# Hierarchy Problem in the Shell-Universe Model

## Abstract

In the model where the Universe is considered as a thin shell expanding in 5-dimensional hyper-space there is a possibility to obtain one scale for particle theory corresponding to the 5-dimensional cosmological constant and Universe thickness.

PACS numbers: 04.50.+h, 98.80.Cq

Several authors in the physics literature speculated about the possibility that our Universe may be a thin membrane in a large dimensional hyper-Universe  (for simplicity here we consider the case of five dimensions). This approach is an alternative to the conventional Kaluza-Klein picture that extra dimensions are curled up to an unobservable size. In this paper we want to conceder Universe as a bubble expanding in five dimensional space-time. The model of shell-Universe do not contradict to present time experiments  and are supported by at least two observed facts. First is the isotropic runaway of galaxies, which for close universe model is usually explained as an expansion of a bubble in five dimensions. Second is existence of preferred frame in the Universe where the relict background radiation is isotropic. In the framework of the close-Universe model without boundaries this can also be explained if the universe is 3-dimensional sphere and the mean velocity of the background radiation is zero with respect to its center in the fifth dimension. In shell-Universe models the expansion rate of the Universe should depend not only on the matter density on the shell, but also on the properties of matter in inner-outer regions. This can give rise to the effect similar to the hypothetical dark matter. Also some authors want to introduce action at a distance without ultrafast communication as a possible connection of matter through the fifth dimension .

In the case of non-compact extra dimensions one needs a mechanism to confine matter inside the 4-dimensional manifold. Usually it is considered that trapping is the result of the existence of special solution of 5-dimensional Einstein equations. This trapping has to be gravitationally repulsive in nature and can be produced by a large cosmological constant  or by some matter with negative energy possibly filling the inner-outer space to the shell. In these models the zero-zero component (the only component we need here) of the metric tensor slightly generalize the standard Kaluza-Klein one

$$\stackrel{~}{g}_{00}=\sigma (y)g_{00}(x^\mu ),$$
(1)   
where $`x^\mu `$ are ordinary coordinates of 4-dimensional space-time and $`y`$ is the fifth coordinate. Trapping is ruled by the potential

$$\sigma (y)exp(E^2|y|),$$
(2)   
which is solution of Einstein equations and growth rapidly towards the fifth dimension $`y`$. The integration constant $`E^2`$ (corresponding to the width of the 4-dimensional world $`ϵ`$) is usually taken proportional to the 5-dimensional cosmological constant

$$E^2\mathrm{\Lambda }ϵ^2,$$
(3)   
to solve the cosmological constant problem in four dimensions.

Indeed let us consider the Newton’s approximation of 5-dimensional Einstein equations with cosmological term for the trapped point-like source

$$(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Lambda })\stackrel{~}{g}_{00}=6\pi ^2GM\delta (r)\delta (y),$$
(4)   
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is the 4-dimensional Laplacian. Using (2) and (3) and separating variables we obtain the ordinary Newton’s formula without the cosmological term

$$g_{00}=12gM/r,$$
(5)   
where

$$gG/ϵ$$
(6)   
is the 4-dimensional gravitational constant.

It seems that the only new idea of the last decade in the subject of multidimensional models is an attempt to solve the hierarchy problem . Hierarchy problem is a puzzle concerning masses of scalar fields. The light Higgs with the mass $`m_H10^3GeV`$ is needed in the Standard Model on the electroweak scale. But masses of scalar fields quadratically divergent in the loop expansion in quantum field theory and renormalization effects should drive these masses up to the very large Plank scale

$$M_Pg^{1/2}10^{19}GeV,$$
(7)   
the natural cut-off of any quantum field theory.

In the case of higher-dimensional theories there is a possibility to obtain very large Planck scale of the 4-dimensional world if the higher-dimensional fundamental Planck scale is, for example, the gauge unification scale $`m`$. Recently it was shown  that in higher-dimensional models with compact internal dimensions of size $`\rho `$, using the Newton’s law in D+4 dimensions, at distances much larger than the size of internal dimensions

$$M_P^2\rho ^Dm^{2+D}.$$
(8)   
It was claimed that this consideration can be physical in more than five dimensions, since for $`D=1`$ and $`m10^3GeV`$ the size of internal dimension will be huge $`\rho 10^{13}cm`$.

We would like to notice here that this mechanism also takes place in models with extended extra dimensions. The only thing we need is to change the internal dimension radius $`\rho `$ in (8) by the Universe thickness $`ϵ`$. Then the formula (6) is just the same as (8) for the case of five dimensions. Of course this does not mean that the thickness of our world in the fifth dimension $`ϵ`$ is the order of $`10^{13}cm`$. We must take into account that the measured mass of the Higgs particle in four dimensions $`m_H`$ itself may be very different from the mass in five dimensions 

$$m_H^2m^2\mathrm{\Lambda }.$$
(9)   
For the case of $`m^2\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ we can obtain any arbitrarily small value for $`m_H`$, in particular $`m_H10^3GeV`$ needed in the Standard Model. So even in the 5-dimensional model we can have only one scale

$$m^3\mathrm{\Lambda }^{3/2}M_P^2/\mathrm{\Lambda }ϵ^3,$$
(10)   
which corresponds to the thickness of the Universe.

The only parameter of the model $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ can be measured, for example, in the planned sub-millimeter measurements of gravity, since at distances of the shell thickness size Newton’s law must change. For these distances in the right hand side of equation (4) we have 4-dimensional delta function $`\delta (R)`$, where $`R`$ is the 4-dimensional radial coordinate. So we can not separate the variables and also hide the cosmological constant $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$. The solution is

$$\stackrel{~}{g}_{00}=\frac{2}{z}\left[I_1(z)\mathrm{\Lambda }GMK_1(z)\right],$$
(11)   
where $`z=\mathrm{\Lambda }^{1/2}R`$ and $`I_1,K_1`$ are modified Bessel functions of order one. In (11) integration constants are chosen to give the Newton’s 5-dimensional law

$$\stackrel{~}{g}_{00}=12GM/R^2$$
(12)   
in the limit $`z1`$.

So in the shell-universe model in five dimensions, except for solving some principal problems of cosmology, there is a very attractive possibility to have just the one fundamental scale corresponding to the thickness of the shell and ruled by the 5-dimensional cosmological constant.