The dissemination of the view that subjective conviction is the sole determinant of the ethical nature of an action has had the effect that references to hypocrisy, which used to be frequent, are nowadays uncommon; for to describe evil as hypocrisy implies that certain actions are itl andfor thetnselves misdemeanours, vices, and crimes, and that the perpetrator is necessarily aware of them as such in so far as he knows and acknowledges the principles and outward acts of piety and integrity Rechtlichkeit even within the pretence in whose interest he misuses them.