# LU TP 99-19 hep-ph/9907514 I : Chiral Perturbation for Kaons II: The Δ⁢𝐼=1/2-rule in the Chiral Limit

## 1 Introduction

Chiral Perturbation Theory (CHPT) is a very large subject now so I will only discuss it briefly and then review the present status of its use in semileptonic and nonleptonic kaon decays. It has had several major successes in rare decays which are discussed in the contribution by Isidori . The application to $`K_L^0\pi ^+\pi ^{}e^+e^{}`$ is treated by Savage . As described in the second part and in several other talks , it is also very relevant in calculations of the nonleptonic matrixelements. In Section 2 I very briefly describe the underlying principles. The next section reviews the application to kaon semileptonic decays, this is one of the main playgrounds for CHPT and the area of some major successes. The use in kaon decays to pions is then discussed in Sect. 4. We treat the use of CHPT in simplifying matrixelement calculations in Sect. 4.1, predictions for $`K3\pi `$ in Sect. 4.2, and chiral limit cancellations in $`B_6`$ in Sect. 4.3.

Section 5 constitutes part II of this talk. Here I describe how the large $`N_c`$ method can take into account the scheme dependence of short-distance operators and first results.

## 2 Chiral Perturbation Theory

CHPT grew out of current algebra where systematically going beyond lowest order was difficult. The use of effective Lagrangians to reproduce current algebra results was well known and Weinberg showed how to use them for higher orders . This method was improved and systematized by Gasser and Leutwyler in the classic papers  and proving that CHPT is indeed the low-energy limit for QCD using only general assumptions only was done by Leutwyler . Recent lectures are .

The assumptions underlying CHPT are:

* Global Chiral Symmetry and its spontaneous breaking to the vector subgroup: $`SU(3)_L\times SU(3)_RSU(3)_V`$.
* The Goldstone Bosons from this spontaneous breakdown are the only relevant degrees of freedom, I.e. the only possible singularities.
* Analyticity, causality, cluster expansion and special relativity .

The result is then a systematic expansion in meson masses, quark-masses, momenta and external fields. The external field method allows to find the minimal set of parameters consistent with chiral symmetry and the rest is basically only unitarity. With current algebra and dispersive methods it is in principle also possible to obtain the same results but the method of Effective Field Theories is much simpler.

So for any application of CHPT two questions should be answered:

1. Does the expansion in momenta and quark masses converge ?
2. If higher orders are important then:   
$``$ Can we determine all the needed parameters from the data ? $``$ Can we estimate them if not directly obtainable.

## 3 Semileptonic decays

The application of CHPT to semileptonic decays has been reviewed in  and in . Since then first results at order $`p^6`$ have appeared. The situation order by order is:

* 2 parameters: $`F_0`$, $`B_0`$ (+quark masses).
* : 10+2 parameters  7 are relevant; 3 more appear in the meson masses. In addition we also have the Wess-Zumino term and one-loop contributions.
* : 90+4 parameters . In addition there are two-loop diagrams and one-loop diagrams with $`_4`$ vertices.

### 3.1 General Situation

$`𝒑^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ Current Algebra : sixties   
$`𝒑^\mathrm{𝟒}`$ One-loop 80’s, early 90’s   
$`𝒑^\mathrm{𝟔}`$  $``$ Estimates using dispersive and/or models: “done” $``$ Double Log Contributions: mostly done . $``$ Two-flavour full calculations: Done. $``$ Three flavour full calculations: few done, several in progress.    
$`𝒆^\mathrm{𝟐}𝒑^\mathrm{𝟐}`$ In progress.   
Experiment Progress from DAPHNE, NA48, BNL, KTeV, …

### 3.2 $`K_{l2}`$

These decays are used to determine $`F_K`$ and test lepton universality by comparing $`K\mu \nu `$ and $`Ke\nu `$. $`F_\pi `$ is similarly determined from $`\pi \mu \nu `$. The theory is now known to NNLO fully in CHPT  (for $`F_\pi `$ also ) The results are shown in Table 1 when the contributions from the $`p^6`$ Lagrangian are set to zero, i.e. $`C_i^r=0`$, at the scale indicated. The numbers in brackets are the extended double log approximation of . The inputs are $`10^3L_{i=4,10}=(0.3,1.4,0.2,0.9,6.9,5.5)`$; $`\mu `$ = 0.77 GeV unless otherwise indicated and for set A $`10^3L_{i=1,3}=(0.4,1.35,3.5)`$ while for set B $`10^3L_{i=4,10}=(0.3,1.4,0.2,0.9,6.9,5.5)`$.

We see that the variation with the $`p^4`$ input is sizable and that the extended double log approximation gives a reasonable first estimate for the correction.

### 3.3 $`K_{l2\gamma }`$

In this decay there are two form-factors. The axial form-factor is known to $`p^4`$ and a similar calculation for $`\pi e\nu \gamma `$ shows a 25% correction and a small dependence on the lepton invariant mass $`W^2`$. The vector form-factor is known to $`p^6`$ and has a 10 to 20 % correction in the relevant phasespace. The main interest in these decays is that it allows to test the anomaly and its sign as well as the $`VA`$ structure of the weak interactions.

### 3.4 $`K_{l2ll}`$

In these decays there are three vector and one axial form-factor. The vector ones are known to $`p^4`$  and the axial one to $`p^6`$ . Especially the decays with $`e\nu _e`$ in the final state are strongly enhanced over Bremsstrahlung. Since my last review  there is a new limit from BNL E787  of $`B(K^+e^+\nu \mu ^+\mu ^{})510^7`$. All data are in good agreement with CHPT.

### 3.5 $`K_{l3}`$

These decays, $`K^{+,0}\pi ^{0,}\mathrm{}^+\nu `$, are our main source of knowledge of the CKM element $`V_{us}`$. It is therefore important to have as precise predictions as possible. The form-factors

$$\pi (p^{})|V_\mu ^{4i5}|K(p)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left[(p+p^{})_\mu f_+(t)+(pp^{})_\mu f_{}(t)\right]$$
(1)   
are usually parametrized by $`f_+(t)f_+(0)\left[1+\lambda _+t/m_\pi ^2\right]`$ and $`f_0(t)f_+(t)+tf_{}(t)/(m_K^2m_\pi ^2)f_+(0)\left[1+\lambda _0t/m_\pi ^2\right]`$.

The CHPT calculation at order $`p^4`$ fits these parametrizations well. The agreement with data is quite good except for the scalar slope where there is disagreement between different experiments. The extended double log calculation has small quadratic slopes, $`\lambda _+^{}`$ and $`\lambda _0^{}`$, and small corrections to the linear slopes. This, as shown in Table 2, is good news for improving the precision of $`V_{us}`$. $`f_+`$ is shown for $`K^0\pi ^{}e^+\nu `$ where isospin breaking is smallest.

### 3.6 $`K_{l3\gamma }`$

These decays have been calculated in CHPT to $`p^4`$ in . There are 10 formfactors and after a complicated interplay between all the various terms the final corrections to tree level are small even though individual form factors have large corrections. E.g. first adding tree level, then $`p^4`$ tree level and finally $`p^4`$ loop level contributions changes $`B(K_{e3\gamma }^+)`$ with $`E_\gamma 30`$ MeV and $`\theta _\mathrm{}\gamma 20^o`$ from $`2.810^4`$ via $`3.210^4`$ to $`3.010^4`$. Notice that $`F_K/F_\pi =1.22`$ so agreement with tree level at the 10% level is a good test of CHPT at order $`p^4`$.

Recent new results of $`B(K_{e3\gamma }^0)=(3.61\pm 0.14\pm 0.21)10^3`$ (NA31) and $`B(K_{\mu 3\gamma }^0)=(0.56\pm 0.05\pm 0.05)10^3`$  (NA48) are in good agreement with the theory results of $`(3.64.03.8)10^3`$ and $`(0.520.590.56)10^3`$ respectively. The three numbers correspond to the contributions included as above.

### 3.7 $`K_{l4}`$

In these decays, $`K\pi \pi \mathrm{}\nu `$, there are four form-factors, $`F,G,H,R`$ as defined in . The $`R`$ form factor can only be measured in $`K_{\mu 4}`$ decays and is known to $`p^4`$. $`F`$ and $`G`$ were calculated to $`p^4`$ in  and improved using dispersion relations in . The main data come from  ($`K\pi ^+\pi ^{}e^+\nu `$) and  ($`K_L\pi ^\pm \pi ^0e^{}\nu `$). The form factors were parametrized as $`X=X(0)(1+\lambda (s_{\pi \pi }/(4m_\pi ^2)1))`$ with the same slope for $`X=F,G,H`$. $`H(0)=2.7\pm 0.7`$ is a test of the anomaly in both sign and magnitude, see  and references therein. The other numbers are the main input for $`L_1^r`$, $`L_2^r`$ and $`L_3^r`$. In table 3 I show the tree level results, which expression, the $`p^4`$ or dispersive improved, to determine $`L_{1,2,3}^r`$ of set A and B given in Sect. 3.2, and the extended double log estimate of $`p^6`$. The results of the latter show similar patterns as the dispersive improvement. The full $`p^6`$ calculation is in progress and if the results are as indicated by the extended double log approximation a refitting of $`p^4`$ constants will be necessary. This is important since in these decays and in pionium decays the $`\pi \pi `$ phaseshifts will be measured accurately and their main theory uncertainty is the values of these constants. A useful parametrization to determine these phases from $`K_{l4}`$ can be found in  as well as further relevant references.

## 4 Nonleptonic decays

For rare decays see , here only $`K0,\pi ,\pi \pi ,\pi \pi \pi `$ are discussed. The lowest order Lagrangian contains three terms with parameters $`G_8`$, $`G_{27}`$, $`G_8^{}`$ in the notation of . The term with $`G_8^{}`$, the weak mass term, contributes to processes with photons at lowest order and otherwise at NLO. The NLO lagrangian contains about 30 parameters for the octet, denoted by $`E_i`$, and twenty-seven, denoted by $`D_i`$, representation of $`SU(3)_L`$ .

### 4.1 $`K\pi ,K0K\pi \pi `$

As shown in  the method of  can be extended to $`p^4`$ using well defined off-shell Green functions of pseudo-scalar currents. Except for one $`E_i`$ and one $`D_i`$ all the necessary ones can be obtained from $`K\pi `$ transitions<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1Using $`K0`$ allows to obtain two more constants than given in .. To $`K\pi \pi `$ at order $`p^4`$ 7 $`E_i`$ and 6 $`D_i`$ contribute in addition to the three couplings of lowest order. Of these 16 constants we can determine 14 from the much simpler $`K`$ to $`\pi `$ and vacuum transitions. This allows thus a more stringent test of various models than possible from on-shell $`K\pi \pi `$ alone. Models like factorization etc. will probably be needed in the foreseeable future to go to $`K3\pi `$ and various rare decays.

### 4.2 CHPT for $`K\pi \pi `$ and $`K\pi \pi \pi `$

These decays were calculated to $`p^4`$ , relations between them clarified in  and some $`p^6`$ estimates to them were performed in .

The main problem is to find experimental relations after all parameters are counted. To order $`p^2`$ we have 2(1) and to $`p^4`$ 7(3). The number in brackets refers to the $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ observables only. As observables (after using isospin) we have 2(1) $`K\pi \pi `$ rates and 2(1)(+1) $`K\pi \pi \pi `$ rates. We have 3(1)(+3) linear and 5(1)(+5) quadratic slopes. The (+i) indicates the phases, in principle also measurable and predicted but not counted here. 12 observables and 7 parameters leave five relations to be tested. The fits and results are shown in Table 4 where we have also indicated which quantities are related. See  for definitions and references. The new CPLEAR data improve the precision slightly. $`K\pi \pi `$ rates are always input.

It is important to tests these relations directly, the agreement at present is satisfactory but errors are large.

CP-violation in $`K3\pi `$ will be very difficult to detect. The strong phases needed to interfere with are very small, see  and references therein. E.g. $`\delta _2\delta _1`$ in $`K_L\pi ^+\pi ^{}\pi ^0`$ is predicted to be $`0.083`$ and the experimental result is only $`0.33\pm 0.29`$. Asymmetries are expected to be of order $`10^6`$ so we can only expect to improve limits in the near future.

### 4.3 $`B_6`$ in the chiral limit

In the usual definitions of $`B_i`$ factors in nonleptonic decays

$$B_6\frac{\text{out}|Q_6|\text{in}}{\text{out}|Q_6|\text{in}_{\text{factorized}}}$$
(2)   
the denominator needs to be well defined. This is not true for $`B_6`$ in the chiral limit. The factorizable denominator contains the scalar radius which is infinite in full chiral limit. This can be seen in the CHPT calculation.

$$G_8|_{Q_6\text{fact}}=\frac{80C_6(\mu )B_0^2(\mu )}{3F_0^2}\left[L_5^r(\nu )\frac{3}{256\pi ^2}\{2\mathrm{ln}\frac{m_L}{\nu }+1\}\right]$$
(3)   
Here $`\nu `$ is the CHPT scale and $`m_L`$ the meson mass, we can see that $`G_{8fact}\mathrm{}`$ for $`m_L0`$.

The nonfactorizable part has precisely the same divergence so that in the sum it cancels. Thus when calculating $`B_6`$ care must be taken to calculate factorizable and nonfactorizable consistently so this cancellation that is required by chiral symmetry takes place and does not inflate final results.

## 5 The $`X`$-boson method and the $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ rule in the chiral limit.

In this section I shortly describe how in the context of the large $`N_c`$ method  after the improvements of the momentum routing also the scheme dependence can be described. Other relevant references to the problem of nonleptonic matrix elements are .

The basic underlying idea is that we have more experience in hadronizing currents. We therefore replace the effect of the local operators of $`H_W(\mu )=_iC_i(\mu )Q_i(\mu )`$ at a scale $`\mu `$ by the exchange of a series of colourless $`X`$-bosons at a low scale $`\mu `$. Let me illustrate the procedure in a simpler case of only one operator and neglecting penguin contributions. In the more general case all coefficients become matrices. 

$$C_1(\mu )(\overline{s}_L\gamma _\mu d_L)(\overline{u}_L\gamma ^\mu u_L)X_\mu \left[g_1(\overline{s}_L\gamma ^\mu d_L)+g_2(\overline{u}_L\gamma ^\mu u_L)\right].$$
(4)   
Colour indices inside brackets are summed over. To determine $`g_1`$, $`g_2`$ as a function of $`C_1`$ we set matrix elements of $`C_1Q_1`$ equal to the equivalent ones of $`X`$-boson exchange. This must be done at a $`\mu `$ such that perturbative QCD methods can still be used and thus we can use external states of quarks and gluons. To lowest order this is simple. The tree level diagram

from Fig. 1(a) is set equal to that of Fig. 1(b) leading to $`C_1=g_1g_2/M_X^2.`$At NLO diagrams like Fig. 1(c) and 1(d) contribute as well leading to

$$C_1\left(1+\alpha _S(\mu )r_1\right)=\frac{g_1g_2}{M_X^2}\left(1+\alpha _S(\mu )a_1+\alpha _S(\mu )b_1\mathrm{log}\frac{M_X^2}{\mu ^2}\right).$$
(5)   
The left-hand-side (lhs) is scheme-independent. The right-hand-side can be calculated in a very different renormalization scheme from the lhs. The infrared dependence of $`r_1`$ is present in precisely the same way in $`a_1`$ such that $`g_1`$ and $`g_2`$ are scheme-independent and independent of the precise infrared definition of the external state in Fig. 1.

One step remains, to calculate the matrix element of $`X`$-boson exchange between meson external states. The integral over $`X`$-boson momenta we split in two

$$_0^{\mathrm{}}𝑑p_X\frac{1}{p_X^2M_X^2}_0^{\mu _1}𝑑p_X\frac{1}{p_X^2M_X^2}+_{\mu _1}^{\mathrm{}}𝑑p_X\frac{1}{p_X^2M_X^2}.$$
(6)   
The second term involves a high momentum that needs to flow back through quarks or gluons and leads through diagrams like the one of Fig. 1(c) to a four quark-operator with a coefficient

$$\frac{g_1g_2}{M_X^2}\left(\alpha _S(\mu _1)a_2+\alpha _S(\mu _1)b_1\mathrm{log}\frac{M_X^2}{\mu ^2}\right).$$
(7)   
The four-quark operator needs to be evaluated only in leading order in $`1/N_c`$. The first term in (6) we have to evaluate in a low-energy model with as much QCD input as possible. The $`\mu _1`$ dependence cancels between the two terms in (6) if the low-energy model is good enough. The coefficients $`r_1`$, $`a_1`$ and $`a_2`$ give the correction to the factorization used in previous $`1/N_c`$ calculations.

It should be stressed that in the end all dependence on $`M_X`$ cancels out. The $`X`$-boson is a purely technical device to correctly identify the four-quark operators in terms of well-defined products of nonlocal currents.

### 5.1 Numerical results

We now use the $`X`$-boson method with $`r_1`$ as given in  and $`a_1=a_2=0`$, the calculation of the latter is in progress, and $`\mu =\mu _1`$. For $`B_K`$ we can extrapolate to the pole both for the real case ($`\widehat{B}_K`$) and in the chiral limit ($`\widehat{B}_K^\chi `$). For $`K\pi \pi `$ we can get at the values of the octet ($`G_8`$), weak mass term ($`G_8^{}`$) and 27-plet ($`G_{27}`$) coupling. We obtain $`\widehat{B}_K^\chi =0.25\text{}0.4;`$

$$\widehat{B}_K=0.69\pm 0.10;G_8=4.3\text{}7.5;G_{27}=0.25\text{}0.40\text{ and }G_8^{}=0.8\text{}1.1.$$
(8)   
The experimental values are $`G_86.2`$ and $`G_{27}0.48`$ .

In Fig. 3 the $`\mu `$ dependence of $`G_8`$ is shown and in Fig. 3 the contribution from the various different operators. If we look inside the numbers we see that $`B_6`$ defined with only the large $`N_c`$ term in the factorizable part, is about 2 to 2.2 for $`\mu `$ from 0.6 to 1.0 GeV.

## 6 Conclusions

CHPT is doing fine in kaon decays, especially in the semileptonic sector where several calculations at $`p^6`$ are now in progress. In the nonleptonic sector it provides several relations in $`K3\pi `$ decays. Testing these is an important part since it tells us how well $`p^4`$ works in this sector. CHPT can also help in simplifying and identifying potentially dangerous parts in the calculations of nonleptonic matrix elements.

The large $`N_c`$ method allows to include the scheme dependence appearing in short-distance operators and when then all long-distance constraints from CHPT and some other input are used encouraging results are obtained for $`K\pi \pi `$ decays in the chiral limit.