# References

On quantization of gravity   

D.L. Khokhlov

Sumy State University, R.-Korsakov St. 2   
Sumy 244007 Ukraine   
e-mail: others@monolog.sumy.ua

## Abstract

The theory of gravity without free gravitational fields is considered. It is assumed that gravitational radiation is some hypothetical matter fields. Gravitational emission is a process of the decay of proton into hypothetical matter fields at the Planck scale.

In the Einstein theory of gravity  with the Lagrangian

$$L=\frac{1}{16\pi G}\sqrt{g}R,$$
(1)   
gravitational field is defined by the components of the metric tensor $`g_{ik}`$. Quantization of gravity reduces to quantization of the fields $`g_{ik}`$, with the free gravitational fields are described by the Einstein equations

$$R_{ik}=0.$$
(2)   
According to Rosenfeld , the necessity to quantize gravity is an empiric problem. The mental experiment of Bohr and Rosenfeld  on measurement of the field values with the use of the Einstein equivalence principle gives the uncertainty of measurement of gravitational fields and distances

$$\mathrm{\Delta }g(\mathrm{\Delta }l)^2\frac{2\mathrm{}G}{c^3}=2l_{Pl}$$
(3)   
where $`l_{Pl}`$ is the Planck length. On the other hand, uncertainty relation (3) holds in quantum gravity as a commutational relation . This means  that all the quantum gravitational effects are less than the uncertainty of measurement in accordance with (3). That is quantum and classical gravity are the same, since we cannot distingwish classical and quantum gravity in experimental way. From this it follows that free gravitational fields given by (2) do not exist.

Let us consider the theory in which gravity exists only if matter exists

$$G_{ik}=T_{ik}.$$
(4)   
Free gravitational fields given by (2) do not exist, and gravity is not quantized. Let us assume that gravitational radiation is some matter field. Let us take this as hypothetical massless fermions $`\psi _{hyp}`$ which do not take part in electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions. Let us consider the decay of proton into hypothetical fermions $`\psi _{hyp}`$ at the Planck scale $`m_{Pl}=(\mathrm{}c/G)^{1/2}`$

$$p\psi _{hyp}\psi _{hyp}.$$
(5)   
We can use the standard formalism of quantum field theory . Take the Lagrangian of the proton decay in the form

$$L(x)\frac{g^2}{m_{Pl}^2}J_\nu (x)J^\nu (x)$$
(6)   
where the charge is given by

$$g=(\mathrm{}c)^{1/2}.$$
(7)   
The matrix element of the Lagrangian (6) is of order

$$M\frac{g^2}{m_{Pl}^2}=G.$$
(8)   
That is the decay of proton into hypothetical fermions $`\psi _{hyp}`$ is governed by the Newton constant. Therefore we can identify the decay of proton into hypothetical fermions $`\psi _{hyp}`$ with the process of gravitational emission.

The probability of the proton decay given by the matrix element (8) is of order

$$w\frac{c^2}{\mathrm{}}\frac{m_p^5}{m_{Pl}^4}=\frac{1}{t_{Pl}}\left(\frac{m_p}{m_{Pl}}\right)^5$$
(9)   
where $`m_p`$ is the mass of proton, $`t_{Pl}=(\mathrm{}G/c^5)^{1/2}`$ is the Planck time. Let us estimate the probability of proton decay within the framework of semiclassical theory with the use of the Einstein formula for gravitational emission 

$$\frac{dE}{dt}=\frac{G}{45c^5}\stackrel{2}{\stackrel{\mathrm{}}{D}}$$
(10)   
Nonlocalizability of gravitational fields in accordance with (3) defines an effective inertia moment of proton

$$Im_{Pl}l_{Pl}^2.$$
(11)   
Due to the presence of spin proton can be considered as an asymmetric rotator. The intensity of gravitational emission for the asymmetric rotator is given by

$$\frac{dE}{dt}\frac{G}{c^5}I^2\omega ^6.$$
(12)   
The value of $`\omega `$ is expressed as

$$\omega =\frac{m_pc^2}{\mathrm{}}.$$
(13)   
In view of (11)-(13), the probability of proton decay is of order

$$w\frac{1}{m_pc^2}\frac{dE}{dt}=\frac{Gm_{Pl}^2l_{Pl}^4m_p^5c^5}{\mathrm{}^6}=\frac{1}{t_{Pl}}\left(\frac{m_p}{m_{Pl}}\right)^5.$$
(14)   
We obtain the probability of the proton decay in semiclassical theory (14) the same as that in the quantum theory (9).

At the Planck scale, radius of proton is equal to its Schwarzschild radius and is equal to the Planck length

$$\frac{\mathrm{}}{m_{Pl}c}=\frac{Gm_{Pl}}{c^2}=l_{Pl}.$$
(15)   
From this the decay of proton into hypothetical fermions prevents formation of the black holes, since at the Planck scale, the probability of proton decay tends to unity. Hypothetical fermions are candidates on the role of the dark matter. Since hypothetical fermions do not take part in electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions, the dark matter consisting of hypothetical fermions can be detected only by its gravitational potential.