In reading through the original GCM specification (), the composition of the 128 bit Initialization Vector as a concatenation of a 96b nonce and a 32b unsigned wrapping counter seems arbitrary and forces the scrambling pattern to repeat every 232 16-byte block.  Is the algorithm expected to be secure for significantly longer stream lengths if for example the IV were a 128b nonce XORed with a 64b or 128b counter, or are there known cryptanalysis issues that begin to arise?
In reading through the original GCM specification (), the composition of the 128 bit Initialization Vector as a concatenation of a 96b nonce and a 32b unsigned wrapping counter seems arbitrary and forces the scrambling pattern to repeat every 232 16-byte block.  Is the algorithm expected to be secure for significantly longer stream lengths if for example the IV were a 128b nonce XORed with a 64b or 128b counter, or are there known cryptanalysis issues that begin to arise?
Pygame: Is there any easy way to find the letter/number of ANY alphanumeric pressed? "there doesn't seem" vs. "there don't seem" I am in Portugal (Lisbon) at the moment, and when leaving my room late at night (12 pm ~ 04 am) I usually face about 4 of these arthropods in the corridors:    (For reference, the "line" in the image is a standard separation on the floor. This particular example of the animal is a little smaller than a nail.) They seem to have quite variable sizes and walk primarily on ground. Also, as implicit above, they seem to be active primarily during the late night. (I don't see them much often, if at all, during the morning/afternoon.) They can be quite fast, but if left unharmed do not move much. They also appear to take shelter inside the walls.  From what I searched, it seems possible that they are centipedes. I've seen sites saying that they are useful to keep other less pleasant animals at bay. My questions are: What are those animals, and should I leave them be or not? Otherwise, is there any alternative command line utility that can achieve this? What free/open source image design programs can you recommend? Are there any free/ open source image designing programs that you can recommend? How can I view the contents of tar.gz file without extracting from the command-line? I want to see the contents (list of files and folders) of an archive, for example a  tar.gz file without extracting it.  Are there any methods for doing that? Two different solutions to integral For $f :\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\displaystyle$ we have ${\lim_{n \to +\infty} f(x+n) =0}$ almost everywhere I want to show that for $f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ Lebesgue integrable  $\displaystyle{\lim_{n \to +\infty} f(x+n) =0}$ almost everywhere.  It is clear to me that this statement is true and I have tried to prove it by contradiction, by assuming that either $\displaystyle{\lim_{n \to +\infty} f(x+n) =\infty}$ or$\displaystyle{\lim_{n \to +\infty} f(x+n) =K}$ with $K\in \mathbb{R}$ .  In the first case  we can follow that $|f|=\infty$ so that $\int_\mathbb{R}f=\infty$ and we have a contradiction.  In the other case we know that there must be an $a\in \mathbb{R}$ so that $\forall x&gt;a$ we have $f_+(x)&gt;K/2$ and by that:  $\int_{{\mathbb{R}}+}|f|&gt;\int_{\mathbb{R}_+}f_+=\int_{[0,a]}f_++ \int_{(a,\infty)}f_+&gt;\int_{[0,a]}f_++\int_{(a,\infty)}K/2=\infty$  Would this be enough to show the statement? Can I even make the assumption that the limit of $f(x+n)$ "exists"? Any hints would be great. Git command to show which specific files are ignored by .gitignore I am getting my feet wet with Git and have the following issue:  My project source tree:  / | +--src/ +----refs/ +----... | +--vendor/ +----...   I have code (currently MEF) in my vendor branch that I will compile there and then move the references into /src/refs which is where the project picks them up from.  My issue is that I have my .gitignore set to ignore *.dll and *.pdb.  I can do a git add -f bar.dll to force the addition of the ignored file which is ok, the problem is I can not figure out to list what files exist that are ignored.  I want to list the ignored files to make sure that I don't forget to add them.  I have read the man page on git ls-files and can not make it work. It seems to me that git ls-files --exclude-standard -i should do what I want.  What am I missing? Where does TREE(n) sit on the Fast Growing Hierarchy? Why is it that scanf() needs the l in "%lf" when reading a double, when printf() can use "%f" regardless of whether its argument is a double or a float?  Example code:  double d; scanf("%lf", &amp;d); printf("%f", d); Let $G$ be a locally compact Hausdorff Abelian topological group.  Let $\mu$ be a Haar measure on $G$, i.e. a regular translation invariant measure.  Let $f$ be fixed in $\mathcal{L}^1(G, \mu)$.  Define the function from $G$ to $\mathcal{L}^1(G)$ that assigns to each $y$ in $G$ the function that takes $x$ in $G$ to $f(xy^{-1})$.  I.e. it assigns the $y$-translate of $f$.  Is this a continuous function of $y$ into $\mathcal{L}^1$?      On p.94 3.10 of  it is asserted that it is.  The usual proof of this sort of thing in cases where $G=\mathbb{R}$, say, is you use density of compactly supported continuous functions, and then dominated convergence.  The former survives, but dominated convergence does not work on nets.  In fact, a limit of a net of measurable functions need not be measurable. Filter data.frame rows by a logical condition One of the things that makes him great is he brings it every night.   I'm pretty sure it should be that make him in the plural, because one of the things is referring to a lot of things and a lot of things should take a plural verb. But I always hear native speakers in America say it in the singular, so with an s.  Another example:     This is one of the responsibilities that comes with greatness and he understands that.   Native speakers always use the verb in the singular (here, comes) even though [I believe] it is grammatically incorrect to use the singular form of the verb there. Let $A, B$ be subsets of a metric space $X$. If $A$ is compact and $B$ is closed, show that the distance between $A$ and $B$ is achieved.   Attempt at a proof:    Let $A$ be compact and $B$ be closed. Let $m=d(A,B)=\inf_{b\in B} d(A,B)$. Then, there are two possibilities: (a) $\exists b\in B$, $d(a,b)=m$. If this is the case, we're done. (b) $\forall b\in B$, $d(a,b)&gt;m$. In this case,     there exists a sequence $\{b_n\}\subseteq B:$ $d(a,b_n)\rightarrow m$ as $n\rightarrow\infty$ by definition of infinum. Then there exists a subsequence $\{b_{n_k}\}$: $d(b_{n_1},a)&gt;d(b_{n_2},a)&gt;...$ which is monotonic decreasing. Then note that $d(b_{n_k},a)&lt;d(b_{n_1},a)&lt;\infty$. So it's a bounded sequence. Now I want to show that it has a convergent subsequence that converges to $b\in B$ and then I want to do the same for $A$. And then finally to show that $d(a,b)=m$ in fact. Any clues to how to get there? I'm using iPhone 6s 16 GB. My storage isn't full but still I can't download anything. Every time I wanted to start a download it keeps telling:  app name* could not be download at this time Why do function pointers all have the same value? Can "what kind" be plural? Is it correct to say, "What kind of patents are being issued in these sophisticated times?" It seems like it should be What kind of patents is being issued..., but that sounds wrong.  What kind of patent is being issued... is correct and sounds right, but loses a little bit of the original meaning.  Is there something magic about what kind that allows it to be plural, or do people just misuse it a lot? Why are there no animals in "The Matrix"? Aside from the repetitive appearance of the black cat, I can't remember seeing any living animals, either inside the Matrix simulation or in Zion.  How come? Is there an in-universe explanation? Proving that the general linear group is a differentiable manifold We know that the the general linear group is defined as the set $\{A\in M_n(R): \det A \neq 0\}$. I have a homework on how to prove that it is a smooth manifold. So far my only idea is that we can think of each matrix, say $A$, in that group as an $n^2-$dimensional vector. So i guess that every neighborhood of $A$ is homeomorphic to an open ball in $\mathbb{R}^{n^2}$ (However, i don't know how to prove this.)  Now, I'm asking for help if anyone could give me a hint on how to prove that the general linear group is a smooth manifold since I really don't have an idea on how to do this. (By the way, honestly, I don't really understand what a $C^{\infty}-$smooth structure means which is essential to the definition of a smooth manifold.) Your help will be greatly appreciated. :)