justification terms islamic theology law tradition modern era notion jihad lost jurisprudential relevance instead gave rise ideological political discourse ref name hallaq ref modernist islamic scholars emphasized defensive non military aspects jihad radical islamists advanced aggressive interpretations go beyond classical theory ref name hallaq al qaeda ideologues jihad means legitimate including targeting muslim non combatants mass killing non muslim civilians ref name aenexeter according interpretations islam discriminate military civilian targets rather muslims nonbelievers
Humanities Law Islamic law