index religious rather ethno linguistic groups though commonly used alesina la ferrara point elf index fails account possibility fewer large ethnic groups may result greater inter ethnic conflict many small ethnic groups ref name alesina recently researchers montalvo reynal querol put forward ''q'' polarization index appropriate measure ethnic division ref name montalvo jose g montalvo jose g marta reynal querol http wwweconupfedu montalvo wp jde marta josepdf ethnic diversity economic development journal development economics '' '' print ref based simplified adaptation polarization index developed
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