# References

Diffraction of X-ray pulse in crystals.

V.G.Baryshevsky

Institute of Nuclear Problems, Bobruiskaya Str.11, Minsk 220080 Belarus

Electronic address: bar@inp.minsk.by

Recently the investigation of the extremely short (subpicosecond) X-ray pulses interaction with crystals takes interest because of the development of linac-driven X-ray Free Electron Laser, operating in the SASE mode and X-ray Volume Free Electron Laser .

According to the analysis  short X-ray pulse passing through a crystal is accompanied by the significant time delay of radiation. The $`\delta `$pulse delay law for the Bragg diffraction is proportional to $`\left|{\displaystyle \frac{J_1(at)}{t}}\right|^2`$ , where $`J_1`$ \- is the Bessel function, $`a`$ \- a coefficient will be defined below, $`t`$ \- time.

In the present paper the delay law dependence on the diffraction asymmetry parameters is analyzed. It is shown that the use of subpicosecond pulses allows to observe the phenomenon of the time delay of pulse in crystal and to investigate the delay law experimentally. It is also shown that the pulse delay law depends on the quanta polarization.

Let us consider the pulse of electromagnetic radiation passing through the medium with the refraction index $`n(\omega )`$. The wave packet group velocity is as follows:

$$v_{gr}=\left(\frac{\omega n(\omega )}{c\omega }\right)^1=\frac{c}{n(\omega )+\omega \frac{n(\omega )}{\omega }},$$
(1)   
where $`c`$ \- is the speed of light, $`\omega `$ \- is the quantum frequency.

In the X-ray range ( $``$tens of keV) the index of refraction has the universal form $`n(\omega )=1{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _L^2}{2\omega ^2}}`$ , $`\omega _L`$ is the Langmour frequency. Additionally, $`n110^61`$. Substituting $`n(\omega )`$ to (1) one can obtain that $`v_{gr}c\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{\omega _L^2}{\omega ^2}}\right)`$. It is clear that the group velocity is close to the speed of light. Therefore the time of wave packet delay in a medium is much shorter than the that needed for passing the length equal to the target width in a vacuum.

$$\mathrm{\Delta }T=\frac{1}{v_{gr}}\frac{1}{c}\frac{l}{c}\frac{\omega _L^2}{\omega ^2}\frac{l}{c}.$$
(2)   
To consider the pulse diffraction in a crystal one should solve Maxwell equations that describe pulse passing through a crystal. Maxwell equations are linear, therefore it is convenient to use Fourier transform by time and to rewrite these equations as functions of frequency:

$$\left[curlcurl\stackrel{}{E}_\stackrel{}{k}(\stackrel{}{r},\omega )+\frac{\omega ^2}{c^2}\stackrel{}{E}_\stackrel{}{k}(\stackrel{}{r},\omega )\right]_i+\chi _{ij}(\stackrel{}{r},\omega )E_{\stackrel{}{k},j}(\stackrel{}{r},\omega )=0,$$
(3)   
where $`\chi _{ij}(\stackrel{}{r},\omega )`$ \- is the spatially periodic tensor of susceptibility, $`i,j=1,2,3,`$ repeated indices imply summation.

Making the Fourier transformation of these equations by coordinate variables one can derive a set of equations matching the incident and diffracted waves. When two strong waves are excited under diffraction (so-called two-beam diffraction case) the following set of equations for wave amplitudes determining can be obtained:

$$\begin{array}{c}\left(\frac{k^2}{\omega ^2}1\chi _0\right)\stackrel{}{E}_\stackrel{}{k}^sc_s\chi _\stackrel{}{\tau }\stackrel{}{E}_{\stackrel{}{k}_\tau }^s=0\\ \\ \left(\frac{k_\tau ^2}{\omega ^2}1\chi _0\right)\stackrel{}{E}_{\stackrel{}{k}_\tau }^sc_s\chi _\stackrel{}{\tau }\stackrel{}{E}_\stackrel{}{k}^s=0\end{array}$$
(4)   
Here $`\stackrel{}{k}`$ is the wave vector of the incident wave, $`\stackrel{}{k}_\stackrel{}{\tau }=\stackrel{}{k}+\stackrel{}{\tau }`$, $`\stackrel{}{\tau }`$ is the reciprocal lattice vector; $`\chi _0,\chi _\stackrel{}{\tau }`$ are the Fourier components of the crystal susceptibility:

$$\chi (\stackrel{}{r})=\underset{\stackrel{}{\tau }}{}\chi _\stackrel{}{\tau }\mathrm{exp}(i\stackrel{}{\tau }\stackrel{}{r})$$
(5)   
$`C_s=\stackrel{}{e}^s\stackrel{}{e}_\stackrel{}{\tau }^s`$, $`\stackrel{}{e}^s(\stackrel{}{e}_\stackrel{}{\tau }^s)`$ are the unit polarization vectors of the incident and diffracted waves, respectively.

The condition for the linear system (4) to be solvable leads to a dispersion equation that determines the possible wave vectors $`\stackrel{}{k}`$ in a crystal. It is convenient to present these wave vectors as:

$$\stackrel{}{k}_{\mu s}=\stackrel{}{k}+\text{æ}_{\mu s}\stackrel{}{N},\ae _{\mu s}=\frac{\omega }{c\gamma _0}\epsilon _{\mu s},$$

where $`\mu =1,2`$; $`\stackrel{}{N}`$ is the unit vector of a normal to the entrance crystal surface directed into a crystal ,

$$\epsilon _s^{(1,2)}=\frac{1}{4}[(1+\beta )\chi _0\beta \alpha _B]\pm \frac{1}{4}\left\{[(1+\beta )\chi _0\beta \alpha _B2\chi _0]^2+4\beta C_S^2\chi _\stackrel{}{\tau }\chi _\stackrel{}{\tau }\right\}^{1/2},$$
(6)   
$`\alpha _B=(2\stackrel{}{k}\stackrel{}{\tau }+\tau ^2)k^2`$ is the off-Bragg parameter ($`\alpha _B=0`$ when the Bragg condition of diffraction is exactly fulfilled),

$$\gamma _0=\stackrel{}{n}_\gamma \stackrel{}{N},\stackrel{}{n}_\gamma =\frac{\stackrel{}{k}}{k},\beta =\frac{\gamma _0}{\gamma _1},\gamma _1=\stackrel{}{n}_{\gamma \tau }\stackrel{}{N},\stackrel{}{n}_{\gamma \tau }=\frac{\stackrel{}{k}+\stackrel{}{\tau }}{|\stackrel{}{k}+\stackrel{}{\tau }|}$$

The general solution of (3,4) inside a crystal is:

$$\stackrel{}{E}_\stackrel{}{k}^s(\stackrel{}{r})=\underset{\mu =1}{\overset{2}{}}\left[\stackrel{}{e}^sA_\mu \mathrm{exp}(i\stackrel{}{k}_{\mu s}\stackrel{}{r})+\stackrel{}{e}_\tau ^sA_{\tau \mu }\mathrm{exp}(i\stackrel{}{k}_{\mu s\tau }\stackrel{}{r})\right]$$
(7)   
By matching these solutions with the solutions of Maxwell equation for the vacuum area we can find the explicit expression for $`\stackrel{}{E}_\stackrel{}{k}^s(\stackrel{}{r})`$ throughout the space. It is possible to discriminate several types of diffraction geometries, namely, the Laue and the Bragg schemes are the most well-known .

In the case of two-wave dynamical diffraction crystal can be described by two effective refraction indices

$$n_s^{(1,2)}=1+\epsilon _s^{(1,2)},$$

$$\epsilon _s^{(1,2)}=\frac{1}{4}\left\{\chi _0(1+\beta )\beta \alpha \pm \sqrt{(\chi _0(1\beta )+\beta \alpha )^2+4\beta C_s\chi _\tau \chi _\tau }\right\}.$$
(8)   
The diffraction is significant in the narrow range near the Bragg frequency, therefore $`\chi _0`$ and $`\chi _\tau `$ can be considered as constants and the dependence on $`\omega `$ should be taken into account for $`\alpha ={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi \stackrel{}{\tau }(2\pi \stackrel{}{\tau }+2\stackrel{}{k})}{k^2}}={\displaystyle \frac{(2\pi \tau )^2}{k_B^3c}}(\omega \omega _B)`$, where $`k={\displaystyle \frac{\omega }{c}}`$; $`2\pi \stackrel{}{\tau }`$ \- the reciprocal lattice vector that characterizes the set of planes where the diffraction occurs; Bragg frequency is determined by the condition $`\alpha =0`$.

From (1,8) one can obtain

$$v_{gr}^{(1,2)s}=\frac{c}{n^{(1,2)}(\omega )\pm \beta {\displaystyle \frac{(2\pi \tau )^2}{4k_B^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\chi _0(1\beta )+\beta \alpha )}{\sqrt{(\chi _0(1\beta )+\beta \alpha )^2+4\beta C_s\chi _\tau \chi _\tau }}}}.$$
(9)   
In the general case $`(\chi _0(1\beta )+\beta \alpha )2\sqrt{\beta }\chi _0`$, therefore the term that is added to the $`n_s^{(1,2)}(\omega )`$ in the denominator (9) is of the order of 1. Moreover, $`v_{gr}`$ significantly differs from $`c`$ for the antisymmetric diffraction $`(\left|\beta \right|1).`$ It should be noted that because of the complicated character of the wave field in a crystal one of the $`v_{gr}^{(i)s}`$ can appear to be much higher than $`c`$ and negative. When $`\beta `$ is negative the subradical expression in (9) can become equal to zero (Bragg reflection threshold) and $`v_{gr}0`$ . It should be noted that in the presence of the time-alternative external field a crystal can be described by the effective indices of refraction that depend on the external field frequency $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ . Therefore, in this case $`v_{gr}`$ appears to be the function of $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ . This can be easily observed in the conditions of X-ray-acoustic resonance. The analysis done allows to conclude that center of the X-ray pulse can undergo the significant delay in a crystal $`\mathrm{\Delta }T{\displaystyle \frac{l}{c}}`$ that it is possible to investigate experimentally. Thus, when $`\beta =10^3`$, $`l=0,1`$ cm and $`l/c310^{12}`$ the delay time can be estimated as $`\mathrm{\Delta }T310^9`$sec.

Let us study now the time dependence of delay law of radiation after passing through a crystal. Assuming that $`B(\omega )`$ is the reflection or transmission amplitude coefficients of a crystal one can obtain the following expression for the pulse form

$$E(t)=\frac{1}{2\pi }B(\omega )E_0(\omega )e^{i\omega t}𝑑\omega =B(tt^{})E_0(t^{})𝑑t^{}.$$
(10)   
where $`E_0(\omega )`$ is the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave incident on a crystal

In accordance with the general theory for the Bragg geometry the amplitude of the diffractionally reflected wave for the crystal width that is much greater than the absorbtion length can be written 

$$B_s(\omega )=\frac{1}{2\chi _\tau }\left\{\chi _0(1+\left|\beta \right|)\left|\beta \right|\alpha \sqrt{(\chi _0(1\left|\beta \right|)\left|\beta \right|\alpha )^24\left|\beta \right|C_s\chi _\tau \chi _\tau }\right\}$$
(11)   
In the absence of resonance scattering the parameters $`\chi _0`$ and $`\chi _{\pm \tau }`$ can be considered as constants and frequency dependence is defined by the term $`\alpha ={\displaystyle \frac{(2\pi \tau )^2}{k_B^3c}}(\omega \omega _B)`$. So, $`B_s(t)`$ can be find from

$$B_s(t)=\frac{1}{4\pi \chi _\tau }\left\{\chi _0(1+\left|\beta \right|)\left|\beta \right|\alpha \sqrt{(\chi _0(1\left|\beta \right|)\left|\beta \right|\alpha )^24\left|\beta \right|C_s\chi _\tau \chi _\tau }\right\}e^{i\omega t}𝑑\omega .$$
(12)   
Fourier transform of the first term results in $`\delta (t)`$ and we can neglet it, because the delay is described by the second term. The second term can be calculated by the methods of theory of function of complex argument:

$$B_s(t)=\frac{i}{4\chi _\tau }\left|\beta \right|\frac{(2\pi \tau )^2}{k_B^2\omega _B}\frac{J_1(a_st)}{t}e^{i(\omega _B+\mathrm{\Delta }\omega _B)t}\theta (t),$$
(13)   
or

$$B_s(t)=\frac{i\sqrt{\left|\beta \right|}}{2}\frac{J_1(a_st)}{a_st}e^{i(\omega _B+\mathrm{\Delta }\omega _B)t}\theta (t),$$
(14)   
where

$$a_s=\frac{2\sqrt{C_s\chi _\tau \chi _\tau }\omega _B}{\sqrt{\left|\beta \right|}{\displaystyle \frac{(2\pi \tau )^2}{k_B^2}}},\mathrm{\Delta }\omega _B=\frac{\chi _0(1+\left|\beta \right|)\omega _Bk_B^2}{\left|\beta \right|(2\pi \tau )^2}.$$

Since $`\chi _0`$ and $`\chi _\tau `$ are complex, both $`a_s`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }\omega _B`$ have real and imaginary parts. According to (12-14) in the case of Bragg reflection of short pulse (pulse frequency band width $``$ frequency width of the total reflection range) appear both the instantly reflected pulse and the pulse with amplitude undergoing damping beatings. Beatings period increases with $`\left|\beta \right|`$ grows and $`\chi _\tau `$ decrease. Pulse intensity can be written as

$$I_s(t)\left|B_s(t)\right|^2=\frac{\left|\beta \right|}{2}\left|\frac{J_1(a_st)}{at}\right|^2e^{2\mathrm{I}m\mathrm{\Delta }\omega _Bt}\theta (t).$$
(15)   
It is evident that the reflected pulse intensity depends on the orientation of photon polarization vector $`\stackrel{}{e_s}`$ and undergoes the damping oscillations on time.

Let us evaluate the effect. Characteristic values are $`\mathrm{I}m\mathrm{\Delta }\omega _B\mathrm{I}m\chi _0\omega _B`$ and $`\mathrm{I}ma{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{I}m\chi _\tau \omega _B}{\sqrt{\beta }}}.`$ For 10 keV for the crystal of Si $`\mathrm{I}m\chi _0=1,610^7`$ , for LiH $`\mathrm{I}m\chi _0=7,610^{11},\mathrm{I}m\chi _\tau =710^{11}`$, for LiF $`\mathrm{I}m\chi _010^8.`$ Consequently, the characteristic time $`\tau `$ for the exponent decay in (15) can be estimated as follows ($`\omega _B=10^{19}`$):

for Si - $`\tau 10^{12}`$ sec, for LiF - $`\tau 10^{10}`$ sec, for LiH - $`\tau 10^9`$ sec!!

The reflected pulse also undergoes oscillations period of which increases with $`\left|\beta \right|`$ grows and decreasing of $`\mathrm{R}e\chi _\tau .`$ This period can be estimated for $`\beta =10^2`$ and $`\mathrm{R}e\chi _\tau 10^6`$ as $`T\mathrm{~}10^{12}`$ sec (for Si, LiH, LiF).

When the resolving time of the detection equipment is greater than the oscillation period the expression (15) should be averaged over the period of oscillations. Then, for the time intervals when $`\mathrm{R}ea_st1,`$ $`\mathrm{I}m\mathrm{\Delta }\omega _Bt1`$ the delay law (15) has the power function form:

$$I_s\left(t\right)t^3.$$