# 1 slns

## 1 Radially excited gravitating global monopoles

Following the notation of , we put $`\varphi ^a=f(r)\widehat{r}^a`$ for the Higgs field and

$$ds^2=A^2\mu dt^2+\frac{dr^2}{\mu }+r^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2$$
(1)   
for the spherically symmetric line element in Schwarzschild coordinates. The resulting static field equations are (we prefer to use rationalized units putting $`\overline{f}=\sqrt{4\pi }f`$, $`\overline{\eta }=\sqrt{4\pi }\eta `$, $`\lambda =2\pi `$ as compared to $`f`$ and $`\eta `$ from )

$`\overline{f}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`\psi `$ (2)   
$`\psi ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{f}}{r^2\mu }}\left[2+{\displaystyle \frac{r^2}{2}}(\overline{f}^2\overline{\eta }^2)\right]\psi \left[{\displaystyle \frac{2}{r}}+r\psi ^2+{\displaystyle \frac{\mu ^{}}{\mu }}\right]`$ (3)   
$`\mu ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1\mu }{r}}r\mu \psi ^2{\displaystyle \frac{2\overline{f}^2}{r}}{\displaystyle \frac{r}{4}}\left(\overline{f}^2\overline{\eta }^2\right)^2`$ (4)   
$`A^{}`$ $`=`$ $`r\psi ^2A.`$ (5)   
Solutions with a regular origin obey the boundary conditions

$$\overline{f}(r)=ar+O(r^3),\psi (r)=a+O(r^2),\mu (r)=1+O(r^2),A(r)=A_0+O(r^2)$$
(6)   
and are uniquely specified by the choice of $`a=\psi (0)`$ and $`A_0`$.

The boundary conditions for black holes at the horizon are

$`\overline{f}(r)`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{f}_\mathrm{h}+O(rr_\mathrm{h}),\psi (r)=\psi _\mathrm{h}+O(rr_\mathrm{h}),`$ (7)   
$`\mu (r)`$ $`=`$ $`\mu _\mathrm{h}^{}(rr_\mathrm{h})+O((rr_\mathrm{h})^2),A(r)=A_\mathrm{h}+O((rr_\mathrm{h})^2)`$ (8)   
with

$`\mu _\mathrm{h}^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{r_\mathrm{h}}}\left[12\overline{f}_\mathrm{h}^2{\displaystyle \frac{r_\mathrm{h}^2}{4}}\left(\overline{f}_\mathrm{h}^2\overline{\eta }^2\right)^2\right]>0`$ (9)   
$`\psi _\mathrm{h}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{f}_\mathrm{h}}{r_\mathrm{h}^2\mu _\mathrm{h}^{}}}\left[2+{\displaystyle \frac{r_\mathrm{h}^2}{2}}\left(\overline{f}_\mathrm{h}^2\overline{\eta }^2\right)\right].`$ (10)   
Solutions with any of these boundary conditions stay finite for increasing $`r`$ as long as $`\mu `$ is non-zero. However, generically $`\mu `$ vanishes for some finite value of $`r`$. Depending on whether $`A`$ and $`\psi `$ stay finite or not at the zero of $`\mu `$ the geometrical significance of such points is different. In the first case the solution has a cosmological horizon, in the latter it has an “equator”, i.e. a maximum of $`r`$ considered as a metrical function (compare eq.(1)). The boundary conditions at a cosmological horizon are the same as at a black hole horizon given above with the only difference that $`\mu _\mathrm{h}^{}<0`$.

Solutions with a regular origin resp. black hole boundary conditions and a cosmological horizon can be obtained by fine-tuning the parameter $`a`$ resp. $`\overline{f}_\mathrm{h}`$. An important special case is obtained for $`a=0`$ resp. $`\overline{f}_\mathrm{h}=0`$ yielding the de Sitter resp. Schwarzschild-de Sitter solution with a cosmological constant provided by the Higgs potential for $`\overline{f}0`$. The de Sitter (dS) solution is given by

$$\mu _{\mathrm{dS}}(r)=1\frac{r^2}{r_\mathrm{c}^2}\mathrm{with}r_\mathrm{c}=\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{\overline{\eta }^2},$$
(11)   
whereas the Schwarzschild-de Sitter (SdS) solution reads

$$\mu _{\mathrm{SdS}}(r)=1\frac{r^2}{r_\mathrm{c}^2}\frac{r_\mathrm{h}}{r}\left(1\frac{r_\mathrm{h}^2}{r_\mathrm{c}^2}\right).$$
(12)   
Obviously the SdS solution goes into the dS solution for $`r_\mathrm{h}0`$. The cosmological horizon of the SdS solution turns out to be located at

$$r_+=\frac{r_\mathrm{h}}{2}+\sqrt{r_\mathrm{c}^2\frac{3}{4}r_\mathrm{h}^2}$$
(13)   
As was shown in  the de Sitter solution has bounded “zero modes” $`\phi _K`$ solving the linearized eqs.(2) in the dS background for the discrete values

$$\overline{\eta }_K^2=\frac{3}{(K+2)(2K+1)}\mathrm{for}K=0,1,2,..$$
(14)   
At the largest one $`\overline{\eta }_0^2=3/2`$ the de Sitter solution bifurcates with the global monopole solutions possessing a themselves a cosmological horizon for $`\overline{\eta }^2>1/2`$ . The corresponding zero mode is given by $`\phi _0=\overline{f}/a`$, where $`a`$ is the parameter characterizing the solution at $`r=0`$ (compare eq.(6)). As was already mentioned above we may look for “radially excited” global monopoles bifurcating with the de Sitter solution at the other zero modes $`\phi _K`$ for $`K>0`$. Since the functions $`\phi _K`$ have $`K`$ zeros, we have to look for solutions of eqs.(2) with $`\overline{f}`$’s with the same property and and a cosmological horizon. The results of a numerical investigation for the cases $`K=1,2`$ are summarized in Fig.(2), in which the values of the fine-tuning parameter $`a`$ are plotted as a function of $`\overline{\eta }^2`$. The graphs of the functions $`a(\overline{\eta }^2)`$ look very similar to the one for the case $`K=0`$ given in  and approach the latter for $`\overline{\eta }0`$.

There is an important difference in the global behaviour between the fundamental monopole and the radially excited solutions. Whereas the first ones extend to arbitrarily large values of $`r`$ with $`\overline{f}\overline{\eta }`$ and $`\mu 12\overline{\eta }^2`$, the latter ones have an “equator” (maximum of $`r`$) just outside their cosmological horizon and then run back to $`r=0`$, where they become singular. The behaviour beyond the equator is quite similar to the one of “hairy” black holes inside their horizon . Obviously $`\mu `$ cannot tend to $`12\overline{\eta }^2`$ for $`\overline{\eta }^2<1/2`$ without becoming positive again. This, however, could only be achieved with finite $`\psi `$ by further fine-tuning, for which there is no parameter left for given $`\overline{\eta }`$. One might try to also fine-tune $`\overline{\eta }`$ in order find such solutions, but then one would still need another parameter to suppress the divergent mode of the Higgs field for $`r\mathrm{}`$ to enforce $`\overline{f}\overline{\eta }`$.

Since the Schwarzschild coordinates become singular at the equator, where $`r`$ is stationary one has to use a different radial coordinate. A convenient choice is to take the geodesic distance $`s`$ in the radial direction and determine $`r(s)`$ solving

$$\frac{d}{ds}r=\sqrt{|\mu |}.$$
(15)   
Fig.(1) shows the functions $`\overline{f}(x)`$, $`\mu (x)`$ and $`r(x)`$ for particular values of $`\overline{\eta }`$, where the coordinate $`x`$ is equal to $`s`$ up to a normalisation factor chosen such that the cosmological horizon where $`\mu `$ vanishes is situated at $`s=1`$. The equator at a second zero of $`\mu `$ is very close to, but slightly outside the horizon. Since $`\mu `$ stays very small between its two zeros we have inserted enlargements in Fig.(1) in order to make this behaviour visible.

## 2 Black holes with global monopole hair

Next we turn to black holes sitting inside global monopoles. Such solutions have been described already by S. Liebling . According to his results there is a 2-parameter family of such solutions, parametrized by the radius $`r_\mathrm{h}`$ of their bh-horizon and $`\overline{\eta }`$. Encouraged by the results of the previous section, we also look for black holes sitting inside radially excited global monopoles. Indeed, such solutions are readily found numerically solving eqs.(2) with bh boundary conditions eq.(7) and analogous ones for a cosmological horizon at some $`r_\mathrm{c}>r_\mathrm{h}`$.

In view of the experience with hairy black holes studied in the literature , we expect a limited domain of existence in the $`\overline{\eta }r_\mathrm{h}`$-plane for such solutions. The numerical analysis shows that there is a qualitative difference between the fundamental solutions (without zeros of the Higgs field) and the radially excited ones. Let us first discuss the fundamental solutions.

As shown in Fig.(3) there three regions in the $`\overline{\eta }r_\mathrm{h}`$-plane. For $`0<\overline{\eta }^2<1/2`$ black holes with arbitrarily large radius $`r_\mathrm{h}`$ seem to exist. In the interval $`1/2<\overline{\eta }^2<1`$ the $`r_\mathrm{h}`$ values are bounded from above by the curve $`r_\mathrm{h}=2/\overline{\eta }^2`$. Approaching this curve from below the solutions bifurcate with the SdS solution (i.e. $`\overline{f}0`$), such that at the same time $`r_\mathrm{h}`$ tends to $`r_\mathrm{c}`$. Comparing with eq.(13) this yields the relation $`r_\mathrm{h}=r_\mathrm{c}/\sqrt{3}=2/\overline{\eta }^2`$.

In the interval $`1<\overline{\eta }^2<3/2`$ the existence domain is bounded by some curve joining the points $`(1,2)`$ and $`(\sqrt{3/2},0)`$ in the $`\overline{\eta }r_\mathrm{h}`$-plane. Approaching this curve the solution again bifurcates with the SdS solution, but this time with $`r_\mathrm{h}<r_+`$. As in the case of the regular solution the bifurcation points are determined by the requirement that a bounded zero mode of the SdS solution exists. The equation to be solved for $`\phi =r\delta \overline{f}`$ is (using rescaled radial variables $`x=r/r_\mathrm{c}`$ and $`x_\mathrm{h}=r_\mathrm{h}/r_\mathrm{c}`$)

$$\frac{d}{dx}(\mu _{\mathrm{SdS}}\frac{d}{dx}\phi )=\left(\frac{2}{x^2}2\frac{6}{\overline{\eta }^2}\frac{x_\mathrm{h}^3x_\mathrm{h}}{x^3}\right)\phi $$
(16)   
with bh boundary conditions at $`x=x_\mathrm{h}`$ and $`\mu _{\mathrm{SdS}}`$ as given by eq.(12). The requirement for $`\phi `$ to stay bounded for $`xr_+/rc`$ then determines the boundary curve $`r_\mathrm{h}(\overline{\eta })`$ shown in Fig.(3) joining the points $`P_0`$ and $`Q_0`$.

The situation is quite similar for the radially excited solutions, the only difference being the absence of the unbounded piece of the domain. The existence domains for solutions with one and two zeros of $`\overline{f}`$ are shown in Fig.(3). The intersection points $`P_i,i=0,1,2`$, etc. of the respective boundary curves can be determined analytically as follows.

From what was said above they are determined by the condition that $`r_\mathrm{h}r_+`$ as one approaches them along the curve determined by the zero mode condition. In order to study this limit we assume $`x_\mathrm{h}=1/\sqrt{3}ϵ`$ with $`ϵ<<1`$ and introduce a rescaled variable $`y`$ defined by $`x=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+ϵy`$. Keeping only the leading terms as $`ϵ0`$ we obtain from eq.(16)

$$\frac{d}{dy}((1y^2)\frac{d}{dy}\phi )=2(1\frac{1}{\overline{\eta }^2})\phi .$$
(17)   
When $`x`$ varies from $`x_\mathrm{h}`$ to $`r_+/rc`$ the variable $`y`$ runs from $`1`$ to $`+1`$. The bounded solutions on this interval are the Legendre polynomials $`P_K(y)`$ obtained for

$$\overline{\eta }_K^2=\frac{2}{K(K+1)+2}K=0,1,\mathrm{}$$
(18)   
The first three values are $`\overline{\eta }^2=1,1/2,1/4`$ with corresponding values $`r_\mathrm{h}=2,4,8`$ matching exactly the points $`P_0,P_1`$ and $`P_2`$ of Fig.(3).

## 3 Summary

In section 1 we put forward some arguments for the existence of radial excitations of the static gravitational global monopoles possessing a de Sitter like cosmological horizon studied in . We present some numerical evidence for the existence of solutions with up to two zeros of the Higgs field. In section 2 we study corresponding static hairy black hole solutions, representing black holes sitting inside a global monopole core. In particular, we determine their existence domains as a function of their horizon radius $`r_\mathrm{h}`$.

In a forthcoming publication we shall consider generalisations of these results to gravitational monopoles with a dynamical YM field.

## 4 Acknowledgments

I am indebted to P. Breitenlohner and P. Forgács for frequent discussions on the subject.