Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) carrying pvl is an emerging problem worldwide. CA-MRSA tends to harbor staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV (SCCmec IV), to be non-multiantibiotic resistant, and to have different genotypes from the local hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA). However, in Ireland, 80% of HA-MRSA isolates have the non-multiantibiotic-resistant genotype ST22-MRSA-IV. This study investigated MRSA isolates from Ireland (CA-MRSA, health care-associated MRSA, and HA-MRSA) for the carriage of pvl and determined the genotypic characteristics of all pvl-positive isolates identified. All 1,389 MRSA isolates were investigated by antibiogram-resistogram typing and SmaI DNA macrorestriction analysis. pvl-positive isolates were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing and SCCmec, agr, and toxin gene typing. Twenty-five (1.8%) MRSA isolates belonging to six genotypes (ST30, ST8, ST22, ST80, ST5, and ST154) harbored pvl. Nineteen of these (76%) were CA-MRSA isolates, but a prospective study of MRSA isolates from 401 patients showed that only 6.7% (2/30) of patients with CA-MRSA yielded pvl-positive isolates. Thus, pvl cannot be used as a sole marker for CA-MRSA. Fifty-two percent of pvl-positive MRSA isolates were recovered from patients with skin and soft tissue infections; thirty-six percent were from patients of non-Irish ethnic origin, reflecting the increasing heterogeneity of the Irish population due to immigration. All 25 pvl-positive isolates carried SCCmec IV; 14 (56%) harbored SCCmec IV.1 or IV.3, and the remaining 11 isolates could not be subtyped. This study demonstrates that pvl is not a reliable marker for CA-MRSA in Ireland and reveals the emergence and importation of diverse genotypes of pvl-positive MRSA in Ireland.
Community - acquired methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( CA - MRSA ) carrying pvl is an emerging problem worldwide . CA - MRSA tends to harbor staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV ( SCCmec IV ) , to be non - multiantibiotic resistant , and to have different genotypes from the local hospital - acquired MRSA ( HA - MRSA ) . However , in Ireland , 80 % of HA - MRSA isolates have the non - multiantibiotic - resistant genotype ST22-MRSA - IV . This study investigated MRSA isolates from Ireland ( CA - MRSA , health care - associated MRSA , and HA - MRSA ) for the carriage of pvl and determined the genotypic characteristics of all pvl - positive isolates identified . All 1,389 MRSA isolates were investigated by antibiogram - resistogram typing and SmaI DNA macrorestriction analysis . pvl - positive isolates were further characterized by multilocus sequence typing and SCCmec , agr , and toxin gene typing . Twenty - five ( 1.8 % ) MRSA isolates belonging to six genotypes ( ST30 , ST8 , ST22 , ST80 , ST5 , and ST154 ) harbored pvl . Nineteen of these ( 76 % ) were CA - MRSA isolates , but a prospective study of MRSA isolates from 401 patients showed that only 6.7 % ( 2/30 ) of patients with CA - MRSA yielded pvl - positive isolates . Thus , pvl can not be used as a sole marker for CA - MRSA . Fifty - two percent of pvl - positive MRSA isolates were recovered from patients with skin and soft tissue infections ; thirty - six percent were from patients of non - Irish ethnic origin , reflecting the increasing heterogeneity of the Irish population due to immigration . All 25 pvl - positive isolates carried SCCmec IV ; 14 ( 56 % ) harbored SCCmec IV.1 or IV.3 , and the remaining 11 isolates could not be subtyped . This study demonstrates that pvl is not a reliable marker for CA - MRSA in Ireland and reveals the emergence and importation of diverse genotypes of pvl - positive MRSA in Ireland .
What is MRSA?
What is MRSA ?
MRSA
methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA