fans ref name jenkins biblio ref name fathallah another thread effect emergence internet ref name busse hellekson intro ref name jenkins biblio jenkins first wave researchers characterised fans resistant subversive consumers considering fandoms represent democratic socially progressive response media industry early studies since characterised utopian matt hills gray sandvoss harrington others example gray et al denoted first wave studies fandom beautiful era ref name scott ref name fathallah intro research early shifted focus fan communities towards individual fans broadened area
Applied science Journalism, media studies and communication Media studies Fan studies