# Cohomology of subregular tilting modules for small quantum groups

## 1. Introduction

Let $`R`$ be an irreducible root system with the Coxeter number $`h`$. Let $`l>h`$ be an odd integer (we assume that $`l`$ is not divisible by 3 if $`R`$ is of type $`G_2`$). Let $`U`$ be the quantum group of type 1 with divided powers associated to these data, see  (of type 1 means that the elements $`K_i^l`$ are equal to 1). Let $`uU`$ be the Frobenius kernel, see loc. cit. Let $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ be the trivial $`U`$module. The cohomology $`H^{}(u,\mathrm{𝟏})`$ was computed by V.Ginzburg and S.Kumar in , see also . They proved that the odd cohomology $`H^{odd}(u,\mathrm{𝟏})`$ vanishes and the algebra of even cohomology $`H^2(u,\mathrm{𝟏})`$ is isomorphic to the algebra $`[𝒩]`$ of functions on the nilpotent cone $`𝒩𝔤`$, where $`𝔤`$ is the semisimple Lie algebra associated to $`R`$. Moreover, this is an isomorphism of graded algebras with the grading on $`[𝒩]`$ corresponding to the natural $`^{}`$action on $`𝒩`$ by dilatations. This isomorphism is compatible with natural $`G`$structures of both algebras where $`G`$ is simply connected group associated to $`R`$.

Now let $`s_a`$ be the simple affine reflection lying in the affine Weyl group associated to $`R,l`$, see e.g. . Let $`\mathrm{\Theta }_{s_a}`$ be the corresponding wall-crossing functor, see e.g. . Let $`T=\mathrm{\Theta }_{s_a}\mathrm{𝟏}`$. It is easy to see that cohomology $`H^{}(u,T)`$ has a natural algebra structure; namely for any simple $`U`$module $`L`$ with highest weight lying on the affine wall of the fundamental alcove we have $`H^{}(u,T)=Ext_u^{}(L,L)`$. Since $`T`$ is a $`U`$module the cohomology $`H^{}(u,T)`$ has a natural structure of $`G`$module. Let $`𝒪𝒩`$ be the subregular nilpotent orbit. The main result of this note is the following

Main Theorem. The odd cohomology $`H^{odd}(u,T)`$ vanishes. The algebra $`H^2(u,T)`$ is isomorphic to the algebra $`[\overline{𝒪}]`$ of functions on the closure of $`𝒪`$. This is an isomorphism of graded algebras with the grading on $`[\overline{𝒪}]`$ corresponding to the action of $`^{}`$ by dilatations. This isomorphism is compatible with natural $`G`$structures of both algebras.

Remark. One can prove the analogous theorem for the Frobenius kernel $`G_1`$ of an almost simple algebraic group $`G`$ over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $`p>h`$.

We remark that $`[\overline{𝒪}]=[𝒪]`$ because of normality of $`\overline{𝒪}`$, see .

In  W.H.Hesselink computed the structure of $`[𝒩]`$ as graded $`G`$-module. It is easy to deduce the Hesselink Theorem from the Ginzburg-Kumar Theorem (or rather from Andersen-Jantzen vanishing Theorem, see ). In the same way we are able to compute the structure of $`[\overline{𝒪}]`$ as graded $`G`$module, see Corollary 3 below.

For any dominant weight $`\lambda `$ one defines the indecomposable tilting module $`T(\lambda )`$ with highest weight $`\lambda `$, see e.g. . Some time I believed that cohomology of any $`T(\lambda )`$ has parity vanishing property. In fact this belief was main motivation for this work. In the end of this note we give an example when cohomology of indecomposable tilting module lives in both even and odd degrees.

## 2. Proof of the Main Theorem

Recall that $`T`$ has a unique trivial submodule $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`T/\mathrm{𝟏}=H^0(s_a0)`$, see e.g. . Let $`\varphi :TH^0(s_a0)`$ be the quotient map.

Lemma 1. The map $`\varphi _{}:H^{}(u,T)H^{}(u,H^0(s_a0))`$ is zero.

Proof. The map $`\varphi _{}`$ is a map of $`H^2(u,\mathrm{𝟏})=[𝒩]`$\- modules. It is known that the support of $`H^{}(u,T)`$ in $`𝒩`$ is equal to $`\overline{𝒪}`$, see .

The cohomology $`H^{}(u,H^0(s_a0))`$ was computed by H.H.Andersen and J.C.Jantzen in , 3.7. We reformulate their result as follows:

(a) Let $`\pi :T^{}(G/B)G/B`$ be the cotangent bundle of the flag variety of the group $`G`$. Let $`s:T^{}(G/B)𝒩`$ be the Springer resolution. Let $`L_\theta `$ be the line bundle on $`G/B`$ corresponding to the root $`\theta `$ dual to the highest coroot of $`𝔤`$ (more directly $`\theta `$ is the unique dominant short root). Then the even cohomology $`H^{ev}(u,H^0(s_a0))`$ vanishes; the odd cohomology is equal up to shift to $`s_{}\pi ^{}L_\theta `$ (if we consider the cohomology as a coherent sheaf on $`𝒩`$).

In particular, if $`\varphi _{}`$ is nontrivial we obtain a section of the line bundle $`\pi ^{}L_\theta `$ supported on $`s^1(\overline{𝒪})`$. Contradiction.

Remark. In fact H.H.Andersen and J.C.Jantzen computed the cohomology of induced modules over algebraic group over a field of characteristic $`p>0`$. But their proof works in the quantum situation as well if we know some vanishing result. This vanishing Theorem was proved in  in types $`A,B,C,D,G`$ or for strongly dominant weights. In our case the weight $`\theta `$ is not strongly dominant. A.Broer proved the desired vanishing in case of characteristic 0 in . In recent work  all restrictions in Andersen-Jantzen vanishing Theorem were removed. This should be used in the above-mentioned generalization of our Main Theorem to characteristic $`p`$.

Corollary 1. The odd cohomology $`H^{odd}(u,T)`$ vanishes. For any $`i0`$ we have an exact sequence

$$0H^{2i1}(u,H^0(s_a0))H^{2i}(u,\mathrm{𝟏})H^{2i}(u,T)0.$$

In particular, the natural map $`H^{}(u,\mathrm{𝟏})H^{}(u,T)`$ is surjective.

Proof follows easily from consideration of the cohomology long exact sequence associated with the short exact sequence

$$0\mathrm{𝟏}TH^0(s_a0)0.$$

Proof of the Main Theorem. The surjectivity of the map $`[𝒩]=H^2(u,\mathrm{𝟏})H^2(u,T)`$ implies that there exists a surjection $`\psi :H^2(u,T)[\overline{𝒪}]`$. Let $`L(\lambda )`$ be the simple $`G`$module with highest weight $`\lambda `$. For any weight $`\mu `$ let $`m_\lambda (\mu )`$ be the multiplicity of the weight $`\mu `$ in $`L(\lambda ).`$ It is known that the multiplicity of $`L(\lambda )`$ in $`[\overline{𝒪}]`$ is equal to $`m_\lambda (0)m_\lambda (\theta )`$, see  4.7. It is easy to deduce from Corollary 1 and (a) that the multiplicity of $`L(\lambda )`$ in $`H^{}(u,T)`$ also equals $`m_\lambda (0)m_\lambda (\theta )`$ (we omit the proof since it is the same as the proof of Corollary 3 below). Hence $`\psi `$ is an isomorphism. The Theorem is proved.

Let $`V=V(s_a0)`$ be the Weyl module with highest weight $`s_a0`$.

Corollary 2. The cohomology $`H^{}(u,V)`$ is given by

$$H^{2i}(u,V)=H^{2i}(u,T),$$

$$H^{2i+1}(u,V)=H^{2i}(u,\mathrm{𝟏}).$$

Proof. It is enough to consider the cohomology long exact sequence associated with the short exact sequence

$$0VT\mathrm{𝟏}0$$

and note that the map $`H^{}(u,T)H^{}(u,\mathrm{𝟏})`$ is zero (this can be proved in the same way as Lemma 1).

Remark. One can easily compute the cohomology of the simple module $`𝐋=𝐋(s_a0)`$ with highest weight $`s_a0`$ using the short exact sequence

$$0𝐋H^0(s_a0)\mathrm{𝟏}0.$$

The answer is the following: $`H^2(u,𝐋)=0`$ and for any $`i0`$ we have short exact sequence

$$0H^{2i}(u,\mathrm{𝟏})H^{2i+1}(u,𝐋)H^{2i+1}(u,H^0(s_a0))0.$$

Let $`R_+`$ be the set of positive roots and let $`W`$ be the Weyl group. For any $`wW`$ let $`(1)^w=det(w)`$. Let $`\rho `$ be the halfsum of positive roots. Let $`w\lambda =w(\lambda +\rho )\rho `$. For any dominant weight $`\lambda `$ let $`d_n(\lambda )`$ (resp. $`t_n(\lambda )`$) be the multiplicity of the simple module $`L(\lambda )`$ in the component of degree $`n`$ of $`[𝒩]`$ (resp. $`[\overline{𝒪}]`$). Let $`p_n`$ be the function on the set $`X`$ of weights, given by

$$\underset{xX}{}\underset{n}{}p_n(x)t^ne^x=\underset{\alpha R_+}{}\frac{1}{1e^\alpha t}.$$

This function is essentially the Kostant-Lusztig partition function. Recall that Hesselink’s Theorem () states that $`d_n(\lambda )=_{wW}(1)^wp_n(w\lambda )`$. Let $`2k1`$ be the length of reflection in $`\theta `$.

Corollary 3. (cf.  4.7) We have

$$t_n(\lambda )=\underset{wW}{}(1)^w(p_n(w\lambda )p_{nk}(w\lambda \theta )).$$

Remark. For types $`A_l,B_l,C_l(l2),D_l(l3),G_2,F_4,E_6,E_7,E_8`$ the number $`k`$ equals to respectively $`l,l,2(l1),2l3,3,8,11,17,29`$.

Proof. Let $`B`$ be the Borel subgroup of $`G`$. Let $`n`$ be the nilpotent radical of the Borel subalgebra in $`𝔤`$. Let $`S^{}(n^{})`$ be the algebra of functions on $`n`$. By  we have

$$H^{2i}(u,\mathrm{𝟏})=Ind_B^G(S^i(n^{})),R^{>0}Ind_B^G(S^i(n^{}))=0,$$

$$H^{2i1}(u,H^0(s_a0))=Ind_B^G(S^{ik}(n^{})\theta ),R^{>0}Ind_B^G(S^{ik}(n^{})\theta )=0.$$

Now the Euler characteristic of $`R^{}Ind_B^G(\mathrm{?})`$ is given by the Weyl character formula. The result follows.

Example. Here we present an example when cohomology (over Frobenius kernel) of indecomposable tilting module lives in both odd and even degrees. Let $`R`$ be of type $`A_2`$. Let $`s_1,s_2`$ be the simple reflections in Weyl group, and let $`s_3`$ be the affine reflection. Consider indecomposable tilting module $`T=T(s_3s_1s_2s_30)`$. It has a filtration with subquotients $`H^0(s_3s_1s_2s_30),H^0(s_3s_1s_20),H^0(s_30)`$ and $`H^0(0)`$. Let $`\omega _1`$ and $`\omega _2`$ be the fundamental weights. We have $`s_3s_1s_2s_30=(3l3)\omega _2`$. By Andersen-Jantzen Theorem the cohomology of $`H^0(s_3s_1s_2s_30)`$ equals to $`Ind_B^G(3\omega _2S^{}(n^{}))`$ living in even degrees, the cohomology of $`H^0(s_3s_1s_20)`$ or $`H^0(s_30)`$ equals to $`Ind_B^G((\omega _1+\omega _2)S^{}(n^{}))`$ living in odd degrees, finally the cohomology of $`H^0(0)`$ equals to $`Ind_B^G(S^{}(n^{}))`$ living in even degrees. By Kostant multiplicity formula we obtain that multiplicity of $`L(\lambda )`$ in Euler characteristic of cohomology of $`T`$ equals to $`m_\lambda (3\omega _2)+m_\lambda (0)2m_\lambda (\omega _1+\omega _2)`$. In particular, multiplicity of $`L(0)`$ equals to 1 and multiplicity of $`L(3\omega _1)`$ equals to -1. This contradicts to the parity vanishing.

Acknowledgements. I am grateful to M.Finkelberg for useful conversations. Thanks also due to H.H.Andersen and J.Humphreys for valuable suggestions. I would like to thank Aarhus University for its hospitality while this note was being written.