# A New Class of Adiabatic Cyclic States and Geometric Phases for Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians

## Abstract

For a $`T`$-periodic non-Hermitian Hamiltonian $`H(t)`$, we construct a class of adiabatic cyclic states of period $`T`$ which are not eigenstates of the initial Hamiltonian $`H(0)`$. We show that the corresponding adiabatic geometric phase angles are real and discuss their relationship with the conventional complex adiabatic geometric phase angles. We present a detailed calculation of the new adiabatic cyclic states and their geometric phases for a non-Hermitian analog of the spin 1/2 particle in a precessing magnetic field.

Since the publication of Berry’s paper  on the adiabatic geometrical phase, the subject has undergone a rapid development. Berry’s adiabatic geometric phase for periodic Hermitian Hamiltonians with a discrete nondegenerate spectrum has been generalized to arbitrary changes of a quantum state. In particular, the conditions on the adiabaticity  and cyclicity  of the evolution, Hermiticity of the Hamiltonian , and degeneracy  and discreteness  of its spectrum have been lifted. Moreover, the classical  and relativistic  analogues of the geometric phase have been considered.

The purpose of this note is to offer an alternative generalization of Berry’s treatment of the adiabatic geometric phase for a non-Hermitian parametric Hamiltonian $`H[R]`$ with a nondegenerate discrete spectrum. The parameters $`R=(R^1,\mathrm{},R^n)`$ are assumed to be real coordinates of a smooth parameter manifold, with the eigenvalues $`E_n[R]`$ and eigenvectors $`|\psi _n,R`$ of $`H[R]`$ depending smoothly on $`R`$. The approach pursued in the present paper differs from those of Refs.  in the choice of the adiabatically evolving state vectors. The corresponding geometric phase angle, which is shown to be real, has the same expression as the geometric phase angle for a Hermitian Hamiltonian. It differs from the conventional complex geometric phase angle by terms which are small for an adiabatically evolving system. In particular, this implies that in a generic adiabatic evolution the imaginary part of the complex adiabatic geometric phase angle is small.

The generalization of the results of Berry  to non-Hermitian Hamiltonians was originally considered by Garrison and Wright  and further developed by Dattoli et al , Miniatura et al , and Mondragón and Hernandez . The main ingredient used by all of these authors in their derivation of a non-Hermitian analog of Berry’s phase is the biorthonormal eigenbasis of the Hamiltonian. More specifically, one writes the evolving state vector $`|\psi (t)`$ in an eigenbasis $`|\psi _n,t:=|\psi _n,R(t)`$ of the Hamiltonian $`H(t):=H[R(t)]`$,

$$|\psi (t)=\underset{n}{}C_n(t)|\psi _n,t,$$
(1)   
and enforces the Schrödinger equation

$$i|\dot{\psi }(t)=H(t)|\psi (t),$$
(2)   
where $`R(t)`$ denotes the curve traced in the parameter space, $`C_n(t)`$ are complex coefficients, a dot denotes a time-derivative, and $`\mathrm{}`$ is set to 1. The resulting equation together with the eigenvalue equation for the Hamiltonian,

$$H[R]|\psi _n,R=E_n[R]|\psi _n,R$$
(3)   
where $`R=R(t)`$, yield

$$\underset{n}{}\left[iC_n(t)|\dot{\psi }_n,t+[i\dot{C}_n(t)E_n(t)C_n(t)]|\psi _n,t\right]=0.$$
(4)   
Next one takes the inner product of both sides of Eq. (4) with the eigenvectors $`|\varphi _n,t=|\varphi _n,R(t)`$ of $`H^{}(t)=H^{}[R(t)]`$ which are defined by

$`H^{}[R]|\varphi _n,R=E_n^{}[R]|\varphi _n,R,`$ (5)   
$`\varphi _m,R|\psi _n,R=\delta _{mn}.`$ (6)   
One then finds

$$iC_m(t)\varphi _m,t|\dot{\psi }_m,t+i\dot{C}_m(t)E_m(t)C_m(t)+\underset{nm}{}iC_n(t)\varphi _m,t|\dot{\psi }_n,t=0.$$
(7)   
For an adiabatically changing Hamiltonian,

$$\varphi _m,t|\dot{\psi }_n,t=\frac{\varphi _m,t|\dot{H}(t)|\psi _n,t}{E_n(t)E_m(t)},\mathrm{for}mn$$
(8)   
are small and the sum in (7) may be neglected . In this case, Eqs. (7) can be easily integrated to yield

$`C_m(t)`$ $``$ $`C_m(0)e^{i[\delta _m(t)+\gamma _m(t)]},`$ (9)   
$`\delta _m(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^t}E_m(t^{})𝑑t^{},`$ (10)   
$`\gamma _m(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^t}i\varphi _m,t^{}|\dot{\psi }_m,t^{}𝑑t^{}.`$ (11)   
The validity of the adiabatic approximation, i.e., Eq. (9), is measured by the value of the adiabaticity parameter which is defined by

$$\eta :=\frac{1}{\omega _0}\mathrm{Sup}_{n,mn,t}(|\varphi _m,t|\dot{\psi }_n,t|).$$
(12)   
Here ‘Sup’ stands for ‘Supremum’ and $`\omega _0`$ is the frequency (energy) scale of the system, . Adiabatic approximation is valid if and only if $`\eta 1`$. It is exact if and only if $`\eta =0`$.

For a periodic Hamiltonian with period $`T`$, where $`R(T)=R(0)`$, the eigenvectors of the initial Hamiltonian undergo approximate cyclic evolutions, i.e., for $`|\psi (0)=|\psi _n,0`$,

$$|\psi (T)e^{i[\delta _m(T)+\gamma _m(T)]}|\psi _n,0.$$
(13)   
In this case $`\delta _m(T)`$ and $`\gamma _m(T)`$ are called the adiabatic dynamical and geometrical phase angles, respectively. The geometric phase angle $`\gamma _m(T)`$ which can also be expressed in the form

$$\gamma _m(T)=i\varphi _m,R|d|\psi _m,R,$$
(14)   
is the complex analogue of Berry’s adiabatic geometrical phase angle . In Eq. (14), $`d`$ stands for the exterior derivative with respect to the parameters $`R^i`$.

The approximate equations (9) and (13) tend to exact equations only in the extreme adiabatic limit, $`\eta =0`$, where the eigenvectors of the Hamiltonian become stationary and the adiabatic approximation is exact . In this case, however, the geometric phase angle (14) vanishes identically. For a system with nonstationary energy eigenstates, $`\eta 0`$, and the adiabatic approximation is never exact . In this case the eigenstates of the initial Hamiltonian are only approximately cyclic. Strictly speaking, the state represented by $`|\psi (T)`$ lies in a neighborhood of the state represented by $`|\psi (0)`$ whose radius is of order $`\eta `$.<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1The states belong to the projective Hilbert space which is endowed with the Fubini-Study metric or its infinite-dimensional analog. The latter is used to define the notion of a neighborhood of a state.

The main motivation for the present analysis is the fact that although (due to the adiabaticity of the evolution) the components of $`|\dot{\psi }_m,t`$ along the ‘normal’ directions to $`|\psi _n,t`$ are negligible, $`|\dot{\psi }_m,t`$ does have non-negligible components along other eigenvectors. This is mainly because for a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian $`|\psi _m,t`$ do not form an orthogonal basis. This observation suggests an alternative expansion for the evolving state $`|\psi (t)`$, namely

$$|\psi (t)=\underset{nm}{}C_n(t)|\psi _n,t+\stackrel{~}{C}(t)|\varphi _m,t=\stackrel{~}{C}(t)\left[\underset{nm}{}\stackrel{~}{C}_n(t)|\psi _n,t+|\varphi _m,t\right].$$
(15)   
Here $`m`$ is a fixed label, $`C_n(t)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{C}(t)`$ are complex coefficients, $`\stackrel{~}{C}_n:=C_n/\stackrel{~}{C}`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{C}(t)`$ is assumed not to vanish.

Although the expansions (1) and (15) are mathematically equivalent, the latter allows for the construction of a new class of adiabatic cyclic states of period $`T`$ which are not eigenstates of the initial Hamiltonian. It should be emphasized that these states also have approximate cyclic evolutions. More specifically after each complete period $`T`$ of the Hamiltonian, the corresponding final state lies in a neighborhood of the initial state with the radius of the neighborhood being of order $`\eta `$.

Substituting (15) in the Schrödinger equation (2), taking the inner product of both sides of the resulting equation first with $`|\varphi _m,t`$ and then with $`|\psi _k,t`$ for $`km`$, and enforcing the adiabaticity condition: $`\eta 1`$ which means

$$\varphi _m,t|\dot{\psi }_n,t0\psi _k,t|\dot{\varphi }_m,t,\mathrm{for}nmk,$$
(16)   
one obtains

$`i\varphi _m,t|\varphi _m,t\dot{\stackrel{~}{C}}(t)+\left[\varphi _m,t|\varphi _m,tE_m(t)+i\varphi _m,t|\dot{\varphi }_m,t\right]\stackrel{~}{C}(t)0,`$ (17)   
$`{\displaystyle \underset{nm}{}}\left\{\psi _k,t|\psi _n,t\left[\dot{\stackrel{~}{C}}_n(t)+\left(iE_n(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{\dot{\stackrel{~}{C}}(t)}{\stackrel{~}{C}(t)}}\right)\stackrel{~}{C}_n\right]+\psi _k,t|\dot{\psi }_n,t\stackrel{~}{C}_n(t)\right\}`$   
$`i\psi _k,t|H(t)|\varphi _m,t,\mathrm{for}kn.`$ (18)   
Eq. (17) can be immediately integrated to yield

$`\stackrel{~}{C}(t)`$ $``$ $`\stackrel{~}{C}(0)e^{i[\stackrel{~}{\delta }_m(t)+\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(t)]},`$ (19)   
$`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_m(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^t}E_m(t^{})𝑑t^{},`$ (20)   
$`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle _0^t}{\displaystyle \frac{i\varphi _m,t^{}|\dot{\varphi }_m,t^{}}{\varphi _m,t^{}|\varphi _m,t^{}}}𝑑t^{}.`$ (21)   
Using Eq. (17), one can write Eq. (18) in the form:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{nm}{}}\left\{\psi _k,t|\psi _n,t\left[\dot{\stackrel{~}{C}}_n(t)+i\left(E_n(t)E_m(t)+{\displaystyle \frac{i\varphi _m,t|\dot{\varphi }_m,t}{\varphi _m,t|\varphi _m,t}}\right)\stackrel{~}{C}_n(t)\right]+\psi _k,t|\dot{\psi }_n,t\stackrel{~}{C}_n(t)\right\}`$   
$`i\psi _k,t|H(t)|\varphi _m,t\mathrm{for}kn.`$ (22)   
This is a system of first order linear ordinary differential equations with $`T`$-periodic coefficients. If the initial conditions are such that its solution is $`T`$-periodic, i.e., $`\stackrel{~}{C}_n(T)\stackrel{~}{C}_n(0)`$, then the evolving state undergoes an approximate cyclic evolution,

$$|\psi (T)e^{i[\stackrel{~}{\delta }_m(T)+\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(T)]}|\psi (0).$$
(23)   
As seen from Eq. (23), the dynamical part of the total (complex) phase angle, namely $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_m(T)`$ has the same form as (10), but the geometric part which can be written in the form

$$\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(T)=\frac{i\varphi _m,R|d\varphi _m,R}{\varphi _m,R|\varphi _m,R},$$
(24)   
differs from (14). An interesting property of this geometric phase angle is that it has the same form as the geometric phase angle for a Hermitian Hamiltonian, . It is also very easy to show that $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(T)`$ is real.

We wish to emphasize that the (cyclic) geometric phase obtained here is a physical quantity, if Eq. (22) has a periodic solution. Although this is a linear first order system with $`T`$-periodic coefficients, its solutions are not generally $`T`$-periodic . In the following, we shall first elaborate on the relationship between the conventional complex geometric phase angle (14) and our real geometric phase angle (21). We shall then explore the condition of the existence of periodic solutions of (22) for the simplest nontrivial case, i.e., the two-level system.

We first introduce

$`𝒜_{mn}(t):=i\varphi _m,t|\dot{\psi }_n,t,\stackrel{~}{𝒜}_{mn}(t):={\displaystyle \frac{i\varphi _m,t|\dot{\varphi }_n,t}{\varphi _n,t|\varphi _n,t}},`$ (25)   
$`𝒜_m(t):=𝒜_{mm}(t),\stackrel{~}{𝒜}_m(t):=\stackrel{~}{𝒜}_{mm}(t),`$ (26)   
so that

$$\gamma _m(t)=_0^t𝒜_m(t^{})𝑑t^{},\mathrm{and}\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(t)=_0^t\stackrel{~}{𝒜}_m(t^{})𝑑t^{}.$$

Now using the completeness of the biorthobormal basis vector, i.e., $`_n|\psi _n,t\varphi _n,t|=1`$, we can write $`|\varphi _m,t=_n\varphi _n,t|\varphi _m,t|\psi _n,t`$. Substituting this relation in the definition of $`\stackrel{~}{𝒜}_m(t)`$ and performing the necessary algebra, we obtain

$$\stackrel{~}{𝒜}_m(t)=𝒜_m(t)+i\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{ln}\varphi _m,t|\varphi _m,t+\underset{nm}{}\left(\frac{\varphi _n,t|\varphi _m,t}{\varphi _m,t|\varphi _m,t}𝒜_{mn}(t)\right).$$
(27)   
Therefore, the complex and real geometric phase angles are related by

$$\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(T)=\gamma _m(T)+\underset{nm}{}_0^T\frac{\varphi _n,t^{}|\varphi _m,t^{}𝒜_{mn}(t^{})dt^{}}{\varphi _m,t^{}|\varphi _m,t^{}}.$$
(28)   
Next we observe that according to Eqs. (12), (25), and (27) the difference between $`\stackrel{~}{𝒜}_m`$ and $`𝒜_m`$ consists of terms which are bounded by $`\eta `$. Therefore, in the extreme adiabatic limit $`\eta 0`$, the two phase angles coincide. This in turn shows that in this limit the imaginary part of the complex geometric phase angle $`\gamma _m(T)`$ tend to zero. In practice, however, $`\eta `$ has a small but nonzero value (unless in the trivial case where the energy eigenvectors are stationary and $`\gamma _m(T)=0=\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(T)`$). In this case, $`\gamma _m(T)\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(T)`$. This is consistent with the fact that $`\gamma _m(T)`$ is not necessarily real.

In the remainder of this paper we shall apply our general results to study the two-level system. This system has been the subject of detailed study  for its physical applications in particular in connection with the spontaneous decay of the excited states of atoms .

Consider a two-dimensional Hilbert space where the Hamiltonian is a possibly non-Hermitian $`2\times 2`$ complex matrix with distinct eigenvalues. Setting $`m=2`$ in Eqs. (15) and using Eqs. (22), one has

$`|\psi (t)=\stackrel{~}{C}(t)\left[\stackrel{~}{C}_1(t)|\psi _1,t+|\varphi _2,t\right],`$ (29)   
$`\dot{\stackrel{~}{C}}_1+Q(t)\stackrel{~}{C}_1=(t),`$ (30)   
where

$`Q(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`i[E_1(t)E_2(t)]+{\displaystyle \frac{\psi _1,t|\dot{\psi }_1,t}{\psi _1,t|\psi _1,t}}{\displaystyle \frac{\varphi _2,t|\dot{\varphi }_2,t}{\varphi _2,t|\varphi _2,t}},`$   
$`(t)`$ $`:=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i\psi _1,t|H(t)|\varphi _2,t}{\psi _1,t|\psi _1,t}}.`$   
In Eqs. (30) and the remainder of this paper, the adiabatic approximation is assumed to be valid and $``$’s are replaced by $`=`$’s.

Eq. (30) can be easily integrated to yield

$$\stackrel{~}{C}_1(t)=W(t)\left(\stackrel{~}{C}_1(0)+_0^t\frac{(t^{})}{W(t^{})}𝑑t^{}\right),$$
(31)   
where

$$W(t):=e^{_0^tQ(s)𝑑s}.$$
(32)   
Having obtained the general solution, one can easily check for the periodic solutions. In view of the fact that $`Q`$ and $``$ are periodic functions of time with the same period $`T`$ as the Hamiltonian, one can show that

$$\stackrel{~}{C}_1(t+T)\stackrel{~}{C}_1(t)=W(t)\left(\stackrel{~}{C}_1(0)[W(T)1]+W(T)_0^T\frac{(t^{})}{W(t^{})}𝑑t^{}\right).$$
(33)   
Therefore, the initial condition leading to a periodic solution is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{C}_1(0)=\frac{W(T)_0^T\frac{(t^{})}{W(t^{})}𝑑t^{}}{1W(T)}.$$
(34)   
If both the numerator and denominator on the right hand side of (34) vanish, then the right hand side of (33) vanishes and the solution (31) is always periodic. If the denominator vanishes, i.e.,

$$W(T):=e^{i_0^T[E_2(s)E_1(s)]𝑑s}e^{i{\scriptscriptstyle \left({\scriptscriptstyle \frac{i\varphi _2,R|d\varphi _2,R}{\varphi _2,R|\varphi _2,R}}{\scriptscriptstyle \frac{i\psi _1,R|d\psi _1,R}{\psi _1,R|\psi _1,R}}\right)}}=1,$$
(35)   
but the numerator does not, there is no periodic solutions. If the denominator does not vanish, $`W(T)1`$, then there is a particular initial condition given by Eq. (34) that leads to a periodic solution. It is for this solution that the formula (21) for the (cyclic) adiabatic geometric phase applies.

Clearly a similar treatment may be carried out for the choice $`m=1`$ in Eq. (15). The corresponding results are given by the same formulas as for the case $`m=2`$ except that one must interchange the labels 1 and 2.

For the case of a Hermitian Hamiltonian where $`|\varphi _n,R=|\psi _n,R`$, the right hand side of Eq. (22) vanishes and the trivial solution: $`\stackrel{~}{C}_n=0`$ is periodic. This solution corresponds to the well-known result that for an adiabatically changing Hamiltonian the eigenvectors $`|\psi _n,0`$ of the initial Hamiltonian undergo cyclic evolutions. In this case, Eq. (21) gives Berry’s phase .

Let us next consider the two-level system with the parametric Hamiltonian

$$H=H[E,\theta ,\phi ]:=E\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}\theta & e^{i\phi }\mathrm{sin}\theta \\ e^{i\phi }\mathrm{sin}\theta & \mathrm{cos}\theta \end{array}\right),$$
(36)   
where $`\theta \mathrm{IR}`$ and $`E,\phi \text{ }\mathrm{C}`$, . Note that due to the form of the Hamiltonian (36), $`\theta [0,\pi ]`$ and the real part $`\phi _r`$ of $`\phi `$ has the range $`[0,2\pi )`$, whereas $`E`$ and the imaginary part $`\phi _i`$ of $`\phi `$ can take arbitrary complex and real values, respectively.

It is not difficult to show that the eigenvalues of $`H`$ are given by $`\pm E`$. Hence for $`E0`$ one has two distinct eigenvalues: $`E_1=E`$ and $`E_2=E`$. The corresponding eigenvectors of $`H`$ and $`H^{}`$ are given by

$`|\psi _1=\left(\begin{array}{c}e^{i\phi }\mathrm{sin}(\frac{\theta }{2})\\ \mathrm{cos}(\frac{\theta }{2})\end{array}\right),|\psi _2=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{cos}(\frac{\theta }{2})\\ e^{i\phi }\mathrm{sin}(\frac{\theta }{2})\end{array}\right),\mathrm{and}`$ (41)   
$`|\varphi _1=\left(\begin{array}{c}e^{i\phi ^{}}\mathrm{sin}(\frac{\theta }{2})\\ \mathrm{cos}(\frac{\theta }{2})\end{array}\right),|\varphi _2=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{cos}(\frac{\theta }{2})\\ e^{i\phi ^{}}\mathrm{sin}(\frac{\theta }{2})\end{array}\right),`$ (46)   
respectively. The geometric phase angles $`\gamma _m(T)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(T)`$ can be easily computed,

$`\gamma _1(T)=\gamma _2(T)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle (1\mathrm{cos}\theta )𝑑\phi },`$ (47)   
$`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_1(T)={\displaystyle \frac{d\phi _r}{1+e^{2\phi _i}\mathrm{cot}^2(\frac{\theta }{2})}},\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_2(T)={\displaystyle \frac{d\phi _r}{1+e^{2\phi _i}\mathrm{cot}^2(\frac{\theta }{2})}}.`$ (48)   
Let us next consider the case where $`E,\theta `$ and $`\phi _i`$ are constant and $`\phi _r=\omega t`$. In this case, the Hamiltonian (36) is a non-Hermitian analogue of the Hamiltonian of a magnetic dipole interacting with a precessing magnetic field . For this system, one can easily evaluate the integrals in (47) and (48), and obtain

$`\gamma _1(T)=\gamma _2(T)=\pi (1\mathrm{cos}\theta )`$   
$`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_1(T)={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{1+e^{2\phi _i}\mathrm{cot}^2(\frac{\theta }{2})}},\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_2(T)={\displaystyle \frac{2\pi }{1+e^{2\phi _i}\mathrm{cot}^2(\frac{\theta }{2})}},`$   
where $`T:=2\pi /\omega `$.

Furthermore, one can obtain the explicit form of the initial condition for which the state vector (29) performs an adiabatic cyclic evolution. Using Eqs. (34), (41), and (46), one finds

$$\stackrel{~}{C}_1(0)=\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\phi _i\mathrm{sin}\theta }{1+(\frac{\pi }{ET})\left(\frac{e^{2\phi _i}\mathrm{cot}^2(\theta /2)}{e^{2\phi _i}+\mathrm{cot}^2(\theta /2)}\right)}.$$

One can repeat the above analysis for the state vector

$$|\psi (t)=\stackrel{~}{C}(t)\left[\stackrel{~}{C}_2(t)|\psi _2,t+|\varphi _1,t\right]$$

which corresponds to the choice $`m=1`$ in Eqs. (14) – (23). In this case the initial condition leading to an adiabatic cyclic evolution is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{C}_2(0)=\frac{\mathrm{sinh}\phi _i\mathrm{sin}\theta }{1+(\frac{\pi }{ET})\left(\frac{e^{2\phi _i}\mathrm{cot}^2(\theta /2)}{e^{2\phi _i}+\mathrm{cot}^2(\theta /2)}\right)}.$$

It is not difficult to see that for $`\phi _i=0`$ the above results tend to those of Berry . It is also remarkable that unlike $`\gamma _m(T)`$ the new geometric phase angles $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(T)`$ are sensitive to the imaginary part $`\phi _i`$ of $`\phi `$.

In conclusion, we wish to emphasize that the issue of the existence of (exact) cyclic states of arbitrary period for a general Hermitian Hamiltonian is addressed in Ref. . The results of  also generalize to the non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. This is simply because the existence of cyclic states of period $`\tau `$ is identical with the existence of eigenstates of the evolution operator $`U(\tau )`$. In the present article, we have considered the adiabatic cyclic states which have approximate cyclic evolutions. What we have established is the existence and construction of a class of adiabatic cyclic states which have the same period as the Hamiltonian but are not eigenstates of the initial Hamiltonian. These states have the same cyclicity properties as the well-known eigenstates of the initial Hamiltonian. The only difference is that the new adiabatic cyclic states acquire real geometric phase angles. For a two-level non-Hermitian Hamiltonian (36) we have constructed these states explicitly and computed the corresponding geometric phases. For this system if we choose $`E,\theta `$ and the imaginary part $`\phi _i`$ of $`\phi `$ to be constant and require the real part $`\phi _r`$ of $`\phi `$ to be proportional to time, i.e., $`\phi _r(t)=\omega t`$, then both the conventional geometric phase angle $`\gamma _m(T)`$ and the geometric phase angle $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(T)`$ introduced in this paper are real. However, unlike $`\gamma _m(T)`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\gamma }_m(T)`$ depend on $`\phi _i`$.

Finally we wish to note that one may follow the approach of Refs.  to define a noncyclic analog of the adiabatic geometric phase obtained in the present paper. In this case, one is not limited to the periodic solutions of Eq. (22).