Hon JAMES SHAW (Minister of Climate Change) on behalf of the Minister of Transport: To the first part of the question, no. The fees and rebates under the clean-car discount are applied at the point of registration of the vehicle, so do not apply to importers and sellers. As the standard is based on the fleet of vehicles imported by importers, they can use a range of vehicles to achieve an average emission that meets the target—for example, this allows importers to sell electric and hybrid cars to offset higher-emitting vehicles and achieve compliance. In those instances, importers would not be subject to any penalty and, therefore, it should not affect buyers. To the second part of the question, as I said to the previous transport spokesperson on 29 June on this very matter, I have received a range of advice on that matter, including "a meta-analysis of CO2 standards in OECD and non-OECD countries suggest they do not necessarily lead to noticeable price increases." The ministry's projections expect the price of electric vehicles and petrol hybrids to fall over the period. The risk of supply constraints and price rises is also mitigated by the design of the standard. Its design has been substantially modified from the standard that was consulted upon. 