Six years later, in 2008, the final year of the Clark Labour Government, the emissions trading scheme was introduced into this legislation by amendment. The emissions trading scheme was meant to be that "how" part of the puzzle. It's basically a market which puts a price on the limit of carbon. It prices what economists call externalities, allowing companies to factor in the real cost of their commercial activity. It was an attempt to mitigate, or at least try to end, the privatisation of profit and socialisation of cost—money made off the back of grabbing scarce natural resources through pollution and that everybody else collectively paid to clean up. But then there was a global financial crisis and, in 2008, a change of Government.