# Finite genus solutions for the Ablowitz-Ladik hierarchy.

## 1 Introduction.

The problem of constructing the quasiperiodic solutions (QPS) is one of the most challenging problems of the theory of integrable systems, and many mathematicians and physicists spent much efforts to obtain the QPS for almost all equations that are known to be integrable. The Ablowitz-Ladik hierarchy (ALH), which has been introduced in , is not an exception. So, e.g, one should mention the works by N.N.Bogolyubov (Jr) et al  and S.Ahmad, A.R.Chowdhury  devoted to the discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equation (DNLSE) and the discrete modified Korteveg-de Vries equation (DMKdV), which are the best studied equations of the ALH. There authors were studying this problem in the framework of the inverse scattering transform (IST). Another, the so-called algebraic-geometrical, approach has been used by Miller, Ercolani, Krichever and Levermore, who considered in  the complex version of the DNLSE and obtained the Baker-Akhiezer function and QPS corresponding to finite genus Riemann surfaces. This work provides almost exhaustive solution of the problem of the finite genus QPS, but its results need some further simplification to be useful for practical purposes, especially if one wants to extend them to the higher equations of the ALH and in this work I will try to avoid the algebro-geometrical language, and will use some more direct (and simpler) strategy. As it has been established in , each finite genus QPS of the DNLSE can be presented as a quotient of the $`\theta `$-functions of some arguments multiplied by an exponent of some phase, all of them being some linear functions of the coordinates (the same is true in the cases of the DMKdV as well as all other equations of the hierarchy). Thus, since we know the structure of the solutions, all we have to do to derive them is to calculate some number of constant parameters. So, it desirable to develop some method which will enable us to obtain these constants (and hence solutions) straightforwardly, not using technique (sometimes rather complicated) of the theory of the functions and differentials on hyperelliptic Riemann surfaces. It turns out that this can be done. Moreover, this can be done not only for the DNLSE or DMKdV but, in principle, for all equations of the hierarchy simultaneously. Namely this is the main question of this paper. The key moment is that the $`\theta `$-functions of the finite genus Riemann surfaces (of which the finite genus QPS are built-up) satisfy some algebraic relation, the so-called Fay’s trisecant formula , which can be used to obtain an infinite number of differential identities, which, as will be shown below, are closely related to the ALH, and can be used to obtain the QPS we are looking for. Such approach also demonstrates some new, to my knowledge, feature of the ALH (and namely this was one of the main motives to write this paper): the equations of the ALH naturally appear when flows over Riemann surfaces are considered (I will return to this question below).

The plan of the paper is as follows. After presenting some basic facts on the ALH (section 2) I will discuss the Fay’s formula and its differential consequences (section 3). These results will be used to obtain the finite genus QPS for the ALH (section 4).

## 2 Ablowitz-Ladik hierarchy

The ALH is an infinite set of integrable differential-difference equations, which has been introduced in . All equations of the ALH can be presented as the compatibility condition for the linear system

$`\mathrm{\Psi }_{n+1}`$ $`=`$ $`U_n\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$ (2.1)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{}{z_j}}\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$ $`=`$ $`V_n^{(j)}\mathrm{\Psi }_n,j=\pm 1,\pm 2,\mathrm{}`$ (2.2)   
where $`\mathrm{\Psi }_n`$ is a $`2`$-column, $`U_n`$ and $`V_n`$ are $`2\times 2`$ matrices with $`U_n`$ being given by

$$U_n=U_n(\lambda )=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\lambda & r_n\\ q_n& \lambda ^1\end{array}\right)$$
(2.3)   
(here $`\lambda `$ is the auxiliary (spectral) constant parameter) and the matrices $`V_n^{(j)}`$ are polynomials in $`\lambda `$, $`\lambda ^1`$. The ALH in a natural way can be splitted into two subsystems (subhierarchies). One of them corresponds to the case when $`V_n^{(j)},j=1,2,\mathrm{}`$ are $`j`$th order polynomials in $`\lambda ^1`$ (’positive’ subhierarchy). Its simplest equations are

$`{\displaystyle \frac{q_n}{z_1}}`$ $`=`$ $`ip_nq_{n+1}`$ (2.4)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{r_n}{z_1}}`$ $`=`$ $`ip_nr_{n1}`$ (2.5)   
where

$$p_n=1q_nr_n$$
(2.6)   
The ’negative’ subhierarchy is build up of the $`V`$-matrices being polynomials in $`\lambda `$. Its simplest equations are

$`{\displaystyle \frac{q_n}{\overline{z}_1}}`$ $`=`$ $`ip_nq_{n1}`$ (2.7)   
$`{\displaystyle \frac{r_n}{\overline{z}_1}}`$ $`=`$ $`ip_nr_{n+1}`$ (2.8)   
(I use the notation $`\overline{z}_j=z_j,j=1,2,\mathrm{}`$).

It has been shown in  that the ALH can be presented in the form of the functional-difference equations:

$`q_n(z,\overline{z})q_n(zi[\xi ],\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`\xi \left[1q_n(z,\overline{z})r_n(zi[\xi ],\overline{z})\right]q_{n+1}(z,\overline{z})`$ (2.9)   
$`r_n(z,\overline{z})r_n(z+i[\xi ],\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`\xi \left[1q_n(z+i[\xi ],\overline{z})r_n(z,\overline{z})\right]r_{n1}(z,\overline{z})`$ (2.10)   
for the ’positive’ subhierarchy, and

$`q_n(z,\overline{z})q_n(z,\overline{z}i[\xi ^1])`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^1\left[1q_n(z,\overline{z})r_n(z,\overline{z}i[\xi ^1])\right]q_{n1}(z,\overline{z})`$ (2.11)   
$`r_n(z,\overline{z})r_n(z,\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^1\left[1q_n(z,\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])r_n(z,\overline{z})\right]r_{n+1}(\overline{z},z)`$ (2.12)   
for the ’negative’ one. Here the designations

$$f(z,\overline{z})=f(z_1,z_2,z_3,\mathrm{}\overline{z}_1,\overline{z}_2,\overline{z}_3,\mathrm{})$$
(2.13)   
and

$`f(z\pm [\xi ],\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`f(z_1\pm \xi ,z_2\pm \xi ^2/2,z_3\pm \xi ^3/3,\mathrm{}\overline{z}_1,\overline{z}_2,\overline{z}_3,\mathrm{})`$ (2.14)   
$`f(z,\overline{z}\pm [\xi ^1])`$ $`=`$ $`f(z_1,z_2,z_3,\mathrm{}\overline{z}_1\pm \xi ^1,\overline{z}_2\pm \xi ^2/2,\overline{z}_3\pm \xi ^3/3,\mathrm{})`$ (2.15)   
are used. Expanding equations (2.9), (2.10) in power series in $`\xi `$ one can obtain all equations of the ’positive’ subhierarchy. Analogously, expanding equations (2.11), (2.12) in power series in $`\xi ^1`$ one can obtain all equations of the ’negative’ one.

In what follows I will use also the tau-functions of the ALH, $`\sigma _n`$, $`\rho _n`$ and $`\tau _n`$, which are defined by

$$q_n=\frac{\sigma _n}{\tau _n},r_n=\frac{\rho _n}{\tau _n}$$
(2.16)   
and

$$\tau _{n1}\tau _{n+1}=\tau _n^2\sigma _n\rho _n$$
(2.17)   
The functional representation of the ALH in terms of the tau-functions can be written as

$`\tau _n(z)\sigma _n(z+i[\xi ])\sigma _n(z)\tau _n(z+i[\xi ])`$ $`=`$ $`\xi \tau _{n1}(z)\sigma _{n+1}(z+i[\xi ])`$ (2.18)   
$`\rho _n(z)\tau _n(z+i[\xi ])\tau _n(z)\rho _n(z+i[\xi ])`$ $`=`$ $`\xi \rho _{n1}(z)\tau _{n+1}(z+i[\xi ])`$ (2.19)   
$`\tau _n(z)\tau _n(z+i[\xi ])\rho _n(z)\sigma _n(z+i[\xi ])`$ $`=`$ $`\tau _{n1}(z)\tau _{n+1}(z+i[\xi ])`$ (2.20)   
(where dependence on $`\overline{z}_j`$’s is omitted) and

$`\tau _n(\overline{z})\sigma _n(\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])\sigma _n(\overline{z})\tau _n(\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^1\tau _{n+1}(\overline{z})\sigma _{n1}(\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])`$ (2.21)   
$`\rho _n(\overline{z})\tau _n(\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])\tau _n(\overline{z})\rho _n(\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])`$ $`=`$ $`\xi ^1\rho _{n+1}(\overline{z})\tau _{n1}(\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])`$ (2.22)   
$`\tau _n(\overline{z})\tau _n(\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])\rho _n(\overline{z})\sigma _n(\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])`$ $`=`$ $`\tau _{n+1}(\overline{z})\tau _{n1}(\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])`$ (2.23)   
(where dependence on $`z_j`$’s is omitted).

The key idea of the present work is to establish the relation between these equations and the famous Fay’s identity for the $`\theta `$-functions which can be used to derive the finite-gap QPS of the ALH.

## 3 Fay’s identity.

In this paper we will deal with the compact Riemann surface $`X`$ of the genus $`g`$ corresponding to the hyperelliptic curve

$$s^2=𝒫_{2g+2}(\xi )$$
(3.1)   
where $`𝒫_{2g+2}(\xi )`$ is a polynomial without multiple roots of degree $`2g+2`$. In the framework of the IST such curves appear in the analysis of the scattering problem (2.1). For example, in the case of the periodic conditions

$$q_{n+g+1}=q_n,r_{n+g+1}=r_n$$
(3.2)   
the polynomial $`𝒫_{2g+2}(\xi )`$ is defined by

$$𝒫_{2g+2}(\lambda ^2)=\lambda ^{2(g+1)}\left\{\left[\mathrm{tr}T_n(\lambda )\right]^24detT_n(\lambda )\right\}$$
(3.3)   
where $`T_n(\lambda )`$ is the transfer matrix of the scattering problem (2.1),

$$T_n(\lambda )=U_{n+g}(\lambda )\mathrm{}U_n(\lambda )$$
(3.4)   
(it can be straightforwardly shown that the right-hand side of (3.3) under the restriction (3.2) does not depend on the index $`n`$). Topologically, $`X`$ is a sphere with $`g`$ handles. One can choose a set of $`2g`$ closed contours (cycles) $`\{a_i,b_i\}_{i=1,\mathrm{},g}`$ with the intersection indices

$$a_ia_j=b_ib_j=0,a_ib_j=\delta _{ij}i,j=1,\mathrm{},g$$
(3.5)   
and find $`g`$ independent holomorphic differentials, say ones given locally by

$$\stackrel{~}{\omega }_k=\frac{\xi ^{k1}d\xi }{\sqrt{𝒫_{2g+2}(\xi )}},k=1,\mathrm{},g$$
(3.6)   
which can be used to construct the canonical basis of the holomorphic 1-forms

$$\omega _k=\underset{l=1}{\overset{g}{}}C_{k,l}\stackrel{~}{\omega _l}$$
(3.7)   
where $`\omega _k`$’s satisfy the normalization conditions

$$_{a_i}\omega _k=\delta _{ik}$$
(3.8)   
Then, the matrix of the $`b`$-periods,

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{ik}=_{b_i}\omega _k$$
(3.9)   
determines the so-called period lattice, $`L_\mathrm{\Omega }=\left\{𝒎+\mathrm{\Omega }𝒏,𝒎,𝒏^g\right\}`$, the Jacobian of this surface $`\mathrm{Jac}(X)=^g/L_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ (2$`g`$ torus) and the Abel mapping $`X\mathrm{Jac}(X)`$,

$$P_{P_0}^P𝝎$$
(3.10)   
where $`𝝎`$ is the $`g`$-vector of the 1-forms, $`𝝎=(\omega _1,\mathrm{},\omega _g)^T`$ and $`P_0`$ is some fixed point of $`X`$.

A central object of the theory of the compact Riemann surfaces is the $`\theta `$-function, $`\theta (𝜻)=\theta (𝜻,\mathrm{\Omega })`$,

$$\theta \left(𝜻\right)=\underset{𝒏^g}{}\mathrm{exp}\left\{\pi i𝒏\mathrm{\Omega }𝒏+2\pi i𝒏𝜻\right\}$$
(3.11)   
which is a quasiperiodic function on $`^g`$

$`\theta \left(𝜻+𝒏\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\theta \left(𝜻\right)`$ (3.12)   
$`\theta \left(𝜻+\mathrm{\Omega }𝒏\right)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{exp}\left\{\pi i𝒏\mathrm{\Omega }𝒏2\pi i𝒏𝜻\right\}\theta \left(𝜻\right)`$ (3.13)   
for $`𝒏^g`$.

To simplify the following formulae I will use the designations

$$\theta _B^A\left(𝜻\right)=\theta \left(𝜻+_B^A𝝎\right)$$
(3.14)   
and

$$\widehat{\theta }_B^A=\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(_B^A𝝎\right)$$
(3.15)   
Here $`\theta \left[𝒄\right]\left(𝜻\right)`$ is the so-called $`\theta `$-function with characteristics,

$$\theta \left[𝒄\right]\left(𝜻\right)=\mathrm{exp}\left\{\pi i𝒂\mathrm{\Omega }𝒂+2\pi i𝒂\left(𝜻+𝒃\right)\right\}\theta \left(𝜻+\mathrm{\Omega }𝒂+𝒃\right),𝒄=(𝒂,𝒃)$$
(3.16)   
and $`𝜹=(𝜹^{},𝜹^{\prime \prime })\frac{1}{2}^{2g}/^{2g}`$ is a non-singular odd characteristics,

$$\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(\mathrm{𝟎}\right)=0,\mathrm{grad}_𝜻\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(\mathrm{𝟎}\right)\mathrm{𝟎}$$
(3.17)   
Function (3.15) is closely related to the prime form ,

$$E(P,Q)=\frac{\widehat{\theta }_Q^P}{\sqrt{\chi (P)}\sqrt{\chi (Q)}}$$
(3.18)   
where $`\chi `$ is given by

$$\chi (P)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{g}{}}\left(\frac{}{\zeta _i}\theta \left[𝜹\right]\right)\left(\mathrm{𝟎}\right)\omega _i(P)$$
(3.19)   
The prime form $`E(P,Q)`$ is skew-symmetric, $`E(P,Q)=E(Q,P)`$, has first-order zero along the diagonal $`P=Q`$ and is otherwise non-zero. Analogously,

$$\widehat{\theta }_Q^P=\widehat{\theta }_P^Q,\widehat{\theta }_P^P=0$$
(3.20)   
One of the most interesting results of the theory of the $`\theta `$-functions is the following identity for the $`\theta `$-functions associated with the finite-genus Riemann surfaces, the Fay’s identity:

$$\widehat{\theta }_{P_3}^{P_1}\widehat{\theta }_{P_2}^{P_4}\theta _{P_2}^{P_1}\left(𝜻\right)\theta _{P_3}^{P_4}\left(𝜻\right)\widehat{\theta }_{P_2}^{P_1}\widehat{\theta }_{P_3}^{P_4}\theta _{P_3}^{P_1}\left(𝜻\right)\theta _{P_2}^{P_4}\left(𝜻\right)=\widehat{\theta }_{P_3}^{P_2}\widehat{\theta }_{P_1}^{P_4}\theta \left(𝜻\right)\theta _{P_2P_3}^{P_1P_4}\left(𝜻\right)$$
(3.21)   
(here $`P_1,\mathrm{},P_4`$ are arbitrary points of $`X`$) and namely this formula will be basis of the following consideration.

## 4 Quasiperiodic solutions.

It is already known that in the quasiperiodic case the tau-functions of the ALH are (up to some simple factors) the $`\theta `$-functions of different arguments and I am going now to present the Fay’s identity and some of its corollaries in the form similar to (2.18)–(2.20) and (2.21)–(2.23) which will enable to obtain the finite-gap solutions of these functional equations, i.e. to obtain the finite-gap solutions of the ALH.

Hereafter I will use the letters $`A`$, $`B`$, $`C`$, $`D`$ for the points of the Riemann surface which correspond to the points $`0`$ and $`\mathrm{}`$ of the complex plane,

$$A=\mathrm{}_+,D=\mathrm{}_{},B=0_{},C=0_+$$
(4.1)   
Since $`A,D`$ and $`B,C`$ are poles and zeroes of the meromorphic function $`\pi (P)`$, which is a projection of $`X`$ onto the extended complex plane $`^1`$ sending a point $`P=(s,\xi )`$ into $`\xi `$, they satisfy, according to the Abel’s theorem, the condition $`_{BC}^{AD}𝝎L_\mathrm{\Omega }`$. The integration pathes in (3.10) can be chosen in such a way that

$$_{BC}^{AD}𝝎=\mathrm{𝟎}$$
(4.2)   
(here zero stands for $`\mathrm{𝟎}`$ from $`^g`$, not from $`\mathrm{Jac}(X)`$) and in what follows I will accept (4.2) as true.

Now I am going to use (3.21) thinking of three points from $`(P_1,P_2,P_3,P_4)`$ as constant (I will choose them from the set $`(A,B,C,D)`$) and the fourth one (I will denote it by $`P`$) as variable. Setting $`(P_1,P_2,P_3,P_4)=(A,B,C,P)`$ one can rewrite (3.21) as

$$\widehat{\theta }_C^B\widehat{\theta }_A^P\theta \left(𝜻\right)\theta _D^P\left(𝜻\right)+\widehat{\theta }_B^A\widehat{\theta }_C^P\theta _C^A\left(𝜻\right)\theta _B^P\left(𝜻\right)=\widehat{\theta }_C^A\widehat{\theta }_B^P\theta _B^A\left(𝜻\right)\theta _C^P\left(𝜻\right)$$
(4.3)   
This formula is the quasiperiodic analog of (2.18). Shifting the arguments of the $`\theta `$-functions, $`𝜻𝜻+_A^C𝝎`$, one can obtain the equation which will be transformed below to (2.19):

$$\widehat{\theta }_C^B\widehat{\theta }_A^P\theta _A^C\left(𝜻\right)\theta _B^P\left(𝜻\right)+\widehat{\theta }_B^A\widehat{\theta }_C^P\theta \left(𝜻\right)\theta _{AB}^{CP}\left(𝜻\right)=\widehat{\theta }_C^A\widehat{\theta }_B^P\theta _B^C\left(𝜻\right)\theta _A^P\left(𝜻\right)$$
(4.4)   
At last, replacing in (3.21) $`(P_1,P_2,P_3,P_4)`$ with $`(A,P,C,D)`$ using (4.2) and making the shift $`𝜻𝜻+_A^C𝝎`$ one can write the identity

$$\widehat{\theta }_D^A\widehat{\theta }_C^P\theta \left(𝜻\right)\theta _B^P\left(𝜻\right)\widehat{\theta }_B^A\widehat{\theta }_A^P\theta _A^C\left(𝜻\right)\theta _D^P\left(𝜻\right)=\widehat{\theta }_C^A\widehat{\theta }_D^P\theta _B^A\left(𝜻\right)\theta _A^P\left(𝜻\right)$$
(4.5)   
which is a quasiperiodic analogue of (2.20).

Our first goal is to present equations (4.3)–(4.5) in the bilinear form. To this end I will first shift the arguments of the $`\theta `$-functions: $`𝜻𝜻_n`$,

$$𝜻_n=𝜻+n_A^B𝝎$$
(4.6)   
Next, I will introduce the functions $`\sigma _n(P)`$, $`\rho _n(P)`$ and $`\tau _n(P)`$,

$`\tau _n(P)`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _n(P)\theta _B^P\left(𝜻_n\right)`$ (4.7)   
$`\sigma _n(P)`$ $`=`$ $`\beta _n(P)\theta _D^P\left(𝜻_n\right)`$ (4.8)   
$`\rho _n(P)`$ $`=`$ $`\gamma _n(P)\theta _{AB}^{CP}\left(𝜻_n\right)`$ (4.9)   
It is not difficult to verify that if one chooses the functions $`\alpha _n`$, $`\beta _n`$, $`\gamma _n`$ as follows

$`\alpha _n(P)`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _{}\mu ^{n^2/2}\mathrm{exp}\left\{n\phi _{DC}(P)\right\}`$ (4.10)   
$`\beta _n(P)`$ $`=`$ $`q_{}\epsilon ^n\mathrm{exp}\left\{\phi _{AC}(P)\right\}\alpha _n(P)`$ (4.11)   
$`\gamma _n(P)`$ $`=`$ $`r_{}\epsilon ^n\mathrm{exp}\left\{\phi _{AC}(P)\right\}\alpha _n(P)`$ (4.12)   
where the functions $`\phi _{QR}`$ are defined in the vicinity of the point $`B`$ by

$$\mathrm{exp}\left\{\phi _{QR}(P)\phi _{QR}(B)\right\}=\frac{\widehat{\theta }_Q^P}{\widehat{\theta }_R^P}\frac{\widehat{\theta }_R^B}{\widehat{\theta }_Q^B},$$
(4.13)   
the constant $`\mu `$ is given by

$$\mu =\frac{\left(\widehat{\theta }_C^A\right)^2}{\widehat{\theta }_D^A\widehat{\theta }_C^B}$$
(4.14)   
and $`\alpha _{}`$, $`q_{}`$, $`r_{}`$ and $`\epsilon `$ are arbitrary constants satisfying

$$q_{}r_{}=\frac{\left(\widehat{\theta }_B^A\right)^2}{\widehat{\theta }_D^A\widehat{\theta }_C^B}$$
(4.15)   
then (4.3)–(4.5) can be rewritten in terms of the functions $`\sigma _n(P)`$, $`\rho _n(P)`$ and $`\tau _n(P)`$ as

$`\tau _n(B)\sigma _n(P)\sigma _n(B)\tau _n(P)`$ $`=`$ $`K(P)\tau _{n1}(B)\sigma _{n+1}(P)`$ (4.16)   
$`\rho _n(B)\tau _n(P)\tau _n(B)\rho _n(P)`$ $`=`$ $`K(P)\rho _{n1}(B)\tau _{n+1}(P)`$ (4.17)   
$`\tau _n(B)\tau _n(P)\rho _n(B)\sigma _n(P)`$ $`=`$ $`\tau _{n1}(B)\tau _{n+1}(P)`$ (4.18)   
where

$$K(P)=\frac{1}{\epsilon }\frac{\widehat{\theta }_D^A}{\widehat{\theta }_C^B}\frac{\widehat{\theta }_B^P\widehat{\theta }_C^P}{\widehat{\theta }_A^P\widehat{\theta }_D^P}$$
(4.19)   
Thus we have presented the Fay’ identities in the bilinear form similar to (2.18)–(2.20). What I have to do now is to introduce a $`z`$-dependence in such a way that a shift over the Riemann surface from the point $`B`$ to a point $`P`$ (which correspond to the points $`0`$ and $`\xi `$ of the complex plane) can be taken into account by the simultaneous shifts $`z_mz_m+i\xi ^m/m`$:

$`f_n(B)`$ $`=`$ $`f_n(z)=f_n(z_1,z_2,z_3,\mathrm{}),`$ (4.20)   
$`f_n(P)`$ $`=`$ $`f_n(z+i[\xi ])=f_n(z_1+i\xi ,z_2+i\xi ^2/2,z_3+i\xi ^3/3,\mathrm{})`$ (4.21)   
(I hope that the usage of the same letters for functional dependence on both the point of the Riemann surface and the ALH variables $`z_m`$ will not lead to confusion). In other words I want to introduce such functions $`𝜻(z_1,z_2,\mathrm{})`$ and $`\phi _{QR}(z_1,z_2,\mathrm{})`$ that

$$𝜻(z+i[\xi ])𝜻(z)=_B^P𝝎$$
(4.22)   
and

$$\phi _{QR}(z+i[\xi ])\phi _{QR}(z)=\phi _{QR}(P)\phi _{QR}(B)$$
(4.23)   
This can be done as follows. In the neighborhood of the point $`B`$ (which is an preimage of the point $`\xi =0`$ of the complex plane) the components of the integral in (4.22) can be presented in terms of the $`\xi `$-coordinate as

$$_B^P\omega _k=W_k(\xi )=\underset{l=1}{\overset{g}{}}C_{k,l}_0^\xi \frac{x^{l1}\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{𝒫_{2g+2}(x)}}$$
(4.24)   
where the sign of the square root is fixed by $`\sqrt{1}=1`$. Hence, taking $`𝜻`$ to be a linear function of the coordinates $`z_m`$,

$$𝜻=𝜻(z)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝜻^{(m)}z_m$$
(4.25)   
one can conclude that to satisfy (4.22) the vectors $`𝜻^{(m)}`$ should be defined as the coefficients of the series

$$\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}𝜻^{(m)}\xi ^m=i\xi \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\xi }𝑾(\xi )$$
(4.26)   
(here $`𝑾`$ is the vector with the components $`W_k`$). Using (4.24) one can rewrite (4.26) as

$$\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\zeta _k^{(m)}\xi ^m=i\underset{l=1}{\overset{g}{}}C_{k,l}\frac{\xi ^l}{\sqrt{𝒫_{2g+2}(\xi )}}$$
(4.27)   
(the right-hand side of this equation should be understood as a power series in $`\xi `$).

In a similar way one can tackle equation (4.23) and to derive the following result: $`\phi _{QR}(z)`$ is the linear function,

$$\phi _{QR}(z)=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\phi _{QR}^{(m)}z_m$$
(4.28)   
with the coefficients $`\phi _{QR}^{(m)}`$ being defined by

$$\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\phi _{QR}^{(m)}\xi ^m=i\xi \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\xi }\mathrm{ln}\frac{\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(_Q^B𝝎+𝑾(\xi )\right)}{\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(_R^B𝝎+𝑾(\xi )\right)}$$
(4.29)   
(the right-hand side is again a power series in $`\xi `$).

Thus one can write the following expressions for the tau-functions:

$`\tau _n(z)`$ $`=`$ $`\alpha _{}\mu ^{n^2/2}\mathrm{exp}\left\{n\phi _{DC}(z)\right\}\theta \left(𝜻_n(z)\right)`$ (4.30)   
$`\sigma _n(z)`$ $`=`$ $`q_{}\epsilon ^n\mu ^{n^2/2}\mathrm{exp}\left\{n\phi _{DC}(z)+\phi _{AC}(z)\right\}\theta \left(𝜻_n(z){\displaystyle _A^C}𝝎\right)`$ (4.31)   
$`\rho _n(z)`$ $`=`$ $`r_{}\epsilon ^n\mu ^{n^2/2}\mathrm{exp}\left\{n\phi _{DC}(z)\phi _{AC}(z)\right\}\theta \left(𝜻_n(z)+{\displaystyle _A^C}𝝎\right)`$ (4.32)   
At last, we have to rewrite the function $`K(P)`$ from the right hand side of (4.16)–(4.18). This is the first time, since the Fay’s identity has been written down, that we need some facts from the theory of the Riemann surfaces – till now all was done by simple algebra. Consider the function

$$f(P)=\frac{\widehat{\theta }_B^P\widehat{\theta }_C^P}{\widehat{\theta }_A^P\widehat{\theta }_D^P}$$
(4.33)   
This is a single-valued, due to the condition (4.2), function which possesses zeroes at the points $`B`$, $`C`$ and poles at $`A`$, $`D`$. Remembering that $`B`$, $`C`$ correspond to $`\xi =0`$, and $`A`$, $`D`$ – to $`\xi =\mathrm{}`$, one can easily obtain one function with the same divisor, $`B+CAD`$, namely, the projection $`\pi (P)`$ discussed above (see paragraph before (4.2)). The quotient $`\pi (P)/f(P)`$ has no poles (and zeroes as well) on $`X`$, hence it is a constant

$$f(P)=C\xi \text{for}P=(s,\xi )$$
(4.34)   
Thus, if we take

$$\epsilon =C\frac{\widehat{\theta }_D^A}{\widehat{\theta }_C^B}$$
(4.35)   
then

$$K(P)=\xi $$
(4.36)   
and relations (4.16)–(4.18) become (2.18)–(2.20), or in other words, the functions defined by (4.30)–(4.32) solve equations (2.18)–(2.20).

Till now we were operating in a neighborhood of the point $`B`$ and obtained solutions of equations (2.18)–(2.20), and hence of (2.9)–(2.10), i.e. solved the ’positive’ part of the ALH. To take into account the ’negative’ equations (2.11)–(2.12), or (2.21)–(2.23), one can proceed in the similar way, but this time considering flows near another distinguished point, $`D`$, which is an preimage of the point $`\xi =\mathrm{}`$. It can be shown that functions $`\tau _n`$, $`\sigma _n`$, $`\rho _n`$ given by (4.30)–(4.32) will solve (2.21)–(2.23) provided we introduce the $`\overline{z}`$-dependence by replacing

$`𝜻(z)`$ $``$ $`𝜻(z,\overline{z})`$ (4.37)   
$`\phi _{DC}(z)`$ $``$ $`\phi _{DC}(z)+\overline{\phi }_{BA}(\overline{z})`$ (4.38)   
$`\phi _{AC}(z)`$ $``$ $`\phi _{AC}(z)+\overline{\phi }_{CA}(\overline{z})`$ (4.39)   
(the overbar does not mean the complex conjugation!) where

$$𝜻(z,\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])𝜻(z,\overline{z})=\overline{𝑾}(\xi ^1)=_D^P𝝎$$
(4.40)   
and

$$\overline{\phi }_{QR}(\overline{z}+i[\xi ^1])\overline{\phi }_{QR}(\overline{z})=\mathrm{ln}\frac{\widehat{\theta }_Q^P}{\widehat{\theta }_R^P}\frac{\widehat{\theta }_R^D}{\widehat{\theta }_Q^D}$$
(4.41)   
Thus, now we have all necessary to formulate the main result of this paper. The finite genus solutions of the ALH can be presented as

$`q_n(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`q_{}\epsilon ^n\mathrm{exp}\left\{\phi (z,\overline{z})\right\}{\displaystyle \frac{\theta \left(𝜻(z,\overline{z})+n𝑼𝑽\right)}{\theta \left(𝜻(z,\overline{z})+n𝑼\right)}}`$ (4.42)   
$`r_n(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`r_{}\epsilon ^n\mathrm{exp}\left\{\phi (z,\overline{z})\right\}{\displaystyle \frac{\theta \left(𝜻(z,\overline{z})+n𝑼+𝑽\right)}{\theta \left(𝜻(z,\overline{z})+n𝑼\right)}}`$ (4.43)   
where

$$𝑼=_A^B𝝎,𝑽=_A^C𝝎$$
(4.44)   
The functions $`𝜻(z,\overline{z})`$ and $`\phi (z,\overline{z})`$ are given by

$`𝜻(z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(𝜻^{(m)}z_m+\overline{𝜻}^{(m)}\overline{z}_m\right)+\text{constant}`$ (4.45)   
$`\phi (z,\overline{z})`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\left(\phi ^{(m)}z_m+\overline{\phi }^{(m)}\overline{z}_m\right)+\text{constant}`$ (4.46)   
where the constants $`𝜻^{(m)}`$, $`\overline{𝜻}^{(m)}`$ and $`\phi ^{(m)}`$, $`\overline{\phi }^{(m)}`$ are defined as coefficients of the series

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\zeta _k^{(m)}\xi ^m`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{g}{}}}C_{k,l}{\displaystyle \frac{\xi ^l}{\sqrt{𝒫_{2g+2}(\xi )}}}`$ (4.47)   
$`{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\overline{\zeta }_k^{(m)}\xi ^m`$ $`=`$ $`i{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{g}{}}}C_{k,g+1l}{\displaystyle \frac{\xi ^l}{\sqrt{\overline{𝒫}_{2g+2}(1/\xi )}}}`$ (4.48)   
with

$$\overline{𝒫}_{2g+2}(\xi )=\xi ^{2g+2}(\xi )𝒫_{2g+2}(1/\xi )$$
(4.49)   
and

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\phi ^{(m)}\xi ^m`$ $`=`$ $`i\xi {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\xi }}\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(𝑼𝑽+𝑾(\xi )\right)}{\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(𝑼+𝑾(\xi )\right)}}`$ (4.50)   
$`{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\overline{\phi }^{(m)}\xi ^m`$ $`=`$ $`i\xi {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\xi }}\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(𝑼+\overline{𝑾}(1/\xi )\right)}{\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(𝑼+𝑽+\overline{𝑾}(1/\xi )\right)}}`$ (4.51)   
The constant $`\epsilon `$ is given by (4.35) and $`q_{}`$, $`r_{}`$ are arbitrary constants related by (4.15).

The ’real’ tau-function $`\tau _n`$ can be written as

$$\tau _n(z,\overline{z})=\alpha _{}\mu ^{n^2/2}\mathrm{exp}\left\{n\psi (z,\overline{z})\right\}\theta \left(𝜻(z,\overline{z})+n𝑼\right)$$
(4.52)   
where the constant $`\mu `$ is given by (4.14),

$$\psi (z,\overline{z})=\underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\psi ^{(m)}z_m+\overline{\psi }^{(m)}\overline{z}_m\right)+\text{constant}$$
(4.53)   
and

$`{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\psi ^{(m)}\xi ^m`$ $`=`$ $`i\xi {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\xi }}\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(𝑼𝑽+𝑾(\xi )\right)}{\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(𝑽+𝑾(\xi )\right)}}`$ (4.54)   
$`{\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\overline{\psi }^{(m)}\xi ^m`$ $`=`$ $`i\xi {\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\xi }}\mathrm{ln}{\displaystyle \frac{\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(𝑽+\overline{𝑾}(1/\xi )\right)}{\theta \left[𝜹\right]\left(𝑼+𝑽+\overline{𝑾}(1/\xi )\right)}}`$ (4.55)   
## 5 Discussion.

In this paper we have obtained the finite genus solutions for the ALH. The results can be used to derive also the finite genus solutions for other integrable hierarchies, which can be ’embedded’ into the ALH (see . So, for example, the functions

$`Q`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\sigma _1}{\tau _0}}=Q_{}\mathrm{exp}\left\{\psi (z,\overline{z})+\phi (z,\overline{z})\right\}{\displaystyle \frac{\theta \left(𝜻(z,\overline{z})\stackrel{~}{𝑽}\right)}{\theta \left(𝜻(z,\overline{z})\right)}}`$ (5.1)   
$`R`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\rho _1}{\tau _0}}=R_{}\mathrm{exp}\left\{\psi (z,\overline{z})\phi (z,\overline{z})\right\}{\displaystyle \frac{\theta \left(𝜻(z,\overline{z})+\stackrel{~}{𝑽}\right)}{\theta \left(𝜻(z,\overline{z})\right)}}`$ (5.2)   
where

$$\stackrel{~}{𝑽}=𝑽𝑼=_B^C𝝎,$$
(5.3)   
and constants $`Q_{}`$, $`R_{}`$ are related by

$$Q_{}R_{}=\left[\epsilon \frac{\widehat{\theta }_B^A\widehat{\theta }_C^A}{\widehat{\theta }_D^A\widehat{\theta }_C^B}\right]^2$$
(5.4)   
solve the nonlinear Scrödinger equation

$`i_2Q+_{11}Q+2Q^2R=0`$ (5.5)   
$`i_2R+_{11}R+2QR^2=0`$ (5.6)   
where $`_m=/z_m`$, as well as all higher equations of the hierarchy (see ).

The quantities

$$p_n=\frac{\tau _{n+1}\tau _{n1}}{\tau _n^2}=\mu \frac{\theta \left(𝜻_T(x,\overline{x})+(n1)𝑼\right)\theta \left(𝜻_T(x,\overline{x})+(n+1)𝑼\right)}{\theta ^2\left(𝜻_T(x,\overline{x})+n𝑼\right)}$$
(5.7)   
where

$$𝜻_T(x,\overline{x})=𝜻^{(1)}x+\overline{𝜻}^{(1)}\overline{x}+\mathrm{constant}$$
(5.8)   
solve the 2D Toda lattice equation

$$\frac{^2}{x\overline{x}}\mathrm{ln}p_n=p_{n1}2p_n+p_{n+1}$$
(5.9)   
In  the relations between the ALH and the Davey-Stewartson equation (together with the Ishimori model) have been derived. One can find there expressions for the corresponding finite genus solutions.

The last example stems from the fact that for any fixed $`n`$ the quantity

$$u=r_{n1}p_nq_{n+1}=\frac{\rho _{n1}\sigma _{n+1}}{\tau _n^2}$$
(5.10)   
solves the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation,

$$_1\left(4_3u+_{111}u+12u_1u\right)=3_{22}u$$
(5.11)   
Thus, the results of the previous section yield the following finite genus solution for the KP:

$$u=Q_{}R_{}\frac{\theta \left(𝜻_{KP}(z_1,z_2,z_3)\stackrel{~}{𝑽}\right)\theta \left(𝜻_{KP}(z_1,z_2,z_3)+\stackrel{~}{𝑽}\right)}{\theta ^2\left(𝜻_{KP}(z_1,z_2,z_3)\right)}$$
(5.12)   
$$𝜻_{KP}(z_1,z_2,z_3)=𝜻^{(1)}z_1+𝜻^{(2)}z_2+𝜻^{(3)}z_3+\mathrm{constant}$$
(5.13)   
Here I set $`n=0`$ in (5.10) and omitted the $`\overline{z}_m`$-dependence for all $`m`$’s as well as the dependence on $`z_m`$ for $`m>3`$. This solution differs from the already known one which corresponds to an odd-order polynomial $`𝒫_{2g+1}`$ and, what is crucial, has been obtained by considering flows near the infinity ($`\pi (P)=\mathrm{}`$) which in this case is a ramification (Weierstrass) point ( the point $`\xi =\mathrm{}`$ has only one preimage on the Riemann surface). I cannot at present discuss solution (5.12) in detail. For example I do not know whether it is possible to obtain from (5.12) any non-trivial real solutions. In any case, solution (5.12) seems to be interesting and worth following studies.

To conclude, I want to point out the main differences between the approach of this paper and ones used earlier . In the IST-based methods the hyperelliptic curves appear in the analysis of the spectral data of the scattering problem (2.1), while the dependence on the coordinates is derived from the system (2.2). Here we didn’t use the zero-curvature representation (2.1)– (2.2) explicitly (though it is surely hidden in the functional equations (2.9)–(2.12)). We started with an almost arbitrary polynomial $`𝒫_{2g+2}`$ (the fact that it is related to the transfer matrix of the scattering problem (2.1) wasn’t crucial for our consideration) and obtained the $`z_j`$-, $`\overline{z}_j`$-dependence directly from the equations of the ALH (and not from the corresponding equations for the transfer matrix $`T_n`$).

As to the algebro-geometrical method, the main distinguishing point is that the approach of the work  (and analogous works devoted to other integrable equations) is, so to say ’global’, while ours is ’local’. The authors of  used the Baker-Akhiezer function and other structures defined for the whole Riemann surface $`X`$. At the same time we didn’t use globally defined objects: each time we introduced some functions depending on the point $`P`$ of the Riemann surface $`X`$ it was understood that it is defined in some vicinity of some distinguished point ($`B`$ or $`D`$). We even didn’t discussed the question whether our functions, say $`\phi _{QR}(P)`$, are well-defined, or single-valued, for all $`P`$’s, $`PX`$. All we needed is the Taylor expansions, say (4.28), hence for our purposes it was enough that our functions exist locally, for $`P`$ belonging to some (arbitrary small) neighborhood of the point $`B`$ (or $`D`$).

At last, I would like to note that the idea to apply the Fay’s identity to differential equations is far from new. For example, in the book  one can find few examples of how to demonstrate that $`\theta `$-functions of some arguments solve the KP, KdV, sine-Gordon equations. However in these examples the main question is how some combinations of differential operators (flows) act on a $`\theta `$-function. To my knowledge the problem of action of these operators taken separately hasn’t been considered before. Now we know a partial answer: the flows near a regular (not Weierstrass) point of a Riemann surface can be described by means of the equations of the ALH. Such an appearance of the ALH seems to be new and rather interesting. Combined with the results of the works  it can be viewed as one more point indicating the ’universality’ of this hierarchy.