is also important that the configuration provides the same supersymmetry as that of the D-brane gauge theory on the orbifold. Several brane configurations satisfying these reqirement were constructed. In , a brane configuration is constructed for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=𝐙_n\times 𝐙_m`$ by using D5-branes and two kinds of NS5-branes. In , brane configurations were constructed for the nonabelian groups $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$ as well as the abelian group $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ using $`(p,q)`$ 5-branes and D3-branes.

In this section, we construct another kind of brane configurations for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$ based on the three-dimensional version of the quiver diagrams given in the last section.

### 3.1 Brane cube configurations for $`𝐂^3/𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$

In this subsection, we construct brane configurations for $`𝐂^3/𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ based on the three-dimensional version of the quiver diagram given in Figure 3. As the nodes in the quiver diagram lie at the lattice points of $`𝐙^3`$, boxes also lie at the lattice points of $`𝐙^3`$. The node at $`(n_1,n_2,n_3)`$ is connected to the nodes at $`(n_1+1,n_2,n_3)`$, $`(n_1,n_2+1,n_3)`$ and $`(n_1,n_2,n_3+1)`$ in the quiver diagram by three outgoing arrows, so the box at $`(n_1,n_2,n_3)`$ must adjoin boxes at $`(n_1+1,n_2,n_3)`$, $`(n_1,n_2+1,n_3)`$ and $`(n_1,n_2,n_3+1)`$. A natural brane configuration satisfying these requirement is depicted in Figure 7. Note that the cube at $`(n_1,n_2,n_3)`$ has the same label as the cube at $`(n_1+1,n_2+1,n_3+1)`$.

The configuration consists of the following branes:

* NS5-branes located along 012345 directions.
* NS’5-branes located along 012367 directions.
* NS”5-branes located along 014567 directions.
* D4-branes located along 01246 directions.

D4-branes are bounded in the direction 6 by the NS5-branes, in the direction 4 by the NS’5-branes, and in the direction 2 by the NS”5-branes. Thus the non-compact directions of the D4-branes are 0 and 1, and hence the low energy theory becomes two-dimensional. The numbers written in the boxes are the labels of the irreducible representations of $`𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$. Due to the orientation of NS5-branes, only one orientation of open strings is allowed and it gives a bifundamental matter corresponding to the arrow of the quiver diagram.

There is however a subtlety on the number of supersymmetries. The configuration consists of four kinds of branes, each of which breaks 1/2 supersymmetries. Thus the brane cube configuration has two supercharges. Since the number of supersymmetries of the gauge theory of D-branes on $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }SU(3)`$ is four, it seems that the two gauge theories have different numbers of supersymmetries. As we will discuss, however, the low energy field theory of D-branes obtained from the brane cube configuration has an enough number of supersymmetries due to a certain enhancement of supersymmetry.

To explain the supersymmetry enhancement, we derive the brane cube configuration from different point of view. It is obtained from D1-branes on $`𝐂^4/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ by performing T-duality three times. In fact, a similar but different configuration were discussed in . Both of them have a property that the configuration is uniform along one direction. It is the key point of the supersymmetry enhancement.

We start with the D1-brane gauge theory on $`𝐂^4/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ an abelian subgroup of $`SU(4)`$ . We consider $`|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$ D1-branes on $`𝐂^4`$ and let the D1-branes extend along 01 directions. The low energy effective action of the D1-brane is given by the dimensional reduction of ten-dimensional $`𝒩=1`$ supersymmetric $`U(|\mathrm{\Gamma }|)`$ Yang-Mills theory to two dimensions. The theory contains gauge field $`A`$, four complex scalar fields $`Z^\mu `$ ($`\mu =1,2,3,4`$), eight left-handed fermions $`\lambda _{}`$ and eight right-handed fermions $`\psi _+`$. These fields transforms in the adjoint of $`U(|\mathrm{\Gamma }|)`$. Then we project the theory onto $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ invariant states. To perform the projection, one must define how $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acts on $`𝐂^4`$. This is specified by a four-dimensional representation $`R_4`$. We denote the decomposition of $`R_4`$ into irreducible representations $`R^a`$ ($`a=1,\mathrm{},|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$) of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ as

$$R_4=R^{a_1}R^{a_2}R^{a_3}R^{a_4}.$$
(3.1)   
(As $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is abelian, its irreducible representations are one-dimensional.) Each irreducible representation $`R^{a_\mu }`$ acts on the coordinates $`z^\mu `$ of $`𝐂^4`$ as $`z^\mu R^{a_\mu }z^\mu `$. The requirement that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a subgroup of $`SU(4)`$ can be stated as

$$R^{a_1}R^{a_2}R^{a_3}R^{a_4}=R^0$$
(3.2)   
where $`R^0`$ is the trivial representation. If we write $`R^aR^b=R^{ab}`$, the condition is represented as $`R^{a_4}=R^{a_1a_2a_3}`$. To define D-branes on $`𝐂^4/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, one must also determine how $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ acts on the Chan-Paton indices. We define the action of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ on the Chan-Paton indices as the regular representation of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. Note that the theory obtained by the projection is a two-dimensional (0,2) supersymmetric theory with the gauge group $`U(1)^{|\mathrm{\Gamma }|}=\mathrm{\Pi }_aU(1)_a`$, where $`U(1)_a`$ represents the gauge group $`U(1)`$ corresponding to the representation $`R^a`$.

The field content surviving the projection is as follows:

* a gauge field $`A_a`$ of $`U(1)_a`$,
* four complex bosons $`Z_a^\mu `$ which transform in the $`(\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ },\overline{\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }})`$ of $`U(1)_a\times U(1)_{aa_\mu }`$,
* a left-handed Dirac fermion $`\lambda _a`$ which transform in the adjoint of $`U(1)_a`$,
* three left-handed Dirac fermions $`\lambda _a^{\mu \nu }`$ which transforms in the $`(\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ },\overline{\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }})`$ of $`U(1)_a\times U(1)_{aa_\mu a_\nu }`$,
* four right-handed Dirac fermions $`\psi _{+a}^\mu `$ which transforms in the $`(\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ },\overline{\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }})`$ of $`U(1)_a\times U(1)_{aa_\mu }`$,

where $`a`$ runs from 1 to $`|\mathrm{\Gamma }|`$. Here $`\lambda _a^{\mu \nu }`$ is antisymmetric in $`\mu \nu `$, so there are six fields to each $`a`$, three of which are independent. There is an ambiguity to determine the three independent left-handed Dirac fermions. We take three fields $`\lambda _a^{i4}`$ ($`i=1,2,3`$) be independent.

These fields form (0,2) multiplets as follows <sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2For details on supersymmetric field theories in two-dimensions, see .:

* The gauge field $`A_a`$ and the left-handed fermion $`\lambda _a`$ and an auxiliary field $`D_a`$ form a (0,2) gauge multiplet $`V_a`$,

$$V_a=A_{0a}A_{1a}2i\theta ^+\overline{\lambda }_a2i\overline{\theta }^+\lambda _a+2\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^+D_a,$$
(3.3)
* Four complex bosons $`Z_a^\mu `$ and four right-handed fermions $`\psi _{+a}^\mu `$ form four (0,2) chiral multiplets $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^\mu `$,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_a^\mu =Z_a^\mu +\sqrt{2}\theta ^+\psi _{+a}^\mu i\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^+Z_a^\mu ,$$
(3.4)
* Three left-handed fermions $`\lambda _a^{i4}`$ and auxiliary fields $`G_a^i`$ form three (0,2) Fermi multiplets $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a^i`$,

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_a^i=\lambda _a^{i4}\sqrt{2}\theta ^+G_a^ii\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^+(D_0+D_1)\lambda _a^{i4}\sqrt{2}\overline{\theta }^+E_a^i$$
(3.5)   
where $`D_\alpha `$ is the supersymmetric derivative and $`E_a`$ is a function of chiral superfields which will be defined below.

The two-dimensional (0,2) supersymmetric gauge theories are described by a Lagrangian of the form,

$$L=L_{gauge}+L_{ch}+L_F+L_J+L_{D,\theta },$$
(3.6)   
$$L_{gauge}=\frac{1}{8e_a^2}d^2x𝑑\theta ^+𝑑\overline{\theta }^+\overline{\mathrm{{\rm Y}}}_a\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_a,$$
(3.7)   
$$L_{ch}=\frac{i}{2}d^2x𝑑\theta ^+𝑑\overline{\theta }^+\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_a^\mu (𝒟_0𝒟_1)\mathrm{\Phi }_a^\mu ,$$
(3.8)   
$$L_F=\frac{1}{2}d^2x𝑑\theta ^+𝑑\overline{\theta }^+\overline{\mathrm{\Lambda }}_a^i\mathrm{\Lambda }_a^i,$$
(3.9)   
$$L_J=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}d^2x𝑑\theta ^+\mathrm{\Lambda }_a^iJ_a^i|_{\overline{\theta }^+=0}h.c.,$$
(3.10)   
$$L_{D,\theta }=\frac{t_a}{4}d^2x𝑑\theta ^+\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_a|_{\overline{\theta }^+=0}+h.c.,$$
(3.11)   
where $`\mathrm{{\rm Y}}_a`$ is the field strength of the superspace gauge field $`V_a`$, $`𝒟_\alpha `$ is the gauge covariant derivative and $`t_a=\theta _a/2\pi +ir_a`$ represents a Fayet-Iliopoulos parameter and a theta parameter of $`U(1)_a`$. The interactions of the theory are completely defined by functions $`J_a^i`$ and $`E_a^i`$. In the present case, $`J_a^i`$ and $`E_a^i`$ take the following form,

$$J_a^i=ϵ_{ijk}\mathrm{\Phi }_{aa_i}^j\mathrm{\Phi }_{aa_ia_j}^k,$$
(3.12)   
$$E_a^i=\mathrm{\Phi }_a^4\mathrm{\Phi }_{aa_4}^i\mathrm{\Phi }_a^i\mathrm{\Phi }_{aa_i}^4.$$
(3.13)   
They satisfy the following relation

$$\underset{a}{}\underset{i}{}J_a^iE_a^i=0.$$
(3.14)   
To realize the gauge theory in terms of brane configurations, we perform T-dualities three times along $`U(1)`$ orbits associated with three complex planes <sup>3</sup><sup>3</sup>3To be precise, we must substitute $`𝐂^4/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ by a manifold with the same singularity but different asymptotics to make the radius of the $`U(1)`$ orbits finite at infinity.. There is an ambiguity to choose three directions out of four complex coordinates. If we T-dualize along three compact directions associated with $`z^1`$, $`z^2`$ and $`z^3`$, we obtain a brane cube configuration depicted in Figure 8.

It consists of three kinds of NS5-branes and D4-branes. The (0,2) chiral multiplet $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^\mu `$ transforming in the $`(\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }_a,\overline{\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }}_{aa_\mu })`$ comes from open strings extending from the box labeled by $`a`$ to the box labeled by $`aa_\mu `$. We can represent the four chiral multiplets $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^2`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^4`$ by arrows with components $`(1,0,0)`$, $`(0,1,0)`$, $`(0,0,1)`$ and $`(1,1,1)`$. The (0,2) Fermi multiplet $`𝚲_a^i`$ transforming in the $`(\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }_a,\overline{\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }}_{aa_ia_4})`$ comes from open strings from the box $`a`$ to the box $`aa_ia_4`$. We can represent the three Fermi multiplets $`𝚲_a^1`$, $`𝚲_a^2`$ and $`𝚲_a^3`$ by arrows with components $`(0,1,1)`$, $`(1,0,1)`$ and $`(1,1,0)`$. The arrows are depicted in Figure 9.

Now we restrict the model to the cases with $`R^{a_4}=R^0`$. Then the condition for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }SU(4)`$ in (3.2) becomes

$$R^{a_1}R^{a_2}R^{a_3}=R^0.$$
(3.15)   
It means that the orbifold $`𝐂^4/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝐂`$ where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a subgroup of $`SU(3)`$. In this case, the supersymmetry of the two-dimensional theory is (2,2) instead of (0,2), and the (0,2) multiplets are combined into (2,2) multiplets as follows:

* The (0,2) gauge multiplet $`V_a`$ and the adjoint (0,2) chiral multiplet $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^4`$ are combined to form (2,2) vector multiplet $`V_a^{}`$. ($`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^4`$ transforms in the adjoint of $`U(1)_a`$ due to $`R^{a_4}=R^0`$.)

$`V_a^{}=\theta ^{}\overline{\theta }^{}(A_{0a}A_{1a})+\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^+(A_{0a}+A_{1a})\sqrt{2}\theta ^{}\overline{\theta }^+Z_a^4\sqrt{2}\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^{}\overline{Z}_a^4`$   
$`+2i\theta ^{}\theta ^+(\overline{\theta }^{}\overline{\lambda }_a+\overline{\theta }^+\psi _{+a}^4)2i\overline{\theta }^{}\overline{\theta }^+(\theta ^{}\lambda _a+\theta ^+\overline{\psi }_{+a}^4)2\theta ^{}\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^{}\overline{\theta }^+D_a`$ (3.16)
* The (0,2) chiral multiplets $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^i`$ and the (0,2) Fermi multiplets $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a^i`$ form three (2,2) chiral multiplets $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^{}_{}{}^{}i`$. ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a^i`$ transforms in the $`(\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }_a,\overline{\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }}_{aa_i})`$ due to $`R^{a_4}=R^0`$.)

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_a^{}_{}{}^{}i=Z_a^i(y)+\sqrt{2}\theta ^{}\lambda _a^{i4}(y)+\sqrt{2}\theta ^+\psi _{+a}^i(y)2\theta ^{}\theta ^+G_a^i(y)$$
(3.17)   
where $`y^0=x^0i(\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^++\theta ^{}\overline{\theta }^{})`$ and $`y^1=x^1i(\theta ^+\overline{\theta }^+\theta ^{}\overline{\theta }^{})`$.

In the brane cube configuration in Figure 8, the cube at $`(n_1,n_2,n_3)`$ and the cube at $`(n_1+1,n_2+1,n_3+1)`$ are equivalent due to the condition $`R^{a_4}=R^0`$. This is nothing but the configuration considered in Figure 7 if we take $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=𝐙_3\times 𝐙_3`$, $`R^{a_1}=R_1^{(1,0)}`$, $`R^{a_2}=R_1^{(0,1)}`$ and $`R^{a_3}=R_1^{(1,1)}`$. The (2,2) chiral multiplets $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^2`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^3`$ can be represented by arrows with components $`(1,0,0)`$, $`(0,1,0)`$ and $`(0,0,1)`$. The (2,2) vector multiplet $`V_a`$ can be represented by an arrow with components $`(1,1,1)`$.

The actions $`L_{gauge}`$ (3.7) and $`\mu =4`$ part of $`L_{ch}`$ (3.8) of the (0,2) supersymmetric theory are combined into $`L_{gauge}`$ of the (2,2) supersymmetric theory

$$L_{gauge}=\frac{1}{4e_a^2}d^2xd^4\theta \overline{\mathrm{\Sigma }}_a\mathrm{\Sigma }_a$$
(3.18)   
with some interaction terms. Here $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_a`$ is the field strength of the (2,2) superspace gauge field $`V_a^{}`$. Remaining part of $`L_{ch}`$ (3.8) and $`L_F`$ (3.9) become $`L_{ch}`$ of the (2,2) supersymmetric theory,

$$L_{ch}=d^2xd^4\theta \overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_a^{}_{}{}^{}ie^V^{}\mathrm{\Phi }_a^{}_{}{}^{}i.$$
(3.19)   
$`L_J`$ (3.10) corresponds to the superpotential term $`L_W`$ with $`W=ϵ_{ijk}\mathrm{\Phi }_a^{}_{}{}^{}i\mathrm{\Phi }_{aa_i}^{}_{}{}^{}j\mathrm{\Phi }_{aa_ia_j}^{}_{}{}^{}k`$,

$$L_W=d^2x𝑑\theta ^+𝑑\theta ^{}W(\mathrm{\Phi }_a^{}_{}{}^{}i)|_{\overline{\theta }^+=\overline{\theta }^{}=0}h.c..$$
(3.20)   
Three arrows representing the three chiral multiplets appearing in the superpotential form a triangle up to the identification along the diagonal direction. Note that the superpotential $`W(\mathrm{\Phi }_a^{}_{}{}^{}i)`$ is related to $`J_a^i`$ as

$$J_a^i=\frac{W}{\mathrm{\Phi }_a^{}_{}{}^{}i},$$
(3.21)   
and the equation (3.14) implies the gauge invariance of the superpotential. Combining with the D-term part

$$L_{D,\theta }=\frac{t_a}{4}d^2x𝑑\theta ^+𝑑\overline{\theta }^{}\mathrm{\Sigma }_a|_{\theta ^{}=\overline{\theta }^+=0}+h.c.,$$
(3.22)   
one obtain two-dimensional (2,2) supersymmetric gauge theory. Thus although the brane cube configuration has only two supercharges the two-dimensional field theory on D-branes has an enough number of supersymmetries.

To understand the reason for the supersymmetry enhancement, it is useful to compare the configuration of Figure 7 with a brane configuration obtained by another T-duality. As noted earlier, there is an ambiguity to choose three directions to perform T-duality out of four complex coordinates. If we T-dualize along three compact directions associated with $`z^1`$, $`z^2`$ and $`z^4`$, we obtain a brane cube configuration depicted in Figure 10.

The chiral multiplet $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^\mu `$ transforming in the $`(\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }_a,\overline{\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }}_{aa_\mu })`$ comes from open strings from the box $`a`$ to the box $`aa_\mu `$. We can represent the four chiral multiplets $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^2`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^4`$ by arrows with components $`(1,0,0)`$, $`(0,1,0)`$, $`(1,1,1)`$ and $`(0,0,1)`$. The Fermi multiplet $`𝚲_a^i`$ transforming in the $`(\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }_a,\overline{\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }}_{aa_ia_4})`$ comes from open strings from the box $`a`$ to the box $`aa_ia_4`$. We can represent the three Fermi multiplets $`𝚲_a^1`$, $`𝚲_a^2`$ and $`𝚲_a^3`$ by arrows with components $`(1,1,0)`$, $`(0,1,1)`$ and $`(1,1,0)`$. The arrows are depicted in Figure 11.

We would like to emphasize that the two configurations in Figure 8 and Figure 10 give the same field theory since both of them are related to the D-branes on $`𝐂^4/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ by T-dualities and hence the two configurations are related by T-duality.

In the brane cube configuration given in Figure 10, the cube at $`(n_1,n_2,n_3)`$ and the cube at $`(n_1,n_2,n_3+1)`$ are equivalent. If we set $`R^{a_4}=R^0`$, the (2,2) chiral multiplets $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^1`$, $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^2`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }_a^3`$ can be represented by arrows with components $`(1,0,0)`$, $`(0,1,0)`$ and $`(1,1,1)`$, while the (2,2) vector multiplet $`V_a`$ can be represented by an arrow with components $`(0,0,1)`$. This is the model considered in Section 3.2 of . That is, if we take $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=𝐙_3\times 𝐙_3`$, $`R^{a_1}=R_1^{(1,0)}`$, $`R^{a_2}=R_1^{(0,1)}`$ and $`R^{a_3}=R_1^{(1,1)}`$, we obtain the configuration in Figure 12.

In the configuration of Figure 12, we can remove NS”5-branes extending along 012345 directions without changing the matter contents and gauge groups since the configuration of Figure 12 is trivial along the direction 8. The resulting configuration is equivalent (up to a certain T-duality) to the usual brane box model  with two kinds of NS5-branes. Therefore the field theory obtained from the configuration in Figure 12 is equivalent to the field theory obtained from the usual brane box model, so the field theory has four supercharges. As stated above, the configuration of Figure 7 is related to Figure 12 T-duality, the field theory realized by the configuration has the enough number of supersymmetries.

Note that the configuration of Figure 7 is more natural than that of Figure 12 in the sense that the three coordinates of $`𝐂^3`$ (three chiral multiplets $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}_{}{}^{}i`$) are treated equivalently. This is the key point of the construction of the configuration for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$. Due to the symmetric assignment of the multiplets, however, enhancement of supersymmetry becomes rather nontrivial.

### 3.2 Brane cube configurations for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$

The brane configuration for the orbifold $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ is obtained from that for $`𝐂^3/𝐙_n\times 𝐙_n`$ by a $`𝐙_3`$ quotient. The $`𝐙_3`$ acts as a $`2\pi /3`$ rotation along the line $`x^2=x^4=x^6`$. The brane configuration is given in Figure 13.

The reason that the configuration gives the structure of the irreducible representations of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ is the same as in . The gauge group coming from each box depend on whether the box include fixed points of the $`𝐙_3`$ action. When $`n/3`$ is not an integer, only the boxes with index (0,0) include fixed line of the $`𝐙_3`$ action. When $`n/3`$ is an integer, the boxes with indices $`(2n/3,n/3)`$ and $`(n/3,2n/3)`$ also include fixed lines in addition to (0,0). For such boxes, we must take a $`𝐙_3`$ quotient, which leads the gauge group to be $`U(1)^3`$ since the gauge field on the box takes the following form,

$$A\left(\begin{array}{ccc}a_1& a_2& a_3\\ a_3& a_1& a_2\\ a_2& a_3& a_1\end{array}\right).$$
(3.23)   
It implies that such boxes correspond to a sum of three one-dimensional representations of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$. On the other hand, for the boxs which do not include the fixed lines of the $`𝐙_3`$ action, three D-branes simply pile up and give the gauge group $`U(3)`$. It implies that such boxes correspond to three-dimensional irreducible representations of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$. One can see that the quotienting procedure precicely reproduces the structure of the irreducible representations of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$. We can also verify that matter contents obtained after the $`𝐙_3`$ quotient coincide with those specified by the quiver diagram of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$.

### 3.3 Brane cube configurations for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$

The brane configuration for the orbifold $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$ is obtained from that for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$ by a $`𝐙_2`$ quotient. The $`𝐙_2`$ acts as a reflection with respect to the plane $`x_2=x_4`$ as indicated in the quiver diagram of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$ in Figure 6(b). Combining with the $`𝐙_3`$ identification for the configuration corresponding to $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3n^2)`$, it is equivalent to the reflections with respect to the planes $`x_4=x_6`$ and $`x_6=x_2`$. The brane configuration is given in Figure 14. One can verify that the configuration reproduces the structure of the quiver diagrams of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(6n^2)`$. For details on the structure of the irreducible representations, see .

## 4 Discussions

In this paper, we have proposed brane cube configurations corresponding to D1-branes on nonabelian orbifolds $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }SU(3)`$. This is based on the three-dimensional version of the quiver diagrams of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. The configuration consists of three kinds of NS5-branes and D4-branes. Since the D4-branes are bounded by NS5-branes along three directions, the low energy theory becomes two-dimensional. Due to the fact that the configuration is uniform along a diagonal direction, supersymmetry of the field theory is enhanced twice as many as naively expected.

The original motivation to consider configurations with three-dimensional structure comes from the study of configurations for an orbifold $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ an E-type subgroup of $`SU(3)`$. As mentioned in introduction, the quiver diagram of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(648)`$ is a quotient of the quiver diagram of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(3\times 3^2)`$ by the tetrahedral group. According to the correspondence between quiver diagrams and brane configurations for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, we expect that a brane configuration for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Sigma }(648)`$ is obtained from the configuration for $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Delta }(3\times 3^2)`$ given in Figure 13 by taking a quotient by the tetrahedral group. In fact, the configuration in Figure 13 has structure of the tetrahedral group: the configuration consists of cubes, which are in a sence dual to tetrahedra, so we can define an action of the tetrahedral group on the configuration. It is now under investigation whether such a quotient actually reproduces required properties of the gauge theories.

Finally we would like to compare the configurations in this paper with those given in . The configuration given in  consists of a web of $`(p,q)`$ 5-branes and D3-branes. As the D3-branes are bounded along two-directions by $`(p,q)`$ 5-branes, they provide two-dimensional field theory, which coincides with the brane cube configurations. Thus it seems that we should start with D1-branes on $`𝐂^4/\mathrm{\Gamma }𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }\times 𝐂`$ to realize $`𝐙_3`$ symmetry of brane configurations. From this viewpoint, the fact that the brane box model gives four-dimensional theory is owing to the speciality of the abelian case in which an explicit $`𝐙_3`$ symmetry is not necessary.

As we have discussed, the configurations given in  have esentially two-dimensional structure, while the brane cube configurations are three-dimensional. It is interesting to see whether there is a relation like duality between the two types of configurations. If such a relation can be found, it may be possible to construct brane configurations corresponding to $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ an E-type subgroup based on the brane configurations made out of a web of $`(p,q)`$ 5-branes.

In , it was also argued that the brane configurations are dual to toric diagrams of $`𝐂^3/\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and that three-dimensional McKay correspondence - may be understood as T-duality. We hope that the three-dimensional version of the quiver diagrams and the brane cube configurations provide some hints on investigations along these lines.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank T. Kitao for valuable discussions. This work is supported in part by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(No. 10-3815).