# References

Temporal chaos in discrete one dimensional gravity model of traffic flow

Elman Mohammed Shahverdiev,<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1e-mail:shahverdiev@lan.ab.az   
On leave from Institute of Physics, 33, H.Javid avenue, Baku 370143, Azerbaijan

Department of Information Science,<sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2e-mail:elman@ai.is.saga-u.ac.jp Saga University, Saga 840, Japan

Shin-ichi Tadaki

Department of Information Science,<sup>3</sup><sup>3</sup>3e-mail:tadaki@ai.is.saga-u.ac.jp Saga University, Saga 840, Japan

There are mainly two approaches to traffic flow dynamics: At a microscopic level, the system can be described in terms of variables such as the position and velocity of each vehicle (optimal velocity model \[1,2 \],cellular automaton model \[3,4 \]);at a macroscopic level important variables include the car density, average velocity, the rate of traffic flow, the total number of trips between two zones.(mean field theory \[5-11\], origin-destination (or the so- called gravity)model ).The gravity model originates from an anology withNewton’s gravitational law . As a rule traffic flow dynamics is the nonlinear one.Nowadays it is well-known that some deterministic nonlinear dynamical systems depending on the value of system’s parameters exhibit unpredictable,chaotic behavior,see,e.g.\[14-16\] and references therein. The main reason for such a behavior is the instability of the nonlinear system. Such an instability in general was undesirable not only in traffic flow dynamics ,but also in dynamical systems in mechanics, engineering,etc, due to the frightening nature of unpredictability as the unstability could lead to chaos. The stability or unstability of traffic flow dynamics are highly valued conceptions in traffic management and planning.   
Since the pioneering papers \[17,18 \] on chaos control theory,the attitude to chaos has been changed dramatically. Nowadays in some situations chaotic behavior is considered even as an advantage.In general the main idea behind chaos control theory is to modify the nonlinear systems’ dynamics so that previously unstable states (fixed points,periodic states,etc.)now become stable.In practice such modifications could be realized by changing system’s parameters,through some feedback or nonfeedback mechanisms,or even by changing the dynamical variables of the system in an “appropriate” manner in “due”time (adaptively or nonadaptively),etc. The interest to the chaos control theory is due to the application of this phenomenen in secure communication, in modelling of brain activity and recognition processes, etc,. Also methods of chaos control may result in the improved performance of chaotic systems.(For the latest comprehensive review of chaos and its control see Focus Issue  and references therein;also see \[20-22\]).   
In this Brief Report we report on the possible chaotic behaivor in one dimensional gravity model of traffic flow dynamics. The gravity model assumes that the number of trips between zones (origins and destinations) depends on the number produced at and attracted to each zone,and on the travel cost between zones.In the dynamic formulation of the gravity model the travel costs are a function of the number of trips between zones.According to ,the discrete dynamic trip distribution gravity model takes the form

$$x_{ij}(t+1)=f(c_{ij}(t)),(1)$$

where $`x_{ij}`$ is the relative number of trips from zone $`i`$ to zone $`j`$,normalised so that $`_{ij}x_{ij}=1`$, $`c_{ij}`$ is the travel cost from zone $`i`$ to zone $`j`$ given the trips $`x_{ij}`$.   

$$c_{ij}(t)=c_{ij}^0(1+\alpha (\frac{x_{ij}}{z_{ij}})^\gamma ),(2)$$

where $`c_{ij}^0`$ is the uncongested travel cost,$`q_{ij}`$ is the relative capacity of the roads between origin and destination and $`\alpha `$ and $`\gamma `$ are constants. $`f(c_{ij})`$ is a function which relates the number of trips to the travel costs.The following cost function

$$f(c_{ij})=c_{ij}^\mu \mathrm{exp}(\beta c_{ij}),(3)$$

where $`\mu `$ and $`\beta `$ are constants is refered to as combined cost function and unites both the power and exponential forms of cost functions. It is known that for continuous dynamical systems for chaotic behavior the number of dynamical variables should be three or more than that.For discrete systems chaos is possible even in one dimensional systems. According to ,for the unconstrained (the model is the unconstrained one in the sense that it cannot guarantee that the number of trips originating from or terminating at a given zone has a value which is predetermined.)and singly-constrained (the model is the singly-constrained one in the sense that it supposes that either the number of trips originating from or terminating at a given zone has a value which is predetermined.) gravity models the dynamics of trip distribution model in the one dimensional case could be written as

$$x(t+1)=Af(x(t))=A(c^{(0)})^\mu (1+\alpha (\frac{x(t)}{q})^\gamma )^\mu \mathrm{exp}(\beta c^{(0)}(1+\alpha (\frac{x(t)}{q})^\gamma )),(4)$$

where $`A`$ is the normalizing constant factor;the definition of other constants are given above. Authors of  claim that one dimensionsal gravity model does not exhibit chaotic behavior. We will show that this model could be reduced to one dimensional chaotic model known as exponential map in ecology :

$$x(n+1)=f(x(n))=x(n)\mathrm{exp}(r(1x(n))),(5)$$

where $`r`$ is positive control parameter of the chaotic mapping (5).   
Indeed let us take $`\mu =\gamma =1`$. Then the mapping (4) could be written in the following form:

$$x(t+1)=m_1(1+mx(t))\mathrm{exp}(\beta c^{(0)}mx(t)),(6)$$

where $`m_1=Ac^{(0)},m=\frac{\alpha }{q}`$.Further by linear transformation of variables $`y=1+mx(t)`$ the mapping (6) could be related to the mapping:

$$y(t+1)=m_2y(t)\mathrm{exp}(\beta c^{(0)}(1y(t))),(7)$$

where $`m_2=m_1\mathrm{exp}(\beta c^{(0)})`$. Comparing (5) and (7) one can see that in the gravity model the $`\beta c^{(0)}`$ could be taken as a control parameter. Thus we have shown that the temporal chaotic behavior is possible even in discrete one dimensional gravity model for traffic flow dynamics.Moreover this chaotic behavor could be controlled by the constant rate harvesting approach developed in  for unimodal one dimensional mappings,including (5) or by some other methods for one dimensional dynamical systems.   
Acknowledgments   
The author thanks the JSPS for the Fellowship.