Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen. We herein discussed MRSA and its infections in Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Russia between 2007 and 2011. The incidence of MRSA in 3,662 subjects was 22.0% and 2.9% for healthcare- and community-associated MRSA (HA- and CA-MRSA), respectively. The 15-day mortality rates for MRSA hospital- and community-acquired pneumonia (HAP and CAP) were 6.5% and 50%, respectively. MRSA CAP cases included pediatric deaths; of the MRSA pneumonia episodes available, ≥27.3% were associated with bacteremia. Most cases of HA-MRSA examined exhibited ST239/spa3(t037)/SCCmecIII.1.1.2 (designated as ST239Kras), while all CA-MRSA cases examined were ST8/spa1(t008)/SCCmecIV.3.1.1(IVc) (designated as ST8Kras). ST239Kras and ST8Kras strongly expressed cytolytic peptide (phenol-soluble modulin α, PSMα; and δ-hemolysin, Hld) genes, similar to CA-MRSA. ST239Kras pneumonia may have been attributed to a unique set of multiple virulence factors (MVFs): toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), elevated PSMα/Hld expression, α-hemolysin, the staphylococcal enterotoxin SEK/SEQ, the immune evasion factor SCIN/SAK, and collagen adhesin. Regarding ST8Kras, SEA was included in MVFs, some of which were common to ST239Kras. The ST239Kras (strain OC3) genome contained: a completely unique phage, φSa7-like (W), with no att repetition; S. aureus pathogenicity island SaPI2R, the first TSST-1 gene-positive (tst+) SaPI in the ST239 lineage; and a super copy of IS256 (≥22 copies/genome). ST239Kras carried the Brazilian SCCmecIII.1.1.2 and United Kingdom-type tst. ST239Kras and ST8Kras were MDR, with the same levofloxacin resistance mutations; small, but transmissible chloramphenicol resistance plasmids spread widely enough to not be ignored. These results suggest that novel MDR and MVF+ HA- and CA-MRSA (ST239Kras and ST8Kras) emerged in Siberian Russia (Krasnoyarsk) associated with fatal pneumonia, and also with ST239Kras, a new (Siberian Russian) clade of the ST239 lineage, which was created through stepwise evolution during its potential transmission route of Brazil-Europe-Russia/Krasnoyarsk, thereby selective advantages from unique MVFs and the MDR.
Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) is a common multidrug - resistant ( MDR ) pathogen . We herein discussed MRSA and its infections in Krasnoyarsk , Siberian Russia between 2007 and 2011 . The incidence of MRSA in 3,662 subjects was 22.0 % and 2.9 % for healthcare- and community - associated MRSA ( HA- and CA - MRSA ) , respectively . The 15-day mortality rates for MRSA hospital- and community - acquired pneumonia ( HAP and CAP ) were 6.5 % and 50 % , respectively . MRSA CAP cases included pediatric deaths ; of the MRSA pneumonia episodes available , ≥27.3 % were associated with bacteremia . Most cases of HA - MRSA examined exhibited ST239/spa3(t037)/SCCmecIII.1.1.2 ( designated as ST239Kras ) , while all CA - MRSA cases examined were ST8/spa1(t008)/SCCmecIV.3.1.1(IVc ) ( designated as ST8Kras ) . ST239Kras and ST8Kras strongly expressed cytolytic peptide ( phenol - soluble modulin α , PSMα ; and δ - hemolysin , Hld ) genes , similar to CA - MRSA . ST239Kras pneumonia may have been attributed to a unique set of multiple virulence factors ( MVFs ) : toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 ( TSST-1 ) , elevated PSMα / Hld expression , α - hemolysin , the staphylococcal enterotoxin SEK / SEQ , the immune evasion factor SCIN / SAK , and collagen adhesin . Regarding ST8Kras , SEA was included in MVFs , some of which were common to ST239Kras . The ST239Kras ( strain OC3 ) genome contained : a completely unique phage , φSa7-like ( W ) , with no att repetition ; S. aureus pathogenicity island SaPI2R , the first TSST-1 gene - positive ( tst+ ) SaPI in the ST239 lineage ; and a super copy of IS256 ( ≥22 copies / genome ) . ST239Kras carried the Brazilian SCCmecIII.1.1.2 and United Kingdom - type tst . ST239Kras and ST8Kras were MDR , with the same levofloxacin resistance mutations ; small , but transmissible chloramphenicol resistance plasmids spread widely enough to not be ignored . These results suggest that novel MDR and MVF+ HA- and CA - MRSA ( ST239Kras and ST8Kras ) emerged in Siberian Russia ( Krasnoyarsk ) associated with fatal pneumonia , and also with ST239Kras , a new ( Siberian Russian ) clade of the ST239 lineage , which was created through stepwise evolution during its potential transmission route of Brazil - Europe - Russia / Krasnoyarsk , thereby selective advantages from unique MVFs and the MDR .
What is MRSA?
What is MRSA ?
MRSA
methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA