# Correlations of Eigenvectors for Non-Hermitian Random-Matrix Models

## I Introduction

Recently, a number of new results for non-hermitian random-matrix (NHRM) ensembles were obtained (see e.g.  and references therein), reflecting on the rapidly growing interest in properties of NHRM in several areas of physics. In a recent paper , Chalker and Mehlig have pointed out the existence of remarkable correlations between left and right eigenvectors associated with pairs of eigenvalues lying close in the complex plane. Such effects do not exist for hermitian (more generally normal) random-matrix models, since in this case the left and right eigenvectors coincide. Some observables related to the eigenvector properties in non-hermitian random-matrix models have been introduced and studied numerically in . Chalker and Mehlig  obtained analytical formulae (in the large-$`N`$ limit, where $`N`$ is the size of the NHRM) for correlations between left and right eigenvectors in the case of Ginibre’s ensemble . However an efficient calculational scheme for the simplest (and perhaps physically more transparent) one-point function $`O(z)`$ was lacking. In this paper we prove a simple relation stating that the correlator between left and right eigenvectors corresponding to the same eigenvalue is exactly equal, in the large-$`N`$ limit, to the square of the off-diagonal one-point Green’s function  for non-hermitian eigenvalues. The latter is readily calculable for a wide variety of NHRM ensembles. We illustrate our observation in a number of NHRM models and show that it agrees with numerical calculations.

The present results can be used to study the interplay between reorganization of the left and right eigenvectors and structural changes in the complex spectrum. In the simplest non-hermitian model – Ginibre’s ensemble (or generalizations thereof ) – the density of complex eigenvalues is constant, filling uniformly the circle (ellipse) in the complex plane. This model and its variants do not have external parameters, which could induce structural changes (“phase changes”) in the average eigenvalue distribution e.g. the changes from simply to multiple-connected domain of eigenvalues. In order to study these more complex phenomenae one has to consider e.g. the model for open chaotic scattering, where at large couplings (strong dissipation) the eigenvalue distribution splits into two disconnected islands, reflecting on the separation of time scales . One island corresponds to short-lived resonances, while the other to long-lived (almost classical) trapped states . It is known in this case, that the reorganization of the eigenvalues is followed by some reorganization of the eigenvectors . In particular, the norm of the right states is sensitive to the distribution of resonances .

In section 2, we introduce the notations and summarize the main results for the eigenvector correlators in the case of Ginibre’s ensemble , as established recently by Chalker and Mehlig . In section 3, we present our main result and apply it to several NHRM models with direct comparison to numerical results. Our analysis relies on novel techniques for NHRM models discussed by some of us . A summary of our results is given in section 4, and a number of technical details can be found in the Appendices.

## II Ginibre’s Matrix Model

Ginibre  has introduced a Gaussian ensemble of general complex matrices $`N\times N`$, i.e. matrices distributed with the probability

$`P()d\mathrm{exp}(N\mathrm{Tr}^{})d`$ (1)   
giving non-vanishing cumulants $`_{ab}\overline{}_{ab}=1/N`$. The eigenvalues are uniformly distributed on a unit disc centered at the origin of the complex plane. In Appendix B, we provide a short derivation of this result and others using (matrix-valued) Blue’s functions . Since the matrices are complex (non-hermitian), there exists a bi-orthogonal set of right ($`R`$) and left ($`L`$) eigenvectors, so that

$``$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}\lambda _a|R_a><L_a|,`$ (2)   
$`^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{b}{}}\overline{\lambda }_b|L_b><R_b|,`$ (3)   
where $`<L_a|R_b>=\delta _{ab}`$. Chalker and Mehlig  have studied the following eigenvector correlators:

$`O(z)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{a}{}}O_{aa}\delta (z\lambda _a),`$ (4)   
$`O(z,w)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}{\displaystyle \underset{ab}{}}O_{ab}\delta (z\lambda _a)\delta (w\lambda _b),`$ (5)   
where $`O_{ab}=<L_a|L_b><R_b|R_a>`$. The main results of their paper are exact expressions for $`O(z,w)`$ and for $`O(z)`$ in the case of Ginibre’s ensemble. For $`N1,|zw|0`$, where $`z`$, $`w`$ are lying within the unit circle

$`O(z,w)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1z\overline{w}}{|zw|^4}}.`$ (6)   
For $`|zw|0`$,

$`O(z,w)_{\mathrm{micro}}={\displaystyle \frac{N^2}{\pi ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1|Z|^2}{|\omega |^4}}[1(1+|\omega |^2)\mathrm{exp}(|\omega |^2)],`$ (7)   
where $`Z=(z+w)/2`$ and $`\omega =\sqrt{N}(zw)`$. The diagonal correlator reads

$`O(z)={\displaystyle \frac{N}{\pi }}(1|z|^2).`$ (8)   
Whereas the calculation of the “wide” eigenvector correlators $`O(z,w)`$ (like (6)) in many cases of NHRM is straightforward, using e.g. non-hermitian diagrammatics , the calculation of the “close” eigenvector correlators $`O(zw)_{micro}`$ and the diagonal correlators $`O(z)`$ is technically involved. In practice, it seems that explicit calculations in the microscopic limit are possible only in the cases when the spectrum of NHRM possesses an azimuthal (rotational) symmetry. In the next section we provide a general formula for the diagonal eigenvector correlator $`O(z)`$ in terms of the spectral one-point Green’s function.

## III New formula and results

The main result of this paper reads

$`O(z)={\displaystyle \frac{N}{\pi }}𝒢_{q\overline{q}}𝒢_{\overline{q}q}.`$ (9)   
Here $`𝒢_{q\overline{q}}`$ and $`𝒢_{\overline{q}q}`$ are off-diagonal elements of the generalized (2 by 2) spectral Green’s function $`𝒢`$ 

$`𝒢=\left(\begin{array}{cc}𝒢_{qq}& 𝒢_{q\overline{q}}\\ 𝒢_{\overline{q}q}& 𝒢_{\overline{q}\overline{q}}\end{array}\right).`$ (12)   
The elements $`𝒢_{ab}`$ are defined as traces $`𝒢_{ab}=\frac{1}{N}\mathrm{Tr}_N\widehat{𝒢}_{ab}`$ of the $`N\times N`$ blocks of the generalized resolvent ,

$`\widehat{𝒢}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\widehat{𝒢}_{qq}& \widehat{𝒢}_{q\overline{q}}\\ \widehat{𝒢}_{\overline{q}q}& \widehat{𝒢}_{\overline{q}\overline{q}}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}z& iϵ\mathrm{𝟏}_N\\ iϵ\mathrm{𝟏}_N& \overline{z}^{}\end{array}\right)^1,`$ (17)   
where $`\mathrm{𝟏}_N`$ is the $`N`$-dimensional identity matrix and $`<\mathrm{}>`$ denotes the averaging over the pertinent ensemble of random matrices $``$. In comparison to the original work , we have chosen here purely imaginary infinitesimal values in the off-diagonal block. This way guarantees that the mathematical operations performed in the proof of (9) (cf. Appendix A) are well-defined.

The spectral density follows from Gauss law ,

$$\nu (z,\overline{z})=\frac{1}{\pi }_{\overline{z}}𝒢_{qq}(z,\overline{z})$$
(18)   
which is the distribution of eigenvalues of $``$. For hermitian $``$, (18) can be nonzero only on the real axis. As $`ϵ0`$, the block-structure decouples, and we are left with the original resolvent. For $`z+i0`$, the latter is just a measurement of the real eigenvalue distribution.

For non-hermitian $``$, as $`ϵ0`$, the block structure does not decouple, leading to a non-holomorphic resolvent for certain two-dimensional domains on the $`z`$-plane. For more technical details we refer to the original work , or recent reviews . Similar constructions have been proposed recently in .

The r.h.s. of the relation (9) is usually given by a simple analytical formula. Technically, the most efficient way of calculating the off-diagonal components of the Green’s functions is to use the generalized Blue’s function technique . In Appendix B we provide a pedagogical derivation of some of the results below, for others we refer to the original papers.

For Ginibre’s ensemble we immediately get (cf. Appendix B)

$`O(z)_{Ginibre}={\displaystyle \frac{N}{\pi }}|\sqrt{z\overline{z}1}|^2={\displaystyle \frac{N}{\pi }}(1|z|^2)`$ (19)   
in agreement with Chalker and Mehlig . For the elliptic ensemble , using the off-diagonal elements from Appendix B, the diagonal correlator reads

$`O(z)_{Elliptic}={\displaystyle \frac{N}{\pi }}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1\tau ^2)^2}}\left[(1\tau ^2)^2(1+\tau ^2)|z|^2+2\tau \mathrm{Re}z^2\right].`$ (20)   
In Fig. 1, we present numerical results generated from computer simulation of eigenvectors for the elliptic ensemble with $`\tau =0.5`$ and $`\tau =0.7`$ and different size of the matrix, $`N`$, versus the analytical prediction (20). The results are satisfactory. The figure provides also a rough estimation of finite-size effects. We note that numerical simulations of eigenvector correlations are time consuming, hence the utility of the result (9), where the r.h.s is straightforward to calculate.

The models considered above have constant density of complex eigenvalues, and the domain of eigenvalues is simply connected (circle or ellipse). Below, we consider a toy-model, where the domain could split into two disconnected domains at some critical value of the external parameter. Also the distribution of eigenvalues is non-uniform. The simplest non-hermitian model of this kind is Ginibre’s random Hamiltonian plus a two level deterministic Hamiltonian, with $`N/2`$ levels $`a`$ and $`N/2`$ levels $`a`$.<sup>*</sup><sup>*</sup>*To our knowledge, this model was first considered by Feinberg and Zee, using their hermitization method . Using the addition law for the generalized Blue’s function, we easily obtain all the components of the matrix valued Green’s function $`𝒢`$ (cf. Appendix B).

Using the relation (9) we predict

$`O(z)_{G+D}={\displaystyle \frac{N}{\pi }}\left[|z|^2+a^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1+\sqrt{1+4a^2(z+\overline{z})^2})\right].`$ (21)   
We note that the value $`a=1`$ is the critical one, when the single island of eigenvalues splits into two. Numerical simulations for this ensemble are shown in Fig. 2. The solid line is the analytical result, the crosses are the numerical results calculated for the line $`z=0+iy`$. The diagonal eigenvector correlators $`O(z)`$ inside the islands follow the distribution determined by the off-diagonal components for the spectral Green’s function. We also note that the eigenvector correlator follows precisely the boundary-shape of the eigenvalues. This is expected, since the condition $`|𝒢_{q\overline{q}}|=0`$ determines  the regions in the complex plane separating the holomorphic and non-holomorphic components of the spectral Green’s function The shape of the eigenvalue domains for NHRM models can be inferred from associated hermitian models using conformal mapping . This points to yet another relationship between the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of hermitian and non-hermitian models..

Finally, we consider the case of open chaotic scattering. As an illustration we choose the classical result of Haake, Sommers and coworkers , based on Mahaux-Weidenmüller  microscopic picture for nuclear reactions. In brief, the model is generically described by a non-hermitian Hamiltonian of the form

$`HigVV^{},`$ (22)   
where $`H`$ is a random Gaussian (orthogonal) $`N\times N`$ matrix, while $`V`$ is an $`N\times M`$ random matrix . Here $`N`$ is a number of discrete states and $`M<N`$ is a number of the continua. The model was solved  in the limit $`N\mathrm{}`$, $`M\mathrm{}`$, $`mM/N`$ fixed. Using the results from Blue’s function techniques (cf. Appendix B) we predict the analytical behavior for the correlator $`O(z)`$ for this model as

$`O(z)={\displaystyle \frac{N}{\pi }}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1gy}}{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{4}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{g}{1gy}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{y}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g}}\right)^2\right]`$ (23)   
with $`z=x+iy`$. In Fig. 3 we compare this result to a numerically generated ensemble of eigenvectors. We would like to note large finite size effects at the edges of the islands.

Since in this model a change in the parameters $`g`$ and $`m`$ can generate structural changes in the distribution of eigenvalues, it is interesting to study whether the splitting of the “islands” is accompanied by some distinct behavior of the eigenvector correlators.

In Fig. 4 we plot the analytical result (23), normalized by the spectral density $`\nu (z,\overline{z})`$ (cf. Appendix B), as a function of $`x`$ and $`y`$, where $`z=x+iy`$. For the case considered here ($`m=0.25`$) the value of the critical coupling is $`g=4.44`$.Generally, $`g_{\mathrm{crit}}^2=(1\sqrt[3]{m})^3`$ . We observe a strong reorganization in the distribution of the average “norm” of eigenvectors in the vicinity of the critical coupling.

We have not taken up in this paper the issue of wide eigenvector correlators $`O(z,w)`$. For the cases considered here, these correlators are readily constructed using the NHRM diagrammatic Bethe-Salpeter equations , as noted by Chalker and Mehlig . In most cases, however, the resulting final formulae are rather lengthy. We note that the knowledge of $`O(z,w)`$ in the regime $`zwO(1)`$ does not suffice to determine $`O(z)`$ through the sum rules  originating from the bi-orthogonality of the left/right eigenvectors. Hence the relevance of the present investigation.

## IV Summary

We have established a novel relation between the diagonal correlator of eigenvectors and the off-diagonal elements of one-point spectral Green’s function for general ensembles of NHRM models. We have appplied this result to a number of NHRM models and checked its validity against numerically generated results. Our observation accounts for part of the eigenvector correlations established recently by a number of authors . Our result generalizes to non-hermitian ensembles with real, complex or quaternionic components, as well as non-hermitian ensembles with additional symmetry (e.g. chiral NHRM). In this last case, however, non-hermitian diagrammatic techniques have to be used instead of the versatile method of Blue’s functions.

Finally, we point at the possibility of relating the eigenvector correlators to the eigenvalue correlators in the microscopic limit. This issue and others will be discussed elsewhere.

###### Acknowledgements.

We would like to thank Evgueni Kolomeitsev for discussions. This work was supported in part by the US DOE grants DE-FG-88ER40388 and DE-FG02-86ER40251, by the Polish Government Project (KBN) grant 2P03B00814 and by the Hungarian grant OTKA F026622.    

## A Proof of Eq. (7)

We prove first the following representation for $`O(z)`$

$`\underset{ϵ0}{lim}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{(z)(\overline{z}^{})+ϵ^2}}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{(\overline{z}^{})(z)+ϵ^2}}=\pi NO(z).`$ (A1)   
Below we use Tr $`A=\mathrm{log}detA`$, and the fact that $``$ can be diagonalized by a non-unitary transformation $`U`$, $`U^1U=\mathrm{diag}(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _N)`$. Introducing $`V=U^1U^1`$ we get

$`\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{(z)(\overline{z}^{})+ϵ^2}}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dϵ}}\mathrm{log}det[(z\lambda _i)V_{ik}(\overline{z}\overline{\lambda }_k)+ϵ^2V_{ik}]{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_ϵ\mathrm{log}det[\mathrm{}].`$ (A2)   
Using this representation, we note that $`O(z)`$ is zero in the limiting procedure, unless $`z`$ is close to any (say $`\lambda _1`$) of the eigenvalues of $``$. If this happens, we use the parameterization, $`z\lambda _1=ϵu\mathrm{exp}(i\varphi )`$ with $`uO(1)`$. Of course we get additional (similar) contributions when $`z`$ is close to the other eigenvalues $`\lambda _i`$. For notational simplicity we will now consider only the case of $`\lambda _1`$, adding the remaining contributions in (A9).

Using Laplace’s expansion for the first row of the determinant in (A2) we arrive in the $`ϵ0`$ limit

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}_ϵ\mathrm{log}det[\mathrm{}]={\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1+u^2\frac{detW_2}{V_{11}detW_1}}},`$ (A3)   
with $`W_1`$ being the matrix $`(z\lambda _i)V_{ik}(\overline{z}\overline{\lambda }_k)`$ without the first row and column and $`(W_2)_{i+1,k+1}=(W_1)_{ik}`$, $`(W_2)_{1,k}=(\overline{z}\overline{\lambda }_k)V_{1k}`$, $`(W_2)_{i,1}=(z\lambda _k)V_{i1}`$ and $`(W_2)_{11}=V_{11}`$.

From Laplace’s expansion

$`detW_1`$ $`=`$ $`detV^{}{\displaystyle \underset{i=2,N}{}}(z\lambda _i)(\overline{z}\overline{\lambda }_i),`$ (A4)   
$`detW_2`$ $`=`$ $`detV{\displaystyle \underset{i=2,N}{}}(z\lambda _i)(\overline{z}\overline{\lambda }_i)`$ (A5)   
the ratio of the determinants $`detW_1/detW_2`$ is simply $`(V^1)_{11}`$. In the above, $`V^{}`$ is the minor of $`V`$ left after crossing out the first row and first column. In this way we obtain:

$$\frac{1}{2}_ϵ\mathrm{log}det[\mathrm{}]=\frac{1}{ϵ}\frac{1}{1+u^2\frac{1}{V_{11}(V^1)_{11}}},$$
(A6)   
The determinant corresponding to the second trace in (A1), with $`(z)`$ and $`(\overline{z}^{})`$ interchanged is obtained by substituting $`VV^1`$ and hence is given by exactly the same formula.

Therefore

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}_ϵ\mathrm{log}det[\mathrm{}]_ϵ\mathrm{log}det[\mathrm{}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{ϵ^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{(1+u^2\frac{1}{V_{11}(V^1)_{11}})^2}}`$ (A7)   
$`\stackrel{ϵ0}{=}`$ $`\pi \delta ^{(2)}(z\lambda _1)V_{11}(V^1)_{11}.`$ (A8)   
where we used the representation for complex Dirac delta $`\pi \delta ^{(2)}(z)=lim_{ϵ0}ϵ^2/(ϵ^2+|z|^2)^2`$.

In this way we obtain the important formula

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}_ϵ\mathrm{log}det[\mathrm{}]_ϵ\mathrm{log}det[\mathrm{}]=\pi {\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}V_{ii}(V^1)_{ii}\delta ^2(z\lambda _i),`$ (A9)   
where we have reinstated the sum over all eigenvalues. It remains to show that $`V_{ii}(V^1)_{ii}=<R_i|R_i><L_i|L_i>`$. Using any orthonormal basis $`\{e_i\}`$ and the decomposition (3), we see that the linear transformation $`U`$ satisfying

$$U^1U=\underset{k}{}\lambda _k|e_k><e_k|$$
(A10)   
can be written explicitly as

$`U`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{k}{}}|R_k><e_k|,`$ (A11)   
$`V^1`$ $`=`$ $`U^{}U={\displaystyle \underset{k,n}{}}|e_k><R_k|R_n><e_n|.`$ (A12)   
From the last equation we infer

$`V_{ii}^1<e_i|V^1|e_i>=<R_i|R_i>.`$ (A13)   
Similar reasoning leads to $`V_{ii}=<L_i|L_i>`$.

This yields

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}_ϵ\mathrm{log}det[\mathrm{}]_ϵ\mathrm{log}det[\mathrm{}]=\pi {\displaystyle \underset{i}{}}<L_i|L_i><R_i|R_i>\delta ^{(2)}(z\lambda _i)\pi NO(z)`$ (A14)   
which completes the proof of (A1).

We would like to stress that till now we have not used the large-$`N`$ arguments in deriving this formula. Therefore (A1) is more general than the relation (9), and could be used as a starting point for a systematic study of finite-size effects or microscopic limit.

To complete the proof of relation (9), we observe that, in the large-$`N`$ limit, we could use the factorization theorem, such that the l.h.s. of (A1) splits into the product of averages $`<\mathrm{Tr}[\mathrm{}]><\mathrm{Tr}[\mathrm{}]>`$.

From the definitions (12,17), the off-diagonal Green’s functions have the following expression:

$`𝒢_{q\overline{q}}`$ $`=`$ $`i\underset{ϵ0}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{(z)(\overline{z}^{})+ϵ^2}}`$ (A15)   
$`𝒢_{\overline{q}q}`$ $`=`$ $`i\underset{ϵ0}{lim}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N}}\mathrm{Tr}{\displaystyle \frac{ϵ}{(\overline{z}^{})(z)+ϵ^2}}`$ (A16)   
Hence

$`{\displaystyle \frac{\pi }{N}}O(z)=𝒢_{q\overline{q}}𝒢_{\overline{q}q}`$ (A17)   
which completes the proof of equation (9).

## B Generalized Blue’s function

The generalized Blue’s function  is a $`2\times 2`$ matrix valued function defined by

$`[𝒢(𝒵)]=𝒵=\left(\begin{array}{cc}z& iϵ\\ iϵ& \overline{z}\end{array}\right),`$ (B3)   
where $`𝒢`$ was defined in Section 2 and $`ϵ`$ will be eventually set to zero. This is equivalent to the definition in terms of the self-energy matrix

$`(𝒢)=\mathrm{\Sigma }+𝒢^1,`$ (B4)   
where $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a $`2\times 2`$ self-energy matrix expressed as a function of a matrix-valued Green’s function. The addition law for generalized Blue’s functions reads

$`𝒵=_1(𝒢)+_2(𝒢)𝒢^1.`$ (B5)   
in analogy to the original construction by Zee  for hermitian matrices.

### 1 Ginibre’s ensemble

Ginibre’s ensemble  could be viewed as a sum of hermitian and anti-hermitian Gaussian ensembles, with the original width suppressed by $`\sqrt{2}`$ in relation to the original width of the complex gaussian ensemble. The generalized Blue’s function for the hermitian part is simply 

$`_R(𝒜)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}𝒜+𝒜^1.`$ (B6)   
The generalized Blue’s function for anti-hermitian part is 

$`_{iR}(𝒜)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\stackrel{~}{𝒜}+𝒜^1,`$ (B7)   
where we used the notation

$`\stackrel{~}{𝒜}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)𝒜\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right).`$ (B12)   
The factor $`1/2`$ comes from the normalization of the width, and the extra signs reflect on the anti-hermitian correlations of the matrix elements. The addition law reads now (in the matrix form)

$`𝒵=𝒢^1+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}[𝒢+\stackrel{~}{𝒢}].`$ (B13)   
The nontrivial (non-holomorphic solution) reads

$`𝒢=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\overline{z}& \sqrt{|z|^21}\\ \sqrt{|z|^21}& z\end{array}\right).`$ (B16)   
The domain of eigenvalues is determined by the condition $`𝒢_{q\overline{q}}=0`$, for which the block structure decouples leading to holomorphic and anti-holomorphic copies. For this ensemble, this is simply a circle $`|z|^2=1`$. Inside the circle, $`𝒢_{qq}(z,\overline{z})=\overline{z}`$ (upper left corner of $`𝒢`$). The constant density of eigenvalues follows from Gauss law (18). Outside the circle, the second (holomorphic) solution of (B13) is valid, giving $`G(z)=1/z`$. This reproduces the salient features of Ginibre’s ensemble.

A straightforward generalization  using the measure 

$`P()d\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \frac{N}{1\tau ^2}}\mathrm{Tr}(^{}\tau \mathrm{Re})\right)d`$ (B17)   
leads to the results for the elliptic ensemble with

$`𝒢_{qq}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\overline{z}\tau z}{1\tau ^2}},`$ (B18)   
$`𝒢_{\overline{q}\overline{q}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{𝒢}_{qq},`$ (B19)   
$`𝒢_{\overline{q}q}𝒢_{q\overline{q}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{(1+\tau ^2)|z|^22\tau \mathrm{Re}z^2(1\tau ^2)^2}{(1\tau ^2)^2}}.`$ (B20)   
Note that the measure (B17) leads to non-vanishing cumulants $`_{ab}\overline{}_{ab}=1/N`$ and $`_{ab}_{ba}=\tau /N`$. In particular, $`\tau =1`$ corresponds to anti-hermitian matrices, explaining the flips of the signs in the tilted variables above.

### 2 Two level deterministic Hamiltonian plus Ginibre’s ensemble

Since the deterministic hermitian Green’s function for the two-level Hamiltonian is

$`G_D(z)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{1}{za}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{z+a}}\right)`$ (B21)   
the corresponding generalized Green’s function for this Hamiltonian reads

$`𝒢_D(𝒵)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[(𝒵a\mathrm{𝟏}_2)^1+(𝒵+a\mathrm{𝟏}_2)^1\right]`$ (B22)   
with $`\mathrm{𝟏}_2`$ denoting the two-dimensional identity matrix. Substituting in (B22) $`𝒵_D(𝒢)`$ we obtain

$`𝒢={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[(_D(𝒢)a\mathrm{𝟏}_2)^1+(_D(𝒢)+a\mathrm{𝟏}_2)^1\right]`$ (B23)   
The addition law for generalized Blue’s functions reads

$`(𝒜)=_D(𝒜)+_G(𝒜)𝒜^1`$ (B24)   
where the generalized Blue’s function for Ginibre’s ensemble was constructed above, i.e. $`_G(𝒜)=𝒜^1+1/2(𝒜+\stackrel{~}{𝒜})`$. Substituting in (B24) $`𝒜𝒢(𝒵)`$ we infer the relation

$`𝒵=_D(𝒢)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(𝒢+\stackrel{~}{𝒢}).`$ (B25)   
From (B23) and (B25) we get the final equation

$`𝒢={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left[(𝒵{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(𝒢+\stackrel{~}{𝒢})a\mathrm{𝟏}_2)^1+(𝒵{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(𝒢+\stackrel{~}{𝒢})+a\mathrm{𝟏}_2)^1\right].`$ (B26)   
Solving this matrix equation we arrive at

$`𝒢_{\overline{q}q}𝒢_{q\overline{q}}`$ $`=`$ $`|z|^2+a^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(1+\sqrt{1+4a^2(z+\overline{z})^2}),`$ (B27)   
$`𝒢_{qq}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{z}{\displaystyle \frac{2a^2(z+\overline{z})}{1+\sqrt{1+4a^2(z+\overline{z})^2}}},`$ (B28)   
$`𝒢_{\overline{q}\overline{q}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{𝒢}_{qq}.`$ (B29)   
### 3 Open chaotic scattering

Since the addition law for open chaotic scattering was formulated by us in previous publications , we will be brief and refer to the original papers for details. The addition law reads

$`𝒵=m(1\mathrm{\Gamma }𝒢)^1\mathrm{\Gamma }+𝒢+𝒢^1`$ (B30)   
where $`m=M/N`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }=\mathrm{diag}(ig,ig)`$. Solution of the matrix equation (B30) leads to

$`𝒢_{qq}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{x}{2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{i}{2}}\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{y}}+{\displaystyle \frac{g}{1gy}}\right],`$ (B31)   
$`𝒢_{q\overline{q}}𝒢_{q\overline{q}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{x^2}{4}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{g}{1gy}}+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{y}}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{g}}\right)^2{\displaystyle \frac{1}{1gy}}.`$ (B32)   
$`𝒢_{\overline{qq}}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{𝒢}_{qq}`$ (B33)   
where $`z=x+iy`$. Gauss law leads to the spectral density 

$`4\pi \nu (x,y)=\mathrm{div}\stackrel{}{E}=1+{\displaystyle \frac{m}{y^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{g^2}{(1gy)^2}}`$ (B34)   
where $`E_x=2\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}𝒢_{qq}`$ and $`E_y=2\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}𝒢_{qq}`$. For completeness we mention that condition $`𝒢_{q\overline{q}}=0`$ reproduces the results by Haake, Sommers and coworkers  for the boundary of eigenvalues in open chaotic scattering.