certainty truth knowledge new academy began carneades bc fourth head succession arcesilaus still largely skeptical denying possibility knowing absolute truth arcesilaus carneades argued maintaining genuine tenet plato middle platonism around bc antiochus ascalon rejected skepticism making way period known middle platonism platonism fused certain peripatetic many stoic dogmas middle platonism platonic forms transcendent immanent rational minds physical world
Humanities Philosophy Philosophical traditions and schools Platonism