procedure british military officer lost nose toxic effects mercury treatments german surgeon carl ferdinand von graefe published major work entitled ''rhinoplastik'' von graefe modified italian method using free skin graft arm instead original delayed pedicle flap first american plastic surgeon john peter mettauer performed first cleft palate operation instruments designed johann friedrich dieffenbach wrote comprehensive text rhinoplasty titled ''operative chirurgie'' introduced concept reoperation improve
Applied science Medicine and health Surgery Plastic surgery