In submission to the live export review, it is important to note that the independent National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC), which advises Ministers on animal welfare issues, said that the practice should stop. The tragic sinking of the Gulf Livestock 1 highlighted the possible risk of the trade. Because of New Zealand's strong reputation for farming, livestock exports by sea have increased in recent years, but they amount to approximately 0.2 percent of our primary exports revenue since 2015. The Government has set a two-year transition period for the trade, which will end on 30 April 2023, to allow our trading partners time to adopt alternative options and to give those farmers involved enough time to change their business models. It's hard to estimate the total number of farmers who use the trade as that can be dependent on conditions and on-farm decisions from year to year. We recognise the importance of our relationships with international partners and are committed to working with them to boost trade through other means, such as scientific work into dairy cow genetics and germplasm use. 