late th century medicine also studied especially southern italy islamic medicine influenced school salerno ref name backman backman ''worlds medieval europe'' pp ref technology military portrait cardinal hugh saint cher tommaso da modena first known depiction spectacles th th centuries europe experienced economic growth innovations methods production major technological advances included invention windmill first mechanical clocks manufacture distilled spirits use astrolabe ref name backman backman ''worlds medieval europe'' p ref concave spectacles invented around
Applied science Military sciences Military history Medieval