# Untitled Document

Facts and Notation:

* O \- octonions: nonassociative, noncommutative, basis $`\{1=e_0,e_1,\mathrm{},e_7\}`$;
* Q \- quaternions: associative, noncommutative, basis $`\{1=q_0,q_1,q_2,q_3\}`$;
* C \- complex numbers: associative, commutative, basis $`\{1,i\}`$;
* R \- real numbers.
* $`\text{K}_L,\text{K}_R`$ \- the adjoint algebras of left and right actions of an algebra K on itself.
* K(2) - 2x2 matrices over the algebra K (to be identified with Clifford algebras);
* $`𝒞(p,q)`$ \- the Clifford algebra of the real spacetime with signature (p+,q-);
* $`{}_{}{}^{2}\text{K}`$ \- 2x1 matrices over the algebra K (to be identified with spinor spaces);
* $`\text{O}_L`$ and $`\text{O}_R`$ are identical, isomorphic to R(8) (8x8 real matrices),   
64-dimensional bases are of the form $`1,e_{La},e_{Lab},e_{Labc}`$, or $`1,e_{Ra},e_{Rab},e_{Rabc}`$, where, for example, if $`x\text{O}`$, then $`e_{Lab}[x]e_a(e_bx)`$, and $`e_{Rab}[x](xe_a)e_b`$ (see );
* $`\text{Q}_L`$ and $`\text{Q}_R`$ are distinct, both isomorphic to Q, bases   
$`\{1=q_{L0},q_{L1},q_{L2},q_{L3}\}`$ and $`\{1=q_{R0},q_{R1},q_{R2},q_{R3}\}`$;
* $`\text{C}_L`$ and $`\text{C}_R`$ are identical, both isomorphic to C (so we only need use C itself);
* P = $`\text{C}\text{Q}`$, 8-dimensional;
* $`\text{P}_L`$ = $`\text{C}_L\text{Q}_L`$, isomorphic to $`\text{C}(2)𝒞(3,0)\text{C}𝒞(0,2)`$ (P is the spinor space of $`\text{P}_L`$, consisting of a pair of Pauli spinors; the doubling is due to the internal action of $`\text{Q}_R`$, which commutes with $`\text{P}_L`$ actions);
* T = $`\text{C}\text{Q}\text{O}`$, 64-dimensional;
* $`\text{T}_L`$ = $`\text{C}_L\text{Q}_L\text{O}_L`$, isomorphic to $`\text{C}(16)𝒞(0,9)\text{C}𝒞(0,8)`$ (as was the case with P, the algebra T is the spinor space of $`\text{T}_L`$, its dimension twice what is expected due to the internal action of $`\text{Q}_R`$, the only part of $`\text{T}_R`$ missing from $`\text{T}_L`$);
* $`\text{P}_L(2)\text{C}(4)\text{C}𝒞(1,3)`$, the Dirac algebra of (1,3)-spacetime (the major difference being that the spinor space, $`{}_{}{}^{2}\text{P}`$, contains an extra internal $`SU(2)`$ degree of freedom associated with $`\text{Q}_R`$);
* $`\text{T}_L(2)\text{C}(32)\text{C}𝒞(1,9)`$, the Dirac algebra of (1,9)-spacetime (spinor space $`{}_{}{}^{2}\text{T}`$; one internal $`SU(2)`$).

Some Lie algebras and their bases:

* $`so(7)`$ \- {$`e_{Lab}`$: a,b = 1,…,7};
* $`so(6)`$ \- {$`e_{Lpq}`$: p,q = 1,…,6};
* $`LG_2`$ \- {$`e_{Lab}e_{Lcd}`$: $`e_ae_be_ce_d=0`$, a,b,c,d = 1,…,7};
* $`LG_2`$ explicitly ($`LG_2`$ is the 14-d Lie algebra of $`G_2`$, the automorphism group of O):

$`\begin{array}{cc}e_{L24}e_{L56},\hfill & e_{L56}e_{L37};\hfill \\ e_{L35}e_{L67},\hfill & e_{L67}e_{L41};\hfill \\ e_{L46}e_{L71},\hfill & e_{L71}e_{L52};\hfill \\ e_{L57}e_{L12},\hfill & e_{L12}e_{L63};\hfill \\ e_{L61}e_{L23},\hfill & e_{L23}e_{L74};\hfill \\ e_{L72}e_{L34},\hfill & e_{L34}e_{L15};\hfill \\ e_{L13}e_{L45},\hfill & e_{L45}e_{L26};\hfill \end{array}`$
* $`su(3)`$ \- {$`e_{Lpq}e_{Lmn}`$: $`e_pe_qe_me_n=0`$, p,q,m,n = 1,…,6};
* $`su(3)`$ explicitly (this is the Lie algebra of $`SU(3)`$, the stability group of $`e_7`$, a subgroup of $`G_2`$):

$`\begin{array}{cc}e_{L24}e_{L56};\hfill & \\ e_{L35}e_{L41};\hfill & \\ e_{L46}e_{L52};\hfill & \\ e_{L12}e_{L63};\hfill & \\ e_{L61}e_{L23};\hfill & \\ e_{L34}e_{L15};\hfill & \\ e_{L13}e_{L45},\hfill & e_{L45}e_{L26}.\hfill \end{array}`$

The spinor space of $`\text{T}_L\text{C}𝒞(1,9)`$ is $`{}_{}{}^{2}\text{T}`$. This can be interpreted  as the direct sum of a family of leptons and quarks, and its antifamily (Dirac spinors, including the righthanded neutrino). The standard symmetry, $`U(1)\times SU(2)\times SU(3)`$, was derived. Here we shall rederive this symmetry from a different and more accessible direction. The steps taken will be:   
1. Reduce the spinor space T to P (equivalent to reducing (1,9)-Dirac spinors to (1,3)-Dirac spinors);   
2. Carry this reduction to $`\text{T}_L(2)`$ and see what symmetries (bivectors) survive. To make things easier, and because it’s all that is necessary, we’ll do this by focusing on the ”Pauli” algebras, $`\text{T}_L\text{C}𝒞(0,8)`$ and $`\text{P}_L\text{C}𝒞(0,2)`$, and their respective spinor spaces, T and P.

Projection operators and some of their actions:

$$\rho _\pm =\frac{1}{2}(1\pm ie_7);\rho _{L\pm }=\frac{1}{2}(1\pm ie_{L7});\rho _{R\pm }=\frac{1}{2}(1\pm ie_{R7});$$
(1)   
(note that $`\rho _+\rho _{}=0;\rho _++\rho _{}=1`$);

$$\rho _{L\pm }[e_7]=\rho _\pm e_7=\rho _{R\pm }[e_7]=e_7\rho _\pm =i\rho _\pm ;$$
(2)   
$$\rho _\pm e_p\rho _\pm =\rho _{L\pm }\rho _{R\pm }[e_p]=0,p=1,\mathrm{},6.$$
(3)   
In the context developed in  the spinor spaces $`\rho _+\text{T}`$ and $`\rho _{}\text{T}`$ are the family and antifamily parts of $`\text{T}=\rho _+\text{T}+\rho _+\text{T}`$. This partial reduction of T is insufficient: $`\rho _\pm \text{T}\text{P}`$. We need one further step (performed on the family half of T):

$$\rho _+\text{T}\rho _+=\rho _{L+}\rho _{R+}[\text{T}]=\rho _+\text{P}.$$
(4)   
The corresponding reduction on the Pauli algebra $`\text{T}_L`$ is:

$$\text{T}_L\rho _{R+}\rho _{L+}\text{T}_L\rho _{L+}\rho _{R+}.$$
(5)   
A 1-vector basis for $`𝒞(0,8)`$ in $`\text{T}_L`$, and this same set after reduction, is:

$$\{ie_{L7}q_{Lr},e_{Lp}:r=1,2,p=1,\mathrm{},6\}\rho _{L+}\rho _{R+}\{q_{Lr}:r=1,2\},$$
(6)   
a 1-vector basis for $`𝒞(0,2)`$ in $`\text{P}_L`$. In the broader Dirac context this is equivalent to reducing the 1-vectors of $`𝒞(1,9)`$ to those of $`𝒞(1,3)`$.

The 2-vectors of $`𝒞(1,9)`$ form a basis for $`so(1,9)`$, the Lie algebra of the Lorentz group of (1,9)-spacetime. Using the 1-vector basis in (6), a 2-vector basis for $`𝒞(0,8)`$ (basis for $`so(8)`$) is:

$$\{q_{L3},e_{Lpq},ie_{Lp7}q_{Lr}:r=1,2,p,q=1,\mathrm{},6\}.$$
(7)   
We’ll reduce this set in steps. First,

$$\rho _{L+}\{q_{L3},e_{Lpq},ie_{Lp7}q_{Lr}:r=1,2,p,q=1,\mathrm{},6\}\rho _{L+}=\rho _{L+}\{q_{L3},e_{Lpq}\},$$
(8)   
a basis for $`so(2)\times so(6)`$. The next step is:

$`\rho _{R+}\rho _{L+}\{q_{L3},e_{Lpq}:r=1,2,p,q=1,\mathrm{},6\}\rho _{R+}=\rho _{R+}\rho _{L+}\{q_{L3},\mathrm{?}\}.`$

In particular we need to look at

$$\rho _{R+}e_{Lpq}\rho _{R+}.$$
(9)   
We’ll look at some examples, with $`e_pe_qe_7`$, then $`e_pe_q=e_7`$, which will give us the general result. Consider $`\rho _{R+}e_{L12}\rho _{R+}`$. Because $`\rho _{L+}`$ commutes with $`e_{Lpq},p,q7`$, $`\rho _{L+}e_{Lpq}\rho _{L+}=\rho _{L+}e_{Lpq}`$. But $`\rho _{R+}`$ does not commute with these $`e_{Lpq}`$. To see what it does we’ll re-express our chosen element $`e_{L12}`$ as

$$e_{L12}=\frac{1}{2}(e_{R12}+e_{R4}+e_{R63}+e_{R57})$$
(10)   
(see ). $`\rho _{R+}`$ commutes with $`e_{R12}`$ and $`e_{R63}`$, but becomes $`\rho _R`$ when commuted with $`e_{R4}`$ and $`e_{R57}`$ (recall: $`\rho _{R+}\rho _R=0`$). Therefore,

$$\rho _{R+}e_{L12}\rho _{R+}=\frac{1}{2}\rho _{R+}(e_{R12}+e_{R63})=\frac{1}{2}\rho _{R+}(e_{L12}e_{L63})$$
(11)   
(see  for the last equality).

Finally we need to look at the three terms $`e_{Lpq}`$ for which $`e_pe_q=e_7`$. These can be re-expressed:

$$\begin{array}{c}e_{L13}=\frac{1}{2}(e_{R13}+e_{R7}+e_{R26}+e_{R45}),\\ e_{L26}=\frac{1}{2}(+e_{R13}+e_{R7}e_{R26}+e_{R45}),\\ e_{L45}=\frac{1}{2}(+e_{R13}+e_{R7}+e_{R26}e_{R45}).\end{array}$$
(12)   
All terms in (12) commute with $`\rho _{R+}`$, so

$$\rho _{R+}\{e_{L13},e_{L26},e_{L45}\}\rho _{R+}=\rho _{R+}\{e_{L13},e_{L26},e_{L45}\}.$$
(13)   
Another basis for the space spanned by the set $`\rho _{R+}\{e_{L13},e_{L26},e_{L45}\}`$ is:

$$\rho _{R+}\{e_{L13}e_{L26},e_{L26}e_{L45},e_{L13}+e_{L26}+e_{L45}\}.$$
(14)   
But $`e_{R7}=\frac{1}{2}(e_{L7}+e_{L13}+e_{R26}+e_{R45})`$, so

$$e_{L13}+e_{L26}+e_{L45}=e_{L7}+2e_{R7},$$
(15)   
which commutes with all the other surviving elements, and therefore generates a copy of $`U(1)`$.

Taken all together and generalized over all $`e_{Lpq}`$ these results imply

$$\begin{array}{c}\rho _{R+}\rho _{L+}\{q_{L3},e_{Lpq},ie_{Lp7}q_{Lr}:r=1,2,p,q=1,\mathrm{},6\}\rho _{L+}\rho _{R+}\hfill \\ =\rho _{R+}\rho _{L+}\{q_{L3},e_{Lpq}\}\rho _{R+}\hfill \\ =\rho _{L+}\rho _{R+}\{q_{L3},e_{L7}+2e_{R7},e_{Lpq}e_{Lmn}:p,q,m,n=1,\mathrm{},6,e_pe_qe_me_n=0\}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(16)   
This is a basis for (see ”Some Lie algebras and their bases” above)

$$so(2)\times u(1)\times su(3).$$
(17)   
The presence of the $`U(1)`$ generator $`e_{L7}+2e_{R7}`$ ensures that the quarks charges will be $`\frac{1}{3}`$ and $`\frac{2}{3}`$, given an electron charge of $`1`$. The $`so(2)`$ above is part of $`so(1,3)`$, a Lorentz generator.

Including the $`su(2)`$ from $`\text{Q}_R`$, the total symmetry reduction is

$$so(1,9)\times su(2)so(1,3)\times (u(1)\times su(2)\times su(3)).$$
(18)   
As mentioned, with respect to the ”internal” symmetry $`u(1)\times su(2)\times su(3)`$, the spinor space $`{}_{}{}^{2}\text{T}`$ transforms as the direct sum of a family and antifamily of quarks and leptons (see  for the derivation of charges).

Final notes:

* $`u(1)\times su(2)\times su(3)`$ is an internal symmetry, meaning it commutes with $`so(1,3)`$. However, $`su(3)`$ is a subalgebra of $`so(1,9)`$. It is a spacetime symmetry in this larger context; $`su(2)`$ is not.
* There are two other important distinctions to be briefly mentioned. A full resolution of the identity of T (the $`\rho _\pm `$ resolve the identity of $`\text{C}\text{O}`$) contains four members. With these T can be reduced to the $`su(2)`$ vector level, but only to the $`su(3)`$ multiplet level.
* And the idempotents of the resolution are $`su(3)`$ invariant, but not $`su(2)`$ invariant.

These distinctions implied in  that $`su(2)`$ breaks and is chiral, while $`su(3)`$ is exact and nonchiral.   

References:   

 G.M. Dixon, Division Algebras: Octonions, Quaternions, Complex

Numbers, and the Algebraic Design of Physics, (Kluwer, 1994).   

 G.M. Dixon, www.7stones.com/Homepage/history.html