i want to learn single variable calculus i completed schooling and i love calculus for now i am focusing on single variable calculus i tried many books like Calculus - "A Complete Course 7th ed - R. Adams, C. Essex (Pearson Canada, 2010) BBS" and Dawkins part one and two but they feel like pretty basic to me then i got to know about spivak that book is really tough i cant solve most of it and no solutions are available i learned all of calculus on my own we dont have good teachers here and i cant buy books because they are not available here i just download them from torrent if its available so i have a real problem here so what i want is a book that covers all of single variable calculus differential equation is not necessary i am thinking of learning it separately so what i want is a book that would contain fairly tough question and their solutions too if you could provide link to free digital copy it would be great.  so i am more interested in proofs and theorems but i must be able to do problems based on them to not the ones with direct application but little hard and not as hard as spivak's
I've already taken my calculus sequence and I'm interested in brushing up and staying sharp on the basics. So far, my calculus background is limited to single-variable calculus, which I applied in my physics sequence and engineering statistics. I learned a little bit of vector math in physics as well, but I'm not strong in it. My mathematical strengths lie in the discrete mathematics.  I'm particularly interested in studying for my IEEE Certified Software Development Associate exam - 10% of the exam is mathematics (calculus, differential equations, and statistics). Calculus is one of the mathematics knowledge areas that a software engineer should be competent in, so I'm looking for not only solidifying the courses that I've already taken, but moving forward with slightly more advanced topics, at an undergraduate mathematics level.  I'm currently using the textbook from my calculus sequence, but I'm interested to know what books other people used to learn calculus and if the book is potentially worth checking out.  What books are available to help me?
What does `invalid initialization of non-const reference` mean? lsusb relevant output Bus 001 Device 006: ID 0bda:8812 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTL8812AU 802.11a/b/g/n/ac WLAN Adapter  Upon plugging the device it is recognized by lsusb, however when I go to wireless settings no adapter is recognized. The driver is installed (by going to software and updates -> addition drivers and selecting the open source driver). Confidence interval interpretation in linear regression when errors are not normally distributed Is it possible to convert virtual machines to physical environments? Can not switch Node.js to a default version of my choice Is it correct to say "What was your name?"? The reason I am asking this is, generally the name of the person will not change. One should say "What is your name?" Theorem. Let $(X,\mathcal B,\mu)$ a finite measure space, where $\mu$ is a positive measure. Let $\mathcal A\subset \mathcal B$ an algebra generating $\cal B$. Then for all $B\in\cal B$ and $\varepsilon&gt;0$, we can find $A\in\cal A$ such that $$\mu(A\Delta B)=\mu(A\cup B)-\mu(A\cap B)&lt;\varepsilon.$$  I don't think there is a proof in this site. It's a useful result for several reasons:  We know what the algebra generated by a collection of sets is, but not what the generated $\sigma$-algebra is. The map $\rho\colon \cal B\times\cal B\to \Bbb R_+$, $\rho(A,A')=\mu(A\Delta A')$ gives a pseudo-metric on $\cal B$. This makes a link between generating for an algebra and dense for the pseudo-metric. We say that a $\sigma$-algebra is separable if it's generated by a countable class of sets. In this case, the algebra generated by this class is countable. An with the mentioned result, we can show that $L^p(\mu)$ is separable for $1\leq p&lt;\infty$, which makes a link between the two notions. In ergodic theory, we have to test mixing conditions only an a generating algebra, not on all the $\sigma$-algebra. Google AdSense Policy Non Compliant "Site Behaviour: Navigation" I have an alpha version of Ubuntu.  When the stable version is released do I have to upgrade or is it already stable from the installed updates? In which situations is it OK to omit articles in short sentences? Recently, in many new online software I often see that developers omit articles in short sentences, especially on action buttons or tooltips.     For instance: "Add new task" (not "Add a new task"), "Create project" (not "Create a project"), but often in the same software I can see "Make a copy". What are situations it can be justified? How can I work around this TikZ bug: (\x)^2 and \x^2 produce different results in TikZ plot? Let $f(n) = \sum_{(k,n)=1} e^\frac{2\pi ik}{n}$. Show that $f(n) = \sum_{k=1}^{n}\left(\sum_{d\mid (k,n)} \mu(d)e^{\frac{2\pi ik}{n}} \right) $ Why is setTimeout(fn, 0) sometimes useful? Is there a way to convert number words to Integers? Python Script to Add Fields to Feature Classes I have to try to add a field called 'Name' to a bunch of different feature classes using python, and then access the name of the feature class to fill in the field. I have no idea how to even start this! I know I need a loop but that's all I know. Question: Best way to derive an ellipse formula when given bunch of points (say 60 points which when connected draws an ellipse)?  Background: Using R Momocs library function  which returns confidence ellipse coordinates. Would be nice to abstract those points into a formula.  You can see my ellipse points in the image below;    Any suggestions much appreciated, Thanks Voting to Close after Accidentally Voting to Leave Open When reviewing on SO, I accidentally pushed the "Leave Open" button on a post that clearly should've been closed. I pushed the back button and saw that in the review panel my vote to keep open had been locked and it said:     PhpMyCoder voted to leave open 1 minute ago   So I clicked on the question heading to go to its page and I clicked the close link on the question page and voted to close for the relevant reason. However, when I returned to the review page (and did a hard refresh) it still said:     PhpMyCoder voted to leave open 2 minutes ago   Is it possible to vote to leave open and vote to close at the same time? I assume not. In which case, I'd say this is a bug because it should've updated to say:     OtherUser and PhpMyCoder voted to close 2 minutes ago Showcase of beautiful typography done in TeX & friends If you were asked to show examples of beautifully typeset documents in TeX &amp; friends, what would you suggest? Preferably documents available online (I'm aware I could go to a bookstore and find many such documents called 'books'). Extra bonus for documents whose LaTeX source is available.  This is not an idle question. Seeing great examples of any craft is both educational and inspiring, let alone explaining why we prefer TeX to Word or other text editors.  For instance, I like how Philipp Lehman's  looks. I don't know enough LaTeX to realize how much customization was done, but the ToC looks polished.  Your nominations, please ... I installed Android studio some time ago using the following suggested method:     To set up Android Studio on Linux:      Unpack the downloaded Tar file,   android-studio-ide--linux.zip, into an appropriate location   for your applications. To launch Android Studio, navigate to the   android-studio/bin/ directory in a terminal and execute studio.sh. You   may want to add android-studio/bin/ to your PATH environmental   variable so that you can start Android Studio from any directory.   Follow the links to install the SDK outside of the Android Studio   directories.   For whatever reason it has become corrupt and insists I must un-install and re-install. I can't for the life of me find how to un-install it however.  I didn't use apt-get so I can't do apt-get remove.  Does anyone have any suggestions? If I have an IEnumerable like:  string[] items = new string[] { "a", "b", "c", "d" };   I would like to loop thru all the pairs of consecutive items (sliding window of size 2). Which would be   ("a","b"), ("b", "c"), ("c", "d")   My solution was is this       public static IEnumerable&lt;Pair&lt;T, T&gt;&gt; Pairs(IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; enumerable) {         IEnumerator&lt;T&gt; e = enumerable.GetEnumerator(); e.MoveNext();         T current = e.Current;         while ( e.MoveNext() ) {             T next = e.Current;             yield return new Pair&lt;T, T&gt;(current, next);             current = next;         }     }   // used like this :  foreach (Pair&lt;String,String&gt; pair in IterTools&lt;String&gt;.Pairs(items)) {     System.Out.PrintLine("{0}, {1}", pair.First, pair.Second)  }   When I wrote this code, I wondered if there are already functions in the .NET framework that do the same thing and do it not just for pairs but for any size tuples.  IMHO there should be a nice way to do this kind of sliding window operations.  I use C# 2.0 and I can imagine that with C# 3.0 (w/ LINQ) there are more (and nicer) ways to do this, but I'm primarily interested in C# 2.0 solutions. Though, I will also appreciate C# 3.0 solutions.