if [[ 6 &gt; 50 ]]; then     echo &quot;true&quot; fi  $ bash script.sh I'm missing something very obvious here. Why is 6 greater than 50 ?? ** EDIT ** I'm also try to solve for if [[ 6.5 &gt; 50 ]]; then     echo &quot;true&quot; fi
Using echo "20+5" literally produces the text "20+5".  What command can I use to get the numeric sum, 25 in this case?  Also, what's the easiest way to do it just using bash for floating point? For example, echo $((3224/3807.0)) prints 0 :(.  I am looking for answers using either the basic command shell ('command line') itself or through using languages that are available from the command line.
In my document, I will write something like this (using natbib, but that shouldn't matter too much):  \citet{reference} show that .....   which would render as     Jones et al (1990) show that....   (\citet in \natbib creates an 'author-list (year)' reference style)  Of course if {reference} was a single individual, I should have written  \cite{reference} shows that ....   rendering as     Jones (1990) shows that....   Since I'm lazy and can't take the extra 5 seconds to search the reference to see if it's a single author or not, is there conceivably an automated way to do pluralization ? Or some relatively simple macro that would look like   \IfRefIsPlural{reference}{show}{shows} The SourceForge signon page says I can associate an OpenID with my existing SourceForge account:    I enter my currently-signed-in SourceForge account password I select the custom OpenID URL and enter https://openid.stackexchange.com I'm redirected to https://openid.stackexchange.com/account/login?&lt;session key bits&gt; I enter my openid.stackexchange.com login information there I get the error message:     Cannot Complete Login      Detected an attempt to send an assertion when the identifier () is not owned by the logged in user.    I don't understand what that means. an "X is an X is an X" what does this mean? I am reading  (I must say, with great delight but that's not relevant) and  Canadian is a Canadian is a Canadian A citizen is a citizen is a citizen.  I do not understand this structure. Why not just &quot;A citizen is a citizen&quot;? What is the meaning of repeating this? ASP.NET MVC 3 localization with DisplayAttribute and custom resource provider Are there integer solutions to $9^x - 8^y = 1$? This is a very basic query I can't figure out....  Let's say I have a two column table like this:  userid  |  roleid --------|--------    1    |    1    1    |    2    1    |    3    2    |    1   I want to get all distinct userids that have roleids 1, 2 AND 3.  Using the above example, the only result I want returned is userid 1.  How do I do this? How do I bake multiple texture maps into 1 UV, In Blender Cycles? Using:  Blender V2.79 Cycles Render Engine  After creating a complex interior scene consisting of 3 different texture types, each having 3 associated maps (Diffuse, Gloss, Normal) I noticed the texture and baking options will not successfully combine to create a texture for the exported mesh once I bring it into Unity 3D. The mesh is a single object with the different textures assigned to specified faces.  I've played around with a default cube mesh for testing purposes, using the same 3 textures split among the 6 sides, but have only been able to successfully pull over the color info by baking a diffuse map to my UV and saving the image. When using the other baking options, Blender does not successfully create a map for either my Glossy textures, nor my normal map. Even using the "Combined" baking option, I am provided a flat dull diffuse image for my mesh, no gloss or normal info is saved.  My Node process for textures is displayed here  Here is the result of baking my textures as a Normal  The result of adding other textures made from Blender's baking, results in flat gloss at best.  What can I do differently in Blender, to have my assigned UV Diffuse, Normal, and Gloss maps all appear in a single object in Unity? I have Ubuntu 14.04 installed on my laptop. Can I clone the entire system with apps, settings, etc on a USB 3 pendrive, and then boot from that on other computers as a portable Ubuntu installation to take around with me?  I am trying a function that Timeshift has that's called "Clone the current system on another device". I've selected the pendrive as the target device. Timeshift was talking about this being bootable. But is it going to bootable on only this laptop, or on any system? For example, on an Intel Mac, or a Windows computer without the grub bootloader? Is that Timeshift function what I am looking for, or do I have to do something else?  Edit: The Timeshift clone failed to boot on the first system I tested it on. (A Dell Hackintosh that usually boots from USB just fine.) I'd like to do it in Python. What I'd like to do in this example in C: #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;  int main() {     int i;     for (i=0; i&lt;10; i++) printf(&quot;.&quot;);     return 0; }  Output: ..........  In Python: &gt;&gt;&gt; for i in range(10): print('.') . . . . . . . . . . &gt;&gt;&gt; print('.', '.', '.', '.', '.', '.', '.', '.', '.', '.') . . . . . . . . . .  In Python print will add a \n or space, how can I avoid that? Now, it's just an example, don't tell me I can first build a string then print it. I'd like to know how to &quot;append&quot; strings to stdout. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors with zeroes on the diagonal and ones everywhere else. I have been working on this problem for a couple hours and am completely stuck. Any help would be greatly appreciated.  Let $A$ be the $n \times n$ matrix which has zeros on the main diagonal and ones everywhere else. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of $A$. Print composer custom grid label problem In answer to  Klas Karlsson puts forward a solution to the problem of formatting print composer grid labels for projected maps.  I'm very weak on scripting, but in QGIS 2.14 I've tried to enter the text as shown in Klas's illustration, which generates error messages. In my case I'm working with a coordinate system that has a six-digit Easting and a six-digit Northing and I'm trying to get a result similar to that shown in Klas's picture (but with a six-digit Northing). Can anyone help me with this? Is it possible to change your single-player skin? In Minecraft, is it possible to customize your skin in single-player mode (not just in multiplayer)? How? Ubuntu stuck/freeze on install I've been trying to replace my current Windows 10 installation with Ubuntu 16.04. My computer is a Lenovo Thinkpad T470. I've formatted my 15GB USB-dongle. Downloaded the software Rufus, and burned the ISO onto the USB. I've tried the settings "MBR Partition for BIOS or UEFI", "MBR Partition for UEFI" and "GPT partition for UEFI". I've tried using memtest86+ to test if I have any memory errors, I have not. I've tried disabling Secure boot, and Fast startup. I've tried using other software than Rufus, and I've tried entering the "nomodeset" in the boot options, as well "acpi=off", nothing works.   When I boot from my USB. I choose "Install Ubuntu" from the grub menu. And then select my language in the installer. It is from this point on, it gets problematic. Sometimes when I try to connect to my WIFI, it connects successfully, but when I press the "continue" button, the installer freezes and nothing happens. Sometimes I get past this point, but it then freezes later on in the installation progress - typically right when I press the "Install now" button.   It should also be mentioned that, if I press the "Quit" button in the install. I get to a black screen with a lot of text saying something like squashfs error.   Can someone please help me? When I tried booting memtest86+ it only worked when I changed my boot mode from UEFI to Legacy. Could this be it? Are there any downsides to installing an operating system in legacy?   If anyone has any other suggestions, it would be greatly appreciated!  Thank you :-) How to transpose a dataset in a csv file? What is the population of the Star Wars Galaxy? As in  I'm trying to use apa6e and biblatex-apa together and having problems.  Before I arrived at these problems, over the course of many hours of much reading, I first managed to get BibTeX working as expected in a simple input file (by modifying sample2e.tex). Then I managed to get apa6e working as expected based on the author's example in apa6e.pdf (which uses apacite). But when I try to get apa6e working with biblatex-apa, I end up with problems.  Here's my input file:  \documentclass{apa6e}  \usepackage[american]{babel} \usepackage{csquotes}  % biblatex \usepackage[style=apa]{biblatex} \bibliography{biblatex-apa-test-references}  \title{An Example Document} \shorttitle{Psychology: the end} \author{Silly Name}  \authornote{\dots} \abstract{\dots}  \begin{document}  \maketitle  This is an example input\cite{7.01:2} file.  Comparing it with the output it generates can show you\cite{7.01:3a} how to produce a simple document of your own.  \printbibliography  \end{document}   Attempting to typeset this in TeXShop by running LaTeX, then BiBTeX (which based on console messages, does seem to correctly call biblatex rather than BiBTeX), then LaTeX again, I get the following error message which I am having great difficulty (no doubt due to my lack of experience with TeX and co.) decoding.  (./test6.aux) (/usr/local/texlive/2011/texmf-dist/tex/latex/psnfss/ot1ptm.fd) *geometry* driver: auto-detecting *geometry* detected driver: pdftex (./test6.bbl) Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 18--18  []\OT1/ptm/m/n/12 An Ex-am-ple Doc-u-ment   Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 18--18  []\OT1/ptm/m/n/12 Silly Name   Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 18--18  []\OT1/ptm/m/n/12 Author Note  [1{/usr/local/texlive/2011/texmf-var/fonts/map/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}] Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 18--18  []\OT1/ptm/m/n/12 Abstract  [2] Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 18--18  []\OT1/ptm/m/n/12 An Ex-am-ple Doc-u-ment   Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 25--25  []\OT1/ptm/b/n/12 References  ./test6.tex:25: Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \mkbibdateapalongextra  (/usr/local/texlive/2011/texmf-dist/tex/latex/psnfss/ot1pcr.fd) (/usr/local/texlive/2011/texmf-dist/tex/latex/psnfss/ot1ztmcm.fd) (/usr/local/texlive/2011/texmf-dist/tex/latex/psnfss/omlztmcm.fd) (/usr/local/texlive/2011/texmf-dist/tex/latex/psnfss/omsztmcm.fd) (/usr/local/texlive/2011/texmf-dist/tex/latex/psnfss/omxztmcm.fd) Overfull \hbox (8.03372pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 25--25 [][]  \OT1/ptm/m/n/12 Gilbert, D. G., Mc-Cler-non, J. F., Ra-bi-novich, N. E.,  Sugai, C., Plath, L. C., As-gaard, G., ... Botros,  ./test6.tex:25: Undefined control sequence. &lt;argument&gt; \mkbibdateapalongextra                                    {year}{month}{day}\iffieldundef {endyear}{... l.25   I tried many different sources in several different *.bib files before eventually trying the .bib database shown above and included with biblatex-apa. All trials gave a similar error.  Can someone help? I'm impressed that the poster above was able to do anything with apa6e and biblatex-apa, and if I only had her problem of having the reference page title show up in bold, I'd be really happy.  If you need to know, my tools are from a fresh installation of MacTeX that I immediately updated using the TeX Live Utility. I've checked my versions for apa6e (v0.3) and biblatex-apa (v4.2), and I think these are current. Mortarboard badge not awarded How To Make A Solid Object Drop To The Ground Like It Was Liquid I am having trouble with (a) and (b):  I evaluated (a) and I got that sun of the first three terms does not equal $\ln(5/8)$. I got that it is equal to $\ln(3/4) + \ln(2/3) + \ln(15/16)$ which is not equal to $\ln(5/8)$.  I am also having trouble with part (b). I cannot figure out how to calculate the math to cancel out the $(k+1)^2$ and turn it into $2(n  +1)$.  Any help would be amazing. Evaluate $$\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n} \frac{k}{2^k}$$