# The Simplest Massive Lagrangian Without Higgs Mechanism

(September 17, 1998)  

## Abstract

The simplest massive Lagrangian, invariant for the global SU(2) transformation, is constructed.

I use the notations:

$$\beta ^1=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& 1& 0& 0\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right]\text{}\beta ^2=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& i& 0& 0\\ i& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& i\\ 0& 0& i& 0\end{array}\right]\text{,}$$

$$\beta ^3=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]\text{}\beta ^4=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& i& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& i\\ i& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& i& 0& 0\end{array}\right]\text{,}$$

$$\gamma ^0=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\\ 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\end{array}\right]\text{}\beta ^0=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]\text{.}$$

In the Standard Model we have got the following entities:

the right electron state vector $`e_R`$,

the left electron state vector $`e_L`$,

the electron state vector $`e`$ ($`e=\left[\begin{array}{c}e_R\\ e_L\end{array}\right]`$),

the left neutrino state vector $`\nu _L`$,

the zero vector right neutrino $`\nu _R`$.

the unitary $`2\times 2`$ matrix $`U`$ of the isospin transformation.($`SU(2)`$).

This matrix acts on the vectors of the kind:$`\left[\begin{array}{c}\nu _L\\ e_L\end{array}\right]`$.

Therefore, in this theory: if

$$U=\left[\begin{array}{cc}u_{1,1}& u_{1,2}\\ u_{2,1}& u_{2,2}\end{array}\right]$$

then the matrix

$$\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& u_{1,1}& 0& u_{1,2}\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& u_{2,1}& 0& u_{2,2}\end{array}\right]$$

operates on the vector

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}e_R\\ e_L\\ \nu _R\\ \nu _L\end{array}\right].$$

Because $`e_R`$, $`e_L`$, $`\nu _R`$, $`\nu _L`$ are the two-component vectors then

$$\left[\begin{array}{c}e_R\\ e_L\\ \nu _R\\ \nu _L\end{array}\right]\text{ is }\left[\begin{array}{c}e_{R1}\\ e_{R2}\\ e_{L1}\\ e_{L2}\\ 0\\ 0\\ \nu _{L1}\\ \nu _{L2}\end{array}\right]$$

and

$$\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& u_{1,1}& 0& u_{1,2}\\ 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& u_{2,1}& 0& u_{2,2}\end{array}\right]\text{ is }\underset{¯}{U}=\left[\begin{array}{cccccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& u_{1,1}& 0& 0& 0& u_{1,2}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& u_{1,1}& 0& 0& 0& u_{1,2}\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& u_{2,1}& 0& 0& 0& u_{2,2}& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& u_{2,1}& 0& 0& 0& u_{2,2}\end{array}\right].$$

This matrix has got eight orthogonal normalized eigenvectors $`s_1`$, $`s_2`$, $`s_3`$, $`s_4`$, $`s_5`$, $`s_6`$, $`s_7`$, $`s_8`$ of type:

$$\underset{¯}{s_1}=\left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}\underset{¯}{s_2}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}\underset{¯}{s_3}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ \varpi \\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \chi \\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}\underset{¯}{s_4}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \varpi \\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \chi \end{array}\right],$$

$$\underset{¯}{s_5}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 1\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}\underset{¯}{s_6}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 1\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}\underset{¯}{s_7}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ \chi ^{}\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \varpi ^{}\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}\underset{¯}{s_8}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \chi ^{}\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \varpi ^{}\end{array}\right].$$

with the corresponding eigenvalues : $`1`$, $`1`$, $`\mathrm{exp}\left(i\lambda \right)`$, $`\mathrm{exp}\left(i\lambda \right)`$,

$`1`$,$`1`$,$`\mathrm{exp}\left(i\lambda \right)`$, $`\mathrm{exp}\left(i\lambda \right)`$.

These vectors constitute the orthogonal basis in this 8-dimensional space.

If $`O`$ is zero $`4\times 4`$ matrix then let $`\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\gamma ^0& O\\ O& \gamma ^0\end{array}\right]`$ and $`\beta ^4`$$`=\left[\begin{array}{cc}\beta ^4& O\\ O& \beta ^4\end{array}\right]`$.

The vectors:

$$\underset{¯}{e}=\left[\begin{array}{c}e_{R1}\\ e_{R2}\\ e_{L1}\\ e_{L2}\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}\underset{¯}{e_R}=\left[\begin{array}{c}e_{R1}\\ e_{R2}\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]\text{}\underset{¯}{e_L}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ e_{L1}\\ e_{L2}\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{array}\right]$$

correspond to the state vectors $`e`$, $`e_R`$ and $`e_L`$ resp.

For the vector $`e`$ the numbers $`k_3`$, $`k_4`$, $`k_7`$, $`k_8`$ exist, for which:

$$\underset{¯}{e}=(e_{R1}\underset{¯}{s_1}+e_{R2}\underset{¯}{s_2})+(k_3\underset{¯}{s_3}+k_4\underset{¯}{s_4})+(k_7\underset{¯}{s_7}+k_8\underset{¯}{s_8})\text{.}$$

Here

$$\underset{¯}{e_R}=(e_{R1}\underset{¯}{s_1}+e_{R2}\underset{¯}{s_2})\text{.}$$

If

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{¯}{e_{La}}=(k_3\underset{¯}{s_3}+k_4\underset{¯}{s_4})\text{,}\\ \underset{¯}{e_{Lb}}=(k_7\underset{¯}{s_7}+k_8\underset{¯}{s_8})\end{array}$$

then

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{¯}{U}\underset{¯}{e_{La}}=\mathrm{exp}\left(i\lambda \right)\underset{¯}{e_{La}}\text{,}\\ \underset{¯}{U}\underset{¯}{e_{Lb}}=\mathrm{exp}\left(i\lambda \right)\underset{¯}{e_{Lb}}\text{.}\end{array}$$

Let for all $`k`$ ($`1k8`$):

$$\underset{¯}{h_k}=\underset{¯}{\gamma ^0}\underset{¯}{s_k}\text{.}$$

The vectors $`h_k`$ constitute the orthogonal basis, too. And the numbers $`r_3`$, $`r_4`$, $`r_7`$, $`r_8`$ exist, for which:

$$\underset{¯}{e_R}=(r_3\underset{¯}{h_3}+r_4\underset{¯}{h_4})+(r_7\underset{¯}{h_7}+r_8\underset{¯}{h_8})\text{.}$$

Let

$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{¯}{e_{Ra}}=(r_3\underset{¯}{h_3}+r_4\underset{¯}{h_4})\text{,}\\ \underset{¯}{e_{Rb}}=(r_7\underset{¯}{h_7}+r_8\underset{¯}{h_8})\text{,}\\ \underset{¯}{e_a}=\underset{¯}{e_{Ra}}+\underset{¯}{e_{La}}\text{ and }\underset{¯}{e_b}=\underset{¯}{e_{Rb}}+\underset{¯}{e_{Lb}}\text{.}\end{array}$$

Let us denote:

$`\underset{¯}{e_a}`$ $`=`$ $`R_U^{(+)}\underset{¯}{e}\text{,}`$   
$`\underset{¯}{e_b}`$ $`=`$ $`R_U^{()}\underset{¯}{e}\text{.}`$   
$`R_U^{(+)}`$ and $`R_U^{()}`$ are the linear transformations (the $`8\times 8`$ complex matrices) in the space of $`s_1`$, $`s_2`$, $`s_3`$, $`s_4`$, $`s_5`$, $`s_6`$, $`s_7`$, $`s_8`$.

It is obviously that the value of

$$\left(\left(\underset{¯}{e}^{}\gamma ^0R_U^{(+)}\underset{¯}{e}\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{e}^{}\beta ^4R_U^{(+)}\underset{¯}{e}\right)^2\right)^{0.5}+$$

$$+\left(\left(\underset{¯}{e}^{}\gamma ^0R_U^{()}\underset{¯}{e}\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{e}^{}\beta ^4R_U^{()}\underset{¯}{e}\right)^2\right)^{0.5}$$

does not depend from the choice of the $`SU(2)`$ matrix $`U`$.

In this case the Lagrangian:

$$\begin{array}{c}L=0.5i\left(\left(_\mu \underset{¯}{e}\right)\beta ^\mu \underset{¯}{e}\underset{¯}{e}^{}\beta ^\mu \left(_\mu \underset{¯}{e}\right)\right)\\ m\left(\left(\underset{¯}{e}^{}\gamma ^0R^{(+)}\underset{¯}{e}\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{e}^{}\beta ^4R^{(+)}\underset{¯}{e}\right)^2\right)^{0.5}\\ m\left(\left(\underset{¯}{e}^{}\gamma ^0R^{()}\underset{¯}{e}\right)^2+\left(\underset{¯}{e}^{}\beta ^4R^{()}\underset{¯}{e}\right)^2\right)^{0.5}\text{.}\end{array}$$

is invariant for the global $`SU(2)`$ transformation.