# Metric Fluctuations in Brane Worlds

## 1 Introduction

Recently a realization of the four-dimensional gravity on a brane in five-dimensional spacetime has been discussed -. Randall and Sundrum  have shown that the longitudinal components of the metric fluctuations satisfy to the quantum mechanical equation with the potential, which includes an attractive delta-function. As a result one has a normalizable zero mode, which has been interpreted as the localized gravity on the brane.

However in order to speak about the localized gravity one has to demonstrate that not only longitudinal but also the transverse components of the metric are confined to the brane. In this note we point out that the transverse components of the metric fluctuations satisfy to the equation with the potential, which includes the repulsive  delta-function. There is a zero mode solution, which is not localized on the brane and this indicates that there is unstability or, in other words, that the effective theory actually is not four-dimensional but five-dimensional. Therefore it seems the original proposal from  does not lead to the realization of the four-dimensional gravity on the brane in five-dimensional spacetime. Perhaps a modification of this proposal by using matter fields can lead to the trapping of gravity to the brane.

## 2 Metric perturbation

The action has the form

$$I=\frac{1}{2}d^Dx\sqrt{|g|}\left(R+2\mathrm{\Lambda }\right)+I_{Brane},$$
(1)   
The RS solution is \[1-3\]

$`ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\eta _{MN}dx^Mdx^N}{(k_i|z^i|+1)^2}},`$ (2)   
$`M,N`$ $`=`$ $`0,\mathrm{},3+n,i=1,\mathrm{},n,z^i=x^{i+3},\mu ,\nu =0,1,2,3,`$   
where $`D=n+4`$ and $`\eta ^{MN}`$ is a Minkowski metric with the signature $`(+,,,,\mathrm{})`$. The metric (2) has singularities at $`z^i=0`$ for any $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$, which correspond to intersecting $`n+2`$-branes. Their intersection at $`z^i=0`$ for all $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$ is 3-brane, which bears standard model fields and corresponds to observable 4-dimensional universe. The propagation of the longitudinal $`(\mu ,\nu )`$-components of metric perturbation in the background (2) was studied in the papers . These perturbations are bounded in the vicinity of the 3-brane. In this note we consider the perturbation of the transverse ($`(i,j)`$ and $`(i,\mu )`$) components.

We write the solution in the form \[1-3\]

$`g_{MN}^0`$ $`=`$ $`H^2\eta _{MN},`$ (3)   
$`H`$ $`=`$ $`k{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}|z^i|+1,`$ (4)   
where

$$k^2=\frac{2}{n(n+2)(n+3)}\mathrm{\Lambda },$$
(5)   
and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the bulk cosmological constant.

Let us consider perturbations, which are parametrized by $`h_{MN}`$ in the following way

$`g_{MN}=H^2\left(\eta _{MN}+h_{MN}\right)=H^2\stackrel{~}{g}_{MN}`$ (6)   
and fix the gauge

$$h_{MN}\eta ^{MN}=0,\eta ^{KM}_Kh_{MN}=0.$$
(7)   
The Einstein tensor $`G_{MN}=R_{MN}\frac{1}{2}g_{MN}R`$ is

$$G_{MN}=\stackrel{~}{G}_{MN}+(D2)\left[\frac{\stackrel{~}{}_M\stackrel{~}{}_NH}{H}+\stackrel{~}{g}_{MN}\stackrel{~}{g}^{KL}\left\{\frac{\stackrel{~}{}_K\stackrel{~}{}_LH}{H}+(D1)\frac{\stackrel{~}{}_KH\stackrel{~}{}_LH}{2H^2}\right\}\right],$$
(8)   
where all objects, which bear tilde are calculated by using the metric $`\stackrel{~}{g}_{MN}`$,

$$\stackrel{~}{g}^{MN}=\eta ^{MN}h^{MN}=\eta ^{MN}\eta ^{MK}h_{KL}\eta ^{LN},$$
(9)   
We compute all objects up to the first order in $`h_{MN}`$. We obtain

$`G_{MN}`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{G}_{MN}+(D2){\displaystyle \frac{_M_NH\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{MN}^K_KH}{H}}`$   
$`+`$ $`(D2)\stackrel{~}{g}_{MN}\stackrel{~}{g}^{KL}\left\{{\displaystyle \frac{_K_LH\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{KL}^I_IH}{H}}+(D1){\displaystyle \frac{_KH_LH}{2H^2}}\right\},`$   
where

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{MN}^K=\frac{\eta ^{KL}}{2}\left(_Nh_{LM}+_Mh_{LN}_Lh_{MN}\right).$$
(11)   
Using the gauge conditions (7)

$$\eta ^{KL}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{KL}^I=0$$
(12)   
we get

$$G_{MN}=\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{}h_{MN}+(D2)\left[\frac{_M_NH\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{MN}^K_KH}{H}+\stackrel{~}{g}_{MN}\stackrel{~}{g}^{KL}\left\{\frac{_K_LH}{H}+(D1)\frac{_KH_LH}{2H^2}\right\}\right],$$
(13)   
where $`\mathrm{}=\eta ^{MN}_M_N`$. Now by using Einstein equations

$$G_{MN}=\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{MN}+T_{MN}^{branes}$$
(14)   
we can identify $`H`$-terms with $`T^{branes}`$, because they contribute only on the brane surfaces, and using (4), (5) we identify the $`(H)^2`$-term with $`\mathrm{\Lambda }g_{MN}`$. Therefore one gets

$$\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{}h_{MN}(D2)\frac{_KH}{H}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{MN}^K(D2)(D1)\eta _{MN}h^{KL}\frac{_KH_LH}{2H^2}=0.$$
(15)   
Finally we obtain the wave equation for metric perturbation in the form

$$\mathrm{}h_{MN}+(D2)\frac{_LH}{H}\eta ^{KL}\left(_Nh_{KM}+_Mh_{KN}_Kh_{MN}\right)+(D2)(D1)\eta _{MN}h^{KL}\frac{_KH_LH}{H^2}=0.$$
(16)   
## 3 Propagation of metric perturbations

Function $`H`$ does not depend on $`x^\mu `$. It allows us to rewrite the equation (16) in the following form

$`\mathrm{}h_{ij}+(D2){\displaystyle \frac{_mH}{H}}\eta ^{mn}\left(_jh_{ni}+_ih_{nj}_nh_{ij}\right)+(D2)(D1)\eta _{ij}h^{mn}{\displaystyle \frac{_mH_nH}{H^2}}=0,`$ (17)   
$`\mathrm{}h_{i\mu }+(D2){\displaystyle \frac{_mH}{H}}\eta ^{mn}\left(_\mu h_{ni}+_ih_{n\mu }_nh_{i\mu }\right)=0,`$ (18)   
$`\mathrm{}h_{\mu \nu }+(D2){\displaystyle \frac{_mH}{H}}\eta ^{mn}\left(_\nu h_{n\mu }+_\mu h_{n\nu }_nh_{\mu \nu }\right)+(D2)(D1)\eta _{\mu \nu }h^{mn}{\displaystyle \frac{_mH_nH}{H^2}}=0.`$ (19)   
To solve the system one can solve equation (17) to find $`h_{ij}`$, then substitute $`h_{ij}`$ into equation (18) to find $`h_{i\mu }`$ and finally substitute $`h_{i\mu }`$ into equation (19) to find $`h_{\mu \nu }`$.

If $`h_{i\mu }=0`$, then equation (19) coincides with the wave equation derived in  for the longitudinal polarization of the perturbation

$$\left(\mathrm{}(D2)\frac{_mH}{H}\eta ^{mn}_n\right)h_{\mu \nu }=0.$$
(20)   
This equation can be transformed into the wave equation with attractive delta-function

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{2}}+V^{()}(z)\right)\widehat{h}_{\mu \nu }=0,`$ (21)   
$`V^{()}(z)={\displaystyle \frac{n(n+2)(n+4)k^2}{8H^2}}{\displaystyle \frac{(n+2)k}{2H}}{\displaystyle \underset{j}{}}\delta (z^j),`$   
where $`\widehat{h}=H^{(n+2)/2}h`$. There is a bound state, which corresponds to the localized four-dimensional gravity . The zero-mass state corresponds to $`\widehat{h}=cH^{(n+2)/2}e^{ipx}`$, $`p_\mu p^\mu =0`$, so

$$h_{\mu \nu }=c_{\mu \nu }e^{ipx},$$
(22)   
where $`c_{\mu \nu }`$ is a constant polarization tensor.

## 4 Non-longitudinal polarization in 5 dimensions

In the simplest case of one extra dimension equations (17)-(19) acquire the following form

$`\left(\mathrm{}3{\displaystyle \frac{_5H}{H}}_512\left({\displaystyle \frac{_5H}{H}}\right)^2\right)h_{55}=0,`$ (23)   
$`\mathrm{}h_{5\mu }3{\displaystyle \frac{_5H}{H}}_\mu h_{55}=0,`$ (24)   
$`\left(\mathrm{}+3{\displaystyle \frac{_5H}{H}}_5\right)h_{\mu \nu }3{\displaystyle \frac{_5H}{H}}\left(_\mu h_{5\nu }+_\nu h_{5\mu }\right)+12\eta _{\mu \nu }h_{55}\left({\displaystyle \frac{_5H}{H}}\right)=0.`$ (25)   
The equation (23) can be transformed into the wave equation with the repulsive delta-function

$`\left({\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}}{2}}+V^{(+)}(z)\right)\widehat{h}_{55}=0,`$ (26)   
$`V^{(+)}(z)={\displaystyle \frac{169k^2}{8H^2}}+{\displaystyle \frac{3k}{2}}\delta (z),`$   
where $`\widehat{h}=H^{3/2}h`$ and we denote $`x^M=(x^\mu ,z)`$.

Zero-mass state corresponds to the solution $`he^{ipx}`$, $`p_\mu p^\mu =0`$. Let us set

$$h_{55}=0.$$
(27)   
After the substitution of $`h_{55}`$ (27) into equation (24) we have

$$\mathrm{}h_{5\mu }=0.$$
(28)   
Let us set

$$h_{5\mu }=c_\mu (z)e^{ipx},h_{\mu \nu }=\psi _{\mu \nu }(z)e^{ipx}.$$
(29)   
Then, from (28) and (25) one gets

$`c_\mu ^{\prime \prime }=0,`$ (30)   
$`\psi _{\mu \nu }^{\prime \prime }+3f\left(\psi _{\mu \nu }^{}i(c_\mu p_\nu +c_\nu p_\mu )\right)=0,`$ (31)   
where we denote $`f(z)=_5H/H`$. As a simple explicite solution we take

$$\psi _{\mu \nu }=c_{\mu \nu }+i(c_\mu p_\nu +c_\nu p_\mu )z,c_{\mu \nu }=c_{\nu \mu }=const,c_\mu =const.$$
(32)   
To satisfy the gauge conditions (7) we have also to set $`c_\mu p^\mu =0`$, $`c_{\mu \nu }\eta ^{\mu \nu }=0`$, $`c_{\mu \nu }p^\nu =0`$.

Let us summarize our solution

$`h_{55}`$ $`=`$ $`0,`$   
$`h_{5\mu }`$ $`=`$ $`c_\mu e^{ipx},`$   
$`h_{\mu \nu }`$ $`=`$ $`\left(c_{\mu \nu }+i(c_\mu p_\nu +c_\nu p_\mu )z\right)e^{ipx},`$ (33)   
$`px`$ $`=`$ $`p_\mu x^\mu ,p_\mu p^\mu =0,c_\mu p^\mu =0,c_{\mu \nu }\eta ^{\mu \nu }=0,c_{\mu \nu }p^\nu =0,`$   
where $`c_\mu `$, $`c_{\mu \nu }`$ and $`p_\mu `$ are constants. We assume, of course, that one takes the real (or imaginary) part of the above expressions.

To conclude, we obtain the zero mode solution (33) of the equations for the metric perturbation with non-longitudinal polarization. One has a massless vector field $`h_{5\mu }`$ on the brane. The perturbation (33) is not localized on the brane because $`h_{\mu \nu }`$ depends linearly on $`z`$. This indicates that probably the effective theory is unstable or, in other words, actually it is not four-dimensional but five-dimensional. Perhaps the coupling with matter fields  could lead to the trapping of gravity to the brane.

We are grateful to I.Ya. Arefeva and B. Dragovich for useful discussions. I.V.V. is supported in part by INTAS grant 96-0698 and RFFI-99-01-00105.