# Elsevier instructions for the preparation of a 2-column format camera-ready paper in LaTeX

## 1 FORMAT

Text should be produced within the dimensions shown on these pages: each column 7.5 cm wide with 1 cm middle margin, total width of 16 cm and a maximum length of 20.2 cm on first pages and 21 cm on second and following pages. The document style uses the maximal stipulated length apart from the following two exceptions (i) does not begin a new section directly at the bottom of a page, but transfers the heading to the top of the next page; (ii) never (well, hardly ever) exceeds the length of the text area in order to complete a section of text or a paragraph.

### 1.1 Spacing

We normally recommend the use of 1.0 (single) line spacing. However, when typing complicated mathematical text automatically increases the space between text lines in order to prevent sub- and superscript fonts overlapping one another and making your printed matter illegible.

### 1.2 Fonts

These instructions have been produced using a 10 point Computer Modern Roman. Other recommended fonts are 10 point Times Roman, New Century Schoolbook, Bookman Light and Palatino.

## 2 PRINTOUT

The most suitable printer is a laser printer. A dot matrix printer should only be used if it possesses an 18 or 24 pin printhead (“letter-quality”).

The printout submitted should be an original; a photocopy is not acceptable. Please make use of good quality plain white A4 (or US Letter) paper size. The dimensions shown here should be strictly adhered to: do not make changes to these dimensions, which are determined by the document style. The document style leaves at least 3 cm at the top of the page before the head, which contains the page number.

Printers sometimes produce text which contains light and dark streaks, or has considerable lighting variation either between left-hand and right-hand margins or between text heads and bottoms. To achieve optimal reproduction quality, the contrast of text lettering must be uniform, sharp and dark over the whole page and throughout the article.

If corrections are made to the text, print completely new replacement pages. The contrast on these pages should be consistent with the rest of the paper as should text dimensions and font sizes.

## 3 TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS

Tables should be made with ; illustrations should be originals or sharp prints. They should be arranged throughout the text and preferably be included on the same page as they are first discussed. They should have a self-contained caption and be positioned in flush-left alignment with the text margin within the column. If they do not fit into one column they may be placed across both columns (using `\begin{table*}` or `\begin{figure*}` so that they appear at the top of a page).

### 3.1 Tables

Tables should be presented in the form shown in Table 1. Their layout should be consistent throughout.

Horizontal lines should be placed above and below table headings, above the subheadings and at the end of the table above any notes. Vertical lines should be avoided.

If a table is too long to fit onto one page, the table number and headings should be repeated above the continuation of the table. For this you have to reset the table counter with `\addtocounter{table}{-1}`. Alternatively, the table can be turned by $`90^{}`$ (‘landscape mode’) and spread over two consecutive pages (first an even-numbered, then an odd-numbered one) created by means of `\begin{table}[h]` without a caption. To do this, you prepare the table as a separate document and attach the tables to the empty pages with a few spots of suitable glue.

### 3.2 Line drawings

Line drawings should be drawn in India ink on tracing paper with the aid of a stencil or should be glossy prints of the same; computer prepared drawings are also acceptable. They should be attached to your manuscript page, correctly aligned, using suitable glue and not transparent tape. When placing a figure at the top of a page, the top of the figure should be at the same level as the bottom of the first text line.

All notations and lettering should be no less than 2 mm high. The use of heavy black, bold lettering should be avoided as this will look unpleasantly dark when printed.

### 3.3 Black and white photographs

Photographs must always be sharp originals (not screened versions) and rich in contrast. They will undergo the same reduction as the text and should be pasted on your page in the same way as line drawings.

### 3.4 Colour photographs

Sharp originals (not transparencies or slides) should be submitted close to the size expected in publication. Charges for the processing and printing of colour will be passed on to the author(s) of the paper. As costs involved are per page, care should be taken in the selection of size and shape so that two or more illustrations may be fitted together on one page. Please contact the Technical Editor in the Camera-Ready Publications Department at Elsevier for a price quotation and layout instructions before producing your paper in its final form.

## 4 EQUATIONS

Equations should be flush-left with the text margin; ensures that the equation is preceded and followed by one line of white space. provides the document-style option fleqn to get the flush-left effect.

$$H_{\alpha \beta }(\omega )=E_\alpha ^{(0)}(\omega )\delta _{\alpha \beta }+\alpha |W_\pi |\beta $$
(1)   
You need not put in equation numbers, since this is taken care of automatically. The equation numbers are always consecutive and are printed in parentheses flush with the right-hand margin of the text and level with the last line of the equation. For multi-line equations, use the eqnarray environment. For complex mathematics, use the “tensyAMS- package.

References should be collected at the end of your paper. Do not begin them on a new page unless this is absolutely necessary. They should be prepared according to the sequential numeric system making sure that all material mentioned is generally available to the reader. Use `\cite` to refer to the entries in the bibliography so that your accumulated list corresponds to the citations made in the text body.

Above we have listed some references according to the sequential numeric system .