The TeX-primitive \show displays text of a command but I observed that not all, say LaTeX's commands, have been exhibited by this way. Opinions and solutions of experts please.........
I know that, whenever I want to see how some control sequence, say \mycontrolsequence, is defined, I can use \show\mycontrolsequence  then compile my code and look up the .log file. However, robust commands seem impervious to \show. For instance, if I compile the following code, \documentclass{article}  \newcommand\mycommand{foo} \show\mycommand  \DeclareRobustCommand{\myrobustcommand}{bar} \show\myrobustcommand  \begin{document} hello \end{document}  my log file contains  \mycommand=\long macro: -&gt;foo. l.4 \show\mycommand  \myrobustcommand=macro: -&gt;\protect \myrobustcommand  . l.7 \show\myrobustcommand   Note that, whereas the definition of \mycommand is exposed (foo), nothing transpires of \myrobustcommand's definition. Of course, in practice, I could always identify in which file a given robust command is defined and look up its definition there. However, finding the file in question may not be obvious. Hence my question: Is there an alternative way of peering into the definition of a robust command?
I'm using BibLaTeX to handle my bibliography and I want a reference to be placed in a footnote on every page where I cite the same work and have the same number. Also I want to be able to cite the same work on one page several times. The latter could be done by using  from the Joseph Wright's blog. However, it puts a reference in a footnote only once. How to read a file line-by-line into a list? So I've got the shout in my shouts list and I've unlocked all three parts of it, but I can't seem to be able to use it all, just the first part.  Am I missing something? I still have a quest for 'Learn the first word of Durnehviir's shout' but it's showing as me having already got it.  What gives? What is the origin of Dol Goldur, and why did Sauron start there? Who built the fortress of Dol Goldur, and when was it built? And was it always a place for evil, or Sauron just occupied it?  Despite the fact that Mordor is much better fortified; artificially by the old fortifications,  and geographically, as it is surrounded by the mountains. Also considering the presence of mount doom that seem to enhance Sauron's power, Sauron chose to start his campaign from Dol Goldur, despite Mordor being ready for quite some time.  Why did he choose this enigmatic fortress, and not go straight for Mordor or even go earlier? Is the proof of these identities possible, only using elementary differential and integral calculus? If it is, can anyone direct me to the proofs? ( or give a hint for the solution )  1)$$\int_0^\infty { e^{-x^2} \ln x }\,dx = -\tfrac14(\gamma+2 \ln 2) \sqrt{\pi} $$  2)$$\int_0^\infty { e^{-x} \ln^2 x }\,dx = \gamma^2 + \frac{\pi^2}{6} $$  3) $$\gamma = \int_0^1 \frac{1}{1+x} \sum_{n=1}^\infty x^{2^n-1} \, dx$$  and lastly,  4) $$\zeta(s) = \frac{e^{(\log(2\pi)-1-\gamma/2)s}}{2(s-1)\Gamma(1+s/2)} \prod_\rho \left(1 - \frac{s}{\rho} \right) e^{s/\rho}\!$$  I personally think the last is obtained from a simple use of the Weierstrass factorization theorem. I'm unsure as to what substitution is used.  $\gamma$ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant and $\zeta(s)$ is the Riemannian Zeta function.  Thanks in advance. Anything similar in javascript to ruby's #{value} (string interpolation) iMac with 8GB RAM -- memory always almost full I have a 27'' iMac (Late 2012, OS X 10.9.2) with 8GB RAM. The usage of memory is always above 7GB, even though I don't think I am running that much stuff. This leads to the occasional hanging of a program and occasional feeling of the computer being lagged.  The heaviest thing I am running is a Parallels virtualization of a defunct Windows laptop (for my Windows-only programs; work-related). Then I mostly surf with Chrome (10-20 tabs, some with youtube videos). Of course I have other things opened, like Mail, Evernote and a few more. But I don't think a 8GB RAM computer should be overwhelmed by that. I could be wrong.  I am willing to provide an export of processes from the Activity Monitor. I tried looking into it, of course, and I am running A LOT of small processes (unknown to me) -- system stuff I presume. I am a long-time PC user and I know my way around process management in PCs, but not on Mac.  What do you think? Do I just need more RAM or it doesn't feel like it?  Regards, I found this problem on a well-known problem solving website. It is apparently from Ramanujan.     With   $$\LARGE{a = \frac{1}{1 + \frac{e^{-2\pi}}{1 + \frac{e^{-4\pi}}{1 + \ddots}}}},$$   what is $a$?   The basic methods I know for questions of this type were not helpful to me.  I do not require a full solution, but feel free to post one if you would like. Hints or lecture notes on how to solve problems of this nature would be appreciated.   Keep in mind that I am at an undergraduate level in mathematics. What developer text editors are available for Ubuntu? I know this sounds silly but I would like some objects to follow physics while others not to collide each other.   I tried to achieve them by setting their position exclusively. But then it will ignore all physics.   Is what I am trying to do even possible? Network interface name changes after update to 15.10 - udev changes I updated a virtual machine running Ubuntu server 15.04 to the just released new stable 15.10.  There were no apparent problems, but after reboot the machine lost its network connection. lspci showed the correct card and lsmod proved that the driver had been loaded.  Hints about editing or removing /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules did not succeed (still no network, no new file), the famous /lib/udev/write_net_rules did not even exist.  I don't have much clue regarding udev and systemd, so it took me some time to find in /sys/class/net that the network interface name changed. It became ens32, which was renamed from eth0. After I changed /etc/network/interfaces network communication was enabled again.  But - why does this happen at all? And if it happens, shouldn't the interfaces file be updated automatically?  Now that I deleted the virtual network card and created another one, eth0 becomes eno16777728, which is not so, uhm, nice.  Should this behaviour (at least that of the upgrade procedure) be reported as a bug?  Furthermore, is /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules obsolete now? And (although only partly related) what about /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-cd.rules?)  Edit - additional question (after accepted answer) The dependency of /etc/network/interfaces from the actual interface name bothered me. I tried a new installation of *ubuntu in another virtual machine. To my surprise, /etc/network/interfaces contained a reference to the loopback device only. However, with my original VM this change prevented the network to come up. So what else do I need to change?  Edit Well, from another test I found that a new Ubuntu Server has the network interface card in /etc/network/interfaces, while XUbuntu has not. Maybe it is using network-manager or something else. If script.sh is just something typical like  #!/bin/bash echo "Hello World!"   Is there a preferred way to run the script? I think you first have to chmod it so it becomes executable? Testing whether two regression coefficients are significantly different (in R ideally) If this is a duplicate question, please point to the right way, but the similar questions I've found here haven't been sufficiently similar. Suppose I estimate the model $$Y=\alpha + \beta X + u$$  and find that $\beta&gt;0$. However, it turns out that $X=X_1+X_2$, and I suspect $\partial Y/\partial X_1 \ne \partial Y / \partial X_2$, and in particular, that $\partial Y/\partial X_1 &gt; \partial Y / \partial X_2$. So I estimate the model $$Y=\alpha + \beta_1 X_1 + \beta_2 X_2 +u$$and find significant evidence for $\beta_1,\beta_2&gt;0$. How can I then test whether $\beta_1&gt; \beta_2$? I considered running another regression $$Y=\alpha +\gamma(X_1 - X_2) + u$$ And testing whether $\gamma&gt;0$. Is this the best way?  Also, I need to generalize the answer to many variables, i.e. suppose we have $$Y=\alpha + \beta^1 X^1 + \beta ^2 X^2 + \dots + \beta^nX^n + u$$ where for each $j=1,\dots,n$, $X^j=X_1^j+X_2^j$, and I would like to test for each $j$ whether $\partial Y/\partial X_1^j \ne \partial Y / \partial X_2^j$.  By the way, I am primarily working in R. How much longer will my 10 year old frame last? How can I compute the integral $\int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{dt}{1+t^4}$? I have to compute this integral $$\int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{dt}{1+t^4}$$ to solve a problem in a homework. I have tried in many ways, but I'm stuck. A search in the web reveals me that it can be do it by methods of complex analysis. But I have not taken this course yet. Thanks for any help. Why won't this ocelot do anything but breed? Why is the direct product of a finite number of nilpotent groups nilpotent? Why does no line appear when using Interpolate Line in ArcMap? Set::setraw error in implementation of bisection method Would it be possible to generate the original data from a SHA-512 checksum? So, I have a file that is XY Exabytes big. I create a SHA-512 hash from it.    Are there any theoretical chances that I can retrieve the original data just from the sha512 hash?    Also, are there any better hashes then sha512?