# Multiband polarimetric and total intensity imaging of 3C 345

## 1 Introduction

The QSO 3C 345 ($`V`$=16<sup>mag</sup>, $`z`$=0.595) is one of the best examples of a radio source jet in a core-dominated radio source. It has been monitored with VLBI since 1979 (Unwin et al.,, 1983; Biretta et al.,, 1986; Brown et al.,, 1994; Wardle et al.,, 1994; Rantakyrö et al.,, 1995; Zensus et al., 1995a, ; Zensus et al., 1995b, ; Lobanov,, 1996; Taylor,, 1998). On arcsecond scales the source contains a compact region at the base of a 4<sup>′′</sup> jet that is embedded in a diffuse steep-spectrum halo (Kollgaard et al.,, 1989).

¿From astrometric measurements, the parsec-scale core has been shown to be stationary within uncertainties of 20 $`\mu `$as yr<sup>-1</sup> (Bartel et al.,, 1986). The parsec-scale jet consists of several prominent enhanced emission regions (jet components) apparently ejected at different position angles (P.A. ranging from 240 to 290) with respect to the jet core. The components move along curved trajectories that can be modelled by a simple helical jet. The curvature of the trajectories may be caused by some periodic process at the jet origin, like orbital motion in a binary black hole system or Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities (Steffen et al.,, 1995; Qian et al.,, 1996; Hardee,, 1987).

3C 345 was observed with VLBI during the first half of the 90’s almost every 6 months at different frequencies. The component motions were well monitored through these observations (cf. Lobanov, (1996)) allowing precise determination of component motions. The present work extends this effort with an enhanced data set at four frequencies, including polarization data.

Assuming a standard Friedmann cosmology, with $`H_0`$=100$`h`$ km s<sup>-1</sup> Mpc<sup>-1</sup> and $`q_0`$=0.5, an angular scale of 1 mas corresponds to 3.79 $`h^1`$ pc for a cosmological redshift of 0.595. An apparent angular motion of 1 mas yr<sup>-1</sup> represents an apparent speed of $`\beta _{\mathrm{app}}`$=19.7 $`h^1`$.

## 2 Observations and Imaging.

We observed 3C 345 with the VLBA at 3 epochs (1995.84, 1996.41, and 1996.81) at 22, 15, 8.4, and 5 GHz, using a bandwidth of 16 MHz. At each frequency, the source was observed for about 14 hrs, using 5-minute scans and interleaving all observing frequencies. Some calibrator scans (on 3C 279, 3C 84, NRAO 91, OQ 208, and 3C 286) were inserted during the observations. The data were correlated at the NRAO<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) is operated by Associated Universities, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. VLBA correlator in Socorro, New Mexico, USA.

### 2.1 Total Intensity Images.

The data were fringe-fitted and calibrated in AIPS and imaged using the differential mapping program DIFMAP (Shepherd et al.,, 1994). High dynamic range images (1:1000) were obtained for all epochs and frequencies. At the higher frequencies (15 and 22 GHz), we identified the core D and two main components (tentatively identified as C8 and C7) in the inner 3 mas (Ros et al.,, 1999). The components travel outwards with respect to the core, with observed apparent superluminal speeds of about 5$`c`$. At 5 and 8.4 GHz the jet extends up to 20 mas distances from the core.

Fig. 1 shows the images at 8.4 and 5 GHz for all 3 observing epochs. Model fitting of Gaussian profile components to the jet at 5 and 8.4 GHz includes the inner components seen at the higher frequencies, and additionally more extended components of the jet further out. The proper motions of these regions are typically of $``$4.5$`c`$. At $``$6.2 mas from the core (P.A. $`70^{}`$) the emission can be fitted for the six images with a component, having a total flux density of $``$0.6 Jy at 8.4 GHz and $``$0.7 Jy at 5 GHz. The proper motion for this component is $``$6$`c`$. It is most plausibly identified with the C4 component discussed by, e.g., Lobanov, (1996). Component C2 is fitted at a position $``$12 mas away from the core (P.A. $`70^{}`$), with a flux density of $``$0.1 Jy both at 8.4 and 5 GHz. The extended nature of this component makes proper motion determinations very uncertain. At 5 GHz another component, C1, separated $``$20 mas from the core (P.A. $`55^{}`$), with a flux density above 0.2 Jy for all three epochs, permits us to trace the northern extended jet emission (the FWHM of the elliptical component is about 10 mas). A comparison with previous model-fitting results will provide a better understanding of the kinematic properties of the jet.

### 2.2 Polarized Images.

Recently, important progress has been done in the VLBI polarimetric observations. The polarization calibration at high frequencies is now possible using the target source itself as a calibrator (Leppänen et al.,, 1995). This technique is non-iterative and is insensitive to structure in the polarization calibrator. We have applied this approach to determine the instrumental polarization of the observing stations and to image the linear polarization in 3C 345. We do not apply Faraday rotation to the observed electric vector position angles presented here, relying on the results of Taylor, (1998), who reports small rotation measurements in 3C 345 at frequencies higher than 5 GHz.

In Ros et al., (1999) we show some polarization results of this monitoring at 22 GHz, where the electric vector is roughly parallel to the jet direction in the inner part of the jet. Lister et al., (1998) report similar vector alignment with the jet at 43 GHz, for some blazars in the inner jet regions. At lower frequencies, the distribution of the polarized emission differs significantly from that seen at 22 and 15 GHz. The core is less polarized ($`m`$$``$1%) than at higher frequencies, showing an electric vector oblique to the jet direction. Both facts may be caused by the blending of differently oriented polarized components. The degree of polarization at 5 GHz in the jet reaches values over 15%. We present an image of the third epoch of our monitoring in Fig. 2. Both previous epochs display very similar features for the jet.

These findings seem to be consistent with the conclusions of Brown et al., (1994), who reported, at 5 GHz, a weakly polarized core in 3C 345 and a fractional polarization reaching 15% in the jet. The electric vector position angles were found to be variable in the core from one epoch to the other but perpendicular to the jet for all epochs. The images obtained by Taylor, (1998) at 8.4 GHz are similar to our results, and also imply a magnetic field aligned with the jet direction at 3-10 mas distances from the core. Cawthorne et al., (1993) suggested that the longitudinal component of the magnetic field can increase with the distance from the core as a result of shear from the dense emission line gas near the nucleus. At larger distances from the core the shocks may be too weak to dominate the underlying field, resulting in the observed electric field perpendicular to the jet.

## 3 Conclusions

We have studied the QSO 3C 345 with the VLBA at three epochs and four frequencies, analyzing the properties of its total intensity and polarized emission. We have monitored the kinematics of the radio source, identifying components and proper motions. The polarized intensity images show the alignment between the jet direction and the electric vector position angle in the inner regions of the jet at high frequencies, and the orthogonality of the electric vector to the jet direction in the outer regions of the jet. These results confirm reliably the previously reported observations (Brown et al.,, 1994; Leppänen et al.,, 1995; Taylor,, 1998) covering different frequencies and jet regions in 3C 345.

Continuing the multiband monitoring of 3C 345 with VLBI, enhanced by regular polarimetric studies, can provide important clues on the physics of the parsec-scale jet. Higher frequencies and better resolution observations (as those provided by orbital VLBI results with HALCA) should help to better constrain the models of this QSO.