arranged date pythagoras nbsp bc ancient greece eratosthenes nbsp bc ancient greece hipparchus nbsp bc ancient greece posidonius nbsp bc ancient greece claudius ptolemy ad nbsp roman empire roman egypt al ma'mun baghdad iraq mesopotamia abu rayhan biruni khorasan iran samanid dynasty muhammad al idrisi arabia sicily regiomontanus germany austria abel foullon france pedro nunes portugal gerhard mercator belgium germany snellius willebrord snel van royen leiden netherlands christiaan huygens netherlands pierre bouguer france peru pierre de maupertuis france alexis clairaut france johann heinrich lambert france roger joseph
Natural science Earth science Geodesy