spaces connectedness compactness ref name munkres field topology saw massive development th century technical sense type transformation geometry transformations homeomorphisms ref name martin ref often expressed form saying 'topology rubber sheet geometry' subfields topology include geometric topology differential topology algebraic topology general topology ref name may ref algebraic geometry calabi yau threefold field algebraic geometry developed cartesian geometry co ordinates ref name inc ref underwent periodic periods growth accompanied creation study projective geometry birational geometry
Formal science Mathematics Pure mathematics Geometry