# References

Non-linear phenomena in electrical circuits: Simulation of non-linear relativistic field theory and possible applications 

Konstantin G. Zloshchastiev   

E-mail: zlosh@email.com, URL(s): http://zloshchastiev.webjump.com, http://zloshchastiev.cjb.net

## Abstract

We propose the non-accelerator non-low-temperature simulator of quantum-field effects which is based on the feeder circuits with the special feedback. By means of it one can study the field models which contain fundamental concepts in the modern field theory but do not exist in nature in a separate form. Besides, several field phenomena might find technological applications by virtue of the electrical analogy.

PACS number(s): 07.50.Ek, 11.10.Lm   

Nowadays the methods of non-accelerator and non-astronomical investigations of the relativistic quantum field theory and gravity are of great interest. The most significant progress was reached by means of the simulations based on the superfluid helium. As was shown in numerous works the superfluid phases of $`{}_{}{}^{3}\text{He}`$ can simulate several phenomena in quantum field theory and gravity, namely, black holes, surface gravity, Hawking radiation, horizons, ergoregions, trapped surfaces, baryogenesis, vortexes, strings, textures, standard electroweak model, etc . Thereby, such interdisciplinary analogies might be very useful not only as a good tool for the verification of theoretical conceptions and models but also as promising source of new technologies.

In present paper we propose another non-accelerator simulator working at reasonably high temperature (unlike of superfluid helium) for studying and verifying of several phenomena of scalar field theory. It will be shown that by means of it one can study the field models which are the basis of modern physics but do not exist in nature separately. This simulator is based on the standard wave phenomena in electrical circuits. In principle, the non-linear waves of electrical nature are being widely studied and applied in optics where the (non-linear) light wave propagates inside a light guide. Nevertheless and unlike this, our present study will include the study of conditions of both the electrical potential wave propagation in optically opaque medium and the wave propagation of the charge current, i.e., electrons. These two circumstances strictly differ our case from the optical one, especially in what concerns the technological applications.

So, let us consider the usual twin feeder, $`U`$ is the potential difference, $`I`$ is the current, $`C`$, $`L`$ and $`R`$ are the specific wire-to-wire capacitance, inductance and resistance respectively. Therefore, the capacitance, inductance and resistance of a small line section have to be $`\delta C=C\delta x`$, $`\delta L=L\delta x`$, $`\delta R=R\delta x`$, where $`\delta x`$ is the length of the section.

The section’s charge $`\delta Q=CU\delta x`$ varies because of both the difference of currents in the points $`x`$ and $`x+\delta x`$ and lateral leakage current through the isolation of the feeder. Hence we have

$$_t\delta Q=C\delta x_tU=I\left(x\right)I\left(x+\delta x\right)GU\delta x,$$
(1)   
where $`G`$ is the leakage coefficient. In the limit $`\delta x0`$ we therefore obtain

$$C_tU+_xI+GU=0.$$
(2)   
The second circuit rule yields

$$\delta x\left(RI+Lc^2_tI\right)+U\left(x+\delta x\right)U\left(x\right)=0,$$
(3)   
or in the limit $`\delta x0`$:

$$_xU+Lc^2_tI+IR=0.$$
(4)   
For simplicity further we will assume the capacitance, inductance and leakage coefficient to be constant. Then the equality of mixed derivatives of the voltage yields the telegraph equation for the line current $`I(x,t)`$ (an analogous expression can be obtained for $`U`$):

$$\frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{c}^2}_{tt}I_{xx}I+\frac{GL}{c^2}_tI+GIR+C_t\left(IR\right)=0,$$
(5)   
where $`\stackrel{~}{c}=c/\sqrt{LC}`$ is the (effective) propagation speed of circuit oscillations. Formally one could suppose that this speed can be more then the speed of light in vacuum. However, we should not forget that the above-mentioned expressions were obtained in the quasistationary approximation when the wave period of electromagnetic field has to be much more than the time of field propagation.

Further, if one assumes the excellent isolation $`G=0`$ then (5) loses the term causing the exponential attenuation of current, and we have the following wave equation:

$$\left(1/\stackrel{~}{c}^2\right)_{tt}I_{xx}I+C_t\left(IR\right)=0,$$
(6)   
opening a wide prospect for simulation of several wave-like phenomena in physics.

For instance, one can pick the (generalized) conductor or feedback system with nonlinear response of the resistance to transmitted current such that

$$R=\frac{1}{CI}\left[V^{}\left(I\right)\text{d}t+A\left(x\right)\right],$$
(7)   
where $`A(x)`$ is an arbitrary function, $`V(I(x,t))`$ is the set function of current, the prime means the derivative with respect to $`I`$, the integral is meant as a primitive. Provided the resistance chosen in such a way the equation (6) has the form of the relativistic scalar field equation

$$\left(1/\stackrel{~}{c}^2\right)_{tt}I_{xx}I+V^{}\left(I\right)=0,$$
(8)   
which is the equation of motion for the self-interacting scalar field model described by the Lagrangian

$$L=\frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{c}^2}\left(_tI\right)^2\left(_xI\right)^2\right]V\left(I\right).$$
(9)   
It should be noted that the consideration of the lateral leakage current just complicates the requirement for the line resistance:

$$\frac{Cc^2}{GL}R=\frac{\text{e}^{\frac{G}{C}t}}{I}\left[\text{e}^{\frac{G}{C}t}\left(\frac{c^2V^{}\left(I\right)}{GL}+\frac{GI}{C}\right)\text{d}t+A\left(x\right)\right]1,$$

but does not change the picture in principle except the cases when exponential growth or damping can arise experimental problems.

Therefore, the proposed electrical circuit indeed can simulate scalar field (9) of itself that seems to be very important because the many concepts lying in foundations of modern field theory (such as the spontaneous breaking of symmetry, topologically nontrivial solutions, instanton effects etc.) can be experimentally studied separately from other field phenomena. Besides the evident opportunities concerning the verification and visualization of the theoretical predictions, by virtue of the electrical analogy one can use certain field phenomena for practical purposes. First of all, it applies to several topologically nontrivial solutions of (8) which in this connection mean the signals maintaining initial form during indefinitely long time even in the presence of dissipative factors. Such a stability is known to be provided by the presence of several conserving values, first of all, topological index (also known as the topological charge) .

Let us consider the simplest $`\phi ^4`$ theory where

$$V\left(I\right)=\frac{\lambda }{4}\left(I^2\frac{m^2}{\lambda }\right)^2,$$
(10)   
where $`\lambda `$ and $`m`$ are positive constant parameters. This theory admits the topological self-dual kink solution

$$I^{\left(k\right)}(x,t)=\frac{m}{\sqrt{\lambda }}\mathrm{tanh}\frac{m\rho }{\sqrt{2}},$$
(11)   
where

$$\rho =\frac{xvt}{\sqrt{1\left(v/\stackrel{~}{c}\right)^2}},$$

and $`v=\text{const}`$ is the propagation velocity of the kink. This solution has the nonzero topological charge

$$Q_{\left(t\right)}=\frac{\sqrt{\lambda }}{m}\left[I(+\mathrm{},t)I(\mathrm{},t)\right]=2,$$

and can be interpreted as the relativistic (quasi) particle with the localized “energy” density

$$\epsilon (x,t)=\frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{1}{\stackrel{~}{c}^2}\left(_tI\right)^2+\left(_xI\right)^2\right]+V\left(I\right),$$

hence

$$\epsilon ^{\left(k\right)}(x,t)=\frac{m^4}{2\lambda \left[1\left(v/\stackrel{~}{c}\right)^2\right]}\text{sch}^4\left(\frac{m\rho }{\sqrt{2}}\right),$$
(12)   
and the conserved total “energy” has the form of the energy of a massive relativistic quasi-particle:

$$E=\underset{\mathrm{}}{\overset{+\mathrm{}}{}}\epsilon (x,t)\text{d}x=\frac{\mu \stackrel{~}{c}^2}{\sqrt{1\left(v/\stackrel{~}{c}\right)^2}},\mu ^{\left(k\right)}=\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}\frac{m^3}{\lambda },$$

see  and references therein.

It should be noted that for experimental purposes it is convenient to use the solutions shifted in such a way to remove singularities, zeros and negative values everywhere when it is required by the physical sense of the electrical values. For example, one can consider the shifted kink solution

$$I^{\left(k\right)}(x,t)=\frac{m}{\sqrt{\lambda }}\left[a+\mathrm{tanh}\frac{m\rho }{\sqrt{2}}\right],a=\text{const}>1,$$

thereby the potential energy (10) is modified insufficiently. As for the whole Lagrangian it has to be defined always at least up to additive and multiplicative constants.

Another, even more interest example for simulation is the sin-Gordon theory  which, at first, has to be nonrenormalizable on the quantum level, and, second, admits several nonlinear soliton solutions which are proven to be of two types (soliton and doublet) and preserving an initial shape even after the interactions with each other in spite of the superposition principle is not valid. The potential function has the form

$$V\left(I\right)=\frac{m^4}{\lambda }\left[\text{cos}\left(\frac{\sqrt{\lambda }I}{m}\right)1\right]^2,$$
(13)   
and the scattered solitons and doublets are described respectively by the expressions

$`I^{\left(s\right)}(x,t)={\displaystyle \frac{4m}{\sqrt{\lambda }}}\text{arctan}\mathrm{exp}\left(m\rho \right),`$ (14)   
$`I^{\left(d\right)}(x,t)={\displaystyle \frac{4m}{\sqrt{\lambda }}}\text{arctan}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\text{sin}\left(\frac{umt\stackrel{~}{c}}{\sqrt{1+u^2}}\right)}{u\text{cosh}\left(\frac{mx}{\sqrt{1+u^2}}\right)}}\right],`$ (15)   
where $`u`$ is the dimensionless parameter determining the period of the doublet solution (15). As was mentioned, besides the separate solutions (14) and (15) there were discovered the solutions describing the elastic scattering processes between $`N`$ solitons (see Refs.  and references therein). From the viewpoint of the theory of signal systems it means that in the circuit there can exist an arbitrary number of such nonlinear signals which have not to be distorted even when transmitting through each other and presence of dissipative effects.