I have installed Ubuntu successfully thru usb bootable flash disk. Now my hp laptop don't show me options to choose windows or ubuntu at boot / startup. please assist
Ok, so I'm such a newbie to Ubuntu and I bought a Windows 8 pre-installed laptop last month.  I updated to Windows 8.1 and then I thought about installing Ubuntu as a dual boot so I could mess around and learn more about it.   So I followed a Youtube tutorial (  ) and I got my stuff working fine.   The first few times I booted I got the GRUB menu instead of my default HP Boot OS Manager, and I was able to select my OS.   So I went to sleep and the next day I turned on my computer and the GRUB menu did not show up. I tried several times and it didn't automatically show up.  In order for me to see the GRUB menu I had to turn on my PC and on start had to press ESC to pause startup and press F9 to get boot options. Then from there I had to pick from OS Boot, Ubuntu, Ubuntu (Yes there were two Ubuntus available) and a default EFI file thingy.   When I click the first Ubuntu I get the GRUB Menu (I was too scared to try the second in case I screwed my laptop up) and I can safely load Ubuntu from there and use it (although I do have to increase my brightness every time I load Ubuntu because it somehow reduces my brightness to complete darkness on boot)  So my problem here is why isn't my GRUB showing on boot, after it worked on the first day?   My laptop is a HP TouchSmart j-078CA.  EDIT 1: FYI I just switched to Ubuntu LiveCD to check my Installation and found out that one of my partition is flagged as msftres. Here is a screenshot of my GParted on a LiveCD:
Radius of convergence of entire function Let $f$ be an entire function on the complex plane.      Is the radius of convergence of $f$ around any point $z_0$ infinite? If so, why?   Thank you. I have upgraded from Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS. I was surprised to see that the context menu entry "Make Link" (keyboard shortcut Ctrl+M) in Nautilus doesn't seem to exist anymore. It used to appear upon right mouse click on a file or folder and allowed the user to create a symbolic link. Take a look at the following screenshot I took from Google Webmaster Tools "Remove URLs" page:   None of these were performed by me or others who have access to GWT.  How do these removal requests happen without us doing any requests?  Why is that happening?  How to stop that or is there any point in stopping that? When you earn one tag badge, and then don't click "Track the next one" in the tag badge progress tracking box for a while, and then earn a second tag badge, that box continues to show "Congratulations, you earned [the same badge as before]", rather than updating to show that you've actually earned another tag badge since then.  For instance, right now  looks like this:    Even though I  a few weeks ago and then  yesterday, my profile hasn't updated to show the new achievement.  I also didn't get the "cipher" tag badge until after the 3am watershed, even though tag badges usually appear as soon as I visit my profile after earning them (for instance, I earned the "tags" tag badge on meta.SFF.SE today the very instant I clicked on my own profile there after having become eligible for the badge). Even when I went to look at the list of my progress towards different tag badges on Puzzling, which I thought would jog the system into realising I'd actually earned the badge, "cipher" still showed up as 99/100 score even after I'd gone well past 100, until last night when the badge was finally awarded and "cipher" disappeared from my list of badges to track.  TL;DR: if I don't click "Track the next one", my tag badges update slower than they should.  It's a very unimportant bug, but there must be more people than just me who like to see the "Congratulations" thing there for a while and rest on their laurels before moving on to track their progress towards the next milestone. Without using sudo, preferably? I am constructing a bibliography of as much of the prior research in a field I am working in. I would like to use BibTeX to print the citation in the pdf, and then I would like to add the details of the paper after the citation. Only then would I like to print the next citation. For example:  [1] Jahan M. Dawlaty and Yunquing Chen. Measurement of the optical absorption of graphene in the terahertz. Applied Physics Letters, 2008. Research Group: Cornell Pump Wavelength: 500 nm. Probe Wavelenth: 7 microns. Relaxation Time: 50 fs. [2] Paul George and Dmitry Vekslar, Measurement of Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Graphene. Applied Physics Letters, 2009.  . . . and so on. Does anyone know how this could be done? Unable to mount NTFS external hard drive "is a field and used like a type" error Why does the series $\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac1n$ not converge? Intutitive meaning behind the formal definition of sufficient statistic? According to the definition of sufficiency, a statistic is sufficient for a parameter if the conditional distribution of $X$ given a value of statistic does not depend upon the parameter.   What I am trying to understand is how does conditional distribution of $X$ not being a function of the parameter fit into the intuitive meaning of sufficiency i.e statistic value holding the same amount of information as that of the respective sample. Is there a reliable way to determine the OS upgrade history leading to Windows 10 or if it was a fresh install? How to lazy load images in ListView in Android I am using a ListView to display some images and captions associated with those images. I am getting the images from the Internet. Is there a way to lazy load images so while the text displays, the UI is not blocked and images are displayed as they are downloaded?   The total number of images is not fixed. Create hexagonal mesh on 3D Parametric Plot and 3D spheres? Database general error: 2006 MySQL server has gone away Under what conditions is $AA^T$ invertible? Given a matrix $A$ with dimensions $m \times n$, is $B=AA^T$ invertible if and only if the rows of $A$ are linearly independent?  So far, I've tried writing A as row vectors,   $$A = \begin{bmatrix}v_1\\ v_2\\ \vdots \\ v_m\end{bmatrix}$$  where $B_{i,j} = (v_i v_j) $  The Wikipedia page on the  suggests that the condition I stated above is necessary and sufficient, but does not provide a proof. How do I remove duplicate items from an array in Perl? I have an array in Perl:  my @my_array = ("one","two","three","two","three");   How do I remove the duplicates from the array? Punctuation of a Direct Quote Is any particular punctuation necessary when a quotation is the subject of a sentence? For example, in the sentence below, should there be a comma after export? Or anything else?     "Laughter is America's most important export" is a well-known quote of Walt Disney's. Get Currently Executing Class/Method Name? I have seen a few different flavors of exception logging utility out there, and a common concept is to capture the class and method that were running when the exception was thrown. In the case that made me wonder this, the logger is used for more than just exceptions. It has method signatures like:  public static void logMessage     (LoggingLevel loggingLevel, String className, String methodName, String message)   It seems to me that we should be able to get the className and methodName parameters programatically. Can it be done? How? How can I find $f(0)$, $f'(0)$, and $f'(x)$ given that  $f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)+x^2y+xy^2$  and  $\lim_{x\to0}\frac{f(x)}{x}=1$. If a and b are relatively prime and ab is a square, then a and b are squares. If $a$ and $b$ are two relatively prime positive integers such that $ab$ is a square, then $a$ and $b$ are squares.   I need to prove this statement, so I would like someone to critique my proof. Thanks  Since $ab$ is a square, the exponent of every prime in the prime factorization of $ab$ must be even.   Since $a$ and $b$ are coprime, they share no prime factors.   Therefore, the exponent of every prime in the factorization of $a$ (and $b$) are even, which means $a$ and $b$ are squares.