I would like to access external QGIS plugins through a python script. I have been able to access the built in QGIS processing and vector toolbox, but have been unsuccessful with external plugins such as the topology checker plugin. I have tried this both using the built in QGIS python console, and an external IDE, but attempts have failed.  I am sure that there is a way to do this, has someone done this before?
Is there a way to access QGIS plugins in Python?   I'd like to write a script to do some geoprocessing, and I'd like to use the clip, regular points and convex hull tools in fTools, as well as the Road graph plugin. The latter is probably a different can of worms because it is a C++ rather than Python plugin.
Relativity and Galaxy Rotation Speed Do these two observations suffice to show that a finite boolean ring must be of the form $\mathbb{Z}_2\times\cdots\times\mathbb{Z}_2$? Question: If $R$ is a finite boolean ring, then show $R \cong \mathbb Z_2 \times \mathbb Z_2 \times \cdots\times \mathbb Z_2$.   I know that   $\mathrm{char}(R) =2$  $R$ has $2^k$ elements for some $k$  (this is because, if $p\neq 2$ is a prime with $p\mid|R|$, then there exists a non-zero $x \in R$ s.t. $px=0$ and $p $ is odd $\implies x=0$, contradiction).   Does this suffice to answer my question? RSA leak bits to factor N Validate/verify PDF files integrity Is there any tool which I can run on the PDFs archives (all directories) and finally it lists/identifies the corrupt/invalid PDFs? I have hundreds of PDF files (related to documentation etc.) on my computer (Windows machine), and very often I receive/have to send dozens of PDFs via email. It is now a normal routine that the PDF I receive or send is corrupted. This creates serious trouble sometimes, when the source file (e.g. Word file or the Tex file) is missing/not available instantly. Checking these thousands of PDFs is not possible in finite time, so I have searched for a tool which I can run once and it would scan all PDFs (in directories and sub-directories), and finally I would get a list of files which I should re-create. Up to now, it seems there is no such tool. How to append the contents of a list at the end of the other list? How do I append the contents of one list at the end of another list? I got pretty confused at that question... Can anyone help me understand this question better and/or drop some hints please? Thank you! Homeomorphism(topological spaces) version of Cantor–Bernstein–Schroeder theorem Can I put a rack on a carbon road bike? I got a carbon-framed  recently but I also want to use it for commuting to and from work and I want a place to put my lock and other stuff on the bike. Is it possible to have a rack on this kinda bike. Can a self-complementary graph on 100 vertices have precisely one vertex of degree 50? Avoiding Windows 10 Creator, but not other updates Is it true that one should not use NSLog() on production code? I was told this a few times in this very site, but I wanted to make sure this is really the case.  I was expecting to be able to sprinkle NSLog function calls throughout my code, and that Xcode/gcc would automatically strip those calls out when building my Release/Distribution builds.  Should I avoid using this? If so, what alternatives are most common between experienced Objective-C programmers? For a submerged object, buoyant force ($F_b$) is defined as:  $$F_b = V_{\text{submerged}} \times \rho \text{ (density)} \times g \text{ (gravitational constant)}$$   Conceptually, the buoyant force equation says that buoyant force exerted is equal to the weight of the volume of water a given object displaced. Why? I went online to   and found the following explanation, but it seems like non-sequitur to me:      Explanation: When an object is removed, the volume that the object occupied will fill with fluid. This volume of fluid must be supported by the pressure of the surrounding liquid since a fluid can not support itself. When no object is present, the net upward force on this volume of fluid must equal to its weight, i.e. the weight of the fluid displaced. When the object is present, this same upward force will act on the object. Does walking fast prevent eggs hatching? I have a couple of eggs that I've picked up from some Pokestops (I'm lucky enough to live above one).   I walk a lot. I get to work through a 2 mile walk / train journey every day, so I should be picking up loads of steps for the eggs I have. However, because I'm normally always running late... for everything, I have to rush everywhere, so I walk at an above average pace.   Today I've walked around 5 miles, but the game has registered 100 metres. Is this because I walk too fast, or because of something else?  It's worth pointing out that I have the app open when walking... mostly because I have to catch them all. (This made me miss a train this morning... luckily I was early :D) What does this triangle/diamond schematic symbol represent? Is password confirmation necessary on a Change Password dialog? Clipping LAS data using shapefile polygons and open source software? I am trying to clip or filter lidar files (.las, .xyz) using a shapefile that contains multiple polygons.  Is there open source software that can do this spatial operation?  My .las files are enormous, and I should say that I am very new to DEM data and analysis so any help would be very welcome. Evaluating the double limit $\lim_{m \to \infty} \lim_{n \to \infty} \cos^{2m}(n! \pi x)$ I have to find out the following limit $$\lim_{m\to\infty}\lim_{n\to\infty}[\cos(n!πx)^{2m}]$$ for $x$ rational and irrational. for $x$ rational $x$ can be written as $\frac{p}{q}$ and as $n!$ will have $q$ as its factor the limit should be equal to 1. the second part of irrational is giving me problems. I first thought that limit should be zero as absolute value of cosine term is less than 1 and power it to infinity you should get $0$. But then I realised that it was wrong. I brought the limit down to this form. $$e^{-\sin^2(n!πx)m}$$ after this I find the question quite ambiguous as they have just said $x$ is irrational. If I take $x$ as $\frac{1}{n!π\sqrt{m}}$ I get the limit as $\frac{1}{e}$ but if I take  $x$ as $\frac{2}{n!π\sqrt{m}}$ I get the limit as $\frac{1}{e^4}$. please help me and tell me where have I gone wrong? Density of sum of two independent uniform random variables on $[0,1]$ I am trying to understand an example from my textbook.  Let's say $Z = X + Y$, where $X$ and $Y$ are independent uniform random variables with range $[0,1]$. Then the PDF is $$f(z) = \begin{cases} z &amp; \text{for $0 &lt; z &lt; 1$} \\ 2-z &amp; \text{for $1 \le z &lt; 2$} \\ 0 &amp; \text{otherwise.} \end{cases}$$  How was this PDF obtained?   Thanks nginx support for .htaccess / rewrite rules? Differences from Apache? I've been working with Apache http servers for quite some time, and finally making the move to static-content servers alongside the others dynamic-content machines.   I was wondering, does nginx support ".htaccess" files, and things like mod_rewrite?   As I'm very used to the syntax, I was wondering what the (syntax) differences were, and what the learning curve is like moving from Apache configs to nginx. $(m, m+2)$ is twin prime, iff $4((m-1)! + 1) \equiv -m \pmod {m(m+2)}$ The Wiki page on  says     The pair $(m, m+2)$ is twin prime, iff $4((m-1)! + 1) \equiv -m \pmod {m(m+2)}$.   This is obviously connected to Wilson's Theorem. Can anybody provide a proof for that, along the lines of thought given here, ?