Surprised creatures are no longer surprised after they took their first turn in combat. But it feels counter-intuitive to apply this to a situation like the one below.  A group successfully sneaks up on an orc. The rogue wants to assassinate the orc. DM calls for initiative. Orc goes first because of poor rolling on the group's side.  Orc does first turn, does nothing because of surprise. He ends his turn and is not surprised anymore. Rogue shoots, thus giving away the group's presence...   Is this RAW? I think it is, but it feels wrong, because nothing would make the orc think that there is something going on...  To clarify, I think I understand how surprise works. What I don't understand is  why the orc would be surprised of nothing so he can stop being surprised. "oh no, I suddenly know there's an arrow coming my way..."  To clarify further: This is about surprise in general and specifically about the Assassinate Feature of a 3rd level Assassin Rogue.
In D&amp;D 5e &quot;&quot; is a condition that can affect a creature during the first round of combat, only until the end of their turn:  [... T]he GM compares the Dexterity (Stealth) checks of anyone Hiding with the passive Wisdom (Perception) score of each creature on the opposing side. Any character or monster that doesn’t notice a threat is surprised at the start of the encounter. If you’re surprised, you can’t move or take an action on your first turn of the combat, and you can’t take a reaction until that turn ends. A member of a group can be surprised even if the other members aren’t. - PHB 189  Does the action that causes the surprise count as part of the round, though? Say Renee, a rogue, achieves a stealth check of 22, easily beating an orc sentry's passive perception. She sneaks directly behind him and stabs him in the back. Surely the orc isn't surprised at all until the dagger hits him (or if Renee misses, she fumbles around behind him or something). What I think it really boils down to in the end is: when is initiative rolled? If (in our example) initiative is rolled before Renee's attack hits (or misses) how can we justify the orc recovering from his surprise before the action that triggered said surprise even occurs, should he roll better than Renee on his initiative? I'd like to go with initiative is rolled immediately following whatever event began the encounter (which could be an attack, but is likely to often be something else wherever surprise isn't intended), but I can't find any documentation to support this stance.  Why Does Anyone Care? There are many reasons you might want someone to be surprised while you're attacking - in this example if Renee is over L3 (and took the Assassin archetype) she'll get 'Assassinate' if the orc is surprised, and 'Death Strike' if she's over L17. That's a lot of potential extra damage!  that if the orc is surprised, Renee will be able to retreat and hide, without having to take the disengage action as her bonus action to avoid an attack of opportunity. Of course, there's no way for her to know whether the orc is surprised or not at that stage, so trying this would be a bit of a gamble...
$A^A$ in category of graphs (reference is Lawvere/Schanuel, Session 31, Ex. 1)  I'm trying to calculate the exponential object $A^A$ and its evalution map $e \colon A \times A^A \to A$ in the category of graphs, where $A$ is the "arrow graph" (ie. one arrow and two dots).  In the following, $D$ is the graph with one dot and no arrows, $1$ is the terminal object in this category (graph with one dot and one arrow, the loop).  So far I have:   The points of $\mathbf{1}\to A^A$ correspond to the maps $A\to A$ (via two standard isomorphisms), and since $\mathbf{1}$ is the loop, and there is one map of graphs $A \to A$, there is one loop in $A^A$. The dots $D\to A^A$ correspond to the maps $A \times D \to A$, of which there are four, hence four dots in $A^A$. The arrows $A \to A^A$ correspond to the maps $A \times A \to A$, of which there are four, hence four arrows in $A^A$.   But I'm stuck on how to put these together to constitute $A^A$ and its evaluation map. triggered my curiosity for this question. Why most of manga are black and white? Is this because of more cost if they add colors to it? `apt-get update` cannot find Ubuntu servers How to find vendor and model of unknown drivers I reinstalled windows on a new machine and the drivers are not present for the product network card.   When in device manager all I get is the question mark and I am unable to figure out the actual name of the vendor or model of the card. This is making my search to find the correct driver hard.   Anyone know how I to find out more about the hardware that does not have drivers? ''More than one row returned by a subquery used as an expression'' postgres error How do Prestige Classes that advance spellcasting interact with racial spellcasting ability? Is there a third Holmes sibling? could you help me on this integral ? $$\int \frac{1}{\cos(x)}\,\mathrm dx$$ Here's what I've started : $$\int \frac{1}{\cos(x)}\,\mathrm dx = \int \frac{\cos(x)}{\cos(x)^2}\,\mathrm dx = \int \frac{\cos(x)}{1-\sin(x)^2}\,\mathrm dx$$ Now, I did : $u = \sin(x)$, so $\mathrm du = 1$. Now I have : $$\int \frac{\text{???}}{1-u^2}\,\mathrm du$$ But at this point, I think I did the most of the job but I'm stuck. Could you help me to solve this integral please (to the integration by substitution at the end) ? Thanks EDIT : Now I follow the steps and I got : $$\int \frac{1}{1-u^2}\,\mathrm du$$ Doing the partial fraction I got $A = 1/2$ and $B = 1/2$. So basically I have : \begin{align} &amp; \int \frac{1}{1-u^2}\,\mathrm du = \int \frac{1/2}{1+u}\,\mathrm du + \int \frac{1/2}{1-u}\,\mathrm du \\[8pt] = {} &amp; \frac 1 2 \left(\int \frac{1}{1+u} \, du - \int \frac{1}{1-u} \, du\right) \\[8pt] = {} &amp; \frac 1 2 \ln\left(\frac{1+u}{1-u}\right) = \ln\left(\left(\frac{1+\sin(x)}{1-\sin(x)}\right)^{1/2}\right) \\[8pt] = {} &amp; \ln \left(\frac{\sqrt{1+\sin(x)}}{\sqrt{1-\sin(x)}}\right) = \ln\left(\frac{\sqrt{1+\sin(x)}}{\sqrt{\cos(x)^2}}\right) \\[8pt] = {} &amp; \ln\left(\frac{\sqrt{1+\sin(x)}}{\cos(x)}\right) \end{align} Here's what my teacher got :  What's wrong with what I did ? Did I miss something ? How can I keep recent files from appearing in Unity? I sometimes browse erotic media files but I would like to avoid having them appear in files &amp; folders / recent. How can I do that?  The old "making .recently-used.xbel a folder" trick from 10.10 and older doesn't work any more.   Plus I'd prefer to turn off tracking only temporarily.  I also prefer not to use a separate user for this, as switching users sometimes isn't fast enough. Is it okay to vectorize this image to make a poster out of it even though the image is not Creative Commons or anything like that? I'm not using any part of the image directly and only going to use it as a guide to make my own SVG version.  This is the image:    Here is .  It says that it is CC licensed but the original NatGeo one isn't, I don't think.  I don't plan to make money off it or anything, I just want a nice poster and the quality of the original isn't that good. Unitary map between sets of vectors Add 'Page' above page numbers in Table of Contents I am using my school's latex . Unfortunately, since this package was last updated, we are now required to add the word 'Page' above the topmost page number on each page of the Table of Contents. This cls file includes the following bit of code, which puts 'Page' at the top of the first page, but not any subsequent pages (see attached)  \newcommand\chapteruaf{ \if@arabic\relax\else\if@chapterone\setcounter{page}{1}\else\relax\fi\fi \@chapteronefalse                     \if@openright\cleardoublepage\else\clearpage\fi                     \thispagestyle{myheadings}%                                                                                                    \global\@topnum\z@                     \@afterindentfalse                     \secdef\@chapter\@schapteruaf} \def\@schapteruaf#1{\if@twocolumn                    \@topnewpage[\@makeschapterheaduaf{#1}]%                                                                                     \else                    \@makeschapterheaduaf{#1}%                                                                                                     \@afterheading                  \fi} \def\@makeschapterheaduaf#1{%                                                                                                    {\parindent \z@ \centering     \reset@font     \normalsize \bfseries  #1\par                                                                                                  \vspace{-18.3pt}\hspace{143mm} Page                                                                                            \nobreak   }}   First page of the TOC:   second page of the TOC:   Any thoughts here? I have played with this a bit, and can't get it to work. Thanks. Error installing any module Finding center and radius of circumcircle Find the center and radius of the circle which circumscribes the triangle with (complex) vertices $a_1,a_2,a_3$. Express the result in symmetric form.   I'm not sure where to start in this question. The circumcenter is the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors, but I don't know how to calculate the line equation of the perpendicular bisectors yet. As for the radius, after we find the circumcenter $c$ we can calculate it using $|c-a_1|$ (or $|c-a_2|$ or $|c-a_3|$; all three should be equal.) So how can I calculate the circumcenter? How can I efficiently drive an LED? I understand that I can not connect an LED directly to a battery because it will draw too much current. Thus, there must be something else in the circuit to limit the current. What options are there? Are some methods more efficient than others? How do I play a YouTube video in the background on my iPad? The popup when you click on your newest badge in your user profile has a &quot;Learn more&quot; button, but its alignment is suboptimal; it's too close to the top of its container:  It looks better with a 4px top margin: This question is here so we can offer users who are looking for information on how to make one or more common or basic redirects in Apache using the htaccess file. All future questions pertaining to finding information that is that is covered by the question should be closed as a duplication of this question. .  Whats the point in this question? The idea while not perfect is catch the most commonly asked questions regarding redirects using the  htaccess on the Apache platform either on  some type of lamp or a live server. The type of answers should be generally those that you could imagine are used by 100,000’s of sites world-wide and are constantly asked here at Pro Webmasters repeatedly over and over in various forms.  A few examples of the type of answers we are looking for:   How can I redirect non-www to www? How can I redirect a sub domain to the main domain? How can I redirect a sub folder from domain to a root or a subdomain?  How can I redirect an old URL to a new URL?   A few examples of the types of answers that we are not looking for:   Answers that do not involve a redirect. Any answers relating to NGinx, IIS or any other non-Apache platform. Answers that involve custom and complex string or query removals.   Resources for Advanced to Complex Mod_Rewrite Rules:      Please note: that this question is still in construction and may need some refining either by myself or a real moderator of Pro Webmasters, if you have any concerns or questions . Need for a side book for E. Soper's Classical Theory Of Fields I am reading now E. Soper, Classical Theory Of Fields, now and sometimes it is very hard to follow the equations. So I need a side book on  to read it comfortably. Landau &amp; Lifshitz's book is not helping as its content and topics are very much different. How to check if value is in range of cells? I want to check if the value of a cell exists in a range of cells. How can I do this?  Just like you would be able to do "if value in list_of_values" in Python for example.