Scheduled Commit

data/clustering_individual-5b78c89f-244c-4bc4-9693-2c3c7acb6977.jsonl

@@ -10,3 +10,5 @@
 {"tstamp": 1723118755.6691, "task_type": "clustering", "type": "chat", "model": "jinaai/jina-embeddings-v2-base-en", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723118755.5934, "finish": 1723118755.6691, "ip": "", "conv_id": "acf70b2138734fc3ac091a765f00c408", "model_name": "jinaai/jina-embeddings-v2-base-en", "prompt": ["loafers", "sneakers", "sandals", "high heels", "baguette", "pumpernickel", "focaccia"], "ncluster": 2, "output": "", "ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "dim_method": "PCA", "clustering_method": "KMeans"}
 {"tstamp": 1723118790.8055, "task_type": "clustering", "type": "chat", "model": "Salesforce/SFR-Embedding-2_R", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723118790.7114, "finish": 1723118790.8055, "ip": "", "conv_id": "0fbad7e1d2064c40806a0c0c8745c4df", "model_name": "Salesforce/SFR-Embedding-2_R", "prompt": ["octagon", "rectangle", "Temple of Artemis", "Colossus of Rhodes", "Statue of Zeus", "Lighthouse of Alexandria", "Hanging Gardens of Babylon", "Pyramids of Giza", "brunette", "black", "blonde", "redhead", "gray", "auburn", "white", "soccer", "basketball", "tennis", "baseball", "cricket", "ruby", "topaz", "diamond"], "ncluster": 5, "output": "", "ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "dim_method": "PCA", "clustering_method": "KMeans"}
 {"tstamp": 1723118790.8055, "task_type": "clustering", "type": "chat", "model": "sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723118790.7114, "finish": 1723118790.8055, "ip": "", "conv_id": "69311bf398424ccd89d89ae1045b30bf", "model_name": "sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2", "prompt": ["octagon", "rectangle", "Temple of Artemis", "Colossus of Rhodes", "Statue of Zeus", "Lighthouse of Alexandria", "Hanging Gardens of Babylon", "Pyramids of Giza", "brunette", "black", "blonde", "redhead", "gray", "auburn", "white", "soccer", "basketball", "tennis", "baseball", "cricket", "ruby", "topaz", "diamond"], "ncluster": 5, "output": "", "ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "dim_method": "PCA", "clustering_method": "KMeans"}
+{"tstamp": 1723121417.3777, "task_type": "clustering", "type": "chat", "model": "GritLM/GritLM-7B", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723121417.2821, "finish": 1723121417.3777, "ip": "", "conv_id": "1bb9250cb9cd4e308445d817bb5cbc4e", "model_name": "GritLM/GritLM-7B", "prompt": ["liberalism", "anarchism", "conservatism", "fascism", "socialism", "communism", "Indian", "Atlantic", "Arctic", "agoraphobia", "ophidiophobia", "acrophobia", "claustrophobia", "arachnophobia", "igneous", "sedimentary", "life", "pet", "disability", "auto", "health", "home", "travel"], "ncluster": 5, "output": "", "ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "dim_method": "PCA", "clustering_method": "KMeans"}
+{"tstamp": 1723121417.3777, "task_type": "clustering", "type": "chat", "model": "BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723121417.2821, "finish": 1723121417.3777, "ip": "", "conv_id": "c69efc12fc904f7f9b65da7afba0cdbb", "model_name": "BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5", "prompt": ["liberalism", "anarchism", "conservatism", "fascism", "socialism", "communism", "Indian", "Atlantic", "Arctic", "agoraphobia", "ophidiophobia", "acrophobia", "claustrophobia", "arachnophobia", "igneous", "sedimentary", "life", "pet", "disability", "auto", "health", "home", "travel"], "ncluster": 5, "output": "", "ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "dim_method": "PCA", "clustering_method": "KMeans"}

data/clustering_side_by_side-5b78c89f-244c-4bc4-9693-2c3c7acb6977.jsonl

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 {"tstamp": 1723102279.2325, "task_type": "clustering", "type": "leftvote", "models": ["GritLM/GritLM-7B", "BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5"], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "640cb44ff35f4f4eb4a608f24078b79f", "0_model_name": "GritLM/GritLM-7B", "0_prompt": ["silt", "loam", "action", "drama", "horror", "romance", "comedy", "thriller", "documentary", "exclamation point", "semicolon", "comma", "colon", "period", "Poodle", "Golden Retriever", "Bulldog", "Labrador", "Chihuahua", "Beagle", "German Shepherd", "canoe", "catamaran", "yacht", "sailboat"], "0_ncluster": 5, "0_output": "", "0_ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "0_dim_method": "PCA", "0_clustering_method": "KMeans", "1_conv_id": "e527150ee52f4fd9addc6b60773aa303", "1_model_name": "BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5", "1_prompt": ["silt", "loam", "action", "drama", "horror", "romance", "comedy", "thriller", "documentary", "exclamation point", "semicolon", "comma", "colon", "period", "Poodle", "Golden Retriever", "Bulldog", "Labrador", "Chihuahua", "Beagle", "German Shepherd", "canoe", "catamaran", "yacht", "sailboat"], "1_ncluster": 5, "1_output": "", "1_ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "1_dim_method": "PCA", "1_clustering_method": "KMeans"}
 {"tstamp": 1723102683.0093, "task_type": "clustering", "type": "tievote", "models": ["GritLM/GritLM-7B", "BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5"], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "eb8779be3c174533a7385e9c0b5c6d52", "0_model_name": "GritLM/GritLM-7B", "0_prompt": ["tequila", "vodka", "cafe", "fast casual", "sushi bar", "gas", "plasma", "liquid"], "0_ncluster": 3, "0_output": "", "0_ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "0_dim_method": "PCA", "0_clustering_method": "KMeans", "1_conv_id": "02642857fc5d49bdbc88adf0ed5113a8", "1_model_name": "BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5", "1_prompt": ["tequila", "vodka", "cafe", "fast casual", "sushi bar", "gas", "plasma", "liquid"], "1_ncluster": 3, "1_output": "", "1_ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "1_dim_method": "PCA", "1_clustering_method": "KMeans"}
+{"tstamp": 1723121446.9774, "task_type": "clustering", "type": "leftvote", "models": ["GritLM/GritLM-7B", "BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5"], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "1bb9250cb9cd4e308445d817bb5cbc4e", "0_model_name": "GritLM/GritLM-7B", "0_prompt": ["liberalism", "anarchism", "conservatism", "fascism", "socialism", "communism", "Indian", "Atlantic", "Arctic", "agoraphobia", "ophidiophobia", "acrophobia", "claustrophobia", "arachnophobia", "igneous", "sedimentary", "life", "pet", "disability", "auto", "health", "home", "travel"], "0_ncluster": 5, "0_output": "", "0_ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "0_dim_method": "PCA", "0_clustering_method": "KMeans", "1_conv_id": "c69efc12fc904f7f9b65da7afba0cdbb", "1_model_name": "BAAI/bge-large-en-v1.5", "1_prompt": ["liberalism", "anarchism", "conservatism", "fascism", "socialism", "communism", "Indian", "Atlantic", "Arctic", "agoraphobia", "ophidiophobia", "acrophobia", "claustrophobia", "arachnophobia", "igneous", "sedimentary", "life", "pet", "disability", "auto", "health", "home", "travel"], "1_ncluster": 5, "1_output": "", "1_ndim": "3D (press for 2D)", "1_dim_method": "PCA", "1_clustering_method": "KMeans"}

data/retrieval_battle-5b78c89f-244c-4bc4-9693-2c3c7acb6977.jsonl

@@ -32,3 +32,4 @@
 {"tstamp": 1723101985.8806, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "bothbadvote", "models": ["", ""], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "ed56e63ad6dc4ba9b73beed4da0e17e9", "0_model_name": "text-embedding-004", "0_prompt": "what are the best practice in single cell analysis ?", "0_output": [["what are the best practice in single cell analysis ?", "Title: Initial recommendations for performing, benchmarking, and reporting single-cell proteomics experiments\n\nAbstract: Analyzing proteins from single cells by tandem mass spectrometry (MS) has become technically feasible. While such analysis has the potential to accurately quantify thousands of proteins across thousands of single cells, the accuracy and reproducibility of the results may be undermined by numerous factors affecting experimental design, sample preparation, data acquisition, and data analysis. Broadly accepted community guidelines and standardized metrics will enhance rigor, data quality, and alignment between laboratories. Here we propose best practices, quality controls, and data reporting recommendations to assist in the broad adoption of reliable quantitative workflows for single-cell proteomics."]], "0_corpus": "arxiv", "1_conv_id": "6320e2d9b35b4fc08fc0257dd4b347fb", "1_model_name": "jinaai/jina-embeddings-v2-base-en", "1_prompt": "what are the best practice in single cell analysis ?", "1_output": [["what are the best practice in single cell analysis ?", "Title: On Two-cavity Coupling\n\nAbstract: This work presents research results on a novel analytical model of electromagnetic systems coupling through small size holes. The key problem regarding coupling of two cavities through an aperture in separating screen of finite thickness without making assumption on smallness of any parameters is considered. We are the first to calculate on the base of rigorous electromagnetic approach the coupling coefficients of the cylindrical cavities within the limit of small aperture and infinitely thin separating screen. The numeric results of electromagnetic characteristic dependencies that have been impossible to perform on the base of previous models are given."]], "1_corpus": "arxiv"}
 {"tstamp": 1723116201.1122, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "tievote", "models": ["", ""], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "d9924371106a4fde8446766c47b29e08", "0_model_name": "GritLM/GritLM-7B", "0_prompt": "what were the results of the development of florida's railroads", "0_output": [["what were the results of the development of florida's railroads", "Florida\n\nIn the pre-automobile era, railroads played a key role in the state's development, particularly in coastal areas. In 1883, the Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad connected Pensacola and the rest of the Panhandle to the rest of the state. In 1884 the South Florida Railroad (later absorbed by Atlantic Coast Line Railroad) opened full service to Tampa. In 1894 the Florida East Coast Railway reached West Palm Beach; in 1896 it reached Biscayne Bay near Miami. Numerous other railroads were built all over the interior of the state.\n20th century\nFlorida's economy has been based primarily upon agricultural products such as citrus fruits, strawberries, nuts, sugarcane and cattle. The boll weevil devastated cotton crops during the early 20th century.\nUntil the mid-20th century, Florida was the least-populous state in the southern United States. In 1900, its population was only 528,542, of whom nearly 44% were African American, the same proportion as before the Civil War. Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population levels in Florida, left the state in the Great Migration. They left due to lynchings and racial violence and for better opportunities in the North and the West. Disfranchisement for most African Americans in the state persisted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s gained federal legislation in 1965 to enforce protection of their constitutional suffrage."]], "0_corpus": "wikipedia", "1_conv_id": "b4ee0ba8a1644b148c58261100c59b52", "1_model_name": "voyage-multilingual-2", "1_prompt": "what were the results of the development of florida's railroads", "1_output": [["what were the results of the development of florida's railroads", "Florida\n\nIn the pre-automobile era, railroads played a key role in the state's development, particularly in coastal areas. In 1883, the Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad connected Pensacola and the rest of the Panhandle to the rest of the state. In 1884 the South Florida Railroad (later absorbed by Atlantic Coast Line Railroad) opened full service to Tampa. In 1894 the Florida East Coast Railway reached West Palm Beach; in 1896 it reached Biscayne Bay near Miami. Numerous other railroads were built all over the interior of the state.\n20th century\nFlorida's economy has been based primarily upon agricultural products such as citrus fruits, strawberries, nuts, sugarcane and cattle. The boll weevil devastated cotton crops during the early 20th century.\nUntil the mid-20th century, Florida was the least-populous state in the southern United States. In 1900, its population was only 528,542, of whom nearly 44% were African American, the same proportion as before the Civil War. Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population levels in Florida, left the state in the Great Migration. They left due to lynchings and racial violence and for better opportunities in the North and the West. Disfranchisement for most African Americans in the state persisted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s gained federal legislation in 1965 to enforce protection of their constitutional suffrage."]], "1_corpus": "wikipedia"}
 {"tstamp": 1723116725.9217, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "tievote", "models": ["", ""], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "db4665454e834a2b81ea2524593f7e64", "0_model_name": "voyage-multilingual-2", "0_prompt": "Which test was devised to determine whether robots can think?", "0_output": [["Which test was devised to determine whether robots can think?", "Turing test\n\nThe test was introduced by Turing in his 1950 paper \"Computing Machinery and Intelligence\" while working at the University of Manchester. It opens with the words: \"I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think? Because \"thinking\" is difficult to define, Turing chooses to \"replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words.\" Turing describes the new form of the problem in terms of a three-person game called the \"imitation game\", in which an interrogator asks questions of a man and a woman in another room in order to determine the correct sex of the two players. Turing's new question is: \"Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the imitation game?\" This question, Turing believed, was one that could actually be answered. In the remainder of the paper, he argued against all the major objections to the proposition that \"machines can think\".\nSince Turing introduced his test, it has been both highly influential and widely criticized, and has become an important concept in the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Philosopher John Searle would comment on the Turing test in his Chinese room argument, a thought experiment that stipulates that a machine cannot have a \"mind\", \"understanding\", or \"consciousness\", regardless of how intelligently or human-like the program may make the computer behave. Searle criticizes Turing's test and claims it is insufficient to detect the presence of consciousness.\nHistory"]], "0_corpus": "wikipedia", "1_conv_id": "024b9d24e59749f88d255373d9bbfba2", "1_model_name": "text-embedding-004", "1_prompt": "Which test was devised to determine whether robots can think?", "1_output": [["Which test was devised to determine whether robots can think?", "Turing test\n\nThe Turing test, originally called the imitation game by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation was a machine, and all participants would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel, such as a computer keyboard and screen, so the result would not depend on the machine's ability to render words as speech. If the evaluator could not reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine would be said to have passed the test. The test results would not depend on the machine's ability to give correct answers to questions, only on how closely its answers resembled those a human would give. Since the Turing test is a test of indistinguishability in performance capacity, the verbal version generalizes naturally to all of human performance capacity, verbal as well as nonverbal (robotic)."]], "1_corpus": "wikipedia"}
+{"tstamp": 1723121425.5983, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "tievote", "models": ["", ""], "ip": "", "0_conv_id": "b5f802ac1e47401c99bcbc5e49640446", "0_model_name": "intfloat/e5-mistral-7b-instruct", "0_prompt": "What were the causes of the U.S. Civil War?", "0_output": [["What were the causes of the U.S. Civil War?", "Origins of the American Civil War\n\nA consensus of historians who address the origins of the American Civil War agree that the preservation of the institution of slavery was the principal aim of the eleven Southern states (seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the United States (the Union) and united to form the Confederate States of America (known as the \"Confederacy\"). However, while historians in the 21st century agree on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the North's reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the pseudo-historical Lost Cause ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own secession documents."]], "0_corpus": "wikipedia", "1_conv_id": "0064d775595f4fd4982dd0691c1a26dc", "1_model_name": "text-embedding-3-large", "1_prompt": "What were the causes of the U.S. Civil War?", "1_output": [["What were the causes of the U.S. Civil War?", "Origins of the American Civil War\n\nAs a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, \"while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war.\" Historian David M. Potter wrote: \"The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted the Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled.\"\nBackground factors in the run up to the Civil War were partisan politics, abolitionism, nullification versus secession, Southern and Northern nationalism, expansionism, economics, and modernization in the antebellum period.\nGeography and demographics\nBy the mid-19th century the United States had become a nation of two distinct regions. The free states in New England, the Northeast, and the Midwest had a rapidly growing economy based on family farms, industry, mining, commerce, and transportation, with a large and rapidly growing urban population. Their growth was fed by a high birth rate and large numbers of European immigrants, especially from Ireland and Germany. The South was dominated by a settled plantation system based on slavery; there was some rapid growth taking place in the Southwest (e.g., Texas), based on high birth rates and high migration from the Southeast; there was also immigration by Europeans, but in much smaller number. The heavily rural South had few cities of any size, and little manufacturing except in border areas such as St. Louis and Baltimore. Slave owners controlled politics and the economy, although about 75% of white Southern families owned no slaves."]], "1_corpus": "wikipedia"}

data/retrieval_individual-5b78c89f-244c-4bc4-9693-2c3c7acb6977.jsonl

@@ -134,3 +134,5 @@
 {"tstamp": 1723118621.2224, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "voyage-multilingual-2", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723118618.0994, "finish": 1723118621.2224, "ip": "", "conv_id": "728cd552a3c54f139331f9be3841c549", "model_name": "voyage-multilingual-2", "prompt": "is it ok to run an empty refrigerator?", "output": [["is it ok to run an empty refrigerator?", "Physics Stackexchange\n\nQ: Does an empty refrigerator require more power to stay cold than a full one? Given that everything else is equal (model of fridge, temperature settings, external temperature, altitude), over a given duration of having the door closed, does it require more electricity to cool an empty refrigerator AND maintain that temperature, than a full one?\n\nA: Short answer: because food is more dense than air, and thus can retain \"coldness\" longer, once it has been cooled down.\nAll refrigerators leak temperature, mainly through joints. Problem is, in an empty refrigerator, all you have is cold air (which is the main heat transmitter inside a fridge).\nLook for heat capacity. Thermodynamics is really an eye opener on physics. Makes you think about many many things about things arounds you.\n"]], "corpus": "stackexchange"}
 {"tstamp": 1723120990.8367, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "BM25", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723120990.6371, "finish": 1723120990.8367, "ip": "", "conv_id": "e2960cb5352248cb8d5479fd6c90668f", "model_name": "BM25", "prompt": "what is cliodynamics?", "output": [["what is cliodynamics?", "Cliodynamics\n\nStructural-demographic theory and secular cycles\nExplanations of the global distribution of languages benefitted from the empirical finding that the geographic area in which a language is spoken is more closely associated with the political complexity of the speakers than with all other variables under analysis.\nMathematical modeling of the long-term (\"millennial\") trends of world-systems analysis,\nStructural-demographic models of the Modern Age revolutions, including the Arab revolutions of 2011.\nThe analysis of vast quantities of historical newspaper content, which shows how periodic structures can be automatically discovered in historical newspapers. A similar analysis was performed on social media, again revealing strongly periodic structures.\nOrganizations\nThere are several established venues of peer-reviewed cliodynamics research:\nCliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution is a peer-reviewed web-based (open-access) journal that publishes on the transdisciplinary area of cliodynamics. It seeks to integrate historical models with data to facilitate theoretical progress. The first issue was published in December 2010. Cliodynamics is a member of Scopus and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ).\nThe University of Hertfordshire's Cliodynamics Lab is the first lab in the world dedicated explicitly to the new research area of cliodynamics. It is directed by Pieter François, who founded the Lab in 2015."]], "corpus": "wikipedia"}
 {"tstamp": 1723120990.8367, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723120990.6371, "finish": 1723120990.8367, "ip": "", "conv_id": "c369dade0da746958ac4b6627cd6500d", "model_name": "sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2", "prompt": "what is cliodynamics?", "output": [["what is cliodynamics?", "Cliodynamics\n\nThe dynamical systems approach is so called because the whole phenomenon is represented as a system consisting of several elements (or subsystems) that interact and change dynamically (i.e., over time). More simply, it consists of taking a holistic phenomenon and splitting it up into separate parts that are assumed to interact with each other. In the dynamical systems approach, one sets out explicitly with mathematical formulae how different subsystems interact with each other. This mathematical description is the model of the system, and one can use a variety of methods to study the dynamics predicted by the model, as well as attempt to test the model by comparing its predictions with observed empirical, dynamic evidence.\nAlthough the focus is usually on the dynamics of large conglomerates of people, the approach of cliodynamics does not preclude the inclusion of human agency in its explanatory theories. Such questions can be explored with agent-based computer simulations.\nDatabases and data sources\nCliodynamics relies on large bodies of evidence to test competing theories on a wide range of historical processes. This typically involves building massive stores of evidence. The rise of digital history and various research technologies have allowed huge databases to be constructed in recent years.\nSome prominent databases utilized by cliodynamics practitioners include:"]], "corpus": "wikipedia"}
+{"tstamp": 1723121386.1511, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "intfloat/e5-mistral-7b-instruct", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723121385.6775, "finish": 1723121386.1511, "ip": "", "conv_id": "b5f802ac1e47401c99bcbc5e49640446", "model_name": "intfloat/e5-mistral-7b-instruct", "prompt": "What were the causes of the U.S. Civil War?", "output": [["What were the causes of the U.S. Civil War?", "Origins of the American Civil War\n\nA consensus of historians who address the origins of the American Civil War agree that the preservation of the institution of slavery was the principal aim of the eleven Southern states (seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the United States (the Union) and united to form the Confederate States of America (known as the \"Confederacy\"). However, while historians in the 21st century agree on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the North's reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the pseudo-historical Lost Cause ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own secession documents."]], "corpus": "wikipedia"}
+{"tstamp": 1723121386.1511, "task_type": "retrieval", "type": "chat", "model": "text-embedding-3-large", "gen_params": {}, "start": 1723121385.6775, "finish": 1723121386.1511, "ip": "", "conv_id": "0064d775595f4fd4982dd0691c1a26dc", "model_name": "text-embedding-3-large", "prompt": "What were the causes of the U.S. Civil War?", "output": [["What were the causes of the U.S. Civil War?", "Origins of the American Civil War\n\nAs a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, \"while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war.\" Historian David M. Potter wrote: \"The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted the Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled.\"\nBackground factors in the run up to the Civil War were partisan politics, abolitionism, nullification versus secession, Southern and Northern nationalism, expansionism, economics, and modernization in the antebellum period.\nGeography and demographics\nBy the mid-19th century the United States had become a nation of two distinct regions. The free states in New England, the Northeast, and the Midwest had a rapidly growing economy based on family farms, industry, mining, commerce, and transportation, with a large and rapidly growing urban population. Their growth was fed by a high birth rate and large numbers of European immigrants, especially from Ireland and Germany. The South was dominated by a settled plantation system based on slavery; there was some rapid growth taking place in the Southwest (e.g., Texas), based on high birth rates and high migration from the Southeast; there was also immigration by Europeans, but in much smaller number. The heavily rural South had few cities of any size, and little manufacturing except in border areas such as St. Louis and Baltimore. Slave owners controlled politics and the economy, although about 75% of white Southern families owned no slaves."]], "corpus": "wikipedia"}