campaign conquer iberian peninsula fourteenth century ibn khaldun considered one fathers philosophy history discussed philosophy history society detail ''muqaddimah'' work represents culmination earlier works medieval islamic sociologists spheres islamic ethics political science historiography al farabi c c ibn miskawayh al dawani nasir al din al tusi ref name mowlana h mowlana information arab world ''cooperation south journal'' ''' ''' ref ibn khaldun often criticized idle superstition uncritical acceptance historical
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