# 1 Surfaces 𝑆₁ and 𝑆₂ intersecting an incoming wavepacket.

## Appendix

To analyze wavepackets with $`\widehat{e}=(1,0,0,0)`$ it is convenient to use coordinates $`(\rho ,𝐲)`$ with $`𝐲`$ a three-vector, as defined by

$$𝐱=(\mathrm{tan}\rho ,𝐲/\mathrm{cos}\rho ).$$
(A.1)   
The classical trajectory of interest is simply

$$\rho =t,𝐲=0.$$
(A.2)   
In these coordinates the metric is

$$ds^2=\frac{R^2}{\mathrm{cos}^2\rho }\left[(1+y^2)dt^2+d\rho ^2+d𝐲d𝐲\frac{(𝐲d𝐲)^2}{1+y^2}\right].$$
(A.3)   
The d’Alembertian is

$$R^2^2=\frac{\mathrm{cos}^2\rho }{1+y^2}_t^2+\mathrm{cos}^5\rho _\rho (\mathrm{cos}^3\rho _\rho )+\mathrm{cos}^2\rho (_𝐲_𝐲+_𝐲𝐲𝐲_𝐲).$$
(A.4)   
We seek a solution of the form

$$\varphi =\mathrm{exp}\left[i\omega f(t,\rho )\omega y^2g_1(\rho )\omega (t\rho )^2g_2(\rho )+h(\rho )\right].$$
(A.5)   
We are interested in the case $`\omega 1`$ and so make an analysis of geometric optics (WKB) type. The first term in the exponent is the rapidly varying phase. The second and third terms produce the envelope in space and time; it follows that $`𝐲`$ and $`t\rho `$ are of order $`\omega ^{1/2}`$.

Expanding $`^2\varphi =0`$ in powers of $`\omega `$, the term of order $`\omega ^2`$ is

$$\omega ^2[(_tf)^2(_\rho f)^2]=0$$
(A.6)   
with solution $`f=\rho t`$. At order $`\omega `$,

$$\omega \mathrm{cos}^2\rho \left[\omega y^22i\omega y^2g_1^{}2i\omega (t\rho )^2g_2^{}+2ih^{}+3i\mathrm{tan}\rho 2g_1+4\omega y^2g_1^2\right]=0,$$
(A.7)   
where the prime is a $`\rho `$ derivative. Thus,

$`g_1^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}2ig_1^2,`$   
$`g_2^{}`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$   
$`h^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}\mathrm{tan}\rho ig_1.`$ (A.8)   
These are readily integrated. A simple particular solution, which we will use henceforth, is

$$g_1=g_2=\frac{1}{2},h=\frac{3}{2}\mathrm{ln}\mathrm{cos}\rho \frac{i\rho }{2}.$$
(A.9)   
At the origin this solution is of the form (6) with

$$F_{\omega 𝐞}(t,𝐱)=\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{\omega }{2}\left[x_{}^2+(t𝐞𝐱)^2\right]\right\}.$$
(A.10)   
Here $`𝐱_{}`$ is the part of $`𝐱`$ that is orthogonal to $`𝐞`$.

Very near the boundary, $`r\omega `$, the WKB approximation breaks down. Here we can match onto the large-$`r`$ behavior

$$\varphi =A(t,\widehat{𝐱})\frac{e^{i\omega t}}{r^2}H_2^{2,1}(\omega /r),$$
(A.11)   
where the variation of $`A(t,\widehat{𝐱})`$ is slow compared to the remaining factors. The superscripts $`1,2`$ on the Bessel function refers to the behavior at $`t=\pm \pi /2`$. In the regime $`\omega r1`$ both the large-$`r`$ and WKB expressions are valid and so we can match, with the result

$$A(t,\widehat{𝐱})=ie^{\pm i\pi \omega /2}(\pi \omega /2)^{1/2}\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{\omega }{2}\left[|\widehat{𝐱}𝐞|^2+(t\pi /2)^2\right]\right\}.$$
(A.12)   
The $`r\omega `$ behavior of the Bessel function then gives the wavepacket on the boundary,

$$G_\pm (\tau ,\theta )=e^{\pm i\pi \omega /2}(2/\omega )^{3/2}\pi ^{1/2}\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{\omega }{2}[\theta ^2+\tau ^2]\right\}.$$
(A.13)   
For scalars with masses of order the Kaluza–Klein scale $`R^1`$, the trajectory and WKB analysis are unaffected for $`r`$ less than $`\omega `$. The effect of the mass is then simply to change the order of the Bessel function to $`\nu `$, and the result for the wavepacket is

$$G_\pm (\tau ,\theta )=e^{\pm i\pi (\omega +\nu )/2}(2/\omega )^{\nu 1/2}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\nu )\pi ^{1/2}\mathrm{exp}\left\{\frac{\omega }{2}[\tau ^2+\theta ^2]\right\}.$$
(A.14)   
## Acknowledgments

I would like to thank V. Balasubramanian, T. Banks, I. Bena, S. Giddings, D. Gross, G. Horowitz, N. Itzhaki, P. Pouliot, and M. Srednicki for discussions. This work was supported in part by NSF grants PHY94-07194 and PHY97-22022.