# Untitled Document

INRNE-TH-99/1 

On the Generalised Pauli–Villars Regularization of the Standard Model 

Michail Nicolov Stoilov<sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup> e-mail: mstoilov@inrne.bas.bg

Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy

Boul. Tzarigradsko Chaussee 72, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria

Abstract.  We show that the regularization of the Standard Model proposed by Frolov and Slavnov describes a nonlocal theory with quite simple Lagrangian.

22 February 1999

The construction of gauge invariant regularization for the chiral theories (even for the anomaly free ones) was an open problem for a long time. Only recently such a regularization was proposed for the Standard Model ; some generalisations and important insights on the issue can be found in Refs.–. The new regularization (called generalised Pauli–Villars regularization) is a version of the standard gauge-invariant Pauli–Villars one where one regularizes entire loops, but not separate propagators. The main difference is that infinitely many regulator fields are used. Therefore, in order to specify the regularization completely, one needs for any divergent diagram a recipe for how to handle the infinite sum of the terms due to regulator fields. In this letter our aim is to show that the contribution of the regulator fields can be calculated on the Lagrangian level, so as to give a nonlocal theory. 

We begin with a short description of the generalised Pauli–Villars regularization of the Standard Model. In Ref. a construction  is used, where all one-generation matter fields are combined into a single chiral $`SO(10)`$spinor $`\psi _+`$ (which is also a chiral Lorentzian spinor) and all gauge fields — into an $`SO(10)`$gauge field. The gauge field Lagrangian is regularized by the higher covariant derivative method and is not considered in  (and neither is here). In addition to the original fields an infinite set of commuting and anticommuting Pauli–Villars fields ($`\varphi _r`$ and $`\psi _r`$ respectively, $`r1`$) is added. These new fields are simultaneously chiral Lorentzian spinors and non-chiral $`SO(10)`$ones. The explicit form of the mass terms for the regulator fields is determined by the requirement that they are nonzero, real, $`SO(10)`$and Lorentzian scalars and by the chirality properties of the fields. As a result the Lorentz and $`SO(10)`$charge conjugation matrices ($`C_D`$ and $`C`$) have to be used. (Basic feature of any charge conjugation matrix $`𝒞`$ is that $`𝒞\psi `$ transforms under the conjugate representation to that of $`\psi `$.) A list of properties of $`C_D`$ and $`C`$ used in this work is given in Appendix.

The one-generation matter field regularized Lagrangian of the Standard Model reads

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill L_{reg}& =\overline{\psi }_+i\overline{)}D\psi _+\hfill \\ & +\overline{\psi }_ri\overline{)}D\psi _r+\frac{1}{2}M_r(\psi _r^TC_DC\mathrm{\Gamma }_{11}\psi _r+\overline{\psi }_rC_DC\mathrm{\Gamma }_{11}\overline{\psi }_r^T)\hfill \\ & +\overline{\varphi }_r\mathrm{\Gamma }_{11}i\overline{)}D\varphi _r\frac{1}{2}M_r(\varphi _r^TC_DC\varphi _r\overline{\varphi }_rC_DC\overline{\varphi }_r^T).\hfill \end{array}$$

Here $`\overline{)}D`$ is the covariant derivative with respect to the $`SO(10)`$gauge field $`𝒜`$, $`\overline{)}D=\gamma ^\mu (_\mu ig𝒜_\mu ^{ij}\sigma _{ij})`$, $`\sigma _{ij}`$ are the $`SO(10)`$generators; $`M_r=Mr`$, where $`M`$ is a (large) mass parameter (Pauli–Villars mass) and a summation over $`r1`$ is assumed. This form of $`M_r`$ is crucial for the convergence of the diagrams in the model  while the concrete sign of $`M_r`$ does not matter. Introducing the projectors on the irreducible spinor representations:

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_\pm =\frac{1}{2}(1\pm \gamma ^5)\mathrm{and}P_\pm =\frac{1}{2}(1\pm \mathrm{\Gamma }_{11})$$

the chirality properties of the fields read:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Pi }_{}\psi _+& =\mathrm{\Pi }_{}\psi _r=\mathrm{\Pi }_{}\varphi _r=0,\hfill \\ \hfill P_{}\psi _+& =P_\pm \psi _r=P_\pm \varphi _r=0,\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\psi _r=\psi _{r+}+\psi _r`$ and analogously for $`\varphi _r`$.

Any $`SO(10)`$gauge model is anomaly free, and so it is not a big surprise that (1) could be rewritten in a vector-like form. Following  we introduce variables

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{\Psi }_r& =\psi _{r+}+CC_D\overline{\psi }_r^T,\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Phi }_r& =\varphi _{r+}+CC_D\overline{\varphi }_r^T.\hfill \end{array}$$

Both these new fields are $`SO(10)`$chiral and Lorentzian non-chiral spinors contrary to the original ones.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill P_{}\mathrm{\Psi }_r& =P_{}\mathrm{\Phi }_r=0,\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Pi }_+\mathrm{\Psi }_r=\psi _{r+};& \mathrm{\Pi }_{}\mathrm{\Psi }_r=CC_D\overline{\psi }_r^T,\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{\Pi }_+\mathrm{\Phi }_r=\varphi _{r+};& \mathrm{\Pi }_{}\mathrm{\Phi }_r=CC_D\overline{\varphi }_r^T.\hfill \end{array}$$

Using definitions (1) and the ones following from them $`\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_r=\overline{\psi }_{r+}\psi _r^TCC_D`$ and $`\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_r=\overline{\varphi }_{r+}\varphi _r^TCC_D`$, eq.(1) takes the form

$$L_{reg}=\overline{\psi }_+i\overline{)}D\psi _++\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_r(i\overline{)}DM_r)\mathrm{\Psi }+\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}_r(i\overline{)}D+M_r)\mathrm{\Phi }.$$

The Berezian corresponding to the change of variables (1) is $`1`$, which guarantees that Lagrangians (1) and (1) describes one and the same theory.

Now we want to reformulate (1) as a higher derivative theory. Following  our first step is to replace the commuting Pauli–Villars fields by anticommuting ones. The idea is to consider instead of

$$L=\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}(i\overline{)}DM)\mathrm{\Phi }$$

the following one

$$L=(\overline{\mathrm{\Phi }}+\overline{\chi })(i\overline{)}DM)(\mathrm{\Phi }+\chi ),$$

where $`\chi `$ is an additional dynamical field. This Lagrangian has a very large Stuckelberg-type gauge symmetry. Its fixing produces Faddeev–Popov ghosts $`(\eta \mathrm{and}\overline{\eta })`$ which have statistics, opposite to $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$, i.e. they are normal anticommuting spinors. A particular gauge choice brings (1) into (1) plus ghosts terms trivially decoupled from the dynamics; another gauge choice leaves only

$$L^{}=\overline{\eta }(i\overline{)}DM)\eta $$

(plus decoupled $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$-terms). Thus eqs.(1) and (1) describe the same physics. This is true provided there are no sources for the field $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ (and $`\eta `$) in the model and this is exactly the situation with the Pauli–Villars fields. Applying the procedure described above to all $`\mathrm{\Phi }_r`$ the Lagrangian (1) could be rewritten as:

$$L_{reg}=\overline{\psi }_+i\overline{)}D\psi _++\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_r(i\overline{)}D+M_r)\mathrm{\Psi }\overline{\eta }_r(i\overline{)}DM_r)\eta ,$$

where all fields are anticommuting now.

Our next step is to combine different terms in (1) into a single higher derivative Lagrangian. It was shown in  that the Lagrangian

$$L=g\overline{\psi }(i\overline{)}Dm_1)(i\overline{)}Dm_2)\psi $$

after suitable Legendre transformation could be put into the form

$$L=\frac{g}{|g|}\left(\overline{\psi }_1(i\overline{)}Dm_1)\psi _1\overline{\psi }_2(i\overline{)}Dm_2)\psi _2\right)$$

and vice-versa, provided $`m_1>m_2`$. Note that up to a sign the last Lagrangian is independent of the coupling constant $`g`$. Such decomposition into a sum of first order Lagrangians holds for any higher derivative Lagrangian $`L=\overline{\psi }_i(i\overline{)}Dm_i)\psi `$, if $`m_im_ji,j:ij`$. Here we use these results to bring together different terms in (1). We combine Pauli–Villars terms with equal $`r`$ and obtain

$$L_{reg}=\overline{\psi }_+i\overline{)}D\psi _+\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}_r(1\frac{\overline{)}D^2}{M^2r^2})\mathrm{\Psi },$$

where we have used the freedom to the choose coupling constant to be $`g_r=(Mr)^2`$. In this way we have introduced a small parameter $`(1/M)`$ which counts the order of the derivatives in the Lagrangian. Such a parameter is needed in any higher derivative theory . It automatically produces the so called perturbative constraints which exclude the unwanted negative norm states (those of Pauli–Villars fields in our case). Then we “add” one after the other the new second derivative terms to the matter field term and get

$$L=\overline{\psi }i\overline{)}D\underset{r=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(1\frac{\overline{)}D^2}{M^2r^2}\right).$$

The solution of the equation of motion following from the Lagrangian (1) is $`\psi =_{\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}\psi _r`$ where $`(i\overline{)}DMr)\psi _r=0`$. It describes the full set of the matter and Pauli–Villars fields. The only remnant from the perturbative constraints is

$$\mathrm{\Pi }_{}|\mathrm{physical}>=0$$

which excludes the Pauli–Villars fields from the physical ones. Finally, using the formula

$$\mathrm{sin}(x)=x\underset{r=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(1\frac{x^2}{\pi ^2r^2}\right)$$

we obtain

$$L_{reg}=M\overline{\psi }\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{i\overline{)}D}{M}\right)\psi .$$

Eq.(1) together with the constraint (1) give us the nonlocal version of the regularized Lagrangian of the Standard Model.

A final note: Lagrangian (1) could be rewritten as $`L_{reg}=\overline{\mathrm{\Psi }}i\overline{)}Df(𝒟^2/M^2)\mathrm{\Psi }`$, where $`f(x^2)=\mathrm{sin}x/x`$. In this form it is closely related to the interpretation of the generalised Pauli–Villars regularization discussed in .

Appendix

Lorentz charge conjugation matrix .

In $`4`$-dimensional space-time with metrics $`g^{\mu \nu }=diag(1,1,1,1)`$ the gamma matrices $`\gamma ^\mu ,\mu =0,1,2,3`$ are such, that $`(\gamma ^\mu )^{}=\gamma _\mu `$. The matrix $`\gamma ^5`$ is defined as $`\gamma ^5=i\gamma ^0\gamma ^1\gamma ^2\gamma ^3`$ and so $`(\gamma ^5)^{}=(\gamma ^5)^T=\gamma ^5`$. The charge conjugation matrix $`C_D`$ (the one used here is inverse to that in ) has the properties: 

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill C_D^1(\gamma ^\mu )^TC_D& =\gamma ^\mu ,\mu =0,\mathrm{},3\hfill \\ \hfill C_D^1\gamma ^5C_D& =\gamma ^5,\hfill \\ \hfill C_D=\overline{C}_D=C_D^{}& =C_D^T=C_D^1,\hfill \\ \hfill detC_{D}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}& =1.\hfill \end{array}$$

$`SO(10)`$charge conjugation matrix .

Corresponding gamma matrices $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i,i=1,\mathrm{},10`$ are $`32\times 32`$ matrices, such that $`\{\mathrm{\Gamma }_i,\mathrm{\Gamma }_j\}=\delta _{ij}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^{}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_ii`$. $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{11}`$ matrix is defined as $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{11}=i\mathrm{\Gamma }_1.\mathrm{}.\mathrm{\Gamma }_{10}`$, so that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{11}^{}=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{11}^T=\mathrm{\Gamma }_{11}`$. The generators of the $`SO(10)`$algebra in the spinorial representation are $`\sigma _{ij}=\frac{1}{2}i[\mathrm{\Gamma }_i,\mathrm{\Gamma }_j],ij,i,j=1,\mathrm{},10`$. The charge conjugation matrix $`C`$ has the following properties:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill C^1\mathrm{\Gamma }_i^TC& =\mathrm{\Gamma }_i,i=1,\mathrm{},11\hfill \\ \hfill C^1\sigma _{ij}^TC& =\sigma _{ij},\hfill \\ \hfill C=\overline{C}=C^{}& =C^T=C^1,\hfill \\ \hfill detC^2& =1.\hfill \end{array}$$

References

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