operation pre scarifying leave strips post scarifying cut strips ref name coat broadcast burning recommended method preparing sites natural regeneration rarely exposes enough mineral soil sufficiently receptive charred organic surfaces poor seedbed spruce ref name ack ref ref name zas ref ref name zas ref ref name zas ref charred surface may get hot good germination may delay germination fall subsequent overwinter mortality unhardened seedlings ref name bell bell fw critical silvics conifer crop species selected competitive vegetation northwestern ontario sault ste marie ont ont min nat resour northwestern
Applied science Environmental studies and forestry Silviculture