Hon CHRIS HIPKINS (Minister of Education): Before we commenced the reforms of vocational education that brought the 16 existing polytechs and institutes of technology together under the Te Pūkenga umbrella, a range of potential deficits for the sector without reform were projected. The highest of these was $156 million in 2022. I am advised that Te Pūkenga group is currently forecasting a deficit of $110 million for 2022, consistent with the mid-range of those earlier projections. Forecasts must, of course, however, be treated with caution. In 2021, last year, Te Pūkenga forecast a deficit of $46 million but actually delivered a small surplus. In 2019, the sector produced a deficit of $49 million.