genetic engineering techniques impart new functions living cells u bottom u approach involves creating new biological systems ''in vitro'' bringing together 'non living' biomolecular components often aim constructing artificial cell biological systems thus assembled module module cell free protein expression systems often employed membrane based molecular machinery increasing efforts bridge divide approaches forming hybrid living synthetic cells engineering communication living synthetic cell populations history ''' ''' first identifiable use term synthetic biology st phane leduc 's publication ''th orie physico chimique de
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