tested scientifically many types fuel used smoker long natural contaminated harmful substances fuels include hessian burlap twine pine needles corrugated cardboard mostly rotten punky wood indian beekeepers especially kerala often use coconut fibers readily available safe negligible expense beekeeping supply sources also sell commercial fuels like pulped paper compressed cotton even aerosol cans smoke beekeepers use sumac fuel ejects much smoke lacks odor beekeepers
Applied science Agriculture Animal husbandry Beekeeping