We shall see that the same process has been going on more slowly, in more varied forms, on a much wider field: on the one hand, the development of 'parliamentary power' in the republican countries (France, America, Switzerland), as well as in the monarchies (England, Germany to a certain extent, Italy, the Scandinavian countries, etc.); on the other hand, a struggle for power between the various bourgeois and petty bourgeois parties which distribute and re distribute the 'spoils' of office, while the foundations of bourgeois society remain unchanged.