The United Nations' Convention on the Law of the Sea recognises the need for States to exercise criminal enforcement jurisdiction over domestic and foreign vessels across the full range of maritime zones—from the high seas to the territorial sea. While our powers are more extensive closer to home than in international waters, the United Nations' Convention on the Law of the Sea shows that some actions are universally acknowledged by the international community as criminal, and as acts that should, therefore, be suppressed anywhere they are identified. Notably, this can be piracy, slavery, and also drug offences, including some other trafficking as well. New Zealand's obligation to suppress unlawful activity in the sea is further bound up in a series of international obligations that go back decades—notably the Convention on Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety in Maritime Navigation in 1988. This convention recognised—and I quote—"unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation that jeopardise the safety of persons and property and seriously affect the operation of maritime services and undermine the confidence of peoples in the world of the safety of maritime navigation." This particular convention following 9/11 was further significantly updated, and New Zealand, at that time, joined with many others in the international community in recommitting to the goal of safer seas.