# 1 The maximal Re⁢(ϵ'/ϵ) vs. 𝑚_𝑠⁢(𝑚_𝑐). {Re⁢(ϵ'/ϵ)|}_{𝑚⁢𝑎⁢𝑥} corresponds to Im⁢𝜆_𝑡=1.7⋅10⁻⁴, 2⁢𝐵₆^(1/2)-𝐵₈^(3/2)=2.0 and |𝑟_𝑍⁽⁸⁾|=8.5. The plotted relation for different values of 2⁢𝐵₆^(1/2)-𝐵₈^(3/2) can be obtained by replacing 𝑚_𝑠⁢(𝑚_𝑐) with 𝑚_𝑠⁢(𝑚_𝑐)⋅[(2⁢𝐵₆^(1/2)-𝐵₈^(3/2))/2.0]^{-1/2}. The contribution of the 𝑠̄⁢𝑑⁢𝑍-vertex is shown separately. The hatched area corresponds to the 2𝜎 range of the measured value in ().

KEK-TH-616, FERMILAB-Pub-99/035-T, DPNU-99-10  hep-ph/9903230    

A short look at $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$   
Yong-Yeon Keum<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1e-mail:keum@ccthmail.kek.jp, Monbusho fellow,   
KEK, Theory Group, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan,   
Ulrich Nierste<sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2e-mail:nierste@fnal.gov,   
Fermilab, Theory Division MS106, IL-60510-500, USA,   
and   
A.I. Sanda<sup>3</sup><sup>3</sup>3e-mail:sanda@eken.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp   
Dept. of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 446, Japan

Abstract

We analyze the theoretical implications of the new KTeV measurement of direct CP-violation in $`K\pi \pi `$ decays. The result is found consistent with the Standard Model for low values of the strange quark mass $`m_s`$. If the hadronic parameters $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ and $`B_8^{(3/2)}`$ satisfy $`2B_6^{(1/2)}B_8^{(3/2)}2`$, as suggested by lattice and $`1/N_c`$ calculations, we find an upper bound of $`110\mathrm{MeV}`$ for $`m_s(2\mathrm{GeV})`$. We parametrize potential new physics contributions to $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ and illustrate their correlation with upper bounds on $`m_s`$. Finally we discuss a non-perturbative mechanism, which is not contained in the existing calculations of $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$. This mechanism enhances $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ and thereby leads to a better understanding of the $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ rule and the high measured value of $`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$.   
PACS: 11.30.Er; 13.25.Es; 14.65.Bt   
Keywords: violation,CP; interpretation of experiments; quark, mass; new interaction, search for; K0

——————————————————————-

Recently the KTeV collaboration at Fermilab has precisely determined the measure of direct CP-violation in $`K\pi \pi `$ decays :

$`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$ $`=`$ $`(28\pm 4)10^4.`$ (1)   
This measurement is consistent with the result of the CERN experiment NA31, which has also found a non-vanishing value for $`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$ . Within the last two decades a tremendous effort has been made to calculate the short distance QCD effects with next-to-leading order accuracy  and to obtain the relevant hadronic matrix elements using various non-perturbative methods . Yet while the Standard Model predicts $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ to be non-zero, the theoretical prediction of its precise value is plagued by large uncertainties due to an unfortunate cancellation between two hadronic quantities. Nevertheless for the ballpark of popular input parameters $`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$ results in $`2`$$`16`$ times $`10^4`$ , so that the large value in (1) came as a surprise to many experts. Here a key role is played by the strange quark mass, whose size is not precisely known at present. In the Standard Model $`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$ can be summarized in the handy formula :

$`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Im}\lambda _t\left[1.35+R_s\left(1.1\left|r_Z^{(8)}\right|B_6^{(1/2)}+\left(1.00.67\left|r_Z^{(8)}\right|\right)B_8^{(3/2)}\right)\right].`$ (2)   
Here $`\lambda _t=V_{td}V_{ts}^{}`$ is the CKM factor and $`r_Z^{(8)}`$ comprises the short distance physics. Including next-to-leading order QCD corrections the short distance factor is in the range 

$`6.5\left|r_Z^{(8)}\right|8.5`$ (3)   
for $`0.113\alpha _s^{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}(M_Z)0.123`$. Relevant contributions to $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ stem from the $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ matrix element of the operator $`Q_6`$ and the $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=3/2`$ matrix element of $`Q_8`$ (see  for their precise definition). These hadronic matrix elements are parametrized by $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ and $`B_8^{(3/2)}`$. Finally the dependence on the strange quark mass is comprised in

$`R_s`$ $`=`$ $`\left({\displaystyle \frac{150\mathrm{MeV}}{m_s\left(m_c\right)}}\right)^2.`$   
From standard analyses of the unitarity triangle  one finds

$`1.010^4\mathrm{Im}\lambda _t1.710^4.`$ (4)   
Lattice calculations  and the $`1/N_c`$ expansion  predict

$`0.8B_6^{(1/2)}1.3,0.6B_8^{(3/2)}1.0.`$ (5)   
The maximal possible $`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$ for the quoted ranges of the input parameters is plotted vs. $`m_s`$ in Fig. 1. Hence if the Standard Model is the only source of direct CP-violation in $`K\pi \pi `$ decays, the 2$`\sigma `$ bound from (1), $`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)2010^4`$, implies

$`m_s(m_c)126\mathrm{MeV}`$ $``$ $`m_s\left(2\mathrm{GeV}\right)110\mathrm{MeV}.`$ (6)   
in the $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ scheme. The upper bounds in (6) correspond to the maximal values for $`\mathrm{Im}\lambda _t`$, $`2B_6^{(1/2)}B_8^{(3/2)}`$ and $`\left|r_Z^{(8)}\right|`$. In the chiral quark model  $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ can exceed the range in (5) and $`2B_6^{(1/2)}B_8^{(3/2)}`$ can be as large as 2.9 relaxing the bound in (6) to $`m_s(m_c)151\mathrm{MeV}`$. In  it has been argued that this feature of the chiral quark model prediction should also be present in other approaches, once certain effects (final state interactions, $`𝒪(p^2)`$ corrections to the electromagnetic terms in the chiral lagrangian) are consistently included. Hence the result in (1) is perfectly consistent with values for $`m_s`$ obtained in quenched lattice calculations favouring $`m_s\left(2\mathrm{GeV}\right)=\left(110\pm 30\right)`$ MeV . From unquenched calculations one expects even smaller values . It is also consistent with recent sum rule estimates . However the preliminary ALEPH result for the determination of $`m_s`$ from $`\tau `$ decays, $`m_s(m_\tau )=(172\pm 31)`$ MeV , violates the bound in (6). The compatibility of the ranges in (4) and (5) with large values of order $`𝒪(210^3)`$ for $`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$ has been pointed out earlier in . Here instead we aim at the most conservative upper bound on $`m_s`$ from (3), (4), (5) and the experimental result in (1), as quoted in (6).

With the present uncertainty in (5) and in the lattice calculations of $`m_s`$ one cannot improve the range for $`\mathrm{Im}\lambda _t`$ in (4). Hence at present $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ is not useful for the construction of the unitarity triangle.

While we do not claim the necessity for new physics in $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$, there is certainly plenty of room for it in $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ and other observables in the Kaon system such as $`ϵ_K`$ or $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_K`$  or rare K decays . Now (1) correlates non-standard contributions to $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ with upper bounds on $`m_s`$, which might become weaker or stronger compared to (6) depending on the sign of the new physics contribution. We want to stress that this feature is very useful to constrain new physics effects in other $`sd`$ transitions: Most extension of the Standard Model involve new helicity-flipping operators, for example $`ϵ_K`$ can receive contributions from the $`\mathrm{\Delta }S=2`$ operator $`Q_S=\overline{s}_Ld_R\overline{s}_Ld_R`$, which is absent in the Standard Model. Yet the matrix elements of operators like $`Q_S`$, which involves two (pseudo-)scalar couplings, are proportional to $`1/m_s^2`$. Hence upper bounds on $`m_s`$ imply lower bounds on the matrix elements of $`Q_S`$ and similar operators multiplying the new physics contributions of interest. To exploit this feature one must, of course, first explore the potential impact of the considered new model on $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$. Recently Buras and Silvestrini  have pointed out that $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ is sensitive to new physics contributions in the effective $`\overline{s}dZ`$-vertex. This vertex can be substantially enhanced in generic supersymmetric models, as discovered by Colangelo and Isidori . By contrast supersymmetric contributions to the gluonic penguins entering $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$ are small . We want to parametrize the new physics in a model independent way and write

$`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)|_{new}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Im}Z_{ds}^{new}\left[1.2R_S|r_Z^{(8)}|B_8^{(3/2)}\right]+\mathrm{Im}C_{ds}^{new}0.24+1510^4R_sB_6^{(1/2)}R_6`$ (7)   
Here $`Z_{ds}^{new}`$ is the new physics contribution to the effective $`\overline{s}dZ`$-vertex $`Z_{ds}`$ defined in . $`C_{ds}`$ is the effective chromomagnetic $`\overline{s}dg`$-vertex defined by

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{G_F}{\sqrt{2}}}C_{ds}Q_{11}\left(M_W\right),Q_{11}={\displaystyle \frac{g_s}{16\pi ^2}}m_s\overline{s}\sigma ^{\mu \nu }T^a(1\gamma _5)dG_{\mu \nu }^a.`$ (8)   
The impact of the chromomagnetic operator $`Q_{11}`$ has been analyzed in . In the Standard Model one has $`C_{ds}=0.19\lambda _t`$ with negligible impact on $`ϵ^{}/ϵ`$. In extensions of the Standard Model, however, $`C_{ds}`$ can be larger by an order of magnitude or more, because the factor of $`m_s`$ in (8) accompanying the helicity flip of the $`s`$-quark may be replaced by the mass $`M`$ of some new heavy particle appearing in the one-loop $`\overline{s}dg`$-vertex . There are no constraints on $`\mathrm{Im}C_{ds}^{new}`$ from $`ϵ_K`$ or $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_K`$. In the $`\overline{b}sg`$-vertex the corresponding enhancement factor is smaller by a factor of $`m_s/m_b`$. The numerical factor of $`0.24`$ in (7) incorporates the renormalization group evolution from $`M_W`$ down to 1 GeV and the hadronic matrix element calculated in . Finally new physics could enter the Wilson coefficient $`y_6(1\mathrm{GeV})0.1`$ multiplying $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ (and hidden in $`|r_Z^{(8)}|`$ in (2)). (For definitions and numerical values of the Wilson coefficients see .) The parameter $`R_6`$ in (7) is defined as

$`R_6`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{Im}\left[\lambda _ty_6^{new}(1\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})\right]}{0.1710^4}}.`$ (9)   
Hence $`R_6=1`$ means that the new physics contribution to $`y_6(1\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})`$ is approximately equal to the Standard Model contribution. There is no simple relation between $`y_6(1\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})`$ and the new physics amplitude at $`\mu =M_W`$, because the initial values of all QCD operators contribute to $`y_6(1\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V})`$ due to operator mixing. In a given model one has to calculate these initial coefficients and to perform the renormalization group evolution down to $`\mu =1\mathrm{GeV}`$. In $`R_6`$ no order-of-magnitude enhancement like in $`C_{ds}`$ is possible. Only small effects have been found in , because $`y_6(1\mathrm{GeV})`$ is largely an admixture of the tree-level coefficient $`y_2(M_W)`$, which is unaffected by new physics. While still $`R_6`$ can be more important than $`C_{ds}`$ due to the larger coefficient in (7), it will be less relevant than $`Z_{ds}^{new}`$. In Fig. 2 we have plotted the correlation between $`\mathrm{Im}Z_{ds}^{new}`$ and $`m_s`$ for $`C_{ds}=R_6=0`$. We have used the range in (4). The upper bound on $`\mathrm{Im}Z_{ds}^{new}`$ is related to the lower bound on $`\mathrm{Im}\lambda _t`$, which can be invalidated, if new physics contributes to $`ϵ_K`$. The more interesting lower bound, however, corresponds to the upper limit in (4) stemming from tree-level semileptonic $`B`$ decays, which are insensitive to new physics.

Maybe future determinations of $`m_s`$ and more precise measurements of $`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$ will eventually be in conflict with (6). Before then discussing the possibility of new physics it is worthwile to consider, if $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ can be increased over the maximal value quoted in (5) by some strong interaction dynamics. In  it has been pointed out that the existence of $`f_0(4001200)`$, a $`\pi \pi `$ S-wave $`I=0`$ resonance, introduces a pole in the $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ matrix element of $`Q_6`$. This mechanism is not contained in standard chiral perturbation theory and therefore not included in the calculations leading to (5). It can lead to a factor of 2-4 enhancement of $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ allowing to relax the upper limit in (6). $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ also enters the real part of $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ amplitude $`A_0`$, whose large size is an yet unexplained puzzle of low energy strong dynamics ($`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ rule).<sup>4</sup><sup>4</sup>4We consider an explanation in terms of a new physics enhancement of the chromomagnetic vertex $`C_{ds}`$ as proposed in  to be unlikely in view of the small matrix element found in . Now with the large measured value for $`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$ an enhancement of $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ becomes phenomenologically viable. We have extracted the maximum value of $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ compatible with (1), (3) and (4). The result is plotted vs. $`m_s`$ in Fig. 3. Subsequently we have inserted the extracted result for $`(B_6^{(1/2)},m_s)`$ together with the $`1/N_c`$ predictions for $`B_1^{(1/2)}`$ and $`B_2^{(1/2)}`$  into the theoretical prediction for $`\mathrm{Re}A_0`$ and solved for the Wilson coefficient $`z_6(\mu 1\mathrm{GeV})`$. $`B_6^{(1/2)}`$ depends only weakly on $`\mu `$ . The numerical value of $`z_6(\mu )`$ suffers from severe scheme and scale dependences . We could fit the measured result for $`\mathrm{Re}A_0`$ with a value for $`z_6(\mu )`$, which exceeds the value of $`z_6(1\mathrm{GeV})`$ in the NDR scheme by less than a factor of 2. The extracted value depends only weakly on $`m_s`$ and slightly decreases with increasing $`m_s(m_c)`$. Considering the large uncertainty in $`z_6(1\mathrm{GeV})`$ and the fact that the true scale of the hadronic interaction is probably well below $`1\mathrm{GeV}`$ ($`|z_6|`$ increases with decreasing $`\mu `$, but cannot reliably be predicted for too low scales) we conclude that the mechanism proposed in  leads to a semiquantitative understanding of the $`\mathrm{\Delta }I=1/2`$ rule while simultaneously being consistent with the measurement of $`\mathrm{Re}(ϵ^{}/ϵ)`$ in (1). This conclusion would not have been possible with the old low result of the E731 experiment . Also the upper bound on $`m_s`$ in (6) becomes invalid, so that one can even accomodate for the high value of $`m_s`$ measured by ALEPH  and quoted after (6).

Acknowledgments: This work has been supported in part by Grant-in-Aid for Special Project Research (Physics of CP-violation). Y-Y.K. and U.N. appreciate the kind hospitality of Nagoya University, where this work has been completed. Y-Y.K. thanks M. Kobayashi for encouragement. He is supported by the Grant-in-Aid of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture.