john bc sept shortreid ed pacific centre victoria bc frda report ref suggested underplanting year old aspen stands basis success natural spruce regenerating stands stands planting spacing controlled enabling easier protection spruce stand entry harvesting aspen overstorey variable retention harvesting regeneration method relatively new silvicultural system retains forest structural elements stumps logs snags trees understory species undisturbed layers forest floor least one rotation order
Applied science Environmental studies and forestry Silviculture