# Tevatron Potential for Technicolor Search with Prompt Photons.

## I Introduction

The Standard Model has been extensively tested and it is a very successful description of the weak interaction phenomenology. Nevertheless, the electroweak symmetry breaking sector has essentially remained unexplored. In the Standard Model, the Higgs boson plays a crucial rôle in the symmetry breaking mechanism. However, the presence of such a fundamental scalar at the 100 GeV scale gives rise to some theoretical problems, such as the naturalness of a light Higgs boson and the triviality of the fundamental Higgs self-interaction. These problems lead to the conclusion that the Higgs sector of the Standard Model is in fact a low energy effective description of some new Physics at a higher energy scale.

Three main avenues for the new Physics have been proposed: low-scale supersymmetry, large extra dimensions at TeV scale and dynamical symmetry breaking . A common prediction of all these extensions of the Standard Model is the appearance of new particles in the range of some hundred GeV to a few TeV.

We focus on the issue of the technicolor models of dynamical symmetry breaking which predict new particles such as Pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone-Bosons (PNGB) and vector resonances. Many of these models include colored technifermions and hence some PNGB’s can be color-triplet or even color-octet particles. These color-octet scalars can be copiously produced at a hadron collider and they are the subject of this paper.

The main contribution to the color-octet PNGB masses comes from QCD. If it is assumed that technicolor dynamics scales from QCD, this contribution is in the range of $`200400`$ GeV, but their masses can be different in models with non-QCD-like dynamics.

Production of technicolor particles has been studied at various present and future colliders such as Tevatron, LEP, NLC and the Muon Collider. The impact of PNGB on rare K meson decays induced through the exchange of color-singlet $`\pi _T^\pm `$ and color-octet $`\pi _{T8}^\pm `$ technipions has been recently studied in the context of multiscale technicolor where typical limits of the order of $`m_{\pi _{T8}}250`$ GeV were obtained.

Of special interest is the case of the isoscalar color-octet PNGB, the so–called technieta ($`\eta _T`$), since it can be produced via gluon fusion through the heavy quark loop. In the near future, the upgraded $`2`$ TeV Tevatron collider will be the most promising machine for technieta search. The channel $`p\overline{p}\eta _Tt\overline{t}`$ was initially studied by Appelquist and Triantaphyllou  in the context of the one family technicolor model. More recently Eichten and Lane have studied the same channel in the context of walking technicolor. They concluded that a technieta with mass in the range $`M_{\eta _T}=400500`$ GeV doubles the top quark production cross section at Tevatron and hence it is excluded in this mass range.

In our study we would like to concentrate on the search of technieta with mass below the $`t\overline{t}`$ threshold, which is not constrained by the $`t\overline{t}`$ production process.

The $`p\overline{p}\eta _Tgg`$ and $`p\overline{p}\eta _Tg\gamma `$ processes were studied in the early eighties by Hayot and Napoly  in the framework of the one family technicolor model. They showed that, due to the signal-to-background ratio, the gluon-photon channel is preferable. Nevertheless, theirs results must be taken only as qualitative since no complete and detailed analysis were made.

In this letter we perform a complete realistic study of the $`p\overline{p}\eta _T\gamma +\text{jet}`$ process in order to understand Tevatron potentials for $`\eta _T`$ search with the mass below the $`t\overline{t}`$ threshold. We consider three different scenarios: the one family model , top-color assisted technicolor (TC2)  and multiscale technicolor .

## II Effective Couplings

The color-octet technieta couples to gluons and photons through the Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly. This effective coupling can be written as:

$$A(\eta _TB_1B_2)=\frac{S_{\eta _TB_1B_2}}{4\pi ^2\sqrt{2}F_Q}ϵ_{\mu \nu \alpha \beta }ϵ_1^\mu ϵ_2^\nu k_1^\alpha k_2^\beta $$
(1)   
where $`ϵ_i^\mu `$ and $`k_i^\mu `$ represents the polarization and momentum of the vector boson $`i`$. In our case the factors $`S_{\eta _TB_1B_2}`$ are given by :

$$S_{\eta _{Ta}g_bg_c}=g_s^2d_{abc}N_{TC}$$
(2)   
and

$$S_{\eta _{Ta}g_b\gamma }=\frac{g_se}{3}\delta _{ab}N_{TC}$$
(3)   
where $`g_s=\sqrt{4\pi \alpha _s}`$, $`e=\sqrt{4\pi \alpha }`$ and $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha _s`$ are the electromagnetic and strong coupling constant, and $`N_{TC}`$ is the number of technicolors (we take $`N_{TC}=4`$)

The technieta coupling to quarks can be written as:

$$A(\eta _Tq\overline{q})=\frac{m_q}{F_Q}\overline{u}_q\gamma _5\frac{\lambda _a}{2}v_q.$$
(4)   
With these couplings we can compute the technieta partial widths:

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\eta _Tgg)=\frac{5\alpha _S^2N_{TC}^2M_{\eta _T}^3}{384\pi ^3F_Q^2},$$
(5)   
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\eta _Tg\gamma )\left(\frac{N_Teg_s}{4\pi F_Q}\right)^2\frac{M_\eta ^3}{576\pi }$$
(6)   
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(\eta _Tq\overline{q})=\frac{m_q^2M_{\eta _T}\beta _q}{16\pi F_Q^2}$$
(7)   
where

$$\beta _q=\sqrt{1\frac{4m_q^2}{M_{\eta _T}^2}},$$
(8)   
$`m_q`$ is the quark mass and $`M_{\eta _T}`$ is the technieta mass.

These expressions were used to calculate the technieta total width. From equations (5) and (6) we can see that:

$$\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\eta _T\gamma g)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\eta _Tgg)}=\frac{2\alpha }{15\alpha _s}=8.7\times 10^3.$$
(9)   
Hence, the decay channel $`\eta _Tg\gamma `$ is suppressed, but due to the more manageable background it is expected to provide a larger statistical significance.

The constant $`F_Q`$ that appears in the couplings is the PNGB decay constant. Its value is model-dependent. In this work we consider three values for $`F_Q`$: $`F_Q=125`$ GeV for the one family technicolor model, $`F_Q=80`$ GeV for top-color assisted technicolor and $`F_Q=40`$ GeV for multiscale technicolor.

Some typical values of the technieta partial and total widths are shown in Table I for $`\alpha _s=0.119`$ and $`M_{\eta _T}=250`$ GeV.

## III Signal and Background Rates

With the couplings discussed in the previous section we can show that the partonic cross section for the process $`gg\eta _T\gamma g`$ can be written as:

$$\widehat{\sigma }=\frac{5\widehat{s}^3\pi ^3}{384}\left(\frac{N_Teg_s}{12\sqrt{2}\pi F_Q}\right)^2\left(\frac{N_T\alpha _s}{\sqrt{2}\pi F_Q}\right)^2\frac{1}{(\widehat{s}M_{\eta _T}^2)^2+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{\eta _T}^2M_{\eta _T}^2}$$
(10)   
We wrote a Fortran code in order to convolute the above partonic cross section with the CTEQ4M partonic distribution functions (with $`Q^2=M_{\eta _T}^2`$). Because the technieta coupling with quarks is proportional to the quark mass, we neglect the technieta production via $`q\overline{q}\eta _T`$ interaction. In the case of gluon fusion we only take into account the $`s`$-channel contribution, which is dominant at the resonance. It must be noted that gauge invariance is preserved due to the Levi-Civita tensor present in equation (3). Table II shows the cross section (in pb) calculated for different values of $`M_{\eta _T}`$ and $`F_Q`$ at $`\sqrt{s}=2000`$ GeV with a cut in the transverse photon and jet momentum $`p_{T\gamma ,j}>10`$ GeV. These values for the cross section agree, with a precision of one percent, with a narrow width approximation. The cross section becomes sizeable for low values $`M_{\eta _T}`$ and $`F_Q`$, being of the order of a picobarn. However, the cross section for the background $`p\overline{p}\gamma g`$ and $`p\overline{p}\gamma q`$ processes is $`\sigma _{\text{back}}=2.14\times 10^4`$ pb, which is a factor of $`10^4`$ larger than the signal. This situation clearly shows that a detailed kinematical analysis is necessary to work out the strategy to suppress the background as strongly as possible in order to extract the signal.

## IV Complete Simulation of Signal and Background

In order to perform a complete signal and background simulation we use the PYTHIA 5.7  generator. Effects of jet fragmentation, initial and final state radiation (ISR+FSR) as well as smearing of the jet and the photon energies have been taken into account. Since the process $`\eta _T\gamma g`$ was absent in PYTHIA we created a generator for $`gg\eta _T\gamma g`$ process and linked it to PYTHIA as an external user process.

In our simulation we have used CTEQ4M structure function and have chosen $`Q^2=M_{\eta _T}^2`$ for the signal.

In this framework we study, for both signal and background, distributions of the transverse photon momentum, transverse jet momentum, rapidity and invariant mass in order to find the optimal kinematical cuts for signal subtraction. These distributions are shown in Fig. 1. We can see that the ISR+FSR and energy smearing effects make the mass distribution (Fig. 1(a)) quite broad. Notice the difference in $`p_t`$ distribution for photons(Fig. 1(b)) and jets(Fig. 1(c)). The fact that the distribution for jets is wider than for photons is due to initial and final state radiation.

We have found the following optimal set of kinematical cuts:

$`p_{t\gamma \text{,jet}}>{\displaystyle \frac{M_{\eta _T}}{2}}40\text{ GeV}`$ (11)   
$`M_{\eta _T}{\displaystyle \frac{M_{\eta _T}}{10}}M_{\gamma \text{jet}}M_{\eta _T}+10\text{ GeV}`$ (12)   
To take into account the detector pseudorapidity coverage we have chosen the following cuts for $`\eta _\gamma `$ and $`\eta _{jet}`$:

$`|\eta _\gamma |1.5,|\eta _{jet}|<3`$ (13)   
Table III shows the signal and background cross sections after those cuts have been applied. It is interesting to look at the values of the significance which is written as $`\frac{\sigma _{\text{signal}}}{\sqrt{\sigma _{\text{back}}}}`$ and characterizes the statistical deviation of the number of the observed events from the predicted background. The significance as a function of the $`M_{\eta _T}`$ for different technicolor models is shown in (Fig.3(a), where we have assumed a luminosity of $`=2000`$ pb<sup>-1</sup> for the Tevatron Run II. For multiscale technicolor ($`F_Q=40`$ GeV), the significance is above the $`2\sigma `$ 95% CL exclusion limit for technieta mass less than 350 GeV while for a $`5\sigma `$ discovery criteria one obtains $`M_{\eta _T}>266`$ GeV mass limit. For the top-color assisted technicolor model ($`F_Q=80`$ GeV) one can establish only a 95% CL exclusion limit $`M_{\eta _T}>175`$ GeV. For the one family technicolor model the significance is too small to establish any limits on $`M_{\eta _T}`$.

In our study we compared results based on PYTHIA simulation and results obtained using MADGRAPH  and HELAS without taking into account ISR+FSR and the energy smearing effects. The corresponding significance for this case is shown in Fig.3(b). One can see that for this ideal case respective values of significance is about 2.5 times higher than in the case when we model the realistic situation using PYTHIA. The differences between Fig.3 (a) and (b) clearly shows the importance of the complete simulation of the signal and background in order to obtain realistic results.

Finally it is worth pointing out that the study of the $`b\overline{b}`$ signature would lead to similar bounds on the $`\eta _T`$ mass. This is because the signal for $`b\overline{b}`$ final state will be roughly increased by a factor 10 (see Table I) but the background will be about two orders higher than that for $`\gamma +jet`$ signature. This would lead to the same values of the significance as for $`\gamma +jet`$ final state. However, one should take into account also the efficiency of b-tagging which will decrease the significance.

## Conclusions

We have studied the potential of the upgraded Tevatron collider for the $`\eta _T`$ search with $`\eta _T\gamma +g`$ decay signature and mass below the $`t\overline{t}`$ threshold. Results have been obtained for the one family model, top-color assisted technicolor and multiscale technicolor.

We found that for multiscale technicolor model, Tevatron can exclude $`M_{\eta _T}`$ up to $`350`$ GeV at $`95`$%CL, while the $`5\sigma `$ discovery limit for $`\eta _T`$ is $`266`$ GeV. For the top-color assisted technicolor model one can only put a $`95`$%CL lower limit on $`\eta _T`$ mass equal to $`175`$ GeV while for one family technicolor model the significance is too small to establish any limit at all. Study of $`b\overline{b}`$ final state signature is not expected to give better limits on the $`\eta _T`$ mass.

We have performed a complete simulation of the signal and background and have shown the importance of taking into account the effects of jet fragmentation, initial and final state radiation, as well as smearing of the jet and the photon energies.

###### Acknowledgements.

This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), and by Programa de Apoio a Núcleos de Excelência (PRONEX).