# Extension of the bilinear formalism to supersymmetric KdV-type equations

## I Introduction

Supersymmetric integrable systems constitute a very interesting subject and as a consequence a number of well known integrable equations have been generalized into supersymmetric (SUSY) context. We mention the SUSY versions of sine-Gordon , , nonlinear Schrödinger , KP-hierarchy , KdV ,, Boussinesq  etc. We also point out that there are many generalizations related to the number $`N`$ of fermionic independent variables. In this paper we are dealing with the $`N=1`$ SUSY.

So far, many of the tools used in standard theory have been extended to this framework, such as Bäcklund transformations , prolongation theory , hamiltonian formalism , grasmmannian description , $`\tau `$ functions , Darboux transformations . The physical interest in the study of these systems have been launched by the seminal paper of Alvarez-Gaume et. al  about the partition function and super-Virasoro constraints of 2D quantum supergravity. Although the $`\tau `$ function theory in the context of SUSY pseudodifferential operators was given for the SUSY KP-hierarchy , the bilinear formalism for SUSY equations was very little investigated. We mention here the algebraic approach using the representation theory of affine Lie super-algebras in the papers of Kac and van der Leur , Kac and Medina the super-conformal field theoretic approach of LeClair . Anyway in these articles the bilinear hierarchies are not related to the SUSY hierarchies of nonlinear equations.

In this paper we consider a direct approach to SUSY equations rather than hierarchies namely extending the gauge-invariance principle of $`\tau `$ functions for classical Hirota operators. Our result generalize the Grammaticos-Ramani-Hietarinta  theorem, to SUSY case and we find N=1 SUSY Hirota bilinear operators. With these operators one can obtain SUSY-bilinear forms for SUSY KdV equation of Mathieu  and also it allows bilinear forms for certain SUSY extensions of Sawada-Kotera-Ramani  and Hirota-Satsuma (long water wave)  equations. Also the gauge-invarince principle allows to study the SUSY multisoliton solutions as exponentials of linears. We want to emphasize that a special super-bilinear identity for N=1 SUSY KdV hierarchy was conjectured by McArthur and Yung . Using it they were able to write the SUSY KdV hierarchy in the bilinear form. Our approach generalizes the super bilinear operator conjectured by them and in the case of SUSY KdV-type equations we obtain the same results.

The paper is organized as follows. In section II the standard bilinear formalism is briefly discussed. In section III supersymmetric versions for nonlinear evolution equations are presented and in section IV we introduce the super-bilinear formalism. In the last section we shall present the bilinear form for SUSY KdV-type equations, super-soliton solutions and several comments about extension to N=2 SUSY sine-Gordon equation.

## II Standard bilinear formalism

The Hirota bilinear operators were introduced as an antisymmetric extension of the usual derivative , because of their usefulness for the computation of multisoliton solution of nonlinear evolution equations. The bilinear operator $`𝐃_x=_{x_1}_{x_2},`$ acts on a pair of functions (the so-called ”dot product”) antisymmetrically:

$$𝐃_xfg=(_{x_1}_{x_2})f(x_1)f(x_2)|_{x_1=x_2=x}=f^{}gfg^{}.$$
(1)   
The Hirota bilinear formalism has been instrumental in the derivation of the multisoliton solutions of (integrable) nonlinear evolution equations. The first step in the application is a dependent variable transformation which converts the nonlinear equation into a quadratic form. This quadratic form turns out to have the same structure as the dispersion relation of the linearized nonlinear equation, although there is no deep reason for that. This is best understood if we consider an exemple. Starting from paradigmatic KdV equation

$$u_t+6uu_x+u_{xxx}=0,$$
(2)   
we introduce the substitution $`u=2_x^2\mathrm{log}F`$ and obtain after one integration:

$$F_{xt}FF_xF_t+F_{xxxx}F4F_{xxx}F_x+3F_{xx}^2=0,$$
(3)   
which can be written in the following condensed form:

$$(𝐃_x𝐃_t+𝐃_x^4)FF=0.$$
(4)   
The power of the bilinear formalism lies in the fact that for multisoliton solution $`F`$’s are polynomials of exponentials. Moreover it displays also the interaction (phase-shifts) between solitons. In the case of KdV equation the multisoliton solution has the following form:

$$F=\underset{\mu =0,1}{}\mathrm{exp}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mu _i\eta _i+\underset{i<j}{}A_{ij}\mu _i\mu _j),$$
(5)   
where $`\eta _i=k_ixk_i^3t+\eta _i^{(0)}`$ and $`expA_{ij}=(\frac{k_ik_j}{k_i+k_j})^2`$ which is the phase-shift from the interaction of the soliton $`\mathrm{"}i\mathrm{"}`$ with the soliton $`\mathrm{"}j\mathrm{"}`$.

A very important observation (which motivated the present paper) is the relation of the physical field $`u=2_x^2\mathrm{log}F`$ of KdV equation with the Hirota function $`F`$: the gauge-transformation $`Fe^{px+\omega t}F`$ leaves $`u`$ invariant. This is a general property of all bilinear equation. Moreover, one can define the Hirota operators using the requirement of gauge-invariance. Let’s introduce a general bilinear expression,

$$A_N(f,g)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{N}{}}c_i(_x^{Ni}f)(_x^ig)$$
(6)   
and ask to be invariant under the gauge-trasformation:

$$A_N(e^\theta f,e^\theta g)=e^{2\theta }A_N(f,g)\theta =kx+\omega t+\mathrm{}(linears).$$
(7)   
Then we have the following,

Theorem: $`A_N(f,g)`$ is gauge-invariant if and only if $`A_N(f,g)=𝐃_x^Nfg`$ i.e.

$$c_i=c_0(1)^i\left(\begin{array}{c}N\\ i\end{array}\right)$$

and $`c_0`$ is a constant and the brakets represent binomial coefficient.

## III Supersymmetry

The supersymmetric extension of a nonlinear evolution equation (KdV for instance) refers to a system of coupled equations for a bosonic $`u(t,x)`$ and a fermionic field $`\xi (t,x)`$ which reduces to the initial equation in the limit where the fermionic field is zero (bosonic limit). In the classical context, a fermionic field is described by an anticommuting function with values in an infinitely generated Grassmann algebra. However, supersymmetry is not just a coupling of a bosonic field to a fermionic field. It implies a transformation (supersymmetry invariance) relating these two fields which leaves the system invariant. In order to have a mathematical formulation of these concepts we have to extend the classical space $`(x,t)`$ to a larger space (superspace) $`(t,x,\theta )`$ where $`\theta `$ is a Grassmann variable and also to extend the pair of fiels $`(u,\xi )`$ to a larger fermionic or bosonic superfield $`\mathrm{\Phi }(t,x,\theta ).`$ In order to have nontrivial extension for KdV we choose $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ to be fermionic, having the expansion

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(t,x,\theta )=\xi (t,x)+\theta u(t,x).$$
(8)   
The N=1 SUSY means that we have only one Grassmann variable $`\theta `$ and we consider only space supersymmetry invariance namely $`xx\lambda \theta `$ and $`\theta \theta +\lambda `$ ($`\lambda `$ is an anticommuting parameter). This transformation is generated by the operator $`Q=_\theta \theta _x,`$ which anticommutes with the covariant derivative $`D=_\theta +\theta _x`$ (Notice also that $`D^2=_x`$). Expressions written in terms of the covariant derivative and the superfield $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ are manifestly supersymmetric invariant. Using the superspace formalism one can construct different supersymmetric extension of nonlinear equations. Thus the integrable (in the sense of Lax pair) variant of N=1 SUSY KdV is 

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_t+D^6\mathrm{\Phi }+3D^2(\mathrm{\Phi }D\mathrm{\Phi })=0,$$
(9)   
which on the components has the form

$`u_t`$ $`=`$ $`u_{xxx}6uu_x+3\xi \xi _{xx}`$ (10)   
$`\xi _t`$ $`=`$ $`\xi _{xxx}3\xi _xu3\xi u_x.`$ (11)   
We shall discuss also the following supersymmetric equations, although we do not know if these equations are completely integrable in the sense of Lax pair ($`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ is also a fermionic superfield).

* N=1 SUSY Sawada-Kotera-Ramani,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }_t+D^{10}\mathrm{\Phi }+D^2(10D\mathrm{\Phi }D^4\mathrm{\Phi }+5D^5\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }+15(D\mathrm{\Phi })^2\mathrm{\Phi })=0.$$
(12)
* N=1 SUSY Hirota-Satsuma (shallow water wave)

$$D^4\mathrm{\Phi }_t+\mathrm{\Phi }_tD^3\mathrm{\Phi }+2D^2\mathrm{\Phi }D\mathrm{\Phi }_tD^2\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{\Phi }_t=0.$$
(13)

A very important equation from the physical consideration is the SUSY sine-Gordon. We are going to consider the version studied by Kulish and Tsyplyaev . There are other integrable versions of SUSY sine-Gordon emerged from algebraic procedures . In this case one needs two Grassmann variables $`\theta _\alpha `$ with $`\alpha =1,2`$ and the supersymmetry transformation is

$$x^{}_{}{}^{}\mu =x^\mu i\overline{\lambda }\gamma ^\mu \theta ,\theta _\alpha ^{^{}}=\theta _\alpha +\lambda _\alpha ,\mu =1,2.$$

Here, $`\lambda _\alpha `$ is the anticommuting spinor parameter of the transformation and $`\overline{\lambda }=(\lambda ^1,\lambda ^2)`$, $`\lambda ^\alpha =\lambda _\beta (i\sigma _2)^{\beta \alpha }`$, $`\gamma ^0=i\sigma _2`$, $`\gamma ^1=\sigma _1`$, $`\gamma ^5=\gamma ^0\gamma ^1=\sigma _3`$. We use the metric $`g^{\mu \nu }=diag(1,1)`$ and $`\sigma _i`$ are the Pauli matrices. The superfield has the following expansion:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(x^\mu ,\theta _\alpha )=\varphi (x^\mu )+i\overline{\theta }\psi (x^\mu )+\frac{i}{2}\overline{\theta }\theta F(x^\mu ),$$
(14)   
where $`\varphi `$ and $`F`$ are real bosonic (even) scalar fields and $`\psi _\alpha `$ is a Majorana spinor field. The SUSY sine-Gordon equation is:

$$\overline{D}D\mathrm{\Phi }=2i\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Phi },$$
(15)   
where $`D_\alpha =_{\theta ^\alpha }+i(\gamma ^\mu \theta )_\alpha _\mu `$ and on the components it has the form:

$`(\gamma ^\mu _\mu +\mathrm{cos}\varphi )\psi =0`$ (16)   
$`\varphi _{xx}\varphi _{tt}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(\mathrm{sin}(2\varphi )i\overline{\psi }\psi \mathrm{sin}\varphi ).`$ (17)   
This version of SUSY sine-Gordon equation has been studied by Kulish and Tsyplyaev  using the Inverse Scattering Method. They also found super-kink solutions.

## IV Super-Hirota operators

In order to apply the bilinear formalism on these equations one has to define a SUSY bilinear operator. We are going to consider the following general $`N=1`$ SUSY bilinear expression

$$S_N(f,g)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{N}{}}c_i(D^{Ni}f)(D^ig),$$
(18)   
where $`D`$ is the covariant derivative and $`f`$, $`g`$ are Grassmann valued functions (odd or even). We shall prove the following

Theorem: The general $`N=1`$ SUSY bilinear expression (18) is super-gauge invariant i.e. for $`\mathrm{\Theta }=kx+\omega t+\theta \widehat{\zeta }+`$…linears ($`\zeta `$ is a Grassmann parameter)

$$S_N(e^\mathrm{\Theta }f,e^\mathrm{\Theta }g)=e^{2\mathrm{\Theta }}S_N(f,g),$$

if and only if

$$c_i=c_0(1)^{i|f|+\frac{i(i+1)}{2}}\left[\begin{array}{c}N\\ i\end{array}\right],$$

where the super-binomial coefficients are defined by:

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}N\\ i\end{array}\right]=\{\begin{array}{cc}\left(\begin{array}{c}\text{[N/2]}\\ \text{[i/2]}\end{array}\right)\hfill & \text{if }(N,i)(0,1)mod2\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}$$

$`|f|`$ is the Grassmann parity of the function $`f`$ defined by:

$$|f|=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{if }f\text{ is odd (fermionic)}\hfill \\ 0\hfill & \text{if }f\text{ is even (bosonic)}\hfill \end{array}$$

and $`[k]`$ is the integer part of the real number $`k`$ ($`[k]k<[k]+1`$)

Proof: First we are going to consider $`N`$ even and we shall take it on the form $`N=2P`$. In this case we have:

$$S_N(f,g)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}c_i(D^{Ni}f)(D^ig)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{P}{}}c_{2i}(^{Pi}f)(^ig)+\underset{j=0}{\overset{P1}{}}c_{2j+1}(^{Pj1}Df)(^jDg)$$

Imposing the super-gauge invariance and expanding the covariant derivatives we obtain:

$$\underset{n0}{}\underset{m0}{}\left(\underset{i=0}{\overset{P}{}}c_{2i}\left(\begin{array}{c}i\\ n\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}Pi\\ m\end{array}\right)k^{Pnm}\right)(^mf)(^ng)+$$

$$+\underset{n^{}0}{}\underset{m^{}0}{}\mathrm{\Lambda }\left(\underset{j=0}{\overset{P1}{}}c_{2j+1}\left(\begin{array}{c}j\\ n^{}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}Pj1\\ m^{}\end{array}\right)k^{Pn^{}m^{}1}\right)(^m^{}f)(^n^{}Dg)+$$

$$+\underset{n^{}0}{}\underset{m^{}0}{}\mathrm{\Lambda }(1)^{|f|+1}\left(\underset{j=0}{\overset{P1}{}}c_{2j+1}\left(\begin{array}{c}j\\ n^{}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}Pj1\\ m^{}\end{array}\right)k^{Pn^{}m^{}1}\right)(^m^{}Df)(^n^{}g)+$$

$$+\underset{n0}{}\underset{m0}{}\left(\underset{j=0}{\overset{P1}{}}c_{2j+1}\left(\begin{array}{c}j\\ n\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}Pj1\\ m\end{array}\right)k^{Pnm1}\right)(^mDf)(^nDg)=$$

$$=\underset{i=0}{\overset{P}{}}c_{2i}(^{Pi}f)(^ig)+\underset{j=0}{\overset{P1}{}}c_{2j1}(^{Pj1}Df)(^jDg)$$

where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=\widehat{\zeta }+\theta k`$. From this, we must have for every $`m`$, $`n`$ subjected to $`0niPm`$ and $`jPm^{}`$.

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{P}{}}c_{2i}\left(\begin{array}{c}i\\ n\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}Pi\\ m\end{array}\right)k^{Pnm}=c_{2n}\delta _{Pnm}$$
(19)   
Also due to the fact that the supergauge invariance has to be obeyed for every $`f`$ and $`g`$ we must have $`c_{2j+1}=0`$ The discrete equation (19) was solved in . Its general solution is given by:

$`c_{2i}`$ $`=`$ $`c_0(1)^i\left(\begin{array}{c}P\\ i\end{array}\right)`$ (22)   
$`c_{2j+1}`$ $`=`$ $`0`$ (23)   
In the case of $`N=2P+1`$ we proceed in a similar manner and we obtain the following system:

$$\underset{i=0}{\overset{P}{}}c_{2i}\left(\begin{array}{c}i\\ n\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}Pi\\ m\end{array}\right)k^{Pnm}=c_{2n}\delta _{Pnm}$$
(24)   
$$\underset{j=0}{\overset{P}{}}c_{2j+1}\left(\begin{array}{c}j\\ n\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}Pj1\\ m\end{array}\right)k^{Pnm1}=c_{2n+1}\delta _{Pnm1}$$
(25)   
$$(1)^{|f|}c_{2i}+c_{2i+1}=0$$
(26)   
This system has the following solution:

$`c_{2i}`$ $`=`$ $`c_0(1)^i\left(\begin{array}{c}P\\ i\end{array}\right)`$ (29)   
$`c_{2i+1}`$ $`=`$ $`c_0(1)^{i+1+|f|}\left(\begin{array}{c}P\\ i\end{array}\right)`$ (32)   
The relations (22), (29) can be written in a compact form as

$$c_i=c_0(1)^{i|f|+\frac{i(i+1)}{2}}\left[\begin{array}{c}N\\ i\end{array}\right].$$

and the theorem is proved. We mention that the super-bilinear operator proposed by McArthur and Yung  is a particular case of the above super-Hirota operator.

We shall note the bilinear operator as

$$S_N(f,g):=𝐒_x^Nfg$$

Also, one can easily obtain the following properties:

$$𝐒_x^{2N}fg=𝐃_x^Nfg$$
(33)   
$$𝐒_x^{2N+1}e^{\eta _1}e^{\eta _2}=[\widehat{\zeta }_1\widehat{\zeta }_2+\theta (k_1k_2)](k_1k_2)^Ne^{\eta _1+\eta _2}$$
(34)   
$$𝐒_x^{2N+1}1e^{\eta _1}=(1)^{N+1}(\widehat{\zeta }+\theta k)k^Ne^\eta =(1)^{N+1}𝐒_x^{2N+1}e^\eta 1$$
(35)   
where $`\eta _i=k_ix+\theta \widehat{\zeta }_i`$ and $`\widehat{\zeta }_i`$ are odd Grassmann numbers.

## V Bilinear SUSY KdV-type equations

In order to use the super-bilinear operators defined above we shall consider the following nonlinear substitution for the superfield:

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(t,x,\theta )=2D^3\mathrm{log}\tau (t,x,\theta )$$
(36)   
Introducing in SUSY KdV (9) we obtain the following super-bilinear form:

$$(𝐒_x𝐃_t+𝐒_x^7)\tau \tau =0,$$
(37)   
which is equivalent with the form found by McArthur and Yung

$$𝐒_x(𝐃_t+𝐃_x^3)\tau \tau =0.$$
(38)   
The 1 super-soliton solution has the following structure

$$\tau ^{(1)}=1+e^{kxk^3t+\theta \widehat{\zeta }+\eta ^{(0)}}$$
(39)   
In order to find 2 super-soliton solution we are going to consider the form

$$\tau ^{(2)}=1+e^{\eta _1}+e^{\eta _2}+e^{\eta _1+\eta _2+A_{12}}$$
(40)   
and we have to find the factor $`\mathrm{exp}A_{12}`$, where $`\eta _i=k_ixk_i^3t+\theta \widehat{\zeta }_i+\eta _i^{(0)}`$ The equation for $`\mathrm{exp}A_{12}`$ is the following:

$$[(\widehat{\zeta }_1\widehat{\zeta }_2)+\theta (k_1k_2)](k_1k_2)=\mathrm{exp}A_{12}[(\widehat{\zeta }_1+\widehat{\zeta }_2)+\theta (k_1+k_2)](k_1+k_2)$$
(41)   
We assume that $`\mathrm{exp}A_{12}`$ depends only on $`k_i`$, $`\widehat{\zeta }_i`$, with $`i=1,2`$ and in the bosonic limit ($`\widehat{\zeta }_i=0`$) to have the standard form, $`(k_1k_2)^2/(k_1+k_2)^2`$. Accordingly, in order to solve (41) we consider the ansatz:

$$\mathrm{exp}A_{12}=(\frac{k_1k_2}{k_1+k_2})^2+\widehat{a}(k_1,k_2)\widehat{\zeta }_1+\widehat{b}(k_1,k_2)\widehat{\zeta }_2+\gamma (k_1,k_2)\widehat{\zeta }_1\widehat{\zeta }_2$$
(42)   
where $`\widehat{a}`$, $`\widehat{b}`$ are odd Grassmann functions depending on $`k_1`$ and $`k_2`$ and $`\gamma `$ is an even Grassmann function. Introducing (42) in (41) we shall find that

$$\widehat{a}(k_1,k_2)\widehat{\zeta }_1+\widehat{b}(k_1,k_2)\widehat{\zeta }_2+\gamma (k_1,k_2)\widehat{\zeta }_1\widehat{\zeta }_2=0$$

and

$$k_1\widehat{\zeta }_2=k_2\widehat{\zeta }_1$$

So, the interaction effect remains the same as in the bosonic case. One can easily verify that the N super-soliton solution is given by

$$\tau ^{(N)}=\underset{\mu =0,1}{}\mathrm{exp}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mu _i\eta _i+\underset{i<j}{}A_{ij}\mu _i\mu _j),$$
(43)   
where

$$\eta _i=k_ixk_i^3t+\theta \widehat{\zeta }_i+\eta _i^{(0)}$$

$$\mathrm{exp}A_{ij}=\left(\frac{k_ik_j}{k_i+k_j}\right)^2$$

$$k_i\widehat{\zeta }_j=k_j\widehat{\zeta }_i$$

For N=1 SUSY Sawada-Kotera-Ramani (12) using the same nonlinear substitution,

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=2D^3\mathrm{log}\tau (t,x,\theta )$$

we shall find the following super-bilinear form:

$$(𝐒_x𝐃_t+𝐒_x^{11})\tau \tau =0$$
(44)   
In a similar way we find the N super-soliton solution

$$\tau ^{(N)}=\underset{\mu =0,1}{}\mathrm{exp}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mu _i\eta _i+\underset{i<j}{}A_{ij}\mu _i\mu _j),$$
(45)   
where

$$\eta _i=k_ixk_i^5t+\theta \widehat{\zeta }_i+\eta _i^{(0)}$$

$$\mathrm{exp}A_{ij}=\left(\frac{k_ik_j}{k_i+k_j}\right)^2\frac{k_i^2k_ik_j+k_j^2}{k_i^2+k_ik_j+k_j^2}$$

$$k_i\widehat{\zeta }_j=k_j\widehat{\zeta }_i$$

For N=1 SUSY Hirota-Satsuma equation (13) using the nonlinear substitution

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=2D\mathrm{log}\tau (t,x,\theta )$$

one obtains the super-bilinear form:

$$(𝐒_x^5𝐃_t𝐒_x^3𝐒_x𝐃_t)\tau \tau =0$$
(46)   
The N super-soliton solution is,

$$\tau ^{(N)}=\underset{\mu =0,1}{}\mathrm{exp}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{N}{}}\mu _i\eta _i+\underset{i<j}{}A_{ij}\mu _i\mu _j),$$
(47)   
where

$$\eta _i=k_ixk_it/(k_i^21)+\theta \widehat{\zeta }_i+\eta _i^{(0)}$$

$$\mathrm{exp}A_{ij}=\left(\frac{k_ik_j}{k_i+k_j}\right)^2\frac{(k_ik_j)^2+k_ik_j[(k_ik_j)^2(k_i^21)(k_j^21)]}{(k_ik_j)^2k_ik_j[(k_ik_j)^2(k_i^21)(k_j^21)]}$$

$$k_i\widehat{\zeta }_j=k_j\widehat{\zeta }_i$$

We can ask ourselves if it is possible to obtain super-bilinear forms for SUSY equations of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon type. In fact the SUSY sine-Gordon equation(15) can be written in the following form:

$$[D_T,D_X]\mathrm{\Phi }(T,X,\theta ,\theta _t)=2i\mathrm{sin}\mathrm{\Phi }(T,X,\theta ,\theta _t)$$
(48)   
where we have introduced the light-cone variables $`X:=i(tx)/2`$, $`T:=i(t+x)/2`$, and $`\theta :=\theta _1`$, $`\theta _2:=\theta _t.`$ Covariant derivatives are $`D_X:=_\theta +\theta _X`$, $`D_T:=_{\theta _t}+\theta _t_T`$ and the square braket means the commutator. Using the nonlinear substitution ($`G`$ and $`F`$ are even functions)

$$\mathrm{\Phi }=2i\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{G}{F}\right),$$

we find the following quadrilinear expression

$$2i\{F^2(G[D_T,D_X]G[D_TG,D_XG])G^2(F[D_T,D_X]F[D_TF,D_XF])\}=F^4G^4$$

It is easy to see that the bilinear operator

$$𝐒_{XT}\tau \tau :=\tau [D_T,D_X]\tau [D_T\tau ,D_X\tau ]$$

is super-gauge invariant with respect to the super-gauge

$$e^\mathrm{\Theta }:=e^{(kx+\omega t+\theta \widehat{\zeta }+\theta _t\widehat{\mathrm{\Omega }}+liniars)}.$$

Accordingly we can choose the following super-bilinear form, formally the same with standard sine-Gordon equation,

$`𝐒_{XT}GG`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2i}}(F^2G^2)`$ (49)   
$`𝐒_{XT}FF`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2i}}(G^2F^2)`$ (50)   
but, it is not clear how to compute the super-kink solutions.

From these examples it seems that gauge-invariance is a useful concept for bilinear formalism in the supersymmetric case, though there is no deep reason for that. As a consequence we was able to bilinearize several supersymmetric equations of KdV type. The case of SUSY versions for mKdV, NLS, KP etc. requires further investigation because it seems that only certain supersymmetric extensions are super-bilinearizable. Although we do not know if the SUSY extension of Sawada-Kotera and Hirota-Satsuma proposed above are integrable in the sense of Lax, they admit super-bilinear form and also N super-soliton solution. Accordingly, the integrability in the sense of Hirota is satisfied. Probably a singularity analysis implemented on the super-bilinear form will reveal the connection between Hirota-integrability and Lax-integrability.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

This work was supported by the grant Nr. B1/18 MCT, 1998 of the Romanian Ministery of Research. A part of this work was done at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Bern, Switzerland. The author wants to express his sincere thanks to Prof. H. Leutwyler for hospitality.