In the paper industry generally, we may advantageously study in detail not only the distinctions between modes of production based on different means of production, but also the connexion of the social conditions of production with those modes: for the old German paper making furnishes us with a sample of handicraft production; that of Holland in the th and of France in the th century with a sample of manufacturing in the strict sense; and that of modern England with a sample of automatic fabrication of this article.