# DETERMINATION OF THE HUBBLE CONSTANT USING A TWO-PARAMETER LUMINOSITY CORRECTION FOR TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE

## 1 INTRODUCTION

One requirement for measuring the Hubble constant using SNe Ia as standard candles is a sample of well-measured distant supernovae. They should be distant enough that their measured redshifts are dominated by the Hubble flow, but not so distant that the still-uncertain dynamics associated with deceleration due to the mass density of the universe and possible acceleration due to conjectured repulsive forces are important. A broad range of redshift $`z`$ from 0.01 to 0.2 is suitable, with $`z`$ about 0.05 being optimum. For this purpose the carefully measured and uniformly analyzed Calán-Tololo collection of 29 SNe Ia (Hamuy et al. 1996) covering the range $`0.01<z<0.1`$ is very well-suited. The collection has a spread in relative luminosity covering more than 1.5 magnitudes, but it has been shown that a two-parameter luminosity correction using the color and decline rate of each supernova is both necessary and sufficient to standardize them to a common luminosity (Tripp 1998).

A second requirement for measuring $`H_0`$ is to establish the absolute luminosity of SNe Ia that have been standardized in the above way. At the present time there are seven nearby (typically an order of magnitude closer) galaxies that have hosted SNe Ia whose galaxy distances have been determined using Cepheid variables measured by the Hubble Space Telescope. This includes the recently discovered SN 1998bu in the Leo I group galaxy NGC 3368 whose Cepheid distance had already been measured. The Cepheid-determined distances each have a typical accuracy of about 5%, plus an additional overall uncertainty of about 7% associated with the absolute distance scale for Cepheid variables.

These seven galaxies have hosted eight recorded SNe Ia. The oldest, SN 1895B, was observed photographically in only one color so cannot be used here. Three of the others preceded the use of CCDs in astronomy and, despite being well-measured by the techniques of the day, are not of the quality that can now be achieved. Thus we also consider an expanded list containing three more recent SNe Ia which, although not found in Cepheid-calibrated galaxies, are very near on the sky to such a galaxy or are generally considered to be within groups of galaxies that have at least one member that has been so calibrated. Results are presented both with and without these additional supernovae.

An extensive bibliograpy on the use of Type Ia supernovae for measuring the Hubble constant can be found in the recent review by Branch (1998).

## 2 PROCEDURE

We treat the 29 distant SNe of Hamuy et al. (1996) following the method of Tripp (1998), except that we allow the absolute magnitude to vary in a simultaneous fit with the Cepheid-calibrated supernovae. We calculate the Hubble constant $`H_0`$ for each distant supernova using

$$\mathrm{log}H_0=\frac{M_BB+52.38}{5}+\mathrm{log}\frac{1q_0+q_0z(1q_0)\sqrt{1+2q_0z}}{q_0^2}$$
(1)   
Here $`B`$ and $`M_B`$ are the apparent and absolute blue magnitudes at maximum light, while $`q_0`$ is the deceleration parameter and $`z`$ is the measured red shift. For the 29 distant SNe, $`B`$ and $`z`$ are tabulated by Hamuy et al. (1996). These supernovae are not so remote $`(z0.1)`$ that the still uncertain value of $`q_0`$ leads to a significant uncertainty. Conforming to the current evidence of Riess et al. (1998) and Perlmutter et al. (1998) for a negative $`q_0`$, we fix it at -0.45 (see Section 4).As shown previously (Tripp 1998), in order to fit the data of Hamuy et al. (1996) within their quoted errors, the above absolute magnitude $`M_B`$ for each supernova must be adjusted according to both its rate of decline $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}`$ and its color $`(BV)`$. Here $`B`$ and $`V`$ are the maximum apparent blue and visual magnitudes. Empirically, linear dependences prove to be more than adequate for both corrections. We therefore write for $`M_B`$ in equation (1)

$$M_B=<M_B^0>+b(\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}1.05)+R(BV)$$
(2)   
The parameter $`R`$ incorporates both intrinsic color differences between the SNe and any reddening caused by dust in the host galaxies. These two effects are often difficult to distinguish, particularly for the more distant supernovae. The reddening parameter due to dust alone, usually denoted by $`R_B`$, should be about 4 if the dust surrounding extragalactic supernovae is similar to dust in the Milky Way.<sup>1</sup><sup>1</sup>1 However, recent measurements of extinction from diffuse Galactic cirrus clouds (Szomoru & Guhathakurta 1999) find $`R_B`$ values $`3`$ due perhaps to a smaller average grain size. Since SNe Ia are not closely associated with star formation it may well be that cirrus values are relevant for them. In any event, all SNe with evidence of strong dust obscuration are removed from the sample for the case where we apply a color selection to the data.

The weighted average value $`<M_B^0>`$ in equation (2) is obtained from the Cepheid-calibrated SNe in the following manner. We use a similar dependence to standardize each of them to the value it would have if $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}=1.05`$ and $`BV=0`$ for that supernova. Thus the corrected absolute magnitude becomes

$$M_B^0=M_Bb(\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}1.05)R(BV)$$
(3)   
A least-squares fit of the Cepheid-calibrated SNe gives the weighted average $`<M_B^0>`$ appearing in equation (2), along with the $`\chi ^2`$ for the fit. Both are functions of $`b`$ and $`R`$. The value 1.05 in equations (2) and (3) is the average $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}`$ for 13 SNe Ia compiled by Branch et al. (1996). Chosen for convenience, the choice is arbitrary and has no effect on $`H_0`$, although it will directly affect $`<M_B^0>`$. The same remarks apply to the arbitrary choice of a $`<BV>=0`$ subtraction in the color term.

For each Calán-Tololo distant supernova, we use equation. (1) to evaluate $`H_0`$ using the value of $`M_B`$ from equation (2) with $`b`$ and $`R`$ as parameters. The uncertainty in $`H_0`$ for each supernova is obtained by combining in quadrature the quoted errors $`\delta B`$, $`\delta m_{15}`$, and $`\delta (BV)`$ with an uncertainty in luminosity distance due to possible peculiar motion $`\delta v=400`$ km/s of the host galaxy with respect to the Hubble flow. Neglecting correlations between errors (since they are not reported), we have:

$$\delta H_0=H_0\sqrt{\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}10}{5}\right)^2\left[\delta B^2+(b\delta \mathrm{\Delta }m_{15})^2+(R\delta (BV))^2\right]+\left[\left(\frac{1}{z}+\frac{1q_0}{2}\right)\delta z\right]^2}$$
(4)   
A weighted average of the 29 values of $`H_0\pm \delta H_0`$ then gives a least-squares value for $`H_0`$ along with its uncertainty. The $`\chi ^2`$ for this fit of $`H_0`$ is added to the $`\chi ^2`$ for the Cepheid- calibrated SNe fit of $`<M_B^0>`$, both with $`b`$ and $`R`$ as parameters. These are then varied to minimize the overall $`\chi ^2`$.

When the parameters to be varied enter into the evaluation of the uncertainty $`\delta H_0`$ and thus into the $`\chi ^2`$ of the fit, as they do here, there is a bias favoring larger values of $`b`$ and $`R`$ leading to a larger $`\delta H_0`$ and thus to a lower $`\chi ^2`$. We try to eliminate this by temporarily fixing $`b`$ and $`R`$ for the evaluation of $`\delta H_0`$ in equation (4) at the first solution values, then reminimizing and again fixing them at the new values. After a few such iterations, stable values of $`b`$ and $`R`$ are found which are also $`\chi ^2`$ minima. In the end, this results in a small decrease in $`b`$, a substantial decrease in $`R`$ (by about 0.6 unit), and a consequent increase in $`H_0`$ by about 1.3 units.

## 3 RESULTS

In Table 1, we list the seven SNe from Cepheid-calibrated galaxies and the three from Cepheid-calibrated galaxy groups, along with the measured values used in our fits; these are the distance modulus $`\mu `$, the measured apparent magnitude $`B`$ and the resulting absolute magnitude $`M_B=B\mu `$ appearing in equation (3), the decline in $`B`$ magnitude, $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}`$, during the first 15 days after maximum, and the color, taken to be $`B_{\mathrm{max}}V_{\mathrm{max}}`$. Where appropriate, the distance modulus incorporates the HST long-exposure correction of 0.05 as well as an estimate of the effect of host-galaxy absorption on the Cepheid distance determination. Conforming to the procedure used by Hamuy et al. (1996) for their more distant SNe, both $`B`$ and $`BV`$ are corrected for Galactic absorption using the estimates of Burstein & Heiles (1984), but no correction is made for absorption within the host galaxy. Our method accomodates this host-galaxy absorption as well as any intrinsic reddening with the parameter $`R`$ used in the fits. Thus the generally uncertain dust absorption is effectively corrected for by this procedure. For the 29 Calán-Tololo SNe, we use values of red-shift, $`B`$, $`BV`$, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}`$ given in Table 1 of Hamuy et al.(1996).

Table 2 presents the results of our joint fitting of the Cepheid-calibrated (CC) SNe + Calán-Tololo (CT) SNe for two data selections. Shown are the number of fitted supernovae in each category, the best-fit values of $`H_0`$, $`<M_B^0>`$, $`b`$, and $`R`$, and the individual confidence levels for the best joint fit of the two subsets of data. In the first row we limit the sample to the six directly calibrated CC SNe that also satisfy the color selection $`(BV)<0.2`$ (Vaughan et al., 1998) and to the 26 color-selected CT SNe. In the second row, the full nearby sample of 10 CC SNe are jointly fitted with all 29 of the CT SNe. Both yield, fortuitously, identical values for $`H_0=62.8`$.

It can be seen from Table 2 that the CT data alone fit extremely well in both cases even though the $`b`$ and $`R`$ parameters are optimized to fit the combined (CT and CC) data. The confidence levels for the CT data are in all cases considerably higher than the most likely value of 0.5. This reflects the presumed overestimate of the errors in the CT data set described in Tripp (1998) where these data alone lead for the 29 (26) SNe to an unrealistically high confidence level of 0.98 (0.97) for $`b=0.52(0.53)`$ and $`R=2.09(2.44)`$.

In both cases the joint confidence levels are acceptable due in large measure to these overly good fit of the CT data. For the case of six CC SNe, good fits are also realized for the CC subsample. But this is not the case for the 10 CC SNe where their confidence level falls below 1%. This is due to a conflict between the two most recent CC SNe: 1991T and 1998bu. They are both somewhat reddened slow decliners, with the first being superluminous and the second being subluminous according to this analysis, so that no $`b`$ and $`R`$ corrections can adequately reconcile the two and at the same time fit the CT data.<sup>2</sup><sup>2</sup>2However, if we fit just the 10 CC SNe alone, then a satisfactory confidence level CL = 0.15 is found, with $`b=1.56`$ and $`R=2.80`$. Alternatively, if one or the other of the two conflicting SNe is eliminated, then (CC+CT) fits can be found that are also good CC fits. Thus, making the color cut, thereby discarding 98bu and retaining 91T, yields $`H_0=60.8`$ with a CC confidence level of 0.36, while selecting just the directly calibrated SNe and making no color cut discards 91T and retains 98bu, yielding $`H_0=64.9`$ with a CC confidence level of 0.30. It is to be expected from the extreme nature of these two SNe, lying, as they do, far out on either side of the $`\chi ^2`$ distribution, that when one or the other is eliminated it will substantially impact $`H_0`$. It has been suggested (Fisher et al. 1999) that SN 1991T forms a separate class of relatively rare superluminous objects not seen among the CT sample. It is best explained as the result of a merger of two white dwarfs leading to a super-Chandrasekhar explosion. SN 1998bu is a normal supernova, but with considerable dust obscuration. Making the conventional color cut $`(BV)<0.2`$ eliminates it. Since there is no evidence coming from interstellar absorption lines for strong dust obscuration among the 29 CT SNe, whereas all three of the 10 CC SNe falling outside this cut show clear evidence for this, in order to minimize bias between the samples the safest procedure is to apply the color cut to both groups as we do in the CC6/CT26 fit.

We list in Table 3 the values of $`M_B^0`$ for each of the Cepheid-calibrated SNe along with their residuals, i.e., $`\chi =[M_B^0<M_B^0>]/\delta M_B^0`$, for both fits of Table 2. In Figure 1, we show the corrected values (filled circles) and the uncorrected values $`M_B`$ (open circles) for the full sample (CC10/CT29). These are displayed as a function of $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}`$ in Figure 1a and as a function of B-V in Figure 1b. The strong dependences of the uncorrected open circles on $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}`$ and $`BV`$ are mostly removed by the best-fit parameters $`b=0.55`$ and $`R=2.40`$, as seen in the corrected full circles. However, as noted above, this fit to a common value of $`<M_B^0>=19.44`$ has an unsatisfactory $`\chi ^2`$ with CL = 0.009 due to the conflicting demands of SN 1991T and SN 1998bu.

## 4 DISCUSSION

¿From the confidence levels in Table 2, it is evident that the combined ¿data from the Calán-Tololo and the Cepheid-calibrated supernovae can be simultaneously fit in a satisfactory manner. However, the good confidence level, primarily the result of exceedingly good fits of the CT SNe by themselves, disguises a significant difference in the data sets. This is apparent in Figure 2, which shows plots of $`BV`$ vs. $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}`$ for the 29 CT SNe (Figure 2a) and the 10 CC SNe (filled circles in Figure 2b). The striking difference between the two groups is the complete absence of unreddened $`(BV<0.2)`$ events beyond $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}=1.2`$ among the 10 CC SNe and their abundance among the 29 CT SNe. Since $`BV`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}`$ are both independent of distance, we may include in Figure 2b six additional nearby SNe in the Virgo and Fornax clusters (open circles) whose distances are still uncertain. This inclusion makes the two samples more compatible, suggesting that the void in the nearby sample of 10 may be, in part, due to a statistical fluctuation. Thus, while the 29 CT SNe in Figure 2a display very little correlation between $`BV`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}`$, within the limited statistics of the 10 CC SNe there is a strong correlation, but one which is much reduced by the inclusion of the six distance-uncalibrated SNe.

A possible bias affecting any measurement of the Hubble constant, both in our two parameter fit and previous one and zero parameter fits, may arise because the nearby and distant samples come from galaxies of somewhat different morphologies. Since a galaxy must contain a population of young stars in order to produce Cepheid variables, the CC SNe are generally found in spiral galaxies. (An exception to this is NGC5253, the parent of SNe 1972E and 1895B, which is often classified as an E/SO peculiar galaxy. A putative explanation for its star forming regions is that they are the result of a galactic merger.). Thus, apart from SN 1972E, our CC sample comes from spiral galaxies, whereas the CT sample is about equally divided between spirals and E, E/SO, and SO galaxies. Eliminating from CT26 all but the 13 spirals gives for CC6/CT13, after reminimizing $`\chi ^2`$ for this smaller sample, a value of $`61.9\pm 2.0`$ for $`H_0`$ compared to $`62.8\pm 1.6`$ for the full sample CT6/CT26. Since the former is presumably freer of potential bias we take $`H_0=62`$ as our best estimate of the Hubble constant and the associated value of -19.46 for $`<M_B^0>`$.

We now discuss the uncertainty in $`H_0`$ arising from a variety of sources. The 1-$`\sigma `$ statistical error in $`\delta H_0`$ is found to be $`\pm 1.0`$. In addition, there is uncertainty in $`b`$ and $`R`$ which we display in Figure 3 where $`H_0`$, as a function of $`b`$ and $`R`$, is superposed on the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-$`\sigma `$ contours of the CC6/CT26 fit. ¿From this we obtain the 1-$`\sigma `$ error from the $`b`$ and $`R`$ uncertainty ¿of $`\delta H_0=\pm 1.2`$. Throughout this analysis we have fixed the insensitive deceleration parameter at $`q_0=0.45`$, found by making a three parameter $`(b,R,q_0)`$ fit of the 26 CT SNe jointly with the 9 cosmological SNe of Riess et al. (1998) for which $`BV`$ colors were available. If we assign an uncertainty of $`\pm 0.5`$ to this value of $`q_0`$, this leads to an uncertainty $`\delta H_0=0.6`$. Combining these three sources in quadrature yields $`\delta H_0=\pm 1.7`$.

To these uncertainties arising from the SNe Ia analysis must be added a larger uncertainty coming from the calibration of the Cepheid variables and their possible metallicity dependence. The Madore and Freedman (1991) distance scale in current use fixes the distance modulus to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) to be 18.50 mag (50.1 kpc) and scales more distant Cepheid-based galaxy distances to this value. Because of the importance of this number for the determination of the Hubble constant, much attention has been devoted to methods for obtaining a more accurate value. A recent review from a post-Hipparcos perspective (Walker 1998) recommends a mean modulus of $`18.55\pm 0.10`$, found using a variety of distance indicators. However, even more recent analyses of an eclipsing binary in the LMC (Guinan et al. 1998), found during the OGLE microlensing search, yield a value as low as $`18.22\pm 0.13`$ mag (Udalski et al. 1998). For this and other reasons evident in the Walker(1998) summary, we use without change the distance moduli of Cepheid-calibrated SNe Ia found by the various observers which are all based on the 18.50 mag LMC value. We assign to this value a 1-$`\sigma `$ error of $`\pm 0.15`$ mag, with the usual statistical view that a true distance modulus to the LMC differing by twice that value would be surprising and one differing by 3-$`\sigma `$ would be very unlikely. Using $`\delta H_0=29(H_0/62)\delta M_B`$ obtained from equation (1), this uncertainty leads to a 1-$`\sigma `$ error of $`\delta H_0=\pm 4.34`$.

For some years there has been concern that metallicity differences between the LMC and the Cepheid- calibrated galaxies can alter the derived distances to these galaxies. As the most easily measured proxy for metallicity, Kochanek (1997) has collected the logarithmic abundance ratio $`[O/H]`$ for a number of the Cepheid-calibrated galaxies relative to that of the LMC. For galaxies hosting SNe Ia, these cover a range of $`[O/H]`$ from -0.35 to +0.69. We have used these to alter the measured distance moduli $`\mu `$ by means of the expression $`\mu ^{}=\mu +\gamma [O/H]`$, where the parameter $`\gamma `$ is varied to obtain a best fit . For CC6/CT26, the data set for which five of the Cepheid-calibrated galaxies have measured values of $`[O/H]`$, we find $`\gamma =+0.23\pm 0.77`$, in agreement with other recent findings which fall between 0.14 and 0.31 (Kochanek (1997), Kennicutt et al. (1998), Nevalainen and Roos (1998)), but showing that this data set has little sensitivity to $`\gamma `$. If we fix $`\gamma =0.3`$ and follow the previous procedure of varying $`b`$ and $`R`$ to find a $`\chi ^2`$ minimum, then $`H_0`$ increases by 0.8 km s<sup>-1</sup> Mpc<sup>-1</sup>. Since the question of a metallicity dependence is still in dispute (see Beaulieu et al. 1997, Saha et al. 1997, and Saio and Gautschy 1998 for recent differing views), we retain the value of $`H_0`$ without correction but assign an uncertainty in $`\gamma `$ of $`\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{+0.3}{0}`$ resulting in $`\delta H_0=\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{+0.8}{0}`$ due to this source. Combining all these errors in quadrature yields $`\delta H_0=\pm 4.7`$ for the overall uncertainty.

Despite significant differences with other analyses, our value of $`H_062`$ falls squarely in the middle of the range spanned by recent determinations using SNe Ia. These values of $`H_0`$, all using the distance modulus of 18.50 to the LMC, range between 55 and 69 km s<sup>-1</sup> Mpc<sup>-1</sup>. One difference between our analysis and others is that they all seem to use the nearby approximation to equation (1), which is tantamount to setting $`q_0=1`$. If instead they were to use equation (1) with a negative $`q_0`$, as is now apparently required by the cosmological data, then their values would each increase by about 1.7 units in cases when the CT SNe are used for the Hubble flow sample. The other major difference is that only our analysis uses two independent parameters ($`b`$ and $`R`$) to standardize the luminosity of the supernovae; this is required in order to obtain a fit to the CT data with an acceptable $`\chi ^2`$ (Tripp 1998). Among the recent analyses using a collection of nearby calibrating supernovae, Saha et al. (1997), employing seven Cepheid-calibrated SNe (1895B, 1937C, 1960F, 1972E, 1981B, 1989B, 1990N) and no standardizing parameters, find $`H_0=58`$. Suntzeff et al. (1998), using five CC SNe (1937C, 1972E, 1981B, 1990N, 1998bu) along with the Hubble flow CT SNe and with a one parameter correction for $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{15}`$, obtain $`H_0=64`$. The difference in $`H_0`$ found in these two analyses lies primarily in the introduction of the $`b`$ parameter. Our analysis, involving both $`b`$ and $`R`$, reduces $`b`$ and leads to an intermediate result. This is immediately apparent from Figure 3. As can be discerned from the figure, the Saha et al.(1997) $`b=R=0`$ fit should yield about 60 for $`H_0`$. This is equivalent to their 58 after correcting for the above effect of $`q_0`$. Likewise the Suntzeff et al. (1998) fit with only $`b`$ as a free parameter should, after the $`q_0`$ correction, yield about 66, as can be seen from the figure for $`R=0`$. Apparently, different selections of Cepheid-calibrated SNe have only a minor effect on $`H_0`$. Thus future augmentations to the present small number of Cepheid-calibrated SNe will probably have little impact on $`H_0`$. Assuming that there are no significant observational selection differences between the CT and CC samples, only a revision of the Cepheid distance scale will be capable of altering $`H_0`$ by more than a few units.

This work was supported in part by the Director, Office of Energy Research, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Division of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract AC03- 76SF00098 and (for D.B.) an NSF grant AST 9417102.

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