# Jet and hadron production in photon-photon collisions11footnote 1 submitted to the proceedings of DIS99, DESY-Zeuthen, Berlin, Germany, April 1999

## 1 Leading Order parton processes

The interaction of quasi-real photons ($`Q^20`$) studied at LEP and the interaction of a quasi-real photon with a proton studied at HERA (photoproduction) are very similar processes. In leading order (LO) different event classes can be defined in $`\gamma \gamma `$ and $`\gamma `$p interactions. The photons can either interact as ‘bare’ photons (“direct”)

or as hadronic fluctuations (“resolved”). Direct and resolved interactions can be separated by measuring the fraction $`x_\gamma `$ of the photon’s momentum participating in the hard interaction for the two photons. In $`\gamma \gamma `$ interactions they are labelled $`x_\gamma ^\pm `$ for the two photons. 

Ideally, the direct $`\gamma \gamma `$ events with two bare photons are expected to have $`x_\gamma ^+=1`$ and $`x_\gamma ^{}=1`$, whereas for double-resolved events both values $`x_\gamma ^+`$ and $`x_\gamma ^{}`$ are expected to be much smaller than one. In photoproduction, the interaction of a bare photon with the proton is labelled ‘direct’ (corresponding to ‘single-resolved’ in $`\gamma \gamma `$) and the interaction of a hadronic photon is called ‘resolved’ (corresponding to ‘double-resolved’ in $`\gamma \gamma `$).

## 2 Di-jet production

Studying jets gives access to the parton dynamics of $`\gamma \gamma `$ interactions. OPAL has therefore measured di-jet production in $`\gamma \gamma `$ scattering at $`\sqrt{s}_{\mathrm{ee}}=161172`$ GeV using the cone jet finding algorithm with $`R=1`$ .

The differential cross-section $`\mathrm{d}\sigma /\mathrm{d}E_T^{\mathrm{jet}}`$ for di-jet events with pseudorapidities $`|\eta ^{\mathrm{jet}}|<2`$ is shown in Fig. 1. The measurements are compared to a parton level NLO calculation  for three different NLO parametrisations of the parton distributions of the photon GRV-HO , AFG  and GS . The calculations using the three different NLO parametrisations are in good agreement with the data points except in the first bin where theoretical and experimental uncertainties are large.

## 3 Jet shapes

The jet shape is characterised by the fraction of a jet’s transverse energy ($`E_T^{\mathrm{jet}}`$) that lies inside an inner cone of radius $`r`$ concentric with the jet defining cone:

$$\psi (r)=\frac{1}{N_{\mathrm{jet}}}\underset{\mathrm{jets}}{}\frac{E_\mathrm{T}(r)}{E_\mathrm{T}(r=R)},$$
(1)   
where $`E_\mathrm{T}(r)`$ is the transverse energy within the inner cone of radius $`r`$ and $`N_{\mathrm{jet}}`$ is the total number of jets in the sample. The jet shapes are corrected to the hadron level using the Monte Carlo. It has been shown by OPAL that the jets become narrower with increasing $`E_T^{\mathrm{jet}}`$, that the jet shapes are nearly independent of $`\eta ^{\mathrm{jet}}`$ and that gluon jets are broader than quark jets .

The measured jet shapes are compared to data from the HERA experiments in similar kinematic ranges. H1 has measured jet shapes for di-jet events produced in deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) with $`10<Q^2<120`$ GeV<sup>2</sup> and $`210^4<x<810^3`$ . The events are boosted into the Breit-frame. ZEUS has mesured jet shapes in di-jet photoproduction for quasi-real photons in the lab frame . In the regions $`\eta _{\mathrm{Breit}}<1.5`$ (H1 data) and and $`1<\eta ^{\mathrm{jet}}<0`$ (ZEUS data), most jets should be quark jets. The same is true for the OPAL data at relatively large $`E_T^{\mathrm{jet}}`$, where the direct process dominates. A comparison shown in Fig. 2 performed for similar transverse energy ranges shows good agreement of the OPAL $`\gamma \gamma `$ and the H1 DIS data. The jets in photoproduction events measured by ZEUS are narrower than the $`\gamma \gamma `$ jets. This could be due to the slightly larger $`E_T^{\mathrm{jet}}`$ in the ZEUS data. A detailed comparison of jet widths measured in $`\gamma \gamma `$ interactions and other processes ($`\text{e}^+\text{e}^{},\overline{\text{p}}\text{p},\gamma `$p) has recently been published by TOPAZ .

## 4 Charged hadron production

Hadron production at large transverse momenta is also sensitive to the partonic structure of the interactions without the theoretical and experimental problem related to the various jet algorithms. Interesting comparisons of $`\gamma \gamma `$ and $`\gamma `$p data taken at LEP and HERA, respectively, should be possible in the future, since similar hadronic centre-of-mass energies $`W`$ of the order 100 GeV are accessible for both type of experiments.

The distributions of the transverse momentum $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ of hadrons produced in $`\gamma \gamma `$ interactions are expected to be harder than in $`\gamma `$p or hadron-p interactions due to the direct component. This is demonstrated in Fig. 3 by comparing $`\mathrm{d}\sigma /\mathrm{d}p_\mathrm{T}`$ for charged hadrons measured in $`\gamma \gamma `$ interactions by OPAL  to the $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ distribution measured in $`\gamma `$p and hp (h$`=\pi ,`$K) interactions by WA69 . The WA69 data are normalised to the $`\gamma \gamma `$ data in the low $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ region at $`p_\mathrm{T}200`$ MeV/$`c`$ using the same factor for the hp and the $`\gamma `$p data. The hadronic invariant mass of the WA69 data is about $`W=16`$ GeV which is of similar size as the average $`W`$ of the $`\gamma \gamma `$ data in the range $`10<W<30`$ GeV.

Whereas only a small increase is observed in the $`\gamma `$p data compared to the h$`\pi `$ data at large $`p_\mathrm{T}`$, there is a significant increase of the relative rate in the range $`p_\mathrm{T}>2`$ GeV/$`c`$ for $`\gamma \gamma `$ interactions due to the direct process.

The $`\gamma \gamma `$ data are also compared to a ZEUS measurement of charged particle production in $`\gamma `$p events with a diffractively dissociated photon at $`W=180`$ GeV  The invariant mass relevant for this comparison should be the mass $`M_\mathrm{X}`$ of the

dissociated system (the invariant mass of the ‘$`\gamma `$-Pomeron’ system). The average $`M_\mathrm{X}`$ equals 10 GeV for the data shown. The $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ distribution falls exponentially, similar to the $`\gamma `$p and hadron-p data, and shows no flatening at high $`p_\mathrm{T}`$ due to a possible hard component of the Pomeron.

NLO calculations  of the cross-sections $`\mathrm{d}\sigma /\mathrm{d}p_\mathrm{T}`$ are shown in Fig. 4. The cross-sections are calculated using the QCD partonic cross-sections, the NLO GRV parametrisation of the parton distribution functions  and fragmentation functions fitted to e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>-</sup> data. The renormalisation and factorisation scales are set equal to $`p_\mathrm{T}`$. The change in slope around $`p_\mathrm{T}=3`$ GeV/$`c`$ in the NLO calculation is due to the charm threshold. The agreement between the data and the NLO calculation is good.

## 5 Prompt photons

The production of prompt photons in $`\gamma \gamma `$ interactions can also be used to measure the quark and gluon content of the photon . At TRISTAN energies the single-resolved process $`\gamma \text{q}\gamma \text{q}`$ is expected to dominate the prompt photon production cross-section, whereas at LEP2 energies double-resolved processes should become important.

TOPAZ has measured the prompt photon cross-section $`\sigma (\text{e}^+\text{e}^{}\text{e}^+\text{e}^{}\gamma X)`$ by fitting signal plus background (mainly from $`\pi ^0`$ decays) to variables describing the shower shape in the calorimeter (Fig. 5). The variables are the rms of the cluster width in the r$`\varphi `$ direction, $`\sigma _{\mathrm{R}\varphi }`$, and the ratio of the maximum energy in a cluster to the total cluster energy, $`F_{\mathrm{max}}`$.

TOPAZ obtains $`\sigma (\text{e}^+\text{e}^{}\text{e}^+\text{e}^{}\gamma X)=(1.48\pm 0.4\pm 0.49)`$ pb for photons with energies greater than 2 GeV using a data set with an integrated luminosity of $`L=288`$ pb. This result is about 1.5-2 standard deviations larger than the LO cross-sections $`\sigma (\text{e}^+\text{e}^{}\text{e}^+\text{e}^{}\gamma X)`$ of $`0.35`$ pb and $`0.50`$ pb which were obtained with PYTHIA using SaS-1D  and LAC1 , respectively.

## Acknowledgements

I want to thank Hisaki Hayashii for helping me with the TOPAZ data, Michael Klasen for providing the NLO calculations of the di-jet cross-sections, Tancredi Carli for discussion on the jet shapes and the organizers for this interesting and enjoyable workshop.