In summary, New Zealand's accession to MARPOL Annex VI would reduce adverse public health effects of marine air pollution on communities close to ports and harbours, strengthen New Zealand's ability to play a credible role in international maritime organisation negotiations on climate change, and improve New Zealand's ability to work with like-minded parties to push for global ambition in future negotiations. It will also enable New Zealand to enforce requirements for both domestic and international ships and improve New Zealand's ability to protect its trade and economic interests in negotiations on new greenhouse gas emissions reduction measures for ships.