first philippine republic sovereign independent socially stable philippines led ''ilustrado'' intellectual oligarchy ref name deady p ref local chieftains landowners businessmen ''principales'' controlled local politics war strongest ''illustrados'' ''principales'' peasants unified opposition annexation ref name deady p peasants provided bulk guerrilla manpower interests different ''illustrado'' leaders ''principales'' villages ref name deady p coupled ethnic geographic fragmentation unity daunting task challenge aguinaldo generals sustain unified filipino public opposition
Applied science Military sciences Other Military Asymmetric warfare