# Explicit expressions of spin wave functions

## I Introduction

To describe particles with high spins in amplitude analysis, one needs to construct the explicit expressions of wave functions. Detailed properties of the amplitudes are needed in tensor analysis  to give independent invariant amplitudes free of kinematics singularities and zeros . We will give the explicit expressions of the canonical and helicity wave functions for massive particles with arbitrary spins in this paper. These wave functions satisfy Rarita-Schwinger conditions .

We will discuss quantum states in section II. Spin wave functions are given in section III and section IV.

## II Quantum States

Let $`L(p)`$ be a Lorentz transformation that satisfies

$$p^\mu =L_{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}(p)k^\nu .$$
(1)   
For massive particles one can choose the standard momentum to be $`(k^\mu )=(w;\stackrel{}{0})`$. $`w`$ is the mass of the particle. The space-time metric is taken as $`(g^{\mu \nu })=diag\{1,1,1,1\}.`$ Now we can define one particle states as 

$$|p,\sigma =U(L(p))|k,\sigma $$
(2)   
with $`U(L(p))`$ the unitary representation of $`L(p)`$ in Hilbert space. The one particle states satisfy

$$\widehat{p}^\mu |p,\sigma =p^\mu |p,\sigma .$$
(3)   
We choose the othonormal condition to be

$$p^{^{}},\sigma ^{^{}}|p,\sigma =(2\pi )^3(2p^0)\delta (\stackrel{}{p}^{^{}}\stackrel{}{p})\delta _{\sigma ^{^{}}\sigma }.$$
(4)   
Under Lorentz transformations,

$$U(\mathrm{\Lambda })|p,\sigma =\underset{\sigma ^{^{}}}{}D_{\sigma ^{^{}}\sigma }(W(\mathrm{\Lambda },p))|\mathrm{\Lambda }p,\sigma ^{^{}};$$
(5)   
where

$$D_{\sigma ^{^{}}\sigma }(W(\mathrm{\Lambda },p))L^1(\mathrm{\Lambda }p)\mathrm{\Lambda }L(p)$$
(6)   
is the Wigner rotation  and $`\{D_{\sigma ^{^{}}\sigma }\}`$ furnishes a representation of $`SO(3).`$ We also use the notation $`|\stackrel{}{p},j,m|p,j,m`$.

There are infinite ways to define the Lorentz transformation that satisfies equation (1). Canonical state and helicity state are the two types mostly used.

If one define the Lorentz transformation in equation (2) to be pure Lorentz boost

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill L(p)& =& L(\stackrel{}{p})\hfill \\ & & R(\phi ,\theta ,0)L_z(|\stackrel{}{p}|)R^1(\phi ,\theta ,0),\hfill \end{array}$$
(7)   
the canonical state is obtained. Here $`R(\phi ,\theta ,0)`$ is the rotation that takes $`z`$-axis to the direction of $`\stackrel{}{p}`$ with spherical angles $`(\theta ,\phi )`$, and the boost $`L_z(|\stackrel{}{p}|)`$ takes the four-momentum $`(k^\mu )=(w;\stackrel{}{0})`$ to $`(\sqrt{w^2+\stackrel{}{p}^2};0,0,|\stackrel{}{p}|)`$. For a particle of spin-$`j`$,$`\sigma (j,m)`$. It can be shown that for the canonical states, equation (7) become

$$U(\mathrm{\Lambda })|\stackrel{}{p},j,m=\underset{m^{^{}}}{}D_{m^{^{}}m}^j(L^1(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}p)\mathrm{\Lambda }L(\stackrel{}{p}))|\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}p,j,m^{^{}}.$$
(8)   
$`D_{m^{^{}}m}^j`$ is the ordinary $`D`$-function. Especially, under rotation $`R`$,

$$U(R)|\stackrel{}{p},j,m=\underset{m^{^{}}}{}D_{m^{^{}}m}^j(R)|\stackrel{}{R}p,j,m^{^{}}.$$
(9)   
Defining the Lorentz transformation in another way will leads to helicity states :

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill L(p)& =& L(\stackrel{}{p})R^1(\phi ,\theta ,0)\hfill \\ & & R(\phi ,\theta ,0)L_z(|\stackrel{}{p}|).\hfill \end{array}$$
(10)   
We have

$$U(\mathrm{\Lambda })|\stackrel{}{p},j,\lambda =\underset{\lambda ^{^{}}}{}D_{\lambda ^{^{}}\lambda }^j(L^1(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}p)\mathrm{\Lambda }L(\stackrel{}{p}))|\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}p,j,\lambda ^{^{}}$$
(11)   
and

$$U(R)|\stackrel{}{p},j,\lambda =|\stackrel{}{R}p,j,\lambda .$$
(12)   
The two types of definitions are related to each other by

$$|\stackrel{}{p},j,\lambda _{helicity}=\underset{m}{}D_{m\lambda }^j(\phi ,\theta ,0)|\stackrel{}{p},j,m_{canonical}.$$
(13)   
We see that the definition of state depends on the choice of Lorentz transformation in equation (1). There is a definition called spinor state , which is different from that of equation (2) and does not depend on the specific choice of Lorentz transformation; but it makes things more complex and is seldom used.

Now we write quantum states in terms of creation and annihilation operators:

$$|\stackrel{}{p},\sigma =\sqrt{(2\pi )^32p^0}a^{}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )|0,$$
(14)   
with $`|0`$ the vacuum state. Quatum fields are given by 

$`\psi _l^{(+)}={\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{\sqrt{\left(2\pi \right)^32p^0}}\underset{\sigma }{}U_l(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )a(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )e^{ipx}},`$ (15)   
$`\psi _l^{()}={\displaystyle \frac{d^3p}{\sqrt{\left(2\pi \right)^32p^0}}\underset{\sigma }{}V_l(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )a^{}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )e^{ipx}},`$ (16)   
$`U(\mathrm{\Lambda },a)\psi _l^{(\pm )}U^1(\mathrm{\Lambda },a)={\displaystyle \underset{l^{^{}}}{}}G_{ll^{^{}}}(\mathrm{\Lambda }^1)\psi _l^{^{}}^{(\pm )}(\mathrm{\Lambda }x+a).`$ (17)   
The coefficient functions, $`U_l`$ and $`V_l`$, are wave functions in momentum space. $`a^\mu `$ are parameters for translation. $`\{G_{ll^{^{}}}\}`$ furnishes a representation of the Lorentz group. One finds that wave functions satisfy 

$`{\displaystyle \underset{l^{^{}}}{}}G_{ll^{^{}}}(\mathrm{\Lambda })U_l^{^{}}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )={\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{^{}}}{}}D_{\sigma ^{^{}}\sigma }(W(\mathrm{\Lambda },p))U_l(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}p,\sigma ^{^{}}),`$ (18)   
$`{\displaystyle \underset{l^{^{}}}{}}G_{ll^{^{}}}(\mathrm{\Lambda })V_l^{^{}}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )={\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{^{}}}{}}D_{\sigma ^{^{}}\sigma }^{}(W(\mathrm{\Lambda },p))V_l(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}p,\sigma ^{^{}});`$ (19)   
so we can define wave functions as

$`U_l(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{l^{^{}}}{}}G_{ll^{^{}}}(L(\stackrel{}{p}))U_l^{^{}}(\stackrel{}{k},\sigma ),`$ (20)   
$`V_l(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{l^{^{}}}{}}G_{ll^{^{}}}(L(\stackrel{}{p}))V_l^{^{}}(\stackrel{}{k},\sigma ).`$ (21)   
For massive particles, $`\stackrel{}{k}=\stackrel{}{0}`$.

## III Wave Functions for IntegralL Spin Particles

If the index $`l`$ in previous section is chosen as Lorentz indexes, one arrived at vector fields:

$$\begin{array}{c}G(\mathrm{\Lambda })_{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}=\mathrm{\Lambda }_{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{},\\ U^\mu (\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )=L(p)_{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}U^\nu (\stackrel{}{0},\sigma ),\\ V^\mu (\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )=L(p)_{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}V^\nu (\stackrel{}{0},\sigma ).\end{array}$$
(22)   
We use the following infinitesimal generators of the Lorentz group:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\left(J_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& i\\ 0& 0& i& 0\end{array}\right),& \left(J_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& i\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& i& 0& 0\end{array}\right),& \left(J_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& i& 0\\ 0& i& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),\\ \left(K_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& i& 0& 0\\ i& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),& \left(K_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& i& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\\ i& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right),& \left(K_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{\mu }{}_{\nu }{}^{}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}0& 0& 0& i\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0\\ i& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right);\end{array}$$
(23)   
and get the explicit expressions of canonical wave functions ($`E`$ is the energy of the particle)

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \left(e_c^\mu (\stackrel{}{p},0)\right)& =& \left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{|\stackrel{}{p}|}{w}\mathrm{cos}\theta \\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{E}{w}1\right)\mathrm{sin}2\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi \\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{E}{w}1\right)\mathrm{sin}2\theta \mathrm{sin}\phi \\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{E}{w}1\right)(1+\mathrm{cos}2\theta )+1\end{array}\right),\hfill \\ \hfill \left(e_c^\mu (\stackrel{}{p},\pm 1)\right)& =& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{|\stackrel{}{p}|}{w}\mathrm{sin}\theta e^{\pm i\phi }\\ \left(\frac{E}{w}1\right)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi e^{\pm i\phi }+1\\ \left(\frac{E}{w}1\right)\mathrm{sin}^2\theta \mathrm{sin}\phi e^{\pm i\phi }\pm 1\\ \left(\frac{E}{w}1\right)\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{sin}\theta e^{\pm i\phi }\end{array}\right);\hfill \end{array}$$
(24)   
while helicity wave functions are

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \left(e_h^\mu (\stackrel{}{p},0)\right)& =& \left(\begin{array}{c}\frac{|\stackrel{}{p}|}{w}\\ \frac{E}{w}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi \\ \frac{E}{w}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\phi \\ \frac{E}{w}\mathrm{cos}\theta \end{array}\right),\hfill \\ \hfill \left(e_h^\mu (\stackrel{}{p},\pm 1)\right)& =& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ \mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{cos}\phi +i\mathrm{sin}\phi \\ \mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{sin}\phi i\mathrm{cos}\phi \\ \pm \mathrm{sin}\theta \end{array}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(25)   
We have

$$U(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )=V^{}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma )=e(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma ).$$
(26)   
Wave functions for higher integral spins can be defined recurrently by

$$e_{\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _j}(\stackrel{}{p},j,\sigma )=\underset{\sigma _{j1}^{^{}},\sigma _j}{}(j1,\sigma _{j1}^{^{}};1,\sigma _j|j,\sigma )e_{\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _{j1}}(\stackrel{}{p},j1,\sigma _{j1}^{^{}})e_{\mu _j}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _j).$$
(27)   
Using the C-G coefficient relation

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \underset{\sigma _3^{^{}},\sigma _4^{^{}},\mathrm{},\sigma _n^{^{}}}{}(j_1,\sigma _1;j_2,\sigma _2|j_1+j_2,\sigma _3^{^{}})(j_1+j_2,\sigma _3^{^{}};k_3,\sigma _3|j_1+j_2+j_3,\sigma _4^{^{}})\mathrm{}\hfill \\ & \times (j_1+j_2+\mathrm{}+j_{n1},\sigma _n^{^{}};j_n,\sigma _n|j_1+j_2+\mathrm{}+j_n,\sigma _n^{^{}}+\sigma _n)\hfill \\ \hfill =& \left[\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\frac{(2j_i)!}{(j_i+\sigma _i)!(j_i\sigma _i)!}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}\left\{\frac{\left[\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(j_i+\sigma _i)\right]!\left[\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(j_i\sigma _i)\right]!}{\left(2\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}j_i\right)!}\right\}^{\frac{1}{2}},\hfill \end{array}$$
(28)   
we find

$$\begin{array}{cc}& e_{\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _j}(\stackrel{}{p},j,\sigma )\hfill \\ \hfill =& \underset{\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\mathrm{},\sigma _j}{}\left\{\frac{2^j(j+\sigma )!(j\sigma )!}{(2j)!\underset{i=1}{\overset{j}{}}[(1+\sigma _i)!(1\sigma _i)!]}\right\}^{\frac{1}{2}}\delta _{\sigma _1+\sigma _2+\mathrm{}+\sigma _j,\sigma }e_{\mu _1}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _1)e_{\mu _2}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _2)\mathrm{}e_{\mu _j}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _j).\hfill \end{array}$$
(29)   
It is easy to show

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{}^{\mu _1}{}_{\nu _1}{}^{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{}^{\mu _2}{}_{\nu _2}{}^{}\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{}^{\mu _j}{}_{\nu _j}{}^{}e^{\nu _1\nu _2\mathrm{}\nu _j}(\stackrel{}{p},j,\sigma )=\underset{\sigma ^{^{}}}{}D_{\sigma ^{^{}}\sigma }^j(W(\mathrm{\Lambda },\stackrel{}{p}))e^{\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _j}(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}p,j,\sigma ^{^{}}).$$
(30)   
$`e_{\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _j}(\stackrel{}{p},j,\sigma )`$ satisfies all of the Rarita-Schwinger conditions: space-like, symmetric and traceless.

## IV Wave Functions for Half-integral Spin Particles

The convention of $`\gamma `$-matrices used here follows that of Bjorken and Drell , so the generators of the Lorentz group are

$$\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{}{J}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{}{\tau }& 0\\ 0& \stackrel{}{\tau }\end{array}\right),& \stackrel{}{K}=\frac{i}{2}\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& \stackrel{}{\tau }\\ \stackrel{}{\tau }& 0\end{array}\right);\end{array}$$
(31)   
with $`\stackrel{}{\tau }`$ Pauli matrixes.

The spin-$`\frac{1}{2}`$ canonical wave functions are ( here $`\alpha =\mathrm{ln}\left((E+|\stackrel{}{p}|)/w\right)`$)

$$\begin{array}{cc}U_c(\stackrel{}{p},\frac{1}{2})=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ 0\\ \mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{sin}\theta e^{i\phi }\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\end{array}\right),& U_c(\stackrel{}{p},\frac{1}{2})=\left(\begin{array}{c}0\\ \mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{sin}\theta e^{i\phi }\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\end{array}\right);\\ V_c(\stackrel{}{p},\frac{1}{2})=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{sin}\theta e^{i\phi }\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ 0\\ \mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\end{array}\right),& V_c(\stackrel{}{p},\frac{1}{2})=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{cos}\theta \mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{sin}\theta e^{i\phi }\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ 0\end{array}\right);\end{array}$$
(32)   
and the helicity wave functions are

$$\begin{array}{cc}U_h(\stackrel{}{p},\frac{1}{2})=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{cos}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{sin}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{cos}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{sin}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\end{array}\right),\hfill & U_h(\stackrel{}{p},\frac{1}{2})=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{sin}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{cos}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{sin}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{cos}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\end{array}\right);\hfill \\ V_h(\stackrel{}{p},\frac{1}{2})=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{sin}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{cos}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{sin}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{cos}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\end{array}\right),\hfill & V_h(\stackrel{}{p},\frac{1}{2})=\left(\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{cos}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{sin}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{sinh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{cos}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\\ \mathrm{sin}\frac{\theta }{2}e^{i\frac{\phi }{2}}\mathrm{cosh}\frac{\alpha }{2}\end{array}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$
(33)   
Spin-$`n+\frac{1}{2}`$ wave functions read

$$\begin{array}{cc}& U_{\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _n}(\stackrel{}{p},n+\frac{1}{2},\sigma )\hfill \\ \hfill =& \underset{\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\mathrm{},\sigma _{n+1}}{}\left\{\frac{2^n(n+\frac{1}{2}+\sigma )!(n+\frac{1}{2}\sigma )!}{(2n+1)!\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}[(1+\sigma _i)!(1\sigma _i)!]}\right\}^{\frac{1}{2}}\delta _{\sigma _1+\sigma _2+\mathrm{}+\sigma _{n+1},\sigma }\hfill \\ & \times e_{\mu _1}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _1)e_{\mu _2}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _2)\mathrm{}e_{\mu _n}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _n)U(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _{n+1});\hfill \end{array}$$
(34)   
$$\begin{array}{cc}& V_{\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _n}(\stackrel{}{p},n+\frac{1}{2},\sigma )\hfill \\ \hfill =& \underset{\sigma _1,\sigma _2,\mathrm{},\sigma _{n+1}}{}\left\{\frac{2^n(n+\frac{1}{2}+\sigma )!(n+\frac{1}{2}\sigma )!}{(2n+1)!\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}[(1+\sigma _i)!(1\sigma _i)!]}\right\}^{\frac{1}{2}}\delta _{\sigma _1+\sigma _2+\mathrm{}+\sigma _{n+1},\sigma }\hfill \\ & \times e_{\mu _1}^{}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _1)e_{\mu _2}^{}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _2)\mathrm{}e_{\mu _n}^{}(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _n)V(\stackrel{}{p},\sigma _{n+1}).\hfill \end{array}$$
(35)   
They satisfy Dirac equations and Rarita-Schwinger conditions ; especially

$$\gamma ^{\mu _k}U_{\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _k\mathrm{}\mu _n}(\stackrel{}{p},n+\frac{1}{2},\sigma )=0,$$
(36)   
$$\gamma ^{\mu _k}V_{\mu _1\mu _2\mathrm{}\mu _k\mathrm{}\mu _n}(\stackrel{}{p},n+\frac{1}{2},\sigma )=0.$$
(37)