# The Friedmannian model of our observed Universe

## Abstract.

According to observations, in our Universe for gravitational phenomena in a Newtonian approximation the Newtonian non-modified relations are valid. The Friedmann equations of universe dynamics describe infinite number of relativistic universe models in Newtonian approximation, but only in one of them the Newtonian non-modified relations are valid. From these facts it results that the Universe is described just by this only Friedmannian universe model with Newtonian non-modified relations.

According to observations – realized in the course last five centuries – in our expansive homogeneous and isotropic relativistic Universe  for gravitational phenomena in Newtonian approximation the Newtonian non-modified relations are valid.

The Friedmann general equations of homogeneous and isotropic relativistic universe dynamics   describe infinite number of homogeneous and isotropic relativistic universe models in Newtonian approximation, but only in one of them the Newtonian non-modified relations are valid .

From these facts it results unambiguously that our observed Universe is described just by this only Friedmannian model of universe with Newtonian non-modified relations.

The deductive-reductive determination of the Friedmannian model of universe with Newtonian non-modified relations you can see in .

The Friedmannian model of universe with Newtonian non-modified relations, i.e. Friedmannian model of the (flat) expansive non-decelerative (homogeneous and isotropic relativistic) Universe (with total zero and local non-zero energy) (ENU)  is a special partial solution of the Friedmann general equations of homogeneous and isotropic relativistic universe dynamics:

($`1a`$) 
$$\dot{a}^2=\frac{8\pi G\rho a^2}{3}kc^2+\frac{\mathrm{\Lambda }a^2c^2}{3},$$

(1b) 
$$2a\ddot{a}+\dot{a}^2=\frac{8\pi Gpa^2}{c^2}kc^2+\mathrm{\Lambda }a^2c^2,$$

with $`k=0`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$ and a state equation :

(2) 
$$p=\frac{1}{3}\epsilon ,$$

where $`a`$ is the gauge factor, $`\rho `$ is the mass density, $`k`$ is the curvature index, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the cosmological member, $`p`$ is the pressure, and $`\epsilon `$ is the energy density.

The Friedmann equations (1a) and (1b) with $`k=0`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$ and the state equation (2) determine the parameters of Friedmannian model of ENU, which we express – for better transparency – in all possible variants , :

(3) 
$$a=ct=\frac{c}{H}=\frac{2Gm}{c^2}=\sqrt{\frac{3c^2}{8\pi G\rho }},$$

(4) 
$$t=\frac{a}{c}=\frac{1}{H}=\frac{2Gm}{c^3}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{8\pi G\rho }},$$

(5) 
$$H=\frac{c}{a}=\frac{1}{t}=\frac{c^3}{2Gm}=\sqrt{\frac{8\pi G\rho }{3}},$$

(6) 
$$m=\frac{c^2a}{2G}=\frac{c^3t}{2G}=\frac{c^3}{2GH}=\sqrt{\frac{3c^6}{32\pi G^3\rho }},$$

(7) 
$$\rho =\frac{3c^2}{8\pi Ga^2}=\frac{3}{8\pi Gt^2}=\frac{3H^2}{8\pi G}=\frac{3c^6}{32\pi G^3m^2}=\frac{3p}{c^2},$$

(8) 
$$p=\frac{c^4}{8\pi Ga^2}=\frac{c^2}{8\pi Gt^2}=\frac{c^2H^2}{8\pi G}=\frac{c^8}{32\pi G^3m^2}=\frac{c^2\rho }{3}=\frac{1}{3}\epsilon ,$$

where $`t`$ is the cosmological time, $`H`$ is the Hubble “constant”, and $`m`$ is the mass of ENU.

From relations (3)–(8) it results that the parameters of ENU are mutually linearly linked. For fundamental parameters of ENU are valid relations , :

(9) 
$$m=Ca=Dt,$$

where $`C`$ and $`D`$ are (total) constants:

(10) 
$$C=\frac{m}{a}=\frac{m}{ct}=\frac{Hm}{c}=\sqrt{\frac{8\pi G\rho m^2}{3c^2}}=\frac{c^2}{2G}=\mathrm{6.734\hspace{0.17em}67}(15)\times 10^{26}\text{kg\hspace{0.17em}m}^1,$$

(11) 
$$D=\frac{cm}{a}=\frac{m}{t}=Hm=\sqrt{\frac{8\pi G\rho m^2}{3}}=\frac{c^3}{2G}=\mathrm{2.019\hspace{0.17em}00}(37)\times 10^{35}\text{kg\hspace{0.17em}s}^1.$$

The matter-space-time properties of ENU  you can see in .

References

  Friedmann, A. A.: Z. Phys. 10, 377-386 (1922); 21, 326-332 (1924). 

  Skalský, V.: DYNAMICS OF THE UNIVERSE in the Consistent and Distinguished Relativistic, Classically-Mechanical and Quantum-Mechanical Analyses, Slovak Technical University, Bratislava, 1997. Information about this book can received on e-mail address: skalsky@mtf.stuba.sk 

  Skalský, V.: Deductive-reductive determination of the Universe model, http://www.mtf.stuba.sk/$``$skalsky/ 

  Skalský, V.: In: J. Dubnička (ed.): Philosophy, Natural Sciences and Evolution (Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Symposium, Smolenice, December 12 – 14, 1988), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, 1992, pp. 83–97. 

  Skalský, V.: Astrophys. Space Sci. 176, 313–322 (1991) (Corrigendum: 187, 163 (1992).). 

  Skalský, V.: The matter-space-time properties of our observed Universe, http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/Thinktank/8273/ 

  Skalský, V.: Astrophys. Space Sci. 219, 275–289 (1994).