# THE VARIANT PRINCIPLE

## I INTRODUCTION

Abstractly, the Nature can be examined as a system of states and actions. State is a general concept that defines existence, structure, organization, and conservation of all matter’s systems, and that stipulates properties, inner relationships of all things and phenomena. Action is an operation that manifests self-influence and inter-influence of states, that presents dynamic power and impulsion of motion and development. Generally, state is object on which actions do. Each state has its action. Self-action makes state conservable and developable. Action of one state on other forms interaction between them. Self-action and inter-action cause variation of state from one to other. That variation establishes a general law of motion.

Following this way I advance a new principle – that is called Variant Principle. Utilizing this principle as the most general principle I hope that it is useful for research on a logically systematic method to review known laws and to predict unknown laws. And it is a groundwork to unify interactions of nature. I believe that some of the readers of this article will find out that this principle explains naturally inner origin of variation, rules evolutionary processes of things, and perhaps they will be the ones to complete the quest for theories of the Universe.

The article is organized as follows. In Section 2, I advance the ideas and concepts for leading the equation of motion. That is just the foundation of the variant principle. A phenomenon in physics is illustrated by this principle in Section 3. Conclusion is given in Section 4.

## II THE EQUATION OF MOTION

In the Nature, any state and its action are constituent elements of a subject that I call it actor,

$$A=(𝔸\text{ }\&\text{ }\widehat{\mathrm{A}}),$$
(1)   
where $`𝔸`$ is state, and $`\widehat{\mathrm{A}}`$ is its action operator.

1. For any system in which there is only one actor $`\{A\}`$, that actor is in self-action. This fact causes actor either to be conserved or to be varied by action of itself with respect to all its possible inner degrees of freedom. Conservation makes actor invariant. But variation obeys an equation of motion,

$$\widehat{\mathrm{A}}𝔸=0,$$
(2)   
where action operator $`\widehat{\mathrm{A}}`$ may include differentiation, integration, and/or other formal operations doing with respect to some degrees of freedom (such as space, time, and/or some variable), depending on actually physical problems, and $`𝔸`$ may naturally be a state function describing some considered object. The value ‘$`0`$’ on the right hand side of Eq. (II) means that variation of actor approaches to stability – invariance, i.e. self-action is equal to zero when variation finishes.

Solution of the equation of motion describes variant process of actor. Actor varies and finally becomes to a new actor, that is solution of the equation of motion when variation finishes.
2. For any system consisting of many actors $`\{A_1;A_2;\mathrm{}\}`$, each actor is in its self-action and actions from others. This fact causes each actor to be varied by actions of itself and others with respect to all its possible inner and outer degrees of freedom. This variation obeys an equation of motion,

$$(\widehat{\mathrm{A}}_1;\widehat{\mathrm{A}}_2;\mathrm{})(𝔸_1;𝔸_2;\mathrm{})=0,$$
(3)   
where action operators $`\widehat{\mathrm{A}}_i`$ of actor $`A_i`$ are operations doing with respect to some degrees of freedom, and states $`𝔸_i`$ of actor $`A_i`$ are functions characterized by considered objects. The value ‘$`0`$’ on the right hand side of Eq. (III) means that actions are equal to zero when variations of actors finishes, i.e. variations of actors approaches to stability – invariance. In fact, Eq. (III) is an advanced form of Eq. (II).

Solutions of the equations of motion of actors describe their variant processes. All actors vary and finally become a new actor $`A`$, that is solution of the equations of motion when variations of actors finishes:

$$A=[A_1,A_2,\mathrm{}],$$
(4)   
where actors are in the same dimension of interaction.

* For a system consisting of many actors $`\{A_1;A_2;\mathrm{}\}`$, the whole system can be considered as a total actor which includes component actors,
    
    $$\{A\}=\{A_1;A_2;\mathrm{}\}.$$
    (5)   
    Thereby, actor $`A`$ is in self-action, and it either self-conserves or self-varies with respect to all its possible inner degrees of freedom. And variation obeys an equation of motion (II).

Hence, the variant principle is stated as follows:

* *In the Nature every actor varied by actions of itself and others with respect to all possible degrees of freedom to become some new actor is solution of the equation of motion that describes its variant process.*

Indeed, every variation is caused by action of actor onto state, variation is to escape from action, or in other words, state varies to be agreeable to action. This fact means that under actions actor must vary anyway with respect to all possible degrees of freedom – transportation facilities to become new actor, and that its speed of variation is dependent on power of action, which is manifested by conservation of actor.

Eigenvalue of action is expressed as instrument to promote variation, as easiness of variation. Its value over some degree of freedom shows probability of variation following this direction.

Any actor which is done by some action must vary somehow over all possible degrees of freedom to become new actor which is no longer to be done by any action. That process shows continuous variation of actor from the beginning to closing.

Therefore, this reality proves that variation is imperative to have its cause, to have its agent, and that property of variation obeys the equation of motion.

Thereby, from Eqs. (II) and (III), equation of motion can be built for any physical law. Using these equations (II) and (III) for research into physics is considered in the next section. I hope that the readers will understand more profoundly about the variant principle.

## III The Rule of Universe’s Evolution

The simplest form of self-action is expansion of actor about some degree of freedom,

$$e^{\delta x\widehat{}_x}f(x)=f(x+\delta x).$$
(6)   
Here is just the equation of motion for any quantity $`f(x)`$, with $`x`$ degree of freedom, and $`\delta x`$ infinitesimal of $`x`$.

Universe’s evolution is described as a law of causality  essentially based on just this expansion. The form of Eq. (6) is nothing but Taylor’s series. Derivatives of $`f(x)`$ with respect to $`x`$ is just variations of $`f(x)`$ over the degree of freedom $`x`$.

Eq. (6) has an important application in modelling the multiplication and the combination of quanta.

Call $`\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\mathrm{}`$ quanta. For each quantum there is a rule of multiplication as follows

$$\alpha ^ne^_\alpha \alpha ^n=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}C_i^n\alpha ^{ni}=(\alpha +1)^n$$
(7)   
where $`n`$ is order of combination, $`\delta \alpha =1`$, and $`C_i^n`$ is binary coefficient.

Using Eq. (7) I consider two stages in the process of the Universe’s evolution: doublet and triplet.

For two interactive quanta the rule of multiplication reads

$$\alpha ^n,\beta ^n\frac{1}{2}(e^{\beta _\alpha }\alpha ^n+e^{\alpha _\beta }\beta ^n)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}C_i^n\alpha ^{ni}\beta ^i=(\alpha +\beta )^n.$$
(8)   
And similar to three interactive quanta

$`\alpha ^n,\beta ^n,\gamma ^n{\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}}(e^{(\beta +\gamma )_\alpha }\alpha ^n+e^{(\gamma +\alpha )_\beta }\beta ^n+e^{(\alpha +\beta )_\gamma }\gamma ^n)`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i}{\overset{m}{}}}C_m^nC_i^m\alpha ^{nm}\beta ^{mi}\gamma ^i`$ (9)   
$`=`$ $`(\alpha +\beta +\gamma )^n.`$ (10)   
And so fourth. Eqs. (8) and (10) can be drawn as schemata.

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccc}\mathrm{}& & & & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \overline{2}& & & & & & \overline{1}& & \overline{1}& & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ 0& & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \underset{¯}{2}& & & & & & 1& & 1& & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \underset{¯}{2}\underset{¯}{2}=\underset{¯}{3}\underset{¯}{1}& & & & & 1& & 2& & 1& & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \underset{¯}{2}\underset{¯}{2}\underset{¯}{2}=\underset{¯}{4}\underset{¯}{2}\underset{¯}{2}& & & & 1& & 3& & 3& & 1& & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \mathrm{}& & & 1& & 4& & 6& & 4& & 1& & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \mathrm{}& \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}& & \mathrm{}\end{array}$$
(11)   
is the schema for Eq. (11), where $`\underset{¯}{2}`$ means two quanta $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$. The numbers in the triangle is the binary coefficients which are called weights of classes. For example,

$$\underset{¯}{2}\underset{¯}{2}=\underset{¯}{3}\underset{¯}{1}=\begin{array}{ccccc}& & 1& & \\ 1& \text{——–}& 1& \text{——–}& 1\end{array}.$$

And similar to Eq. (10) it reads

$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccc}\mathrm{}& & & & \overline{1}& & & & & & & & & \\ \overline{3}& & & \overline{1}& & & \overline{1}& & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ 0& & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ 3& & & & \mathrm{𝟏}& & & \mathrm{𝟏}& & & & & & \\ & & & & & & \mathrm{𝟏}& & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & & \mathrm{𝟏}& & & 2& & & \mathrm{𝟏}& & & & \\ \underset{¯}{3}\underset{¯}{3}=\underset{¯}{6}\overline{3}& & & & & \mathrm{𝟐}& & & \mathrm{𝟐}& & & & & \\ & & & & & & & \mathrm{𝟏}& & & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & & \mathrm{𝟏}& & & 3& & & 3& & & \mathrm{𝟏}& & \\ \underset{¯}{3}\underset{¯}{3}\underset{¯}{3}=\underset{¯}{10}881& & & & \mathrm{𝟑}& & & 6& & & \mathrm{𝟑}& & & \\ & & & & & & \mathrm{𝟑}& & & \mathrm{𝟑}& & & & \\ & & & & & & & & \mathrm{𝟏}& & & & & \\ & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ & \mathrm{𝟏}& & & 4& & & 6& & & 4& & & \mathrm{𝟏}\\ & & & \mathrm{𝟒}& & & 12& & & 12& & & \mathrm{𝟒}& \\ \underset{¯}{3}\underset{¯}{3}\underset{¯}{3}\underset{¯}{3}& & & & & \mathrm{𝟔}& & & 12& & & \mathrm{𝟔}& & \\ & & & & & & & \mathrm{𝟒}& & & \mathrm{𝟒}& & & \\ \mathrm{}& & & & & & & & & \mathrm{𝟏}& & & & \end{array}$$
(12)   
where $`\underset{¯}{3}`$ means three quanta $`\alpha `$, $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$. The coefficients in the pyramid are weights of classes,

$$\begin{array}{ccccccccc}& & & & 1\hfill & & & & \\ & & & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill & & & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill & & \\ & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill \\ \underset{¯}{3}\underset{¯}{3}=\underset{¯}{6}\overline{3}=\hfill & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill & & & 1\hfill & & & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill & \\ & & & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill & & & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill & & \\ & & & & & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill & & & \end{array},$$

$$\begin{array}{cccccccc}& & & & 1\hfill & & & \\ & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill & \text{-}\hfill \\ \underset{¯}{3}\overline{3}=18=\hfill & & 1\hfill & & & 1\hfill & & \\ & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill & & & 2\hfill & & & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill \\ & & & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill & & & \mathrm{𝟏}\hfill & \end{array}.$$

It is easily to identify that the above schemata have the forms similar to the $`SU(2)`$ and the $`SU(3)`$ groups. This means that for $`n`$ quanta there is a corresponding schema according to the $`SU(n)`$ group, and the multiplication and the combination of the Universe conform to the $`SU`$ group. This rule is studied further in Ref. .

## IV CONCLUSION

The theory of causality  is very useful to understand about the cause of variation. The coexistence of two different actors causes a contradiction. The solution to contradiction makes contradiction varied. That variation is just one of each actor inclining to become a new actor. It means the difference and the contradiction of two actors have inclining towards zero. Indeed, every system comes to equilibrium, stability. A some state which has any immanent contradiction must vary to become a new one having no contradiction.

The variant principle deals with the law of variation of actors, describes only actors with their actions and states, not to mention the difference and even the contradiction in them. In insight the variant principle is more elementary and easier to understand than the causal principle since everything is referred as actor existing in nature. Self-action and inter-action of actors onto their states cause the world to be in motion and in variation.

Although the variant principle gives a powerful fundamental for application to research into laws of nature, there is no rule arisen yet for formulizing self-action and inter-action operators. However, there are some ways to enter operators in the equation of motion that I hope that in some next article this ways will be synthesized to a standard rule.

For instance, in the quantum electromagnetic dynamics the equations of motion of the electron-positron and the electromagnetic field are:

$`i\gamma ^\mu _\mu \psi (x)+{\displaystyle \frac{m_ec}{\mathrm{}}}\psi (x)+{\displaystyle \frac{e}{\mathrm{}}}\gamma ^\mu A_\mu (x)\psi (x)`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$   
$`\mathrm{}A_\mu +ie\overline{\psi }(x)\gamma _\mu \psi (x)`$ $`=`$ $`0.`$   
The first line is the equation of motion of electron, the first term corresponds to the variation of electron with respect to space-time, the second gives conservation of electron, and the third is action of the electromagnetic field onto electron. The second line can be rewritten as

$$^\nu F_{\nu \mu }J_\mu =0,$$

that is nothing but the Maxwell equation, with $`F_{\nu \mu }=_\nu A_\mu _\mu A_\nu `$ the electromagnetic field tenser, $`A_\mu `$ the 4-dimensional potential, $`J_\mu =ie\overline{\psi }(x)\gamma _\mu \psi (x)`$ the 4-dimensional current density, the first term corresponds to the variation of the electromagnetic field, the second is the external current density of the electromagnetic field, (here the mass of photon is zero, so the mass term is not present).

This example is easy to show that:

* The variation done over some degree of freedom is expressed as derivation with respect to that degree of freedom.
* The conservation of actor is written as a term of actor multiplied by a constant characterized by its conservation.
* The influence of other actor on an actor is represented as a multiplication of two actors.
* The external actor stands equally with its variation, when an external influence does on an actor as an external current, an external source, or an external force.

In conclusion, it is the fact that some readers think that the variant principle is rather in philosophy than in physics. That is not true. Doing physics is discovery of nature, not only matter composition, phenomena, processes, but also more necessary, laws, principles, and rules. In reality, principia are profound elements of physics, and of course they have something closing to philosophy. The variant principle is one of principia for research on nature. And I hope that discovering principia will be one of new directions to do physics.

## Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. D. M. Chi for useful discussions and valuable comments.

The present article was supported in part by the Advanced Research Project on Natural Sciences of the MT&A Center.