regions corals likely severely affected become less able build calcium carbonate skeletons ref name cohen ref turn adversely impacting reef dwellers ref name aboutantarctica ref current rate ocean chemistry change seems unprecedented earth 's geological history making unclear well marine ecosystems adapt shifting conditions near future ref name h nisch ref particular concern manner combination acidification expected additional stressors higher temperatures lower oxygen levels impact seas ref name gruber ref geological oceanography geological oceanography study geology
Social science Geography Physical geography Oceanography