who plays the first nfl game of the season

2010 NFL season

Opening weekend The NFL Kickoff Game, the first game of the season, took place on Thursday, September 9, starting at 8:35 pm EDT, with the Super Bowl XLIV champion New Orleans Saints hosting the Minnesota Vikings, in a rematch of the 2009 NFC Championship Game, with New Orleans winning. Like in previous years, the opening week's prime-time games were expected to be announced at the NFL's annual owners meetings in late March, but that wasn't the case this year, with the schedule announced on April 20.
On March 15, the NFL announced that both the New York Giants and New York Jets would play at home during Week 1 to open New Meadowlands Stadium. The Giants played on Sunday afternoon against the Carolina Panthers and the Jets opened ESPN's Monday Night Football schedule against the Baltimore Ravens the next night. For the nightcap, the San Diego Chargers traveled to play their division rivals the Kansas City Chiefs, marking the first time that a team from outside the Mountain or Pacific Time Zones has played in, or hosted, the "late" (10:15 pm ET) game.
International play
The 2010 season featured one International game, played at Wembley Stadium in London. The teams for this game were confirmed on January 15, 2010, with the San Francisco 49ers playing host to the Denver Broncos on October 31, at 1:00 pm EDT (5:00 pm GMT), with San Francisco winning.

NFL Kickoff Game

The National Football League Kickoff Game, along with related festivities, marks the official start of the National Football League (NFL) regular season. A single game is held, preceded by a concert and other ceremonies. This first game of the season is usually scheduled for the Thursday following Labor Day. An exception was made in 2012, when the game was moved to Wednesday to prevent conflicts with the acceptance speech of the Democratic National Convention. Although the Kickoff Game is typically played on Thursday night, the league treats it separately from the Thursday Night Football games during the rest of the season.
The Kickoff Game was introduced in the 2002 season. From 2004 onward, the defending Super Bowl champion has hosted the Kickoff Game with a couple of exceptions—in 2013, the defending champion Baltimore Ravens opened on the road because of a conflict with a previously scheduled Orioles baseball game the same day, and in 2019, the defending champion New England Patriots did not play at all in the Kickoff Game as the league instead scheduled the Green Bay Packers and the Chicago Bears for that game to celebrate its 100th season of operation. Since the NFL began the Kickoff Game, the home team has won all but six matchups (2002, 2012, 2017, 2019, 2022, and 2023).


Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: Admob mediation earnings I may risk an off-topic but I don't know a better place to ask:
When using the mediation in Admob, the earning from the other networks are transferred to the admob account or each network has its own account?
If they have their own account it may last very long to get to the amount of pay out.
thank You.

A: Yes, each network usually have their own account. And yes, it can take a very long time to get the money out. At least that's what I've read on blogs when I did my research. I think a network might not survive if word got out that they didn't pay out the earnings so... the truth might lie somewhere between.
Personally I like the question because I had a very hard time to find good info. And many times it's us developers who set everything up.

Softwareengineering Stackexchange

Q: Do speakers get paid for tech talks? I'm curious if speakers (bloggers, google employees like Matt Cutts) get paid for speaking at conferences. If they do, how much? If they don't, or they get paid so little that it's as though they don't, why do it? What are the attractions beyond money that lead a developer into public speaking?

A: Speakers at tech conferences generally get their travel costs refunded, but nothing more.


Physics Stackexchange

Q: Why do we use Root Mean Square (RMS) values when talking about AC voltage What makes it a good idea to use RMS rather than peak values of current and voltage when we talk about or compute with AC signals.

A: In many applications we are interested in the power. For example your electricity bill is based on the power you consume. For a DC source the power is:
$$ W = VI = \frac{V^2}{R} $$
and for an AC source (assuming a resistive load so the voltage and current stay in phase):
$$ W = V_{rms}I_{rms} = \frac{V_{rms}^2}{R} $$
So using the RMS values makes the power easy to calculate. The RMS values are, in a sense, the equivalent to the values in a DC circuit.

Physics Stackexchange

Q: What's the point of an RMS value? the RMS (root mean square) value of $f(x)$ is defined as:
$$f(x)_{rms}=\sqrt{\frac{\int^b_a (f(x))^2dx}{b-a}}$$
Why do we do this very specific thing of taking the square, the mean, and then the square root of the function? For an AC circuit, why does this tell us the power consumption and not something like the expression below?
$$\frac{\int^b_a|f(x)|dx}{b-a}$$

A: By definition the rms,  also called the effective or heating value of AC, is the equivalent of DC with respect to resistance heating. The reason for taking the square is because both positive and negative values of current equally produce resistance  heating.
Hope this helps.


Electronics Stackexchange

Q: Can solar panels be wired serially? I have several small solar panels.  I would like to configure them in series to build up enough voltage for a project.  But some panels are much smaller than others.
Is there a problem of connecting them in series if they have very different voltage outputs?

A: The voltage output of the panels is not a problem for series connection.  The result is just the sum of all the voltages.  After all, the different panel voltages are a result of different numbers of cells in series.
However, the current ratings should match because the same current will be going thru all the panels.  Another point that is very important is to put a Schottky diode in reverse accross each panel.  That allows the other panels to still push current past a panel that is in the shade.  Otherwise, a single panel in the shade will kill the whole output.

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: Windows GDI: horizontal/vertical DPI When obtaining the DPI for the screen under Windows (by using ::GetDeviceCaps) will the horizontal value always be the same as the vertical?  For example:
HDC dc = ::GetDC(NULL);
const int xDPI = ::GetDeviceCaps(dc, LOGPIXELSX);
const int yDPI - ::GetDeviceCaps(dc, LOGPIXELSY);
assert(xDPI == yDPI);
::ReleaseDC(NULL, dc);

Are these values ever different?

A: It's possible for it to be different, but that generally only applies to printers. It can be safely assumed that the screen will always have identical horizontal and vertical DPIs.


Study analyzing the multitask accuracy of text models including GPT-3 on academic and professional knowledge areas.

Title: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding

Abstract: We propose a new test to measure a text model's multitask accuracy. The test covers 57 tasks including elementary mathematics, US history, computer science, law, and more. To attain high accuracy on this test, models must possess extensive world knowledge and problem solving ability. We find that while most recent models have near random-chance accuracy, the very largest GPT-3 model improves over random chance by almost 20 percentage points on average. However, on every one of the 57 tasks, the best models still need substantial improvements before they can reach expert-level accuracy. Models also have lopsided performance and frequently do not know when they are wrong. Worse, they still have near-random accuracy on some socially important subjects such as morality and law. By comprehensively evaluating the breadth and depth of a model's academic and professional understanding, our test can be used to analyze models across many tasks and to identify important shortcomings.


How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)

"How Deep Is Your Love" is a pop ballad written and recorded by the Bee Gees in 1977 and released as a single in September of that year. It was ultimately used as part of the soundtrack to the film Saturday Night Fever. It was a number-three hit in the United Kingdom and Australia. In the United States, it topped the Billboard Hot 100 on 25 December 1977 and stayed in the Top 10 for 17 weeks. It spent six weeks atop the US adult contemporary chart. It is listed at No. 27 on Billboard All Time Top 100. Alongside "Stayin' Alive" and "Night Fever", it is one of the group's three tracks on the list. The song was covered by Take That for their 1996 Greatest Hits album, reaching No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks.
"How Deep Is Your Love" ranked number 375 on Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In a British TV special shown in December 2011, it was voted The Nation's Favourite Bee Gees Song by ITV viewers. During the Bee Gees' 2001 Billboard magazine interview, Barry said that this was his favourite Bee Gees song.


Who is the current candidate from the democratic party?

Beto O'Rourke

Robert Francis "Beto" O'Rourke  ( ,   ; ; born September 26, 1972) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for  from 2013 to 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, O'Rourke was the party's nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2018, a candidate for the presidential nomination in 2020, and the party's nominee for the 2022 Texas gubernatorial election.

2016 Democratic Party presidential candidates

This article contains lists of candidates associated with the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries for the 2016 United States presidential election.
Major candidates
Individuals included in this section had taken one or more of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy, or filed as a candidate with Federal Election Commission (FEC) (for other than exploratory purposes), and were included in at least five independent national polls.
Five of the major candidates were invited to participate in at least one Democratic Party-sanctioned debate: Lincoln Chafee, Hillary Clinton, Martin O'Malley, Bernie Sanders, and Jim Webb.
Nominee
Candidates who won one or more contests
The following candidate won primaries and received delegates in most or all state primaries and caucuses.
Major candidates who withdrew during the primaries
The following individual announced a major candidacy for president but withdrew at some point after the Iowa Caucuses.
Major candidates who withdrew before the primaries
The following individuals were recognized by the media as major candidates for president but withdrew from the race after the first debate. Some received write-in votes. They are listed alphabetically.
Other candidates
On the ballot in multiple states
The following notable individuals were on the ballot in at least five states.
In addition, the following other candidates were on the ballot in more than one state:


Who is the current president of the democratic party?

2020 Democratic National Convention

Joe Biden Joe Biden, the 2020 Democratic nominee for president, delivered a speech on the fourth night of the convention from Wilmington, Delaware. A common motif emphasized throughout was the conflict between light and darkness, casting himself as an element of light and Donald Trump as an element of darkness . While drawing a contrast between himself and Trump, Biden's speech did not include any utterances of his main opponent's name.
Biden began his speech by quoting Ella Baker.
Biden pledged to be a president for all Americans, regardless of whether or not they voted for him.
Biden referenced the murder of George Floyd in his speech.
Michael Bloomberg
Former mayor of New York City and candidate for the 2020 Democratic nomination Michael Bloomberg delivered his speech on the final night of the convention from Colorado.
Bloomberg laid contrast between incumbent Republican president Donald Trump and Biden.
Bloomberg declared, "I'm not asking you to vote against Donald Trump because he's a bad guy. I'm urging you to vote against him because he's done a bad job."
Bloomberg likened the prospect reelecting Trump to rehiring or working for, "someone who ran your business into the ground, and who always does what's best for him or her, even when it hurts the company, and whose reckless decisions put you in danger".
Pete Buttigieg
Former mayor of South Bend, Indiana and candidate for the 2020 Democratic nomination Pete Buttigieg delivered his speech on the final night of the convention from LangLab in South Bend, Indiana, where he and his husband, Chasten, had held their wedding reception years earlier.

Democrat Party (Turkey, current)

The Democrat Party (), abbreviated to DP, is a liberal conservative Turkish political party, established by  in 1983 as the True Path Party ( or DYP). It succeeded the historical Democrat Party and the Justice Party, two parties with similar ideologies. Their sister party is the Good Party.
The DYP is seen as a centre-right party. DYP's history spans back to the historical conservative Democrat Party, established in 1946 with the introduction of a multi-party system in Turkish politics. There have been four DYP governments since its foundation; one led by Süleyman Demirel, the other three by Turkey's first and only female Prime Minister, Tansu Çiller. The party now has two seats in the Grand National Assembly, elected in the lists of the Good Party during the 2018 general election.
On 5 May 2007, it was announced that DYP and the Motherland Party (ANAP) would merge to form the Democrat Party (Demokrat Parti). For that occasion, DYP renamed itself (based on the historical Democrat Party), and it was planned that ANAP would join the newly founded DP. Shortly before the election, however, the merging attempt failed. However, ANAP stated it would not contest the upcoming elections. After the DP only got about 6% of the votes in the 2007 general election, Ağar resigned as party leader. DYP and the Motherland Party eventually merged in November 2009.


High-speed rail in Australia

In September 2022, the then-recently elected Albanese government introduced legislation to establish a new national High Speed Rail Authority (HSRA), fulfilling a promise made during the 2022 election. The Infrastructure Minister Catherine King said the Authority would have an expert board and be tasked with overseeing "the construction and operation of a high-speed rail network along Australia's eastern seaboard" between Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane. The authority would consult with state governments, give advice to the federal government, and develop standards to ensure an interoperable high-speed rail network across jurisdictions. King announced the Authority would advance the government's first priority of providing higher-speed rail between Newcastle and Sydney, to which the government committed $500 million to commence early works and secure corridors. The Bill would abolish the National Faster Rail Agency and absorb its functions into the new authority. The Bill was passed by both houses on 24 November 2022, and gained assent on 12 December 2022.
The authority commenced operations on 13 June 2023, and the permanent CEO Tim Parker was appointed on 11 January 2024.
Sydney to Newcastle section
Business case
On 30 January 2024, it was announced that $78.8 million of funding would be released for the development of a business case for the Sydney to Newcastle section of the high-speed rail network. The tenders for the business case were released in March 2024 and were split into eight packages. The eight successful tenderers were announced on 13 June 2024.
Fastrack Australia proposal (2023)
In January 2023, advocacy group Fastrack Australia published a plan that proposed gradually upgrading the Sydney-Melbourne corridor, instead of building a completely new line from scratch. The proposed upgrades were split into five stages, with the following estimated travel times:
The first two stages would consist of the following upgrades:
Stage 1: straightening out track on the Wentworth Deviation between Glenfield and Mittagong, and
Stage 2: track between Goulburn and Yass, and a new track branching from Gunning down to a new station near Canberra airport.

Australian rules football in New South Wales

In New South Wales, Australian rules football dates back to the colonial era in 1866, with organised competitions being continuous since the 1880s. Today, it is popular in several regions of the state, including areas near the Victorian and South Australian borders—in the Riverina, Broken Hill, and South Coast. These areas form part of an Australian cultural divide described as the Barassi Line. To the east of the line, it is known as "AFL", named after the elite Australian Football League competition. AFL NSW/ACT is the main development body.
Two teams currently compete in the professional Australian Football League (AFL) both based in the state capital Sydney: the Sydney Swans and the Greater Western Sydney Giants. The Swans in 1982 became the first professional Australian sporting team to move interstate. The Giants debuted in the 2012 AFL season and compete against the Swans in the Sydney Derby (also known as "The Battle of the Bridge").


IPhone

The iPhone 11, 11 Pro, and 11 Pro Max were announced on September 10, 2019. The iPhone 11 was the successor to the iPhone XR, while the iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max succeeded the iPhone XS and XS Max. All models gained an ultra-wide lens, enabling two-times optical zoom out, as well as larger batteries for longer battery life. The second-generation iPhone SE was introduced on April 17, 2020, and was a low-cost device that incorporated newer hardware from the iPhone 11, in the frame of the older iPhone 8, while retaining the home button and the Touch ID sensor.
The iPhone 12, 12 Mini, 12 Pro, and 12 Pro Max were announced via a livestream event on October 13, 2020. All models featured OLED "Super Retina XDR" displays, introduced faster 5G connectivity, and the MagSafe magnetic charging and accessory system; a slimmer flat-edged design was also introduced, which combined with stronger glass-ceramic front glass, added better drop protection compared to previous iPhones. The iPhone 12 Mini introduced a smaller 5.4-inch screen, while the 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max had larger screens of 6.1-inch and 6.7-inch respectively. The iPhone 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max additionally added a Lidar sensor for better accuracy in augumented reality (AR) applications.

IPhone XS

The iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max (Roman numeral "X" pronounced as "ten") are smartphones designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. They are the twelfth-generation flagships of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone X. Apple CEO Tim Cook announced the devices alongside a lower-end model, the iPhone XR, on September 12, 2018, at the Steve Jobs Theater at Apple Park. Pre-orders began on September 14, 2018, and the devices went on sale on September 21. As of June 2024, the iPhone XS is the oldest iPhone model officially capable of running iOS 18, the latest version of iOS.
Improvements include faster computing speeds, dual-SIM support, filming with stereo audio, and better water resistance.
The XS Max was the first plus-sized iPhone to have the reduced bezel form factor, as the iPhone X did not have a larger variant.


List of iPhone models

The iPhone, developed by Apple Inc., is a line of smartphones that combine a mobile phone, digital camera, and personal computer, music player into one device. Introduced by then-CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007, the iPhone revolutionized the mobile phone industry with its multi-touch interface and lack of physical keyboard. Over the years, Apple has released numerous models, each iteration bringing advancements in hardware, software, and design.
The iPhone series has expanded to include various models catering to different user needs and preferences, from entry-level options to high end devices. Key innovations across the generations have included improvements in processing power, camera capabilities, display technology, and battery life, as well as the introduction of new features such as Face ID, Touch ID, advanced augmented reality (AR), and 5G connectivity.
As of 2024, the most recent iPhone models are the iPhone 15, iPhone 15 Plus, iPhone 15 Pro, and iPhone 15 Pro Max, released in September 22, 2023.
Comparison of models
Release dates
Supported
Unsupported (64-bit CPU, 2013 to 2017 models)
Unsupported (32-bit CPU)
iPhone systems-on-chips

IPhone

The iPhone 13, 13 Mini, 13 Pro, and 13 Pro Max were announced via a livestream event on September 14, 2021. All models featured larger camera sensors, larger batteries for longer battery life, and a narrower "notch" screen cutout. The iPhone 13 Pro and 13 Pro Max additionally introduced smoother adaptive 120 Hz refresh rate "ProMotion" technology in its OLED display, and three-times optical zoom in the telephoto lens. The low-cost third-generation iPhone SE was introduced on March 8, 2022, and incorporated the A15 Bionic chip from the iPhone 13, but otherwise retained similar hardware to the second-generation iPhone SE.
The iPhone 14, 14 Plus, 14 Pro, and 14 Pro Max were announced on September 7, 2022. All models introduced satellite phone emergency calling functionality. The iPhone 14 Plus introduced the large 6.7-inch screen size, first seen on the iPhone 12 Pro Max, into a lower-cost device. The iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max additionally introduced a higher-resolution 48-megapixel main camera, the first increase in megapixel count since the iPhone 6s; it also introduced always-on display technology to the lock screen, and an interactive status bar interface integrated in a redesigned screen cutout, entitled "Dynamic Island".
The iPhone 15, 15 Plus, 15 Pro, and 15 Pro Max were announced on September 12, 2023. Starting with this group of devices, all models switch to using USB-C as their power connector to comply with European Commission regulations, replacing Apple's proprietary Lightning connector after eleven years of use in previous models. All models feature the Dynamic Island, which debuted with the iPhone 14 Pro (effectively retiring the "notch" display cutout), slightly curved edges, and a frosted glass back. The iPhone 15 Pro and 15 Pro Max also replace the mute switch and stainless-steel edges with the "Action" button and titanium, respectively.


IPhone

The iPhone 13, 13 Mini, 13 Pro, and 13 Pro Max were announced via a livestream event on September 14, 2021. All models featured larger camera sensors, larger batteries for longer battery life, and a narrower "notch" screen cutout. The iPhone 13 Pro and 13 Pro Max additionally introduced smoother adaptive 120 Hz refresh rate "ProMotion" technology in its OLED display, and three-times optical zoom in the telephoto lens. The low-cost third-generation iPhone SE was introduced on March 8, 2022, and incorporated the A15 Bionic chip from the iPhone 13, but otherwise retained similar hardware to the second-generation iPhone SE.
The iPhone 14, 14 Plus, 14 Pro, and 14 Pro Max were announced on September 7, 2022. All models introduced satellite phone emergency calling functionality. The iPhone 14 Plus introduced the large 6.7-inch screen size, first seen on the iPhone 12 Pro Max, into a lower-cost device. The iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max additionally introduced a higher-resolution 48-megapixel main camera, the first increase in megapixel count since the iPhone 6s; it also introduced always-on display technology to the lock screen, and an interactive status bar interface integrated in a redesigned screen cutout, entitled "Dynamic Island".
The iPhone 15, 15 Plus, 15 Pro, and 15 Pro Max were announced on September 12, 2023. Starting with this group of devices, all models switch to using USB-C as their power connector to comply with European Commission regulations, replacing Apple's proprietary Lightning connector after eleven years of use in previous models. All models feature the Dynamic Island, which debuted with the iPhone 14 Pro (effectively retiring the "notch" display cutout), slightly curved edges, and a frosted glass back. The iPhone 15 Pro and 15 Pro Max also replace the mute switch and stainless-steel edges with the "Action" button and titanium, respectively.

IPhone

The iPhone is a line of smartphones produced by Apple that use Apple's own iOS mobile operating system. The first-generation iPhone was announced by then–Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007. Since then, Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS updates. As of November 1, 2018, more than 2.2 billion iPhones had been sold.
The iPhone was the first mobile phone to use multi-touch technology. Since the iPhone's launch, it has gained larger screen sizes, video-recording, waterproofing, and many accessibility features. Up to the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, iPhones had a single button on the front panel, with the iPhone 5s and later integrating a Touch ID fingerprint sensor. Since the iPhone X, iPhone models have switched to a nearly bezel-less front screen design with Face ID facial recognition, and app switching activated by gestures. Touch ID is still used for the budget iPhone SE series.
The iPhone is one of the two largest smartphone platforms in the world alongside Android, and is a large part of the luxury market. The iPhone has generated large profits for Apple, making it one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies. The first-generation iPhone was described as a "revolution" for the mobile phone industry and subsequent models have also garnered praise. The iPhone has been credited with popularizing the smartphone and slate form factor, and with creating a large market for smartphone apps, or "app economy". , Apple's App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications for the iPhone.


IPhone

The iPhone is a line of smartphones produced by Apple that use Apple's own iOS mobile operating system. The first-generation iPhone was announced by then–Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007. Since then, Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS updates. As of November 1, 2018, more than 2.2 billion iPhones had been sold.
The iPhone was the first mobile phone to use multi-touch technology. Since the iPhone's launch, it has gained larger screen sizes, video-recording, waterproofing, and many accessibility features. Up to the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, iPhones had a single button on the front panel, with the iPhone 5s and later integrating a Touch ID fingerprint sensor. Since the iPhone X, iPhone models have switched to a nearly bezel-less front screen design with Face ID facial recognition, and app switching activated by gestures. Touch ID is still used for the budget iPhone SE series.
The iPhone is one of the two largest smartphone platforms in the world alongside Android, and is a large part of the luxury market. The iPhone has generated large profits for Apple, making it one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies. The first-generation iPhone was described as a "revolution" for the mobile phone industry and subsequent models have also garnered praise. The iPhone has been credited with popularizing the smartphone and slate form factor, and with creating a large market for smartphone apps, or "app economy". , Apple's App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications for the iPhone.

List of iPhone models

The iPhone, developed by Apple Inc., is a line of smartphones that combine a mobile phone, digital camera, and personal computer, music player into one device. Introduced by then-CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007, the iPhone revolutionized the mobile phone industry with its multi-touch interface and lack of physical keyboard. Over the years, Apple has released numerous models, each iteration bringing advancements in hardware, software, and design.
The iPhone series has expanded to include various models catering to different user needs and preferences, from entry-level options to high end devices. Key innovations across the generations have included improvements in processing power, camera capabilities, display technology, and battery life, as well as the introduction of new features such as Face ID, Touch ID, advanced augmented reality (AR), and 5G connectivity.
As of 2024, the most recent iPhone models are the iPhone 15, iPhone 15 Plus, iPhone 15 Pro, and iPhone 15 Pro Max, released in September 22, 2023.
Comparison of models
Release dates
Supported
Unsupported (64-bit CPU, 2013 to 2017 models)
Unsupported (32-bit CPU)
iPhone systems-on-chips


OpenAI

Contract with Sama In January 2023, OpenAI has been criticized for outsourcing the annotation of data sets to Sama, a company based in San Francisco but employing workers in Kenya. These annotations were used to train an AI model to detect toxicity, which could then be used to filter out toxic content, notably from ChatGPT's training data and outputs. However, these pieces of text usually contained detailed descriptions of various types of violence, including sexual violence. The four Sama employees interviewed by Time described themselves as mentally scarred. OpenAI paid Sama $12.50 per hour of work, and Sama was redistributing the equivalent of between $1.32 and $2.00 per hour post-tax to its annotators. Sama's spokesperson said that the $12.50 was also covering other implicit costs, among which were infrastructure expenses, quality assurance and management.
Lack of transparency
In March 2023, the company was also criticized for disclosing particularly few technical details about products like GPT-4, contradicting its initial commitment to openness and making it harder for independent researchers to replicate its work and develop safeguards. OpenAI cited competitiveness and safety concerns to justify this strategic turn. OpenAI's former chief scientist Ilya Sutskever argued in 2023 that open-sourcing increasingly capable models was increasingly risky, and that the safety reasons for not open-sourcing the most potent AI models would become "obvious" in a few years.
Non-disparagement agreement
On May 17, 2024, a Vox article reported that OpenAI was asking departing employees to sign a lifelong non-disparagement agreement forbidding them from criticizing OpenAI or acknowledging the existence of the agreement. Daniel Kokotajlo, a former employee, publicly stated that he forfeited his vested equity in OpenAI in order to leave without signing the agreement. Sam Altman stated that he was unaware of the equity cancellation provision, and that OpenAI never enforced it to cancel any employee's vested equity. Vox published leaked documents and emails challenging this claim. On May 23, 2024, OpenAI sent a memo releasing former employees from the agreement.

OpenAI

OpenAI is an American artificial intelligence (AI) research organization founded in December 2015 and headquartered in San Francisco. Its mission is to ensure that artificial general intelligence (AGI) benefits all of humanity, with AGI defined as "highly autonomous systems that outperform humans at most economically valuable work". As a leading organization in the ongoing AI boom, OpenAI is known for the GPT family of large language models, the DALL-E series of text-to-image models, and a text-to-video model named Sora. Its release of ChatGPT in November 2022 has been credited with catalyzing widespread interest in generative AI.
The organization consists of the non-profit OpenAI, Inc. registered in Delaware and its for-profit subsidiary OpenAI Global, LLC. Microsoft owns roughly 49% of OpenAI's equity, having invested US$13 billion. It also provides computing resources to OpenAI through its Microsoft Azure cloud platform.
In 2023 and 2024, OpenAI faced multiple lawsuits for alleged copyright infringement against authors and media companies whose work was used to train some of OpenAI's products. In November 2023, OpenAI's board removed Sam Altman as CEO citing a lack of confidence in him, and then reinstated him five days later after negotiations resulting in a reconstructed board. OpenAI's board has since added former US Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers and former National Security Agency head Paul Nakasone.
History


what information is displayed in clear text from the ftp header

Email

Internet email messages consist of two sections, "header" and "body". These are known as "content".  The header is structured into fields such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters and information using message header fields. The body contains the message, as unstructured text, sometimes containing a signature block at the end. The header is separated from the body by a blank line.
Message header
RFC 5322 specifies the syntax of the email header. Each email message has a header (the "header section" of the message, according to the specification), comprising a number of fields ("header fields"). Each field has a name ("field name" or "header field name"), followed by the separator character ":", and a value ("field body" or "header field body").
Each field name begins in the first character of a new line in the header section, and begins with a non-whitespace printable character. It ends with the separator character ":". The separator is followed by the field value (the "field body"). The value can continue onto subsequent lines if those lines have space or tab as their first character. Field names and, without SMTPUTF8, field bodies are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Some non-ASCII values may be represented using MIME encoded words.

File format

File header The metadata contained in a file header are usually stored at the start of the file, but might be present in other areas too, often including the end, depending on the file format or the type of data contained. Character-based (text) files usually have character-based headers, whereas binary formats usually have binary headers, although this is not a rule.  Text-based file headers usually take up more space, but being human-readable, they can easily be examined by using simple software such as a text editor or a hexadecimal editor.
As well as identifying the file format, file headers may contain metadata about the file and its contents. For example, most image files store information about image format, size, resolution and color space, and optionally authoring information such as who made the image, when and where it was made, what camera model and photographic settings were used (Exif), and so on. Such metadata may be used by software reading or interpreting the file during the loading process and afterwards.
File headers may be used by an operating system to quickly gather information about a file without loading it all into memory, but doing so uses more of a computer's resources than reading directly from the directory information. For instance, when a graphic file manager has to display the contents of a folder, it must read the headers of many files before it can display the appropriate icons, but these will be located in different places on the storage medium thus taking longer to access.  A folder containing many files with complex metadata such as thumbnail information may require considerable time before it can be displayed.


English Stackexchange

Q: It's a nice vista! I overheard someone use the term "vista" while describing a view. Being a non-native speaker, I would have chosen the simpler form: "It's a nice view." Could some generous soul explain when it's a vista and when it's a view? Are these interchangeable in most circumstances?

A: Vista is Italian for view. (Also Spanish, but adopted from Italian: see etymonline.)
It has been adopted into the English language and retains the same (noun) meaning, except that it is generally only applied to picturesque views.
For example:

Hey, lets pull over and take in the vista.

or

You should come out onto the balcony, there is a beautiful vista of the city below.

According to Google NGram, usage in this fashion didn't really take off until after 1900

however the phrase "beautiful vista" seems to have been around for a long while

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: abstraction in java program Why is the output like below?

bike is created
running safely..
gear changed

because we are not calling Bike()  method anywhere.
abstract class Bike {
    Bike() {
        System.out.println("bike is created");
    }

    abstract void run();

    void changeGear() {
        System.out.println("gear changed");
    }
}

//Creating a Child class which inherits Abstract class
class Honda extends Bike {
    void run() {
        System.out.println("running safely..");
    }
}

//Creating a Test class which calls abstract and non-abstract methods
class TestAbstraction2 {
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        Bike obj = new Honda();
        obj.run();
        obj.changeGear();
    }
}

A: Honda class is created with Default Constructor

If a class contains no constructor declarations, then a default constructor with no formal parameters and no throws clause is implicitly declared.
 public class Point {
      int x, y;
 }

is equivalent to the declaration:
public class Point {
      int x, y;
      public Point() { super(); }
 }

So Bike() is called every call to new Honda();


Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: TypeError: object of type 'numpy.int64' has no len() / TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len()/ while using classification_report in scikitlearn Sometimes when using sklearn.metrics.classification_report we get below error
TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len()

Sometime depending on the datatype we get error like below too
TypeError: object of type 'numpy.int64' has no len()

Sample code when we might get this error
t=pd.Series([1,2,3,4])
p=np.asarray([1,2,3,4])
target_names=[1,2,3,4]
print(classification_report(t, p, target_names=target_names))

A: This happens when target_names used are not string; to solve did a conversion like below on the target_names variable
t=pd.Series([1,2,3,4])
p=np.asarray([1,2,3,4])
target_names=[1,2,3,4]
target_names=list(map(str,target_names))
print(classification_report(t, p, target_names=target_names))

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: How to compute the subject identifier when the redirect URI does not have any host In the OpenID Connect specification section 8.1, we can read:

If the Client has not provided a value for sector_identifier_uri in Dynamic Client Registration [OpenID.Registration], the Sector Identifier used for pairwise identifier calculation is the host component of the registered redirect_uri.

If the redirect URI is https://foo.bar/my/path, the host foo.bar host will be part of the pairwise ID calculation.
The problem is when a private scheme is used for a native app (see RFC8252 section 7.1 e.g. com.example.app:/oauth2redirect/example-provider) or when the redirect URI is an URN (e.g. urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob).
As there is no host with those examples,

*

*how can I compute the pairwise ID?

*should I reject the client configuration and contraint it to register a sector identifier uri?


do you need a passport to travel between england and france?

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: How to pass the configured passport object into the routes modules in Express4? Since from Express 4 you're not supposed to do
require('./app/routes.js')(app, passport); // load our routes and pass in our app and fully configured passport

module.exports = function(app, passport) {
    // =====================================
    // FACEBOOK ROUTES =====================
    // =====================================
    // route for facebook authentication and login

    app.get('/auth/facebook', passport.authenticate('facebook', { scope : 'email' }));

    // handle the callback after facebook has authenticated the user
    app.get('/auth/facebook/callback',
        passport.authenticate('facebook', {
            successRedirect : '/profile',
            failureRedirect : '/'
        }));

    // route for logging out
    app.get('/logout', function(req, res) {
        req.logout();
        res.redirect('/');
    });
};

Instead, you're supposed to be using express.Route() function and
var routes = require('./app/routes.js');
app.use('/', routes);

How to pass the configured passport into the routes modules in Express 4?

A: The function export can still be used to pass the passport reference between modules. It would just create and return a Router rather than modifying the app directly.
var express = require('express');

module.exports = function(passport) {
    var router = express.Router();

    router.get('/auth/facebook', passport.authenticate('facebook', { scope : 'email' }));

    // etc.

    return router;
};

And, the app can then use it with:
var routes = require('./app/routes.js')(passport);
app.use('/', routes);

Serverfault Stackexchange

Q: Will I lose my .fr second-level domain once I am no longer a resident of Europe? Hopefully this question is appropriate here.
The .fr TLD stands for France and is managed by AFNIC. In order to register for second-level domains under this TLD, one is required to be a resident of the European Econonic Area.
I am currently a resident of the European Economic Area, but I might move away one day. Does this mean that I might lose my domain in this case? Will I not be able to prolong it any more?

A: Although I wouldn't be surprised if in practice the registration requirements are only checked on registration and not for renewals, you don't have to lose your domain when you leave Europe.
A number of registrars provide trustee services that allow the registration of a .FR domain to people/organisations that don't qualify directly and your domain can be transferred to such a trustee if required.


Ell Stackexchange

Q: How should I write "(the) number of unique items { is / are } few"? Which sentence is correct and why?

If the number of unique items is few
If number of unique items are few

Note:

*

*Should I use the?

*Should I use number or numbers?

*should I use is or are?

A: *

*Should I use the?

Yes, you should use the article in front of number.

*

*Should I use number or numbers?

If it is one set of items you are talking about, it is one number of items, so you use the singular.

*

*should I use is or are?

Number is singular, so you use the verb in the singular.
However, there is another point: the use of few. Few means that there is a small number of items, but the number is not few, its is small.
So you could say the following:

If there are (only) a few unique items...

or

If the number of unique items is small...

Mixing them up is comparable to "that item costs expensive", which is a mix of "it is expensive"  and "it costs a lot".


auditing is the process of verifying the accuracy of the financial statements

Financial audit

Give the directors and auditor's independence declaration and meet independence requirements
Report certain suspected contraventions to ASIC
Commercial relationships versus objectivity
One of the major issues faced by private auditing firms is the need to provide independent auditing services while maintaining a business relationship with the audited company.
The auditing firm's responsibility to check and confirm the reliability of financial statements may be limited by pressure from the audited company, who pays the auditing firm for the service.  The auditing firm's need to maintain a viable business through auditing revenue may be weighed against its duty to examine and verify the accuracy, relevancy, and completeness of the company's financial statements. This is done by auditor.
Numerous proposals are made to revise the current system to provide better economic incentives to auditors to perform the auditing function without having their commercial interests compromised by client relationships.  Examples are more direct incentive compensation awards and financial statement insurance approaches. See, respectively, Incentive Systems to Promote Capital Market Gatekeeper Effectiveness and Financial Statement Insurance.
Related qualifications
There are several related professional qualifications in the field of financial audit including Certified Internal Auditor, Certified General Accountant, Chartered Certified Accountant, Chartered Accountant and Certified Public Accountant.

Financial audit

A financial audit is conducted to provide an opinion whether "financial statements" (the information is verified to the extent of reasonable assurance granted) are stated in accordance with specified criteria. Normally, the criteria are international accounting standards, although auditors may conduct audits of financial statements prepared using the cash basis or some other basis of accounting appropriate for the organization. In providing an opinion whether financial statements are fairly stated in accordance with accounting standards, the auditor gathers evidence to determine whether the statements contain material errors or other misstatements.
Overview
The audit opinion is intended to provide reasonable assurance, but not absolute assurance, that the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, and/or give a true and fair view in accordance with the financial reporting framework. The purpose of an audit is to provide an objective independent examination of the financial statements, which increases the value and credibility of the financial statements produced by management, thus increase user confidence in the financial statement, reduce investor risk and consequently reduce the cost of capital of the preparer of the financial statements.
In accordance with the US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), auditors must release an opinion of the overall financial statements in the auditor's report. Auditors can release three types of statements other than an unqualified/unmodified opinion:
The unqualified auditor's opinion is the opinion that the financial statements are presented fairly.
A qualified opinion is that the financial statements are presented fairly in all material respects in accordance with US GAAP, except for a material misstatement that does not however pervasively affect the user's ability to rely on the financial statements.


what does the olive branch represent in the olympics

Olive branch

The olive branch, a ramus of Olea europaea, is a symbol of peace. It is generally associated with the customs of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and is connected with supplication to divine beings and persons in power. Likewise, it is found in most cultures of the Mediterranean Basin and thence expanded to become a near-universal recognized peace symbol in the modern world.
In the Greco-Roman world
In Greek tradition, a hiketeria (ἱκετηρία) was an olive branch held by supplicants to show their status as such when approaching persons of power or in temples when supplicating the gods.
In Greek mythology, Athena competed with Poseidon for possession of Athens. Poseidon claimed possession by thrusting his trident into the Acropolis, where a well of sea-water gushed out.  Athena took possession by planting the first olive tree beside the well.  The court of gods and goddesses ruled that Athena had the better right to the land because she had given it the better gift.  Olive wreaths were worn by brides and awarded to olympic victors.
The olive branch was one of the attributes of Eirene on Roman Imperial coins.  For example, the reverse of a tetradrachm of Vespasian from Alexandria, 70-71 AD, shows Eirene standing holding a branch upward in her right hand.
The Roman poet Virgil (70–19 BC) associated "the plump olive" with the goddess Pax (the Roman Eirene) and he used the olive branch as a symbol of peace in his Aeneid:

Olympic symbols

Olympic salute The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute, with the right arm and hand stretched and pointing upward, the palm outward and downward, with the fingers touching. However, unlike the Roman Salute, the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder. The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924 and Berlin 1936.
The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its resemblance to the Nazi salute. It was used by the French team in the opening ceremony of the 1948 Winter Olympics.
Mascots
Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, the Olympic Games have had a mascot, usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage. The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies, had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products. Nowadays, most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots, rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos.
Intellectual property
The Olympic movement is very protective of its symbols, and many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive trademark rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings, and usage of the word "Olympic". The rings are not eligible for copyright protection, both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required to be copyrighted.


History of Germany (1990–present)

The reunified Berlin became the capital of Germany on October 3, although the government continued to have its seat in Bonn until 1999. December 2 marks the first elections for the city parliament after reunification.
Kohl's fourth term, 1991–1994
The first federal election after reunification, the 1990 federal election, took place on December 2 in that year. The CDU became the largest party with 43.8%, followed by the SPD (33.5%) and the Free Democratic Party of Germany (11%).
On June 20, 1991, the Bundestag decided that the parliament and parts of the government and central administration would be relocated from Bonn to the capital, Berlin. At this time, the term "Berlin Republic" (alluding to the Cold War era "Bonn Republic" and the interwar period "Weimar Republic") emerged.
Roman Herzog, a former Judge at the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, was elected President of Germany in 1994, succeeding Richard von Weizsäcker.
Kohl's fifth term, 1994–1998
Following the 1994 federal election, Helmut Kohl was reelected as Chancellor for his fifth and last term.
Chancellorship of Gerhard Schröder (1998–2005)
First term, 1998–2002
The ruling liberal-conservative coalition government, consisting of the CDU/CSU and the FDP, lost the 1998 federal election, and Gerhard Schröder was elected as Chancellor,a the head of a coalition government consisting of his own SPD party and The Greens. Joschka Fischer, a leading Green politician, became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister.

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany

The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany () is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany.
The West German Constitution was approved in Bonn on 8 May 1949 and came into effect on 23 May after having been approved by the occupying western Allies of World War II on 12 May. It was termed "Basic Law" () to indicate that it was a provisional piece of legislation pending the reunification of Germany. However, when reunification took place in 1990, the Basic Law was retained as the definitive constitution of reunified Germany. Its original field of application ()—that is, the states that were initially included in the Federal Republic of Germany—consisted of the three Western Allies' zones of occupation, but at the insistence of the Western Allies, formally excluded West Berlin. In 1990, the Two Plus Four Agreement between the two parts of Germany and all four Allies stipulated the implementation of a number of amendments.


Borussia Dortmund

Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e. V. Dortmund, often known simply as Borussia Dortmund () or by its initialism BVB (), is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia. It is best known for its men's professional football team, which plays in the Bundesliga, the top tier of the German football league system. The club have won eight league championships, five DFB-Pokals, one UEFA Champions League, one Intercontinental Cup, and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.
Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund, the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 189,000 members in 2023, making Borussia Dortmund the fifth largest sports club by membership in the world. The club also has a women's handball team. Since 1974, Dortmund have played their home games at the Westfalenstadion; the stadium is the largest in Germany, and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world.
Borussia Dortmund's colours are black and yellow, giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben. They hold a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04, against whom they contest the Revierderby. They also contest Der Klassiker with Bayern Munich.
Under the directorship of Michael Zorc in the 2010s, Dortmund cultivated a reputation for spotting and developing young talent, and have remained focused on developing a youth system. As of 2024, Dortmund had the second most revenue across football clubs in Germany, and the 12th most revenue across all football teams in the world, per Deloitte's Football Money League.
History


who devised the fingerprint classification still used today in europe and the us

Francis Galton

Fingerprints The method of identifying criminals by their fingerprints had been introduced in the 1860s by Sir William James Herschel in India, and their potential use in forensic work was first proposed by Dr Henry Faulds in 1880. Galton was introduced to the field by his half-cousin Charles Darwin, who was a friend of Faulds', and he went on to create the first scientific footing for the study (which assisted its acceptance by the courts) although Galton did not ever give credit that the original idea was not his.
In a Royal Institution paper in 1888 and three books (Finger Prints, 1892; Decipherment of Blurred Finger Prints, 1893; and Fingerprint Directories, 1895), Galton estimated the probability of two persons having the same fingerprint and studied the heritability and racial differences in fingerprints. He wrote about the technique (inadvertently sparking a controversy between Herschel and Faulds that was to last until 1917), identifying common pattern in fingerprints and devising a classification system that survives to this day. He described and classified them into eight broad categories: 1: plain arch, 2: tented arch, 3: simple loop, 4: central pocket loop, 5: double loop, 6: lateral pocket loop, 7: plain whorl, and 8: accidental.

Motihari

Khan Bahadur Azizul Huq, one of the two Indian police officers who worked with Edward Henry in the development of fingerprint classification, known as the Henry Classification System, died in Motihari in 1933. "It was Khan Bahadur Azizul Huq who evolved a mathematical formula to supplement Henry's idea of sorting slips in 1024 pigeon holes, based on fingerprint patterns. Rai Bahadur Hem Chandra Bose made further contribution to the fingerprint science by evolving an extended system of sub classification, a telegraphic code for finger impression and a system of single-digit classification."
Both Haque and Bose eventually received honoraria and recognition from the Government of India. At the time of final approval of the honorarium for Haque, the Home Department (Government of India) noted, "It appears from the information now received that he (Haque) was Sir Edward Henry's principal helper in perfecting the scheme and he actually himself devised the method of classification which is in universal use. He thus contributed most materially to a discovery which is of worldwide importance and has brought a great credit to the police of India." Upon retirement from the Police service in Bengal and Bihar, Khan Bahadur Azizul Huq settled in Motihari, and he is buried there.


Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: CHECK_NRPE: Error - Could not complete SSL handshake I have NRPE daemon process running under xinetd on amazon ec2 instance and nagios server on my local machine.
The check_nrpe -H [amazon public IP] gives this error:
CHECK_NRPE: Error - Could not complete SSL handshake.

Both Nrpe are same versions. Both are compiled with this option:
./configure  --with-ssl=/usr/bin/openssl --with-ssl-lib=/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/

"allowed host" entry contains my local IP address.
What could be the possible reason of this error now??

A: To check if you have access to it at all attempt a simple telnet on the address:port, a ping or traceroute to see where it is blocking.
telnet IP port
ping IP
traceroute -p $port IP

Also check on the target server that the nrpe daemon is working properly.
netstat -at | grep nrpe

You also need to check the versions of OpenSSL installed on both servers, as I have seen this break checks on occasion with the SSL handshake!


Gaming Stackexchange

Q: Can I use my regular 3.5mm headphones with a PS4? Can I use my personal regular 3.5mm headphones with a PS4 to listen to in game audio through the Dual Shock or remotes?

A: I found the steps slightly different to the answer from @Teryx, maybe due to a later software update? This worked for system software 2.04:
First plug in your headphones to the DS4. Then:
Settings > Devices > Audio Devices > Output Device.
That should be set to "Headphones Connected to Controller".
As @Teryx said, on the same screen, > Output to Headphones should be set to "All Audio"


1 what is the relationship between the variance and the standard deviation?

Stats Stackexchange

Q: What's the difference between variance and standard deviation? I was wondering what the difference between the variance and the standard deviation is.
If you calculate the two values, it is clear that you get the standard deviation out of the variance, but what does that mean in terms of the distribution you are observing?
Furthermore, why do you really need a standard deviation?

A: You don't need both.  They each have different purposes.  The SD is usually more useful to describe the variability of the data while the variance is usually much more useful mathematically.  For example, the sum of uncorrelated distributions (random variables) also has a variance that is the sum of the variances of those distributions.  This wouldn't be true of the SD.  On the other hand, the SD has the convenience of being expressed in units of the original variable.


Which test was devised to determine whether robots can think?

Turing test

The Turing test, originally called the imitation game by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation was a machine, and all participants would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel, such as a computer keyboard and screen, so the result would not depend on the machine's ability to render words as speech. If the evaluator could not reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine would be said to have passed the test. The test results would not depend on the machine's ability to give correct answers to questions, only on how closely its answers resembled those a human would give. Since the Turing test is a test of indistinguishability in performance capacity, the verbal version generalizes naturally to all of human performance capacity, verbal as well as nonverbal (robotic).

Cognitive test

Cognitive tests are assessments of the cognitive capabilities of humans and other animals. Tests administered to humans include various forms of IQ tests; those administered to animals include the mirror test (a test of visual self-awareness) and the T maze test (which tests learning ability). Such testing is used in psychology and psychometrics, as well as other fields studying human and animal intelligence.


What's the purpose of `if __name__ == '__main__'`?

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: What does `if name == "__main__"` mean in Python?
Possible Duplicate:
What does <if name==“main”:> do?

I have wrote scripts in Python for quite a while now and I study more of Python as I need it. When reading other people's code I meet if name == "__main__": construct quite often.
What is it good for?

A: Basically,
There's a distinction between the "main" script file and external files which were imported or referenced in another way. If the script is the "main" script then the special variable __name__ will equal "__main__".
You can use this to protect the "execution" code from the classes and variables the script has. This enables you to import a script and use classes and variables without actually running that script's main code if it has any.
See also: What does if name == “main”: do?

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: What is the purpose of __name__? What does __name__ do? I have only seen it paired with __main__ and nothing else.
I know that the classic if __name__ == __main__: defines the behavior when acting as a package vs running as stand-alone.
However what other usages are there for __name__?

A: __name__ is "__main__" if you're executing the script directly. If you're importing a module, __name__ is the name of the module.
foo.py:
print(__name__)

bar.py
import foo

Run the scripts:
$ python foo.py
__main__
$ python bar.py
foo


who is young george bailey in it's a wonderful life

George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)

Early life In the winter of 1919, George (aged 12, played by Bobby Anderson) and his friends Bert, Ernie Bishop, Marty Hatch, Sam Wainwright, and his brother Harry are sledding on a frozen river. Harry breaks through the ice and George jumps into the freezing water to save him. In doing so, George became ill with an infection that waylaid him for some time and caused him to lose hearing in his left ear.
In May 1920, George returns to his job at Mr. Gower's drugstore, where he first attends to the soda fountain when two customers are a young Mary Hatch and her friend Violet Bick. George announces his plan to be an explorer and travel the world, citing National Geographic as an inspiration where Mary whispers her love for George in his deaf ear. George then finds a telegram informing Gower that his son has died in the Spanish flu pandemic. A visibly distraught Gower directs George to deliver medicine to a customer, but George realizes that, in his distress, he had inadvertently put poison into the capsules. He seeks advice from his father, who is president of the Bailey Brothers Building & Loan, but his father is meeting with Henry F. Potter, one of the shareholders. When he returns to the store, Gower angrily berates him for not delivering the capsules, until George blurts out Gower's mistake. Realizing this would have been fatal, Gower tearfully thanks George, who promises that he will never tell anyone what happened.

George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life)

George Bailey is a fictional character and the protagonist in Frank Capra's 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life. The character is a building and loan banker who sacrifices his dreams in order to help his community of Bedford Falls to the point where he feels life has passed him by. Eventually, due to difficulties in keeping the building and loan solvent, Bailey falls into despair so deep that he contemplates suicide, until a guardian angel, Clarence Odbody, gives him a valuable perspective on the worth of his life. George finds through Odbody's angelic power and gift what life would be like if he didn't have his wife, Mary, his children and friends, and what their lives and the social structure of Bedford Falls would be like without him.
Bailey is played by James Stewart as an adult and Bobby Anderson as a child, and is loosely based on George Pratt, a character in Philip Van Doren Stern's 1943 booklet The Greatest Gift.
The character was portrayed by Pete Davidson in a 2020 television special.
Fictional biography


Investigating the transferability of soft prompts across different PLMs and its impact on training time.

Title: Stellarator News, Issue 38, March 1995

Abstract: Stellarator News, an international journal of the stellarator community, is Published by Fusion Energy Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, James A. Rome, Editor In the March 1995 issue . . . **** Exerpts from the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assment report on TPX and Alternate Concepts. **** Edge transport and turbulence studies on U-3M The turbulent-driven particle flow is shown to be comparable with the equilibrium flow at the boundary of the configuration under Alfven-heating conditions in the U-3M torsatron. **** Topological aspects of island divertor studies on W7-AS The structure of the edge plasma in W7-AS, observed with probes, television camera, and H-alpha light agrees at low beta with vacuum field calculations: the low-valued resonances at iotabar=5/m are resolved for m = 8 to 11; external perturbations are not significant at the edge, even for iotabar = 5/10. **** 140-GHz second harmonic O-mode electron cyclotron heating at W7-AS First experimental results are presented of 140-GHz second harmonic O-mode (0.7-MW power) ECRH at a high electron density of 1.8 x 10^20 m^-3 on W7-AS. **** Equilibrium plasma currents in quasi-symmetric stellarators with a helical magnetic axis The plasma currents in quasi-symmetric stellarators are calculated to determe the quasi-symmetric conditions with the help of analytical equations.

Title: On Transferability of Prompt Tuning for Natural Language Processing

Abstract: Prompt tuning (PT) is a promising parameter-efficient method to utilize extremely large pre-trained language models (PLMs), which can achieve comparable performance to full-parameter fine-tuning by only tuning a few soft prompts. However, PT requires much more training time than fine-tuning. Intuitively, knowledge transfer can help to improve the efficiency. To explore whether we can improve PT via prompt transfer, we empirically investigate the transferability of soft prompts across different downstream tasks and PLMs in this work. We find that (1) in zero-shot setting, trained soft prompts can effectively transfer to similar tasks on the same PLM and also to other PLMs with a cross-model projector trained on similar tasks; (2) when used as initialization, trained soft prompts of similar tasks and projected prompts of other PLMs can significantly accelerate training and also improve the performance of PT. Moreover, to explore what decides prompt transferability, we investigate various transferability indicators and find that the overlapping rate of activated neurons strongly reflects the transferability, which suggests how the prompts stimulate PLMs is essential. Our findings show that prompt transfer is promising for improving PT, and further research shall focus more on prompts' stimulation to PLMs. The source code can be obtained from https://github.com/thunlp/Prompt-Transferability.


Research showing safety and factual grounding improvements in large-language dialog models.

Title: Towards Harnessing Large Language Models for Comprehension of Conversational Grounding

Abstract: Conversational grounding is a collaborative mechanism for establishing mutual knowledge among participants engaged in a dialogue. This experimental study analyzes information-seeking conversations to investigate the capabilities of large language models in classifying dialogue turns related to explicit or implicit grounding and predicting grounded knowledge elements. Our experimental results reveal challenges encountered by large language models in the two tasks and discuss ongoing research efforts to enhance large language model-based conversational grounding comprehension through pipeline architectures and knowledge bases. These initiatives aim to develop more effective dialogue systems that are better equipped to handle the intricacies of grounded knowledge in conversations.

Title: Chaos or Noise - Difficulties of a Distinction

Abstract: In experiments, the dynamical behavior of systems is reflected in time series. Due to the finiteness of the observational data set it is not possible to reconstruct the invariant measure up to arbitrary fine resolution and arbitrary high embedding dimension. These restrictions limit our ability to distinguish between signals generated by different systems, such as regular, chaotic or stochastic ones, when analyzed from a time series point of view. We propose to classify the signal behavior, without referring to any specific model, as stochastic or deterministic on a certain scale of the resolution $\epsilon$, according to the dependence of the $(\epsilon,\tau)$-entropy, $h(\epsilon, \tau)$, and of the finite size Lyapunov exponent, $\lambda(\epsilon)$, on $\epsilon$.


are illusion and hallucination the same?

English Stackexchange

Q: Difference between 'hallucination' and 'illusion' The following quote is found on The Basics of Philosophy page:

Representationalists argue their case from the "epistemological fact" that it is impossible to have experience beyond the sensory surface, from the fact that dreams, hallucinations and visual illusions clearly indicate that the world of experience is not the same thing as the world itself,

What is the difference between the terms "hallucination" and "visual illusion", as used in the quote?

A: A hallucination is to see something that is not real! For example, if you feel that you are seeing a cat that is flying, then you are experiencing a hallucination.
An illusion is to look at something real but to see it in a different way, like when you look at two horizontal lines but it feels like they are not actually horizontal.

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: Why is AWS CloudFormer so slow even if i beef up the underlying instance? Using CloudFormer to Create AWS CloudFormation Templates from Existing AWS Resources is a resource that I hoped to use to take frequent and scheduled infrastructure snapshots as a mechanism for "Disaster Recovery".
The cloudformer tool is a web-based app that is spun up as an EC2 instance by an AWS Cloudformation canned template.
It takes upto 20-30 minutes to create a template file that contains all the AWS resources in my account. Why?
I have tried increasing the instance size from a t2.small to a m5.4xlarge and there is only marginal performance improvement.
Is it because the cloudformer tool makes a ton of calls to aws-cli and these calls are somehow throttled by AWS?
Any alternatives to automate taking scheduled snapshots of AWS infrastructure that can be fed into Cloud Formation for quick recovery?
Thanks!


The A-Team

Characters The A-Team revolves around the four members of a former commando outfit, now mercenaries. Their leader is Lieutenant Colonel John "Hannibal" Smith (George Peppard), whose plans tend to be unorthodox but effective. Lieutenant Templeton Peck (Dirk Benedict in the TV series, Tim Dunigan appeared as Templeton Peck in the pilot), usually called "Face" or "Faceman", is a smooth-talking con man who is second-in-command, and the appropriator of vehicles and other useful items. The team's pilot is Captain H.M. "Howling Mad" Murdock (Dwight Schultz), who has been declared insane and lives in a Veterans' Affairs mental institution for the first four seasons. The team's strong man and mechanic is Sergeant First Class Bosco "B.A.", or "Bad Attitude", Baracus (Mr. T).
Until the first half of the second season, the team was assisted by reporter Amy Amanda Allen (Melinda Culea). In the second half of the second season, Allen was replaced by fellow reporter Tawnia Baker (Marla Heasley). The character of Tia (Tia Carrere), a Vietnam war orphan now living in the United States, was meant to join the team in the fifth season, but she was replaced by Frankie Santana (Eddie Velez), who served as the team's special effects expert. Velez was added to the opening credits of the fifth season after its second episode.
Casting
Although the part of Face was written by Frank Lupo and Stephen J. Cannell with Dirk Benedict in mind, NBC insisted that the part should be played by another actor.  Therefore, in the pilot, Face was portrayed by Tim Dunigan, who was later replaced by Benedict, with the comment that Dunigan was "too tall and too young". According to Dunigan: "I look even younger on camera than I am. So it was difficult to accept me as a veteran of the Vietnam War, which ended when I was a sophomore in high school."


what is the difference between a bullet journal and a diary?

English Stackexchange

Q: What's the difference between "diary" and "journal"? What's the difference between diary and journal? They seem like they could mean the same thing, but I'm probably wrong.

A: I don't know where I heard this (and I even searched google for the source), but I hear people saying, "Girls keep diaries, boys keep journals."
I think they both mean the same thing, but you normally wouldn't hear a boy say, "I'm going to write in my diary."  They're more likely to say, "I keep a journal."


what does it mean when someone says your a unicorn?

English Stackexchange

Q: What does "in the world of unicorns" mean? I was reading one article where founder was talking about his failure due to inability to raise money for his startup. He says:

Every investor is chasing something shiny, they do not care for the ecosystem at all. In the world of unicorns it is really hard to see any other animal.

What does "in the world of unicorns" mean here?

A: "in the world of unicorns", as jargon of the financial world, has already been explained in one answer. The expression is used with a different meaning in other contexts, though.
Unicorns are mythological horse-like figures. "In the world of unicorns", therefore, means "in dreams", or "in an imaginary world"
examples:

*

*"The perfect mother exists only in the world of unicorns"

*"In the world of unicorns and gullible contemplative readers, there is no point to worryingly questioning eternal truths confirmed by age-old, daily, unalterable, ...

*"Do you guys live in the world of unicorns and rainbows? Never mind, that was a rhetorical question."

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: System Design Document template for firmware development on Atmel UC3 platfrom Do any body have or know any site where I can get a template for System Design Document for my firmware develop project for Atmel UC3 platform?


Physics Stackexchange

Q: Why can materials like sandpaper deform hard metals? I don't have much of a physics background, so my assumptions might be somewhat incorrect. But I've recently seen how sanding tools can be used on materials that are powerful, such as stainless steel. From a Google search, it seems standard sanding tools are made out of materials like aluminum oxide, which (aluminum) I've generally understood to be a relatively weaker metal. I was hoping to get some clarification regarding the basic process of how the sandpaper does not deform itself, instead doing more damage to the material it's in contact with.

A: Pure aluminum metal is relatively soft, but aluminum oxide is harder than any steel. The particles of the oxide that are glued to the paper have extremely sharp edges on them, and when you rub the sandpaper on a piece of steel, those sharp edges scrape off tiny pieces of steel.

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: maven: Running the same tests for different configurations In my spring + maven app, I have created some tests for the Data Access Layer that I would like now to run against multiple datasources. I have something like:
@ContextConfiguration(locations={"file:src/test/resources/testAppConfigMysql.xml"})
public class TestFooDao extends AbstractTransactionalJUnit38SpringContextTests {
  public void testFoo(){
     ...
  }
}

It has currently the config location hardcoded, so it can be used only against one datasource.
What is the best way to invoke the test twice and pass two different configs (say testAppConfigMysql.xml and testMyConfigHsqlDb.xml)?
I've seen suggestions to do this via system properties. How can I tell maven to invoke the tests twice, with different values of a system property?

A: I don't know if there is some sexy and fancy solution, being simple as well, for this. I would just implement base class with all testing stuff and then inherit it into 2 classes with different annotation-based configuration, like this:
@ContextConfiguration(locations={"firstDs.xml"})
public class TestFooDaoUsingFirstDs extends TestFooDao {
}

@ContextConfiguration(locations={"secondDs.xml"})
public class TestFooDaoUsingSecondDs extends TestFooDao {
}

Unless you have to handle really high number of different datasources this way, that is OK for me.


who is the highest paid baseball player in the major leagues

List of highest-paid Major League Baseball players

Major League Baseball (MLB) does not have a hard salary cap, instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season. Free agency did not exist in MLB prior to the end of the reserve clause in the 1970s, allowing owners before that time to wholly dictate the terms of player negotiations and resulting in significantly lower salaries.
Babe Ruth, widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players ever, earned an estimated $856,850 ($ inflation-adjusted from 1934 dollars) over his entire playing career. When asked whether he thought he deserved to earn $80,000 a year ($ inflation-adjusted), while the president, Herbert Hoover, had a $75,000 salary, Ruth famously remarked, "What the hell has Hoover got to do with it? Besides, I had a better year than he did."
Pitcher Nolan Ryan was the first player to earn an annual salary above $1 million, signing a $4.5 million, 4-year contract with the Houston Astros in 1979. Kirby Puckett and Rickey Henderson signed the first contracts which paid an average of $3 million a year in November 1989. In 1990, Jose Canseco signed for 5 years and $23.5 million, making him the first player to earn an average of $4 million a year. It wasn't until 2010 when the MLB average salary rose above that same mark.

List of highest-paid Major League Baseball players

Alex Rodriguez has signed two record-breaking contracts over the course of his career. First, he signed a $252 million, 10-year contract with the Texas Rangers in December 2000 ($ inflation-adjusted from 2000 dollars). Sandy Alderson called the deal "stupefying", while Sports Illustrated noted that Rodriguez's early salaries under the contract ($21 million) would be greater than the annual payroll of the entire Minnesota Twins team that year ($15.8 million). The deal was the largest sports contract in history, doubling the total value of Kevin Garnett's $126 million National Basketball Association contract (the previous record holder) and more than doubling Mike Hampton's $121 million contract, the previous MLB record which had been signed just days before. The Rangers later traded Rodriguez to the Yankees in exchange for Alfonso Soriano before the 2004 season, though they agreed to pay $67 million of the $179 million outstanding on the contract. Despite this, he opted out of the remainder of his deal after the 2007 season and renegotiated a new $275 million, 10-year agreement with the Yankees, breaking his own record for the largest sports contract. Under this deal, Rodriguez also received $6 million when he tied the career home run total of Willie Mays (660), and would have received $6 million more had he tied Babe Ruth (714), Hank Aaron (755), and Barry Bonds (762), along with another $6 million for breaking Bonds' mark.
Five of the twenty highest-paid players in 2013 were members of the Yankees. Their team payroll for 2013 was $228,835,490, roughly $12 million above the second-largest Los Angeles Dodgers. The Yankees have drawn criticism for their payroll, with some claiming it undermines the parity of MLB. From 2003-2020, the Yankees' payroll exceeded the luxury tax threshold every year except 2018.
Key
Highest annual salaries in 2023
This table refers to the salary for 2023 alone, not the overall average value or amount of the contract.
Top 10 Career earnings through 2023 season
Earnings up to date as of the end of the 2023 season.
Salary progression
This list documents the progression of the highest average annual value contracts/contract extensions.


List of highest-paid Major League Baseball players

Alex Rodriguez has signed two record-breaking contracts over the course of his career. First, he signed a $252 million, 10-year contract with the Texas Rangers in December 2000 ($ inflation-adjusted from 2000 dollars). Sandy Alderson called the deal "stupefying", while Sports Illustrated noted that Rodriguez's early salaries under the contract ($21 million) would be greater than the annual payroll of the entire Minnesota Twins team that year ($15.8 million). The deal was the largest sports contract in history, doubling the total value of Kevin Garnett's $126 million National Basketball Association contract (the previous record holder) and more than doubling Mike Hampton's $121 million contract, the previous MLB record which had been signed just days before. The Rangers later traded Rodriguez to the Yankees in exchange for Alfonso Soriano before the 2004 season, though they agreed to pay $67 million of the $179 million outstanding on the contract. Despite this, he opted out of the remainder of his deal after the 2007 season and renegotiated a new $275 million, 10-year agreement with the Yankees, breaking his own record for the largest sports contract. Under this deal, Rodriguez also received $6 million when he tied the career home run total of Willie Mays (660), and would have received $6 million more had he tied Babe Ruth (714), Hank Aaron (755), and Barry Bonds (762), along with another $6 million for breaking Bonds' mark.
Five of the twenty highest-paid players in 2013 were members of the Yankees. Their team payroll for 2013 was $228,835,490, roughly $12 million above the second-largest Los Angeles Dodgers. The Yankees have drawn criticism for their payroll, with some claiming it undermines the parity of MLB. From 2003-2020, the Yankees' payroll exceeded the luxury tax threshold every year except 2018.
Key
Highest annual salaries in 2023
This table refers to the salary for 2023 alone, not the overall average value or amount of the contract.
Top 10 Career earnings through 2023 season
Earnings up to date as of the end of the 2023 season.
Salary progression
This list documents the progression of the highest average annual value contracts/contract extensions.


List of highest-paid Major League Baseball players

Major League Baseball (MLB) does not have a hard salary cap, instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season. Free agency did not exist in MLB prior to the end of the reserve clause in the 1970s, allowing owners before that time to wholly dictate the terms of player negotiations and resulting in significantly lower salaries.
Babe Ruth, widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players ever, earned an estimated $856,850 ($ inflation-adjusted from 1934 dollars) over his entire playing career. When asked whether he thought he deserved to earn $80,000 a year ($ inflation-adjusted), while the president, Herbert Hoover, had a $75,000 salary, Ruth famously remarked, "What the hell has Hoover got to do with it? Besides, I had a better year than he did."
Pitcher Nolan Ryan was the first player to earn an annual salary above $1 million, signing a $4.5 million, 4-year contract with the Houston Astros in 1979. Kirby Puckett and Rickey Henderson signed the first contracts which paid an average of $3 million a year in November 1989. In 1990, Jose Canseco signed for 5 years and $23.5 million, making him the first player to earn an average of $4 million a year. It wasn't until 2010 when the MLB average salary rose above that same mark.


Farm team

Baseball In the United States and Canada, Minor League Baseball teams operate under strict franchise contracts with their major league counterparts. Although the vast majority of such teams are privately owned and are therefore able to switch affiliation, those players under contract with the affiliated Major League Baseball team are under their exclusive control, and would move to the MLB club's new affiliate. Not all players on a minor league team are under contract with the MLB club; however, the parent club has the exclusive right to "purchase" the contract of a non-contract player at its affiliate.
Minor league teams are usually based in smaller cities (although the New York Mets have a low-level minor-league affiliate actually based elsewhere within New York City), and players who are contracted to them, as opposed to major league players sent down to this level for rehabilitation or other professional-development assignments, are typically paid significantly less than their Major League counterparts.
Most major league players start off their careers by working their way up the minor league system, from the lowest (rookie) to the highest (AAA) classification, with the rare exceptions usually being those players signed from Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball. Since the elimination of the Bonus Rule, only a very small number of amateur players have gone directly into MLB, including John Olerud, Jim Abbott, and Dave Winfield. The process of a player working his way up through the minor leagues is formally referred by most MLB teams as "player development". However, minor league affiliates are often informally referred to as "farm teams" and a major league player's misfortune of being sent back to the minors is sometimes described as being "farmed out".


Casey Close

Sports agent In 1992, Close became associated with IMG as part of its baseball division.  In 1993, he began representing Derek Jeter and has been Jeter's agent throughout his Major League career.  In 2006, Close left IMG and joined Creative Artists Agency (CAA). In January 2007, after winning the 2006 National League MVP award, Ryan Howard hired Close as his agent.  Other baseball players who currently are or had been represented by Close include Clayton Kershaw, Zack Greinke, Derrek Lee, Ben Sheets, Michael Cuddyer, Josh Hamilton, Eric Milton, Kenny Lofton and Richie Sexson.  Some of the larger deals negotiated by Close for his clients include: a five-year, $125 million contract extension for Ryan Howard in 2010; a 10-year, $189 million deal for Jeter in 2000 (at the time the second richest contract in baseball history); a three-year $51 million deal for Jeter in December 2010; a five-year $65 million deal for Derrek Lee in 2006; a one-year $10 million contract (with $2 million in performance bonuses) for Ben Sheets in 2010; and a six-year $17 million deal for Drew Henson in 2000.
In February 2011, Close announced he was leaving CAA.  In April 2011, it was announced he would be starting and heading the baseball division of Excel Sports Management. In 2012, Close negotiated the largest contract for a pitcher at the time for Zack Greinke, worth $147 million over six years for the Los Angeles Dodgers.  In December 2013, it was announced Close would represent Japanese pitcher Masahiro Tanaka.
In March 2022, Close negotiated a $162 million contract for first baseman Freddie Freeman with the Los Angeles Dodgers. In July 2022, Close filed a libel lawsuit against Fox Sports radio host Doug Gottlieb, who had claimed that Close did not present an offer from the Atlanta Braves to Freeman.
Family
Close is married to Gretchen Carlson, who was selected as Miss America in 1989 and was the anchor of The Real Story with Gretchen Carlson, on the Fox News Channel.  Close and Carlson live in Greenwich, Connecticut with their two children.
Close is a Presbyterian and teaches Sunday school with his wife.


Scifi Stackexchange

Q: Why was Jabba immune to Luke's powers of the Force in Return of the Jedi? Jabba the Hutt:

Your mind powers will not work on me, boy.

Why was Jabba immune to Luke's powers of the Force in Return of the Jedi?

A: It's been stated in a number of sources, including 3 different RPG's, plus several other expanded universe sources, that some species in the SW universe are categorically immune to force effects upon the mind.
Even a weak willed Hutt is immune to the mental powers of the force. Jabba was a Hutt, this is why he's immune to Luke's efforts.


A method enabling domain adaptation and zero-shot translation in NMT via parameter generation.

Title: The Information Loss Problem of Black Hole and the First Order Phase Transition in String Theory

Abstract: In recent years, Susskind, Thorlacius and Uglum have proposed a model for strings near a black hole horizon in order to represent the quantum mechanical entropy of the black hole and to resolve the information loss problem. However, this model is insufficient because they did not consider the metric modification due to massive strings and did not explain how to carry information from inside of the horizon to the outside world. In this paper, we present a possible, intuitive model for the time development of a black hole in order to solve the information loss problem. In this model, we assume that a first order phase transition occurs near the Hagedorn temperature and the string gas changes to hypothetical matter with vanishing entropy and energy which we call `the Planck solid'. We also study the background geometry of black holes in this picture and find out that there is no singularity within the model.

Title: Generalised Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation with Cross-Lingual Data Selection

Abstract: This paper considers the unsupervised domain adaptation problem for neural machine translation (NMT), where we assume the access to only monolingual text in either the source or target language in the new domain. We propose a cross-lingual data selection method to extract in-domain sentences in the missing language side from a large generic monolingual corpus. Our proposed method trains an adaptive layer on top of multilingual BERT by contrastive learning to align the representation between the source and target language. This then enables the transferability of the domain classifier between the languages in a zero-shot manner. Once the in-domain data is detected by the classifier, the NMT model is then adapted to the new domain by jointly learning translation and domain discrimination tasks. We evaluate our cross-lingual data selection method on NMT across five diverse domains in three language pairs, as well as a real-world scenario of translation for COVID-19. The results show that our proposed method outperforms other selection baselines up to +1.5 BLEU score.


Physics Stackexchange

Q: Torque vs Moment I was wondering, why in Newtonian physics torque is called "torque" while in static mechanics they call it "moment"?
I prefer by far the term "torque", for not only it sounds strong, but also instead of moment, the correct synonym of torque is moment of force.

A: Torque is the informal, practical man's way of calling this thing; the moment of force is the more quantitative, scientific term which is better at expressing the formula
$$ \vec \tau  = \vec r \times \vec F $$
The position $\vec r$ and the cross product, for this specific case, are responsible for the words "moment of" while $\vec F$ is the force.
A similar addition of "moment" to other terms is the way to express other quantities although the terminology isn't quite systematic. For example, the angular momentum $\vec L = \vec r \times p$ is derived from the momentum $\vec p$ (well, the word "moment" was already inside "momentum" so people added "angular" instead because "moment of momentum" sounds awkward). The moment of inertia is a quantity like $I = mr^2$ which differs from the (inertial) mass $m$ by powers of $r$, too.

Physics Stackexchange

Q: Difference between torque and moment What is the difference between torque and moment? I would like to see mathematical definitions for both quantities.
I also do not prefer definitions like "It is the tendancy..../It is a measure of ...."
To make my question clearer:
Let $D\subseteq\mathbb{R}^3$ be the volume occupied by a certain rigid body. If there are forces $F_1,F_2,....,F_n$ acting at position vectors $r_1,r_2,...,r_n$. Can you use these to define torque and moment ?

A: While the formulas are similar, Torque relates to the axis of rotation driving the rotation, while moment relates to being driven by external force(s) to cause the rotation. Moment is a general term and when used in context of rotational motion is pretty much the same.
Torque is $\vec{r} \times \vec{F}$. As @Apurba said, $\sum{\vec{F}}$ may not be zero.
Moment = Magnitude of Force x Perpendicular distance to the pivot.


what is the difference between c major and d major?

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: The difference of 'in' and 'const' in D language Reading this tutorial: http://ddili.org/ders/d.en/function_parameters.html
I cannot understand the difference between in and const: what is it?
dchar lastLetter(const dchar[] str) {
    return str[$ - 1];
}

dchar lastLetter(in dchar[] str) {
    return str[$ - 1];
}

A: It is nicely explained in the D Language Reference ( http://dlang.org/function.html#parameters ) section which describes parameter storage classes (off-topic items are omitted):

*

*scope : references in the parameter cannot be escaped (e.g. assigned to a global variable)

*in : equivalent to const scope

*const : argument is implicitly converted to a const type

*ref : parameter is passed by reference (implicit for reference types, see below)

When they think about parameter storage class, D programmers should remember that D has value (structs, unions, static arrays and PODs) and reference (dynamic arrays, classes) types. The first group of types is always passed by value, unless you use the ref parameter storage class which is going to tell D compiler to explicitly pass by reference. Reference types will naturally be passed by reference, so ref is implicit in this case.

Stackoverflow Stackexchange

Q: What's the difference between C and C++ I know that C++ has the concept of objects but C doesn't. I also know that pretty much all there is to know about C fits into K & R but the C++ library is vastly more complex. There have got to be other big differences though.
What are the major differences between C and C++?

A: In short, C aspires to be a "portable assembler language". It keeps things simple, lets you do things that map almost directly to the underlying hardware, and doesn't present a lot of high level abstractions (you've got functions and.... that's about it)
C++ tries to be everything. A high level language, a low level language, an object oriented language, a multi-paradigm language, a systems programming language, an embedded programming language, and an application development language.
The two language really don't have much in common, other than some shared syntax. A C program might compile as C++ with only minor changes, but it'll have nothing in common with "proper" C++ code written for the language.


Techniques used for analyzing PII leakage in language models trained on sensitive domains

Title: Analyzing Leakage of Personally Identifiable Information in Language Models

Abstract: Language Models (LMs) have been shown to leak information about training data through sentence-level membership inference and reconstruction attacks. Understanding the risk of LMs leaking Personally Identifiable Information (PII) has received less attention, which can be attributed to the false assumption that dataset curation techniques such as scrubbing are sufficient to prevent PII leakage. Scrubbing techniques reduce but do not prevent the risk of PII leakage: in practice scrubbing is imperfect and must balance the trade-off between minimizing disclosure and preserving the utility of the dataset. On the other hand, it is unclear to which extent algorithmic defenses such as differential privacy, designed to guarantee sentence- or user-level privacy, prevent PII disclosure. In this work, we introduce rigorous game-based definitions for three types of PII leakage via black-box extraction, inference, and reconstruction attacks with only API access to an LM. We empirically evaluate the attacks against GPT-2 models fine-tuned with and without defenses in three domains: case law, health care, and e-mails. Our main contributions are (i) novel attacks that can extract up to 10$\times$ more PII sequences than existing attacks, (ii) showing that sentence-level differential privacy reduces the risk of PII disclosure but still leaks about 3% of PII sequences, and (iii) a subtle connection between record-level membership inference and PII reconstruction. Code to reproduce all experiments in the paper is available at https://github.com/microsoft/analysing_pii_leakage.


Ell Stackexchange

Q: Is the begining of the sentence with the zero article correct? Can I use the zero article before Video in the following sentence? If yes, then why.

Video baby monitor is also great for prevention from sudden infant
  death syndrome (SIDS).

A: No, you can't.
If you're talking about video baby monitors in general, you can say:

*

*A video baby monitor is also great for prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), or

*Video baby monitors are also great for prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

If you're talking about a specific video baby monitor or about a specific type or model of video baby monitor, you can say:

*

*The video baby monitor is also great for prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), or

*This video baby monitor is also great for prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

If it's a product sold as "Video Baby Monitor", you could write it without an article:

*

*Video Baby Monitor is also great for prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Apple Stackexchange

Q: What Are The Best iPhone apps to keep a toddler amused in an 'emergency'? Preferably free - kids shows / films from iTunes are an obvious one.

A: Bubble Wrap