# Impurity effects on the spin excitation spectra in a d-wave superconductor

## I INTRODUCTION

The spin excitation spectra Im$`\chi `$ of high-$`T_c`$ superconductors is extensively studied by inelastic neutron scattering(INS) and a consistent picture has emerged in YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>6+x</sub>(YBCO). A remarkable feature in both underdoped and highly doped YBCO is that a sharp neutron resonance peak was observed in the superconducting state(SC) at a 2D wave vector Q=$`(\pi ,\pi )`$\[1-4\]. Also, in the SC state, Im$`\chi `$ is restricted to a small energy range limited by a doping dependent energy gap(spin gap) in low frequencies and has sinusoidal dependence on $`q_z`$, the wave vector perpendicular to the CuO<sub>2</sub> planes . Both the resonance peak and the spin gap disappear in the normal state, and the resonance energy E<sub>r</sub> is found to increases monotonically with the superconducting transition temperature $`T_c`$ , therefore they appear to be correlated to the superconductivity.

A number of theories has been proposed to account for this magnetic resonance. Beyond different modifications, one may basically divide the explanations into two classes. First, it may result from the spin-flip quasiparticle scatterings across the SC gap, causing an enhancement of the electronic spin susceptibility at a specific energy which compensates for the loss of spectral weight below the gap. Second, it may be a consequence of a collective mode in the particle-particle channel which couples to neutron scattering through the particle-hole($`ph`$) mixing in the d-wave SC state . More particularly, the first class includes i) a BCS gap function wth strong Coulomb correlations  and a non-BCS gap function resulting from the interlayer pair tunneling theory of high-$`T_c`$ superconductivity , in the framework of a d-wave pairing model. ii) a s-wave order parameter with opposite signs in bounding and antibounding bands formed within the CuO<sub>2</sub> bilayer .

Experimentally, it was shown that the superconducting properties are modified by nonmagnetic impurities, especially $`T_c`$ is rapidly suppressed by the substitution of the copper ions by zinc ions . A possible interpretation of these results is made in term of a $`d_{x^2y^2}`$ order parameter affected by nonmagnetic scattering, assuming that Zn acts as a strong resonant scatterer . In this case, nonmagnetic impurities have a strong pair breaking effect  and will modify the spin excitation spectra observed in SC state.

The purpose of this paper is to study the modifications of the resonance peak and the spin gap upon the introduction of nonmagnetic impurites in a BCS $`d_{x^2y^2}`$ superconductor. We treat the impurities in the dilute limit using the self-consistent $`t`$-matrix approximation . Both the impurity self-energy effects and the impurity vertex corrections are considered in our calculations. In the pure system, a sharp magnetic peak is observed and the spectrum is limited by the spin gap in low frequencies. When the impurity self-energy corrections are considered, we find that the peak is broadened and its position is shifted to lower energies. Meanwhile, the magnitude of the spin gap decreases but only a negligible contribution to the spin excitation spectrum is found in the gap due to the impurity self-energy corrections. On the other hand, the vertex corrections alone induce a broad spectral weight in the spin gap at the impurity concentration where no clear reasonance peak is observed, and have only slight effect on both the peak and the magnitude of the spin gap.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sec.II, we discuss the model and study the self-energy corrections. Sec.III contains the effect of the vertex corrections. We present the conclusion in Sec.IV

## II THE SELF-ENERGY CORRECTION

To consider the modulation of the spin susceptibility along the $`c`$ axis, we investigate a bilayer system with a interlayer hopping $`t_{}`$ and the same $`d_{x^2y^2}`$ order parameter in two layers. The effects of antiferromagnetic correlations within and between the layers are considered in the random-phase approximation(RPA) form of the susceptibility. The Nambu Green’s function of single particles for the pure system in the SC state is given by,

$$\widehat{g}_0^{(i)}(𝐤,i\omega _n)=\frac{i\omega _n\widehat{\sigma }_0+\mathrm{\Delta }_k\widehat{\sigma }_1+\xi _k^{(i)}\widehat{\sigma }_3}{(i\omega _n)^2\mathrm{\Delta }_k^2(\xi _k^{(i)})^2},$$
(1)   
where $`\widehat{\sigma }_i(\widehat{\sigma _0}=\widehat{\mathrm{𝟏}})`$ is the Pauli matrices, $`i=a`$ or $`b`$ expresses the antibonding or bonding band. For the quasiparticle dispersion, we use $`\xi _k^{(a/b)}=2t(\mathrm{cos}k_x+\mathrm{cos}k_y)4t^{^{}}\mathrm{cos}k_x\mathrm{cos}k_y2t^{^{\prime \prime }}[\mathrm{cos}(2k_x)+\mathrm{cos}(2k_y)]\pm t_{}\mu `$, with $`t^{^{}}/t=0.2,t^{^{\prime \prime }}/t=0.25,t_{}/t=0.44,\mu /t=1.11`$ corresponding to a fit to the angle-resolved photoemission data on the optimal doping YBCO as used before . The order parameter is chosen as $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝐤=\mathrm{\Delta }_0(\mathrm{cos}k_x\mathrm{cos}k_y)/2`$, where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0=4T_{c0}`$ and $`T_{c0}`$ the SC transition temperature.

The nonmagnetic impurities are modeled by a zero-range potential $`V`$ and its scattering is treated in the self-consistent $`t`$-matrix approximation . In this approach, two parameters are introduced to describe the scattering process: $`c=1/(\pi N_0V)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=n_i/\pi N_0`$, where $`N_0`$ and $`n_i`$ are respectively the density of states at the Fermi level and the impurity concentration. The impurity-average Nambu Green’s function $`\widehat{g}(𝐤,i\omega _m)`$ for single particles can be written formally as ,

$$\widehat{g}^{(i)}(𝐤,i\omega _n)=\frac{i\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^{(i)}\widehat{\sigma }_0+\mathrm{\Delta }_k\widehat{\sigma _1}+\stackrel{~}{\xi }_k^{(i)}\widehat{\sigma }_3}{(i\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^{(i)})^2\mathrm{\Delta }_k^2(\stackrel{~}{\xi }_k^{(i)})^2}.$$
(2)   
The tilde symbol represents inclusion of the impurity self-energy corrections,

$$\stackrel{~}{\omega }_n^{(i)}=\omega _n\mathrm{\Sigma }_0^{(i)}(\omega _n),\stackrel{~}{\xi }_p^{(i)}=\xi _p^{(i)}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_3^{(i)}(\omega _n),$$
(3)   
where we have used the fact that the off-diagonal self-energy $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1^{(i)}`$ vanishes for a $`d_{x^2y^2}`$ symmetry of the gap function. In the single-site approximation, the self-energy is given by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_j^{(i)}=\mathrm{\Gamma }T_j^{(i)}`$. The impurity-scattering $`t`$-matrix $`T_j^{(i)}`$ can be calculated from ,

$$T_0^{(i)}=\frac{G_0^{(i)}(\omega )}{c^2[G_0^{(i)}(\omega )]^2},T_3^{(i)}=\frac{c}{c^2[G_0^{(i)}(\omega )]^2},$$
(4)   
with $`G_0^{(i)}(\omega )=(1/\pi N_0)_k\mathrm{Tr}[\widehat{\sigma }_0\widehat{g}^{(i)}(𝐤,\omega )]`$. The following calculations are carried out in the unitary limit, $`c=0`$, so only the $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_0`$ contribution remains. The order parameter $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma },0)`$ and the SC transition temperature $`T_c`$ in the presence of impurities are determined from the gap equation. In the weak-coupling limit, it has been shown that $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma },0)/\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ and $`T_c/T_{c0}`$ draw almost the same curve as a function of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, i.e., $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma },0)/\mathrm{\Delta }_0T_c/T_{c0}`$ . The temperature-dependence of $`\mathrm{\Delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma },T)`$ is taken to be,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma },T)=\mathrm{\Delta }(\mathrm{\Gamma },0)\mathrm{tanh}(2\sqrt{(T_c/T)1}),$$
(5)   
where $`T_c`$ is given by the Abrikosov-Gor’kov formula ,

$$\mathrm{ln}(\frac{T_c}{T_{c0}})=\psi (\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{2\pi T_c})\psi (\frac{1}{2}),$$
(6)   
with $`\psi (x)`$ the digamma function.

The spin susceptibility for Matsubara frequencies is calculated from,

$$\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m)=T\underset{n}{}\underset{k}{}\mathrm{Tr}[\frac{1}{2}\widehat{g}^{(i)}(𝐤,i\omega _n)\widehat{g}^{(j)}(𝐤+𝐪,i\omega _m+i\omega _n)].$$
(7)   
Its analytic continuation to the real frequency, giving $`\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐪,\omega )`$, is performed using Pad$`\stackrel{´}{e}`$ approximants . When $`\widehat{g}^{(i)}`$ is replaced by $`\widehat{g}_0^{(i)}`$, Eq.(7) gives the result for the pure system. The antiferromagnetic correlations in the plane $`J_{}`$ and between the planes $`J_{}`$ would renormalize $`\chi _0^{(ij)}`$. This effect is considered in RPA approximation ,

$$\chi ^{(ij)}(𝐪,\omega )=\frac{\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐪,\omega )}{1+J^+(𝐪)\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐪,\omega )},$$
(8)   
with $`J^+(𝐪)=J(𝐪)J_{}`$ and $`J(𝐪)=J_{}(\mathrm{cos}q_x+\mathrm{cos}q_y)`$. We note that the susceptibility described above comes from the $`ph`$ excitations of quasiparticles within and between the bonding and antibonding bands. However, the susceptibility $`\chi ^{ph}(𝐪,\omega )`$ observed in the neutron scattering is related to the excitations of quasiparticles within and between the layers . The relation between them can be obtained using the transformation matrix between the states in the layer and band representations. It gives,

$$\chi ^{(11)}=\chi ^{(22)}=\frac{1}{4}[\chi ^++\chi ^{}],\chi ^{(12)}=\chi ^{(21)}=\frac{e^{iq_zd}}{4}[\chi ^+\chi ^{}],$$
(9)   
where $`d`$ is the distance between two layers, $`\chi ^+=\chi ^{(aa)}(𝐪,\omega )+\chi ^{(bb)}(𝐪,\omega )`$ and $`\chi ^{}=\chi ^{(ab)}(𝐪,\omega )+\chi ^{(ba)}(𝐪,\omega )`$. Then we have,

$$\chi ^{ph}(𝐪,\omega )=\chi ^{(11)}+\chi ^{(12)}+\chi ^{(21)}+\chi ^{(22)}=\chi ^+\mathrm{cos}^2\frac{q_zd}{2}+\chi ^{}\mathrm{sin}^2\frac{q_zd}{2}.$$
(10)   
Eq.(10) implies that the experimentally observed $`\mathrm{sin}^2(q_zd/2)`$ modulation of the INS comes from the transitions of quasiparticles between the respective bands.

In following evaluations, the summation over $`𝐤`$ and $`n`$ are performed by dividing the Brillouin zone into 1024$`\times `$1024 lattices and by summing from $`n=100`$ to $`n=100`$ in Matsubara frequency $`\omega _n=\pi T(2n1)`$, respectively. The number of input points in Pad$`\stackrel{´}{e}`$ approximant is chosen to be 100 and $`J^+(𝐐)`$ to be 0.85 in unit of $`t`$(We will use this unit in the following). In addition, we take $`T_{c0}=0.1`$ and $`T=0.1T_{c0}`$.

Results for Im$`\chi ^{ph}(𝐐,\omega )`$ versus $`\omega `$ are shown in Fig.1. The continuous line corresponds to the pure system which reproduces the observed INS features in the SC state. The dashed (dotted) lines are results with the impurity self-energy corrections. To understand the impurity effect, let us first address the origin of the peak for the pure system within the $`d`$-wave BCS framework, which has been studied in Ref. . For a qualitative statement, let $`T=0`$, and set the coherence factor to unity, then one has Im$`\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐐,\omega )=\pi _k\delta (\omega E_k^{(i)}E_{k+Q}^{(j)})`$. The energy $`E^{(ij)}(𝐤)=E_k^{(i)}+E_{k+Q}^{(j)}`$ which is the function of the 2D wave vector $`𝐤`$ has a minimum at $`E_{min}^{(ij)}(𝐤)2\mathrm{\Delta }_0=0.8`$, corresponding to both $`𝐤`$ and $`𝐤+𝐐`$ near the crossings of the Fermi surface and the magnetic Brillouin zone. At the minimum Im$`\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐐,\omega )`$ has a step and correspondingly Re$`\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐐,\omega )`$ has a logarithmic singularity. In the realistic calculations, this divergence exhibits a maximum as shown in Fig.2 and causes a resonant peak due to the RPA renormalization Eq.(8). Meanwhile, there is a saddle point at $`(0,\pi )`$ in the quasiparticle dispersion, and it leads to a logarithmic divergence in Im$`\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐐,\omega )`$. It arises from the transitions between the occupied states located at $`(0,\pi )`$ and empty states above the SC gap, thus the peak position locates at $`E_{sp}^{(i)}=\mathrm{\Delta }_0+\sqrt{\mathrm{\Delta }_0^2+(\xi _{vH}^{(i)})^2}`$. For the dispersion of quasiparticles considered here, the van Hove singularity of the antibonding band at $`(0,\pi )`$ lies at an energy $`\xi _{vH}^{(a)}=0.25`$ relative to the Fermi level and that of the bonding band is $`\xi _{vH}^{(b)}=1.12`$ due to splitting of the two bands. It gives $`E_{sp}^{(a)}0.87`$, which is close to the energy where Re$`\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐪,\omega )`$ is divergent, therefore enhances the peak. In fact, these two effects are indistinguishable in the calculations and exhibits only one peak in Im$`\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐐,\omega )`$ as can be seen in Fig.2. Now, we turn to the impurity effects on the spin excitation spectra. In a $`d`$-wave superconductor with resonant nonmagnetic impurity scattering, the SC gap $`\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ is suppressed  and causes the shift of the peak, which is basically equal to $`2\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$ as discussed above, to low frequencies. Meanwhile, the impurity scattering causes the decays of quasiparticle states and leads to the damping of spin excitaitons associated with Im$`\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐐,\omega )`$. It gives rise to the broadening of the peak. Exactly this bahavior is observed in Fig.1. Also one can see from Fig.2 that the peak in Im$`\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐐,\omega )`$ disappears gradually upon the introduction of impurities. It is because the impurity scattering will wash out the van Hove singularity. Consequently, no clear reasonance peak is observed at large impurity concentrations (e.g.$`\mathrm{\Gamma }/\mathrm{\Delta }_0=0.08`$) due to this effect and the damping of spin excitations. Another feature in Fig.1 is that no significant excitation spectrum weight has been found in the spin gap. The origin of the spin gap in the SC state arises from a lack of thermally exciting $`ph`$ pairs across the SC gap with transition wavevector $`𝐐`$ when the exciting energy is lower than the threshold $`E_{th}2\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$. So, though the impurity self-energy produces an increase in the quasiparticle scattering rate, it may be not strong enough to cause an observeable enhancement to the $`ph`$ excitations across the SC gap. We note that the impurity vertex corrections entering Im$`\chi _0^{(ij)}(𝐐,\omega )`$ consist of the $`ph`$ ladder diagrams connected by the impurity scatteing lines, which may allow a strong scatterings and lead to singificant modification of the spin gap.

## III VERTEX CORRECTION

In the above calculations, the self-energy from the impurity scattering is considered to include the multiple scattering of quasiparticles from the same impurity in the noncrossing manner . Because the dynamical susceptibility measured in magnetic neutron scattering is believed here to come from the $`ph`$ pair excitations, the multiple scattering of particles and holes from the same impurity should be examined. That is, we must include the vertex corrections due to the impurity scattering, which is displayed diagrammatically in Fig.3. The single and double arrowed solid lines in Fig.3 stand for the normal and pairing Green’s functions of particles and holes renormalized by the impurity self-energy. The dashed line is the impurity interaction and the impurity is represented by a cross $`\times `$. The multiple scatterings in the form of ladder diagrams and the multiple scatterings of quasiparticles from the same impurity can be explicitly seen from Fig.3 (b) and (c), respectively. The vertex-corrected spin susceptibility can be written as a $`4\times 4`$ matrix equation ,

$$\widehat{\chi }_0^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m)=T\underset{n}{}\frac{\widehat{M}^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m,i\omega _n)}{\widehat{1}I^{(ij)}(i\omega _m,i\omega _n)\widehat{M}^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m,i\omega _n)},$$
(11)   
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(i\omega _m,i\omega _n)=\widehat{1}I^{(ij)}(i\omega _m,i\omega _n)\widehat{M}^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m,i\omega _n)`$ is the dressed vertex and the impurity-scattering lines are given by,

$$I^{(ij)}(i\omega _m,i\omega _n)=\frac{n_i}{[\pi N_0]^2}T_0^{(i)}(i\omega _m+i\omega _n)T_0^{(j)}(i\omega _n).$$
(12)   
The spin-triplet particle-particle channel into the $`ph`$ bubbles by transfroming e.g. a spin-down particle into a spin-up hole and vice versa via the mixing with the SC condensate is not included here, because its contributions to RPA normalized spin susceptibility is zero when one considers the AF correlations in the form of that in $`tJ`$ model . Thus, the components of $`\widehat{M}`$ are,

$`\widehat{M}_{11}^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m,i\omega _n)=`$ $`\widehat{M}_{22}^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m+2i\omega _n,i\omega _n)=\widehat{M}_{33}^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m2i\omega _n,i\omega _n)`$ (13)   
$`=`$ $`\widehat{M}_{44}^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m,i\omega _n)={\displaystyle \frac{d^2p}{(2\pi )^2}G^{(i)}(𝐩+𝐪,i\omega _m+i\omega _n)G^{(j)}(𝐪,i\omega _n)},`$ (14)   
$$\widehat{M}_{14}^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m,i\omega _n)=\widehat{M}_{23}^{(ij)}(𝐪,i\omega _m,i\omega _n)=\frac{d^2p}{(2\pi )^2}F^{(i)}(𝐩+𝐪,i\omega _m+i\omega _n)F^{(j)}(𝐪,i\omega _n),$$
(15)   
where $`G^{(i)}(𝐪,i\omega _n)`$ and $`F^{(i)}(𝐪,i\omega _n)`$ are the normal and paring Green’s functions of quasiparticles which has been renormalized by the impurity self-energy.

The equations (11), (13) and (14) are calculated by using the same method described in Sec.II. Results for Im$`\chi ^{ph}(𝐐,\omega )`$ are shown in Fig.4 for the same impurity concentrations as those in Fig.1. In contrast to the effect of self-energy corrections, an apparent contribution to spin excitation spectra is observed in the spin gap at large impurity concentrations where no clear reasonance peak is observed. In order to separate the contribution of vertex corrections from self-energy corrections, we have carried out the similar calculations in which the Green’s functions of the impurity-free system in $`\widehat{M}^{(ij)}`$ are used. The result shows that the signal in the spin gap is solely due to the vertex corrections, meanwhile the magnitude of the spin gap as well as the position and the width of the peak remain unchanged, except for a slight enhancement of the peak height in the presence of only vertex corrections. The broad contribution in the spin gap may be understood as the strong scattering involved in the impurity vertex which allows for the multiple scatterings due to ladder diagrams. To address the reason why this strong scattering takes effect mainly in low frequencies, we show in Fig.5 the decay rates of the quasiparticles due to the impurity self-energy implied by $`1/\tau _{imp}^{(i)}(\omega )=2\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{\Sigma }_0^{(i)}(\omega )=2\mathrm{\Gamma }T_0^{(i)}(\omega )`$. The similar result has been obtained by Quinland and Scalapino . We can see that the decay rates increase as the frequency decreases and reache its maximum at $`\omega =0`$. Because the impurity-scattering lines in the vertex corrections is directly related to $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_0^{(i)}(\omega )`$ as expressed in Eq.(12), this enhancement is amplified by the multiple scatterings in the form of ladder diagrams. We note that, in the absence of the vertex corrections, this enhancement is not strong enough to lead to an apparent spectral weight in the gap as discussed in Sec.II. From Fig.4, we can also see that the gaplike region in low frequencies still retains in the impurity-doping system . We may ascribe it to the fact that the off-diagonal impurity self-energy $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_1`$ vanishes identically for a $`d_{x^2y^2}`$ order parameter and therefore the angular (e.g.nodal) structure of the SC gap is not changed. According to these features, we find that the overall modifications of the spin excitation spectra upon the doping of nonmagnetic impurity are in qualitatively consistent with the INS measurement on YBa<sub>2</sub>(Cu<sub>1-y</sub>Zn<sub>y</sub>)<sub>3</sub>O<sub>6+y</sub> . However, the spectral weight in the spin gap is still not large enough to account for quantitatively the experimental result . We note that a nonmagnetic impurity such as Zn in the CuO<sub>2</sub> planes is believed to induce a local magnetic moment and lead to additional spin-flip scattering . From the above discussion, we think that this scattering may lead to more significant spectral weight in the spin gap than that given here. Nevertheless, a detailed investigation of this effect is required and will be carried out in future.

## IV CONCLUSION

We have calculated the spin excitation spectra below $`T_c`$ for a model $`d_{x^2y^2}`$-wave superconductor with resonant impurity scattering. The impurity self-energy corrections shift the position of the resonance peak to low frequencies and broaden the peak. As the impurity concentration increases, the resonance peak disappears gradually. When no clear reasonance peak is observed, the impurity vertex corrections cause a broad contribution to the excitation spectra in the spin gap, but the memory of the spin gap still retains. Thus, impurity-scatterings, together with the vertex corrections, account for qualitatively the experimental measurement on Zn-doping YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>6+x</sub>.

## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

One of the authors (J.X.Li) acknowledge the support by National Nature Science Foundation of China.

## FIGURE CAPTIONS

Fig.1. Imaginary parts of the renormalized susceptibility Im$`\chi ^{ph}(𝐐,\omega )`$ versus frequency $`\omega `$ for various impurity concentrations $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$. The solid line represents the result of the pure system. Only the self-energy corrections are considered.

Fig.2. Imaginary Im$`\chi _0^{(ba)}(𝐐,\omega )`$ and real Re$`\chi _0^{(ba)}(𝐐,\omega )`$ parts of the bare susceptibility defined in Eq.(7) versus frequency $`\omega `$ for various impurity concentrations $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$. $`a`$ and $`b`$ represent the antibonding and bonding bands respectively. The result for $`\chi _0^{(ab)}(𝐐,\omega )`$ is very similar to $`\chi _0^{(ba)}(𝐐,\omega )`$.

Fig.3. Diagrammatic representation of the impurity vertex corrections to the spin susceptibility in the dilute limit (see text).

Fig.4. Imaginary parts of the renormalized susceptibility Im$`\chi ^{ph}(𝐐,\omega )`$ versus frequency $`\omega `$ for various impurity concentrations $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$. The solid line represents the result of the pure system. Both the self-energy and vertex corrections are considered.

Fig.5. Decay rates of quasiparticles in the antibonding band $`1/\tau _{imp}^{(a)}(\omega )`$ due to impurity self-energy corrections in the unitary limit. Results are shown for various impurity concentrations $`\mathrm{\Gamma }/\mathrm{\Delta }_0`$. The result for the bonding band is very similar to that shown here.