As soon as you grind a spice, it gets exposed to air and starts to lose its potency.  I'm trying to figure out how I can grind them and reduce/prevent this from happening. I guess you could put them in an airtight jar, but wouldn't the air in the jar cause oxidation? Would putting the powder in capsules help, like medical tablets? Are there plastic bags or any bags where you can suck the air out? I can't do a fresh one daily, but need potency after time.  What methods are there to preserve powder from getting oxidized? Just to note the spices in question are black pepper, long pepper and dried ginger.  I guess the former two can be finely ground daily however I couldn't additionally dehydrate and grind ginger daily.
Spice containers purchase  I'm planning on upgrading my spice storage. Reading some advice online (e.g. , and ) I came to the conclusion that spice containers should:   Not be exposed to direct sunlight and high temperatures Be airtight   Which means that either you store it inside of some closed cupboard/wardrobe/room or you have containers which do block light and are in a relatively shady place. And the containers need to be airtight.  Available solutions  I've been browsing for some containers available online in my country and the 2 most sensible options I've seen are these:       The problem  The first one is hermetic (it has some rubber around the lid) but it's clear glass. The other one does not have the rubber, just a regular twist-off lid, but it's amber glass.  It'll be hard for me to find any space inside of cupboards to store all of my spices (I need at least 30), so I'd rather buy amber glass container, which I believe will effectively block the sunlight, even when kept on the counter. But I can't find any hermetic amber-glass containers, only ones with regular lid.  The question  Is that regular twist-off lid enough to keep spices airtight and fresh? Or should I focus on buying a hermetic container (like the one in clear glass). I could then for example paint them black to block the sunlight.
What is the equivalent of gksudo in Kubuntu/KDE? In regular Ubuntu (Unity/Gnome), I use gksudo to run GUI programs with root privileges. I'm trying out Kubuntu (or KDE) now -- what do I use? Closed formula for the sums $\sum\limits_{1 \le i_1 < i_2 < \dots < i_k \le n} i_1 i_2 \cdots i_k $? I've worked out a few summation formulas, and I am hoping to find a pattern. Unless I have made a mistake somewhere, we have the following identities:  $$\sum_{1 \le i \le n} i = \frac{(n+1)n}{2} $$  $$\sum_{1 \le i &lt; j \le n} ij = \frac{(3n+2)(n+1) \, n \, ( n-1)}{24}$$   $$\sum_{1 \le i &lt; j &lt; k \le n} ijk = \frac{(n+1)^2 \, n^2 \, (n-1)(n-2) }{48}$$   It seems clear that $$p_k(n)= \sum_{1 \le i_1 &lt; i_2 &lt; \dots &lt; i_k \le n} i_1 i_2 \cdots i_k $$ is a polynomial in $n$ of degree $2k$. But is there a nice closed-form formula for it? Maybe in terms of its factorization?  Comment: I realize that what I am looking for is the coefficient of $t^k$ in the expansion $$(1+t)(1+2t) \dots (1+nt),$$ so maybe generating function techniques could be helpful. But the main way I know to extract the coefficient of $t^k$ is to take derivatives $k-1$ times and on the surface of things that looks like a huge mess. Changing permissions on serial port Simple series convergence/divergence: $\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\frac{2^{k}k!}{k^{k}}$ Where to get QGIS toolbar icons? Does anybody know where to download the QGIS toolbar icons? Why Java needs Serializable interface? No hair theorem for black holes and the baryon number Determine whether $712! + 1$ is a prime number or not Let $n = 712! + 1$ If $n$ was a prime number then, by Wilson's theorem:  $ (712!)! \equiv -1 \pmod{712}$  The double factorial makes it seriously more difficult...  But We can require:  $$712!! + 1 \equiv 0 \pmod{712}$$  $$712 = 2\cdot 356$$   Hence: $712!! = 2^{356} 356!$  Lets compute: $356! \pmod{712}$. Obviously:  $$356! = (356 \cdot 2) \cdot (355!/2)  = 712 \cdot 355!/2$$  Then: $356! \pmod{712} \equiv 0$.   Now, $2^{356} \pmod{712}$  $2^{356} = 2^{6 + 350}$  Nevermind, what should I do? Delay in approval leads to missing out on being awarded an "Explainer" badge How can I return the current action in an ASP.NET MVC view? I wanted to set a CSS class in my master page, which depends on the current controller and action. I can get to the current controller via ViewContext.Controller.GetType().Name, but how do I get the current action (e.g. Index, Show etc.)? Origin of the dot and cross product? Most questions usually just relate to what these can be used for, that's fairly obvious to me since I've been programming 3D games/simulations for a while, but I've never really understood the inner workings of them... I could get the cross product equation as a determinant of a carefully-constructed matrix,   but what I want to ask is... How did the dot and cross product come to be? When were they "invented"? Some detailed proofs? Did someone say: "Hey, wouldn't it be nice if we could construct a way to calculate a vector that is perpendicular to two given operands?"  Basically, how/why do they work?  I would appreciate explanations, links to other explanations, other web resources... I've been searching the Internet lately for explanations, but most of them are on how to use it and nothing that really gives substance to it. Does $\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}}$ converge? Does the following series converge or diverge? $$ \sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}+\sqrt{n+1}} $$ The methods I have at my disposal are geometric and harmonic series, comparison test, limit comparison test, and the ratio test. After trying (and failing) to install better ATI drivers in 11.10, I've somehow lost my grub menu at boot time.  The screen does change to the familiar purple colour, but instead of a list of boot options it's just blank solid colour, and then disappears quickly and boots into the default entry normally.    How can I get the bootloader back?  I've tried sudo update-grub and also various different combinations of resolutions and colour depths in startupmanager application with no success (640x480, 1024x768, 1600x1200, 16 bits, 8 bits, 10 second delay, 7 second delay, 2 second delay...)   edit:   I have already tried holding down Shift during bootup and it does not seem to change the behaviour.  I get the message "GRUB Loading" in the terminal, but then the place where the grub menu normally appears I get a solid blank magenta screen for a while.  Here are the contents of /etc/default/grub  # If you change this file, run 'update-grub' afterwards to update # /boot/grub/grub.cfg. # For full documentation of the options in this file, see: #   info -f grub -n 'Simple configuration'  GRUB_DEFAULT=0 GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0 GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true GRUB_TIMEOUT=10 GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2&gt; /dev/null || echo Debian` GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash" GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=" vga=798 splash"  # Uncomment to enable BadRAM filtering, modify to suit your needs # This works with Linux (no patch required) and with any kernel that obtains # the memory map information from GRUB (GNU Mach, kernel of FreeBSD ...) #GRUB_BADRAM="0x01234567,0xfefefefe,0x89abcdef,0xefefefef"  # Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only) #GRUB_TERMINAL=console  # The resolution used on graphical terminal # note that you can use only modes which your graphic card supports via VBE # you can see them in real GRUB with the command `vbeinfo' #GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480  # Uncomment if you don't want GRUB to pass "root=UUID=xxx" parameter to Linux #GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true  # Uncomment to disable generation of recovery mode menu entries #GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"  # Uncomment to get a beep at grub start #GRUB_INIT_TUNE="480 440 1" When you pass a collection like list, array to another function in python, does it make a copy of it, or is it just a pointer? 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