''p'' given perception equation representing model ''e'' ''r ndash p'' error signal ''e'' must transformed output quantity ''q sub sub '' representing participant 's muscular efforts affecting mouse position experiments shown best model output function mouse velocity ''v sub cursor sub '' proportional error signal ''e'' gain factor ''g'' ''v sub cursor sub '' ''g''''e'' thus perceptual signal ''p'' smaller reference signal ''r'' error signal ''e'' positive sign model computes upward
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