restricted boltzmann machine ref name smolensky ref model layer ng dean created network learned recognize higher level concepts cats watching unlabeled images ref name ng ref unsupervised pre training increased computing power gpus distributed computing allowed use larger networks particularly image visual recognition problems became known deep learning ciresan colleagues ref name ref showed despite vanishing gradient problem gpus make backpropagation feasible many layered feedforward neural networks ref name scherer dominik scherer andreas c ller sven behnke https wwwaisuni bonnde papers icann maxpoolpdf evaluation pooling operations convolutional architectures
Formal science Computer science Artificial intelligence Artificial neural networks