# SCATTERING OF ULTRAHIGH ENERGY (UHE) EXTRAGALACTIC NEUTRINOS ONTO LIGHT RELIC NEUTRINOS IN GALACTIC HDM HALO OVERCOMING THE GZK CUT OFF

## 1 Introduction

Most energetic cosmic rays UHE $`(E_{CR}>10^{19}eV)`$ are bounded to short $`(\stackrel{~}{<}10Mpc)`$ distances by the 2.73 K BBR opacity ,  (the GZK cut off) and by diffused radio intergalactic noise , . The main electromagnetic “viscosities” stopping the UHE cosmic ray (nuclei, nucleons, photons, electrons) propagation above $`10Mpc`$ are:

(1) The Inverse Compton scattering of any charged lepton (mainly electrons) on the BBR $`(e_{CR}^\pm \gamma _{BBR}e^\pm \gamma )`$ ,  ,

(2) the nucleons photopair production at higher energies $`(p_{CR}+\gamma _{BBR}pe^+e^{})`$,

(3) the UHE photon BBR or radio photon electron-pair productions $`(\gamma _{CR}+\gamma _{BBR}e^+e^{})`$,

(4) nuclei fragmentation by photopion interactions.

(5) the dominant nucleon photoproduction of pions $`(p_{CR}+\gamma _{BBR}p+N\pi ;n+\gamma _{BBR}n+N\pi )`$.

The above GZK constrains apply to all known particle (proton, neutron, photons, nuclei) excluding neutrinos. Nevertheless, the UHE cosmic rays, either charged or neutral, flight straight keeping memory of the primordial source direction, because of the extreme magnetic rigidity . However all last well localized most energetic cosmic rays (as the Fly’s Eye 320 EeV event on October 1991) do not exhibit any cosmic nearby $`(<60Mpc)`$ source candidate in the same arrival direction error box. From here the UHE cosmic ray paradox arises. The few known solutions are difficult to accept:

(a) An exceptional $`(B\stackrel{~}{>}10^7Gauss)`$ coherent magnetic field on huge extragalactic distances able to bend (by a large angle) the UHECR trajectory coming not from distant but from nearer off-axis sources like M 82 or Virgo A .

This solution was not found plausible .

(b) Exotic topological defect annihilations  in diffused galactic halo is an ad hoc, and a posteriori solution. Moreover it is in contradiction with recent evidences by AGASA detector of data inhomogeneities, i.e. of doublets or triplet UHECR events arriving from the same directions .

(c) A galactic halo population of UHECR sources (as the fast running pulsars associated with SGRs). These small size (neutron star - black-hole) jets sources must be extremely efficient in cosmic ray acceleration at energies well above the expected common maximum energy $`E<BR\stackrel{~}{<}10^{17}eV(\frac{B}{3.10^6G})(\frac{R}{50pc})`$ required by a supernova accelerating blast wave. Moreover their extended halo distribution must reflect in a dipole and/or in a quadrupole UHECR anisotropy, signature not yet identified. Therefore it seems at least premature to call for a solution in (local galactic - local group) location of microquasar jets.

(d) A direct nucleus or a nucleon at high energies will be at 100Mpc distances severely suppressed by GZK $`(10^5)`$ cut off and, more dramatically, they will induce a strong signal of secondaries at energies just below the GZK bound, a totally unobserved signal.

Our present  solution is based on the key role of light $`(m_\nu \stackrel{~}{>}eV)`$ cosmic neutrinos clustered in extended galactic halo: these relic neutrinos act as a target calorimeter able to absorb the UHE $`\nu `$’s from cosmic distances and to produce hadronic showers in our galaxy. The primary UHECRs are the usual AGNs or Blazars able to produce huge powers and energies. Their photopion production and decays, near the source, into muonic and electronic neutrinos, generate the main $`\nu `$s messenger toward cosmic distances up to our galactic halo. Their final interactions with clustered relic $`\nu _r`$ (and $`\overline{\nu }_r`$) of all flavours (but preferentially with the heaviest and best clustered one $`(\nu _\tau ,\overline{\nu }_\tau )`$) may offer different channel reactions:

(A) $`\nu \overline{\nu }_\tau `$ scattering via a Z exchanged in the s-channel leading to nucleons and photons.

(B) $`\nu \overline{\nu }_r`$ scattering via t-channel of virtual W exchange between different flavours. This is able to produce copious UHE photons (mainly by $`\nu _\mu \overline{\nu }_\tau \mu ^{}\tau ^+`$ and $`\tau `$ pion decay),

(C) $`\nu \overline{\nu }_r`$ production of $`W^{}W^+`$ or ZZ pairs. The latter channels are the best ones in our opinion to produce final nucleons $`(p,\overline{p},n,\overline{n})`$ which fit observational data.

The UHE $`\nu `$ cross section interacting with relic $`\nu _\tau ,\overline{\nu }_\tau `$.

The general framework to solve the GZK puzzle we proposed is a tale story beginning from a far AGN source whose UHE protons $`(E_p\stackrel{~}{>}10^{23}eV)`$ are themselves a source of pions and secondaries muons and UHE neutrinos. The latter may actually escape the GZK cut off, traveling unbounded all the needed cosmic distances $`(100Mpc)`$.

Once near our galactic halo, the denser gravitationally-clustered light relic neutrinos, forming a hot dark halo, might be able to convert the UHE $`\nu `$’s energies by scattering and subsequent decays into an observable nucleon (or antinucleon), the final observed UHECR remnant. The $`\nu \nu `$ interaction cross-sections are the key filter which make possible and efficient the whole process. In fig. 1 from  we show the three main processes cross-section as a function of the center of mass energies. The (s \- channel) $`\nu _\mu \overline{\nu }_{\mu R}Z`$ exhibits a resonance at $`E_\nu =10^{21}eV(\frac{m\nu }{4eV})^1`$; (t - channel) $`\nu _\mu \nu _{\tau _R}\mu ^{}\tau ^+`$ via virtual W. These reactions are the most probable ones but UHE photon seem to be excluded by geomagnetic high height cut off. The $`\nu \overline{\nu }_\tau W^+W^{}`$ cross section is also shown. There is an additional Z pair production channel $`(\nu \overline{\nu }_\tau ZZ)`$  almost coincident in its general behaviour with the $`W^+W^{}`$ production. It is not shown on the figure. Its global contribute (to be discussed elsewhere) is to double the $`(\nu \overline{\nu }_\tau W^{}W^+)`$ chain products making easier their detection . The table 5 from , (regarding the $`W^+W^{}`$ channel) is also shown. It describes the complex reaction branching (left column) of the reaction considered, the corresponding probability (left-center column ), the consequent multiplicity (center - right column of the by-products), the final energy of their secondaries. For example, the first reaction shows the nucleon $`+\gamma _{BBR}`$ photopion production at the primordial proton/neutron energy (see the final box $`E_p^{WW}7.10^{23}eV`$), the corresponding multiplicity, $`8\pi `$, which is reduced to 5 for the charged pions, and the corresponding relativistic, secondary pion energy $`E_\pi \frac{Ep}{9}`$.

The following pion and muon decay in UHE neutrinos are straightforward. The $`\nu _\mu \overline{\nu }_{\mu \tau }W^+W^{}`$ reaction and probability must be considered at this energy range assuming a neutrino density clustering  in galactic halo: $`P\sigma n_{\nu _\tau }l_g`$.

The clustered neutrino density contrast  is comparable to the barionic one $`\frac{n\nu _\tau }{n\nu _{BBR}}\frac{\rho _G}{\rho _W}10^{5÷7}`$. In conclusion , the total probability of the processes and the corresponding needed primordial proton energy $`E_p^{WW}`$ (calibrated by the final observed nucleon cosmic ray at 320 EeV = $`4.310^4E_p^{WW}`$) are summarized in the square boxes. The probability (taking into account global multiplicity and probability) to occur is at least $`P^{WW}\stackrel{~}{>}10^3(\frac{m\nu }{10eV})^1`$ corresponding, for the candidate source MCG 8-11-11, to a needed average power $`E^{WW}2.510^{48}ergs^1`$. The additional $`\nu \overline{\nu }ZZ`$ channel  will reduce to half the power above , making the value comparable with the MCG8-11-11 observed low-gamma MeV luminosity $`(L_\gamma 710^{46}ergs^1)`$. We predicted parassite signals photons at $`10^{16}eV`$ energies  as well as a peculiar imprint on larger sample data, due to the central overlapping of neutron-antineutron prompt arrival toward the source line of sight. An additional twin mirror (deviated) signal due to protons and antiprotons random walk will arrive late nearly at opposite (few degrees) sides. These characteristic signatures might be already recorded by AGASA in the last few doublet and triplet UHECR events.

The UHE neutrinos above the GZK cut-off are observable from almost all the Universe while the corresponding UHE nucleons (or gamma) above the GZK energies are born in a smaller constrained “GZK” volume.Therefore the expected flux ratio for UHE $`\nu `$’s over nuclei or photons at GZK energies is roughly (in euclidean approximation) independent of the source spectra:

$$\frac{\varphi _\nu }{\varphi _{GZK}}[\frac{z_\nu }{z_{GZK}}]^{3/2}310^4\eta (\frac{z_\nu }{2})^{3/2}(\frac{z_{GzK}}{210^3})^{3/2}$$

where $`z_\nu `$ is a characteristic UHE $`\nu ^{}`$s source redshift $`2`$ and $`z_{GZK}210^3`$. Assuming an efficiency ratio $`\eta `$ for the conversion from UHE proton to UHE $`\nu `$’s of a few percent, the ratio $`\varphi _\nu /\varphi _{GZK}\stackrel{~}{>}10^3`$ is naturally consistent with the inverse probability $`(P^{WW}\stackrel{~}{>}10^3)^1`$ found above.

Therefore a $`10^{+3}`$ fold larger flux of UHE $`\nu `$’s (than the corresponding nucleon flux C.R.) above GZK (mainly of tau nature ) should be observed easily in a $`Km^3`$ neutrino detector in a very near future.