# References

Experimental evaluation of the first moments of $`g_1`$ and $`h_1`$ (and the total nucleon helicity carried by quarks and tensor charge respectively) in principle are sensitive to a particular theoretical extrapolation of the structure functions $`g_1(x)`$ and $`h_1(x)`$ to $`x=0`$. The essential point in the study of low-$`x`$ dynamics is that the space-time structure of the scattering at small values of $`x`$ involves large distances $`l1/Mx`$ on the light–cone  and the region $`x0`$ is therefore determined by the nonperturbative dynamics. A number of models attributes the observed increase of $`g_1(x)`$ at small $`x`$ to the diffractive contribution. Such contribution being dominant at smallest values of $`x`$ would lead to the “equal” structure functions $`g_1^p(x)`$ and $`g_1^n(x)`$ in this kinematical region, i. e.

$$g_1^p(x)/g_1^n(x)1$$

at $`x0`$. Such behavior has not been confirmed in the recent experiments. In particular, the SMC data  demonstrate the following approximate relation in the region of $`0.003x0.1`$:

$$g_1^p(x)g_1^n(x).$$

To consider low-$`x`$ region and obtain the explicit forms for the quark spin densities $`\mathrm{\Delta }q(x)`$ and $`\delta q(x)`$ at $`x0`$ it is convenient to use the relations between these functions and discontinuities of the helicity amplitudes of the antiquark–hadron forward scattering . We use a nonperturbative approach where unitarity is explicitly taken into account via unitary representations for the helicity amplitudes, which follow from their relations to the $`U`$–matrix 

In the model a quark is considered as a structured hadronlike object since at small $`x`$ the photon converts to a quark pair at long distance before it interacts with the hadron. At large distances perturbative QCD vacuum undergoes transition into a nonperturbative one with formation of the quark condensate. Appearance of the condensate means the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking and the current quark transforms into a massive quasiparticle state – a constituent quark. Constituent quark is embedded into the nonperturbative vacuum (condensate) and therefore we can treat it similar to a hadron. Spin of constituent quark $`J_U`$ in this approach is given by the following sum

$$J_U=1/2=S_{u_v}+S_{\{\overline{q}q\}}+L_{\{\overline{q}q\}}=1/2+S_{\{\overline{q}q\}}+L_{\{\overline{q}q\}}.$$

It is also important to note the exact compensation between the spins of quark–antiquark pairs and their angular orbital momenta, i.e. $`L_{\{\overline{q}q\}}=S_{\{\overline{q}q\}}`$.

We consider effective lagrangian approach where gluon degrees of freedom are overintegrated. The value of the orbital momentum contribution into the spin of constituent quark can be estimated according to the relation between contributions of current quarks into a proton spin and corresponding contributions of current quarks into a spin of the constituent quarks and that of the constituent quarks into the proton spin. The existence of this orbital angular momentum, i.e. orbital motion of quark matter inside constituent quark, is the origin of the observed asymmetries in inclusive production at moderate and high transverse momenta. Mechanism of quark helicity flip in this picture is associated with the constituent quark interaction with the quark generated under interaction of the condensates . Quark exchange process between the valence quark and an appropriate quark with relevant orientation of its spin and the same flavor will provide the necessary helicity flip transition, i.e. $`Q_+Q_{}`$.

The helicity amplitudes $`F_{1,2,3}(s,t)|_{t=0}`$ at high values of $`s`$ and then the functional dependencies for the quark densities $`q(x)`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }q(x)`$ and $`\delta q(x)`$ at small $`x`$ were obtained .

The low-$`x`$ behavior of quark spin densities is as follows:

$$q(x)\frac{1}{x}\mathrm{ln}^2(1/x),\mathrm{\Delta }q(x)\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\mathrm{ln}(1/x),\delta q(x)x^c\mathrm{ln}(1/x),$$

and correspondingly

$$F_1^p(x)/F_1^n(x)1,h_1^p(x)/h_1^n(x)1$$

at $`x0`$, with the explicit forms as follows

$$F_1^p(x)\frac{1}{x}\mathrm{ln}^2(1/x),h_1^p(x)x^c\mathrm{ln}(1/x).$$

Comparison of the spin structure function $`g_1(x)`$ with the SMC data provides a satisfactory agreement with experiment at small $`x`$ ($`0<x<0.1`$) and leads to the values $`C^p=2.0710^2`$ and $`C^n=2.1010^2`$ (cf. Fig. 1).

The functional dependence of the spin structure functions 

$$g_1^{p,n}(x)\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\mathrm{ln}(1/x)$$

is in a good agreement with the new E154, E155  and HERMES data  as well. The model leads to the approximate relation

$$g_1^p(x)/g_1^n(x)1$$

at small values of $`x`$.

The above extrapolation of $`g_1(x)`$ at small $`x`$ provides the following approximate values for the quark spin contributions:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Sigma }0.25,\mathrm{\Delta }u0.81,\mathrm{\Delta }d0.45,\mathrm{\Delta }s0.11,$$

which demonstrate that the singular behavior of $`g_1^p(x)`$ does not lead to significant deviations from the results of the experimental analysis  where the smooth extrapolation of the data to $`x=0`$ was used.