# A Sunyaev-Zel’dovich map of the massive core in the luminous X-ray cluster RXJ1347-1145

## 1 Introduction

The hot intergalactic gas ($`10^6`$-$`10^8`$K) is, with the galaxies themselves and the gravitational effects on background objects, one of the tools used to derive mass distributions within clusters of galaxies. It can be detected at X-ray wavelengths via its bremsstrahlung emission. From submillimeter to centimeter wavelengths, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) blackbody spectrum is distorted in the direction of the cluster by the so-called Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect (SZ, Sunyaev & Zel’dovich  (1972)). This characteristic distortion is due to the inverse Compton scattering of the CMB photons by the intracluster electrons (see Birkinshaw  (1998) for a detailed review on the SZ effect).

In this letter, we report the SZ measurement of the X-ray cluster RXJ1347-1145 with the ground based Diabolo millimeter instrument. This cluster has been observed with the ROSAT-PSPC and HRI instruments by Schindler et al. (schindler95 (1995), schindler97 (1997)). At a redshift of $`z=0.451`$, it appears as the most luminous X-ray cluster ($`L_{Bol}=21\times 10^{45}`$ergs s<sup>-1</sup>) and so far one of the most massive ($`M_{tot}^{Xray}(r<1Mpc)=5.8\times 10^{14}`$ M). It is also a relatively hot and very dense cluster (temperature: $`T_e=9.3\pm 1`$ keV, central density: $`n_0=0.094\pm 0.004`$ cm<sup>-3</sup>). Optical studies of the gravitational lensing effects toward RXJ1347-1145 have also been performed by Fischer & Tyson  (1997) and Sahu et al.  (1998). The results have pointed out a discrepancy between the total mass obtained from the optical and the X-ray data, with a surface lensing mass toward the core ($`r<240`$kpc) being one to three times higher than the X-ray mass estimates. Because the SZ effect also directly probes the projected gas mass, which is not the case for X-ray masses, the comparison with SZ measurements might help to discriminate.

In section 2, we describe the Diabolo instrument and our observations of RXJ1347-1145. The data reduction is explained in section 3. In a fourth part we present the values of the physical parameters we derived from the data fit.

## 2 Observations

Diabolo is a millimeter photometer which provides an angular resolution of about 23” when installed at the focus of the IRAM 30 meter radio telescope at Pico Veleta (Spain). It uses two wavelengths channels centered at about 1.2 and 2.1 mm. The detectors are bolometers cooled at 0.1 K with an open cycle <sup>4</sup>He-<sup>3</sup>He dilution refrigerator (Benoit et al. benoit98 (1998)). Two thermometers associated to a heater and a PID digital control system are used to regulate the temperature of the 0.1 K plate. There are three adjacent bolometers per channel, arranged in an equilateral triangle at the focus of the telescope. For a given channel, each bolometer is coaligned with one bolometer of the second channel, both looking toward the same sky direction. Detections of the SZ effect have already been achieved with Diabolo on nearby clusters (A2163, 0016+16, A665) with a single large throughput bolometer per channel at 30” resolution. The experimental setup is described in Désert et al. (desert98 (1998)). The only difference of the present configuration with the one described in the paper is the increase of the number of bolometers per wavelength channel and a slight decrease of the beam FWHM from 30” to 23”. With three bolometers at the focus of the telescope, there is no more one detector on the central optical axis. The 30 meter telescope focus being of Nasmyth type, the rotation of the field has to be taken into account in the sky maps reconstruction.

RXJ1347-1145 has been observed in December 1997. The center of our observations is the ROSAT-HRI X-ray emission center reported by Schindler et al. (schindler97 (1997)): $`\alpha _{2000}=13^\mathrm{h}47^\mathrm{m}31^\mathrm{s}`$, $`\delta _{2000}=11^{}45^{}11\mathrm{"}`$. The observations have been performed using the wobbling secondary mirror of the IRAM telescope at a frequency of 1 Hz and with a modulation amplitude of 150”. An elementary observation sequence is a $`120^{\prime \prime }\times 55^{\prime \prime }`$ map in right ascension-declination coordinates for a duration of 277 seconds each. This is obtained using the right ascension drift provided by the Earth rotation so that the telescope could be kept fixed during the measurement. This was done to minimize microphonic noises and electromagnetic influences from the motors driving the IRAM 30m antenna. The map of the cluster is obtained by stepping in declination between two consecutive lines. The line length is 120” with a step of 5”. The wobbling is horizontal, thus not aligned with the scan direction. However, the wobbling amplitude is large enough for the reference field to be always far out of the cluster. In order to remove systematic signal drifts that are produced by the antenna environment, we used alternatively the positive and negative beam to map the cluster. We performed 208 such individual maps on the cluster, for a total duration of 16 hours.

Another target of the Diabolo’s 1997 run was the direction of the decrement detected at 8.44 GHz by Richards et al. (richards97 (1997)). We refer to this source as VLA1312+4237 in the following. Richards et al. (richards97 (1997)) measured a flux decrement of $`13.9\pm 3.3\mu `$Jy in a 30” beam. The presence of two quasars in this direction led them claim to the possible existence of a cluster at a redshift of $`z=2.56`$. Campos et al. (campos98 (1998)) have reported the detection of a concentration of Ly$`\alpha `$-emitting candidates around the quasars. They argued that the probability for such a clustering to be random is $`5\times 10^5`$. Our pointing direction was $`\alpha =13^\mathrm{h}12^\mathrm{m}17^\mathrm{s}`$, $`\delta =42^{}37^{}30^{\prime \prime }`$. We performed 287 individual maps on this target for a total time of about 20 hours.

## 3 Data reduction and calibration

The reduction procedure includes the following main steps: (i) We remove cosmic ray impacts. (ii) A synchronous demodulation algorithm is applied taking into account the wobbling secondary frequency and amplitude. (iii) We remove from the 2.1mm bolometer time line the signal which is correlated with the 1.2mm bolometer looking at the same sky pixel. This correlated signal is mainly due to the atmospheric emission, which spectral color is very different from the SZ effect. (iv) Correction for opacity is done from the bolometer total power measurements and its calibration by skydips. (v) To eliminate the low frequency detector noises, a baseline is subtracted to each line of the map. The baseline is a 1 degree polynomial. It is fitted to 60% of the data points: 30% at each end of the line. (vi) Each map is then resampled on a regular right-ascension/declination grid, taking into account the field rotation in the Nasmyth focal plane. (vii) An average map is computed for each bolometer. Since the weather conditions were not permanently ideal, the noise quality of the individual maps is not homogeneous, particularly at 1.2 mm. We thus exclude from the average the maps which rms pixel to pixel fluctuation is larger than 1.5 times the median rms value of all the individual maps. (viii) A single map is then produced for each channel (1.2mm and 2.1mm) by coaddition of the three bolometer average maps.

During the run, pointing verifications and mapping of reference sources have been performed. We have used the planet Mars as a calibration target. The apparent angular diameter of Mars was 5”, so that we can consider it as a point source with respect to the Diabolo’s beam. The accuracy of the absolute calibration obtained is of order of 25% at 1.2mm and 15% at 2.1mm. Mars observations are also used for the characterization of the Diabolo’s beams. The measured FWHM are 24” and 22” at 1.2mm and 2.1mm respectively. Mars has been observed in an azimuth-elevation mapping mode with a scanning speed which is slower than the natural drift speed of the cluster observation mode. This later speed is fast enough compared to the wobbler period to significantly spread the signal in the scanning direction (i.e. right ascension). The resulting beam FWHM for the cluster mode along this direction is 28”. It has been experimentally determined by observation of a quasar lying at about the same declination as the cluster.

## 4 Results

The final map of RXJ1347-1145 at 2.1mm is shown on Fig. A Sunyaev-Zel’dovich map of the massive core in the luminous X-ray cluster RXJ1347-1145. The X-ray contours have been overplotted. The average right-ascension profile at 2.1mm is plotted on Fig. A Sunyaev-Zel’dovich map of the massive core in the luminous X-ray cluster RXJ1347-1145. The profile obtained for the VLA1312+4237 direction using the same data processing, has been overplotted. The map and the profiles have been smoothed with a gaussian filter of 25” FWHM to maximize the signal to noise ratio. The 2.1 mm RXJ1347-1145 map presents a very strong decrement. For a thermal SZ effect this corresponds to a Comptonization parameter of the order of $`10^3`$. The decrement that we measure is not centered on the cluster X-ray maximum. We will show in the analysis that this effect can be explained by the superposition of the SZ decrement from the intracluster gas and a positive emission from a known radio source slightly shifted west off the cluster center.

We have no detection for the direction of VLA 1312+4237. Our $`3\sigma `$ upper limit is $`y<1.5\times 10^4`$. This is actually compatible with the decrement measured by Richards et al. (richards97 (1997)) which translates to a central comptonization parameter of the order of $`7\times 10^5`$ for a thermal SZ effect. If this decrement is in fact due to a kinetic SZ effect then we expect a signal at 2.1mm which is equivalent to a thermal SZ effect of $`y_c=1.4\times 10^4`$, still within our $`3\sigma `$ limit.

Actually, we have used the VLA1312+4237 data set to obtain a reliable assessment of the error bars on RXJ1347-1145. The individual maps have been averaged over increasing durations to evaluate the effective scatter of the average signal over independent data sets. The maximum duration that could be checked with this method is about 5 hours, corresponding to an average of 64 individual maps. We have checked that for all bolometers the rms pixel noise scales as the square root of the integration time. The error bars extrapolated from this analysis to longer integration times are consistent with the error bars derived from the internal scatter of the data averaged for RXJ1347-1145. The typical sensitivity reached in the 2.1 mm channel is of the order of 1 mJy in a 25” beam.

## 5 Analysis and discussion

In the following, we have used for the intracluster gas density a spherical $`\beta `$ model with the parameter values derived from the X-ray analysis of Schindler et al. (schindler97 (1997)): core radius $`r_c=8.4`$arcsec (57kpc), $`\beta =0.56`$, central density $`n_0=0.094`$ cm<sup>-3</sup>, and temperature $`T_e=9.3`$ keV. We choose to cut off this distribution at radial distance of $`r_{cut}=15r_c`$. We assume the same cosmological parameters too, $`H_0=50`$km/s/Mpc and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_0=1`$ ($`\mathrm{\Lambda }=0`$). With such a model the measured SZ skymap reads:

$$I(\overline{\nu },\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }})=y_c\tau (\nu )SZ(\nu ,T_e)𝑑\nu P(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }})L(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }}\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }^{}})𝑑\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }^{}}$$
(1)   
where $`y_c={\displaystyle \frac{k}{m_ec^2}}\sigma _TT_en_e(r)𝑑l`$, is the Comptonization parameter towards the cluster center. $`n_e(r)=n_0(1+(r/r_c)^2)^{3\beta /2}`$ being the $`\beta `$ radial distribution of the gas density. $`\tau (\nu )`$ is the normalized Diabolo band spectral efficiency (given in Desert et al. desert98 (1998)). $`SZ(\nu ,T_e)`$ is the spectral density of the thermal SZ distortion for a unit comptonization parameter, including the relativistic weak dependence on $`T_e`$ (see Pointecouteau, Giard & Barret pointecouteau98 (1998)). In fact, for a 9.3 keV cluster, the use of relativistic spectra avoids making errors on the SZ flux estimations of 45% and 10% at 1.2 and 2.1 mm respectively. We did not include any kinetic SZ contribution which is generally weak (Birkinshaw  (1998)). $`k`$, $`m_e`$, $`c`$ and $`\sigma _T`$ are respectively the Bolztman constant, the electron mass, the speed of light and the Thomson cross-section. $`P(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }})`$ and $`L(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }})`$ are the normalized angular distributions of the cluster and the experimental beam respectively. $`P(\stackrel{}{\mathrm{\Omega }})`$ has no analytical expression, it is numerically computed by integration of the gas density beta profile on the line of sight.

Two radio sources are known from the NRAO VLA Sky Survey in the neighborhood of the cluster (Condon et al.  (1998)). One, at $`(\alpha ,\delta )=(13^\mathrm{h}47^\mathrm{m}30.67^\mathrm{s},11^{}45^{^{}}8.6^{^{\prime \prime }})`$, is very close to the cluster center and is likely to correspond to the central Cd galaxy. Komatsu et al. (komatsu98 (1998)) have compiled observations of this radio source at 1.4 GHz, 28.5 GHz and 105 GHz. They have derived the following power law for the radiosource spectrum: $`F_\nu (band)=(55.7\pm 1.0)\left({\displaystyle \frac{\nu }{1GHz}}\right)^{0.47\pm 0.02}`$ mJy. So, the extrapolated millimeter flux should be $`F_\nu (1.2\mathrm{mm})=3.7\pm 0.4`$mJy/beam and $`F_\nu (2.1\mathrm{mm})=4.9\pm 0.5`$mJy/beam .

To properly analyze the data, we have performed a realistic simulation of the Diabolo observations on the sky map of the SZ model (Eq. 1). The whole set of observed individual maps has been simulated taking into account the 150” wobbling amplitude and the proper sky rotation at the Nasmyth focus. The simulated data have been processed through the same pipe-line as the observed data set to obtain averaged model maps.

Finally, using this simulated data set, we have simultaneously fitted the SZ decrement amplitude and the point source flux on the 2.1mm profile with $`y_c`$ and $`F_\nu (2.1\mathrm{mm})`$ as free parameters. The best fit parameters are $`y_c=(12.7_{3.1}^{+2.9})\times 10^4`$ and $`F_\nu (2.1\mathrm{mm})=6.1_{4.8}^{+4.3}`$mJy/beam with a reduced $`\chi ^2`$ of 1.3. Results are given at 68% confidence level. The absolute calibration error, 25% and 15% at 1.2mm and 2.1mm, is not included. $`F_\nu (2.1\mathrm{mm})`$ is compatible with the value expected from radio observations. The best fit is overplotted on the data (see Fig. A Sunyaev-Zel’dovich map of the massive core in the luminous X-ray cluster RXJ1347-1145). It reproduces the asymmetric profile. This asymmetry is due to the point source contribution which fills part of the SZ decrement.

In a second time, we have fixed the radio point source flux at the expected value deduced from Komatsu et al. (komatsu98 (1998)), $`F_\nu (2.1mm)=4.9`$mJy/beam , and we have fitted with a maximum likelihood method both the central Comptonization parameter $`y_c`$, and the angular core radius $`\theta _c`$. We have found $`y_c=(13.2_{2.6}^{+0.2})\times 10^4`$ and $`\theta _c=7.2_{7.2}^{+7.3}`$arcsec with a reduced $`\chi ^2`$ of 1.2. The Comptonisation parameter value is consistent with the previous one. The angular core radius is consistent with the X-ray value within the 68% confidence level.

### 5.1 Conclusion

We confirm through our SZ detection that RXJ1347-1145 is an extremely massive and hot cluster. We have measured the deepest SZ effect ever observed. It corresponds to a very large Comptonization parameter, $`y_c=(12.7_{3.1}^{+2.9})\times 10^4`$. This is almost twice the value expected from the X-ray data, $`y_{Xray}=(7.3\pm 0.7)\times 10^4`$ if we use the cluster gas parameters derived by Schindler et al. (schindler97 (1997)). Although our result points to a mass higher than the X-ray mass, as is the case for gravitational lenses measurements, the uncertainties do not allow to firmly conclude to a discrepancy. The X-ray flux toward the cluster center is actually dominated by the very strong cooling flow in the core. The average temperature of the gas which contributes to the SZ effect is thus likely to be higher than the temperature derived from the X-ray data, $`T_e=9.3\pm 1`$ keV. The gas temperature needed to produce the thermal SZ effect we have observed is $`T_e=16.2\pm 3.8`$ keV, assuming all other parameters are kept unchanged. In a re-analysis which takes into account the heterogeneity of the cluster, Allen and Fabian (allen98 (1998)) have actually derived for this cluster a very high gas temperature: $`T_e=26.4_{12.3}^{+7.8}`$ keV, which is indeed consistent with our measurement. Under the hypothesis of hydrostatic equilibrium, a higher gas temperature implies a higher total cluster mass, thus decreasing the gas fraction if all other cluster parameters are kept unchanged. For $`T_e=16.2\pm 3.8`$ keV the total mass of RXJ1347-1145 within 1 Mpc is considerable, $`M_{tot}(r<1\mathrm{M}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{c})=(1.0\pm 0.3)\times 10^{15}`$ M and the corresponding gas fraction is $`f_{gas}(r<1\mathrm{M}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{c})=(19.5\pm 5.8)\%`$.

We are very grateful to the IRAM staff at pico Veleta for their help during observations. We thank Laurent Ravera for very useful comments during the data analysis phase. Diabolo is supported by the Programme National de Cosmologie, Institut National pour les Sciences de l’Univers, Ministère de l’Education National de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, CESR, CRTBT, IAS-Orsay and LAOG. We thank the anonymous referee for numerous comments and corrections which allowed us to considerably improve the paper.       

FIGURE LEGENDS

Figure A Sunyaev-Zel’dovich map of the massive core in the luminous X-ray cluster RXJ1347-1145

Figure A Sunyaev-Zel’dovich map of the massive core in the luminous X-ray cluster RXJ1347-1145