I'm working on building a test suite in Python using unittest for a small project and I'm building a bunch of tests to use different switches. The code for the tests is very reusable, and it would be a waste to keep copying the test over and modifying a single switch, the way I'm doing it below:  def get_some_data():     return "randomtest"  def test1(self):     config = {a:1, b:2, c:3, d:get_some_data()}     run_some_command(config)  def test2(self):     config = {a:4, b:5, c:3, d:get_some_data()}     run_some_command(config) ...   Is there a way for me to read a config file that contains all these configurations and run each configuration as an individual test? I know that if I have a single test read the config and run each config, any one of the configs failing will mean the test failing as a whole. I'm trying to avoid that.   The idea is to have the config file look something like:  [ {a:1,b:2,c:3,d:"randomtest"}, {a:4,b:5,c:3,d:"randomtest"}, ... ]   I'm also open to reasonable suggestions on what alternatives I can explore over unittest
I have some kind of test data and want to create a unit test for each item. My first idea was to do it like this: import unittest  l = [[&quot;foo&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;a&quot;,], [&quot;bar&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;], [&quot;lee&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;b&quot;]]  class TestSequence(unittest.TestCase):     def testsample(self):         for name, a,b in l:             print &quot;test&quot;, name             self.assertEqual(a,b)  if __name__ == '__main__':     unittest.main()  The downside of this is that it handles all data in one test. I would like to generate one test for each item on the fly. Any suggestions?
Find the maximum value of $72\int\limits_{0}^{y}\sqrt{x^4+(y-y^2)^2}dx$ Find the maximum value of $72\int\limits_{0}^{y}\sqrt{x^4+(y-y^2)^2}dx  $ for $y\in[0,1].$  I tried to differentiate the given function by using DUIS leibnitz rule but the calculations are messy and I tried to solve directly by integrating it but that also is not working.Can someone please help me in solving this question? Under Windows 7, how can I delete a folder whose name ends with "..."? Although we can create or update fieldsets using salesforce UI but Is there any way to insert or update FieldSets using apex code (using metadata or API calls) ? Duplicate application icons in Ubuntu dock upon launch I'm using Ubuntu 17.10 with GNOME shell and Numix-Circle icon theme.   When I hover over the Numix icon for Nightly Web Browser, which is pinned to the dock I get the title "Nightly Web Browser".      But when I launch the program, another icon pops up at the bottom, with the name "Nightly". Solvability and reducibility of a polynomial in a "chain" of finite fields Height of colorbox Query Which Profiles Have Read Access To Specific Object? Since I couldn't think of how to write this query off the top of my head, I thought it might be worth sharing. How can I query which Profiles have Read permission on a specific object? I knew it would have something to do with ObjectPermissions and PermissionSet, but had to look up the documentation for both to piece it together. If a,b,c,d are positive integers with a sum of 63, what is the maximum value of ab + bc + cd ? (By using calculus to solve it)) If $a,b,c,d$ are positive integers with    $$a+b+c+d=63,$$   what is the maximum value of $$ab+bc+cd?$$   I treated this as an optimization problem and tried to solve it but I did not make any progress. How to find an unknown Steam User I was playing with someone on Ark: Survival recently, I CTD'd and couldn't get his information. Are there any means that I could find this user's Steam account even though he hasn't logged in since?  I know of the function View: Players in Steam, but it only shows me the last 24 hours and I haven't played with this player in 3-4 days. Is there a way I could extend the view recent players function on Steam? Is there a record of this somewhere? Or do I have any further options? Goal: I have a function $f(x,y)=z$ (two variables for illustration only) which I know almost nothing about--it has a compact domain which I can determine, it is non-negative, and bounded above.  My goal is to find the maximum value $f(x,y)$ takes on its domain.  I can query the function and I know the values at a few points: $f(x_1, y_1)=z_1, f(x_2, y_2)=z_2,..., f(x_n, y_n)=z_n$.  Optimization via Linear Regression:  I have used linear regression (and related methods like the lasso) to model functions like this in the past; this is the method that I am very comfortable with.  Typically, I might try to find a polynomial (of degree $k$) which relatively accurately models the data. The end result would be to say that:   $$f(x,y)\approx \beta_1 + \beta_2 x + \beta_3 y + \beta_4 x^2 + \beta_5 xy + \beta_6 y^2 + ... + \beta_{m}y^{k}.$$  Determining the coefficients is done by solving the .  The "best degree" for the polynomial might be determined using $k$-fold cross validation.  Once the "best" polynomial has been determined, one can choose any of a number of methods to optimize it (Newton's method, gradient descent, hill climbing, etc).  Then, if all goes well, the optimal value on the polynomial corresponds to an optimal value of $f(x,y)$.  Bayesian Optimization:  Recently, I was describing this technique (linear regression) to a colleague who asked: "What is the difference between that and Bayesian Optimization?"  I've been attempting to answer this question for the last couple days, and so far I don't have anything really conclusive.  After reading , trying to read  and getting stuck reading  I think I understand the following about BO:   Start with a prior (a guess as to what family of functions the black box belongs to... or at least some family of functions which you believe might be able to describe $f$ well).  It looks using a  as a prior is popular. Specify whatever is needed to build your prior (for GP this is a covariance function). As you go along, you maintain two evolving functions, a "mean" function $m(x,y)$ and a "confidence interval" function $c(x,y)$.  Basically, you can predict the value at any point by evaluating $m(x,y)$ and you are confident that $f(x,y)\in [m(x,y)-c(x,y), m(x,y)+c(x,y)]$. Bayesian optimization provides a systematic way of updating/exploiting the model by alternatively selecting points where the confidence interval is wide (you are very uncertain about the value) or at optimal points on the model $m(x,y)$.   My Question: Is it fair/correct to say that the major difference between Bayesian Optimization and simply optimizing the linear regression model is that Bayesian Optimization provides the systematic way of sampling with the goal of optimizing the model and reducing uncertainty whereas the linear regression model ignores the idea of uncertainty and doesn't explicitly provide a means of updating the model?  Said another way, is the linear regression model an example of what might be a "mean" function $m(x,y)$ in Bayesian Optimization?  If I stick with linear regression, specify how to compute the uncertainty, and provide a means of updating/improving the model (exploit/explore) am I just doing Bayesian Optimization (without calling it that)?  Background: My background is in pure mathematics (graph theory) but my new job has me working with a lot of data (so I'm self learning statistics).  With that in mind, my statistics vocabulary is somewhat limited (so I appreciate answers that either avoid technical terminology or briefly explain any technical terminology used)--for example, Monday was the first time I heard/read the word "prior" used in a stats sense and I'm still not 100% sure I understand that correctly. How can I revert a config file back to the originally installed version after I have edited it? Running this script on: "Red Had Enterprise Linux Server release 5.11 (Tikanga)"  Mail is: version 8.1 6/6/93 (appears quite old).  Have tried various things and cannot seem to get this to work..  echo "Email message" | mail -a /home/user/checks/notprocessed.txt -a /home/user/checks/dirlist.txt -s "Subject" recipient@company.com /home/user/checks   Resulting message:     mail: invalid option -- a   mutt is not installed and I have limited access to this system as it is owned by the company I work for.  I could add in other components, but has to go through change management, and related processes.  uuencode is not available either.  Here is what I am using today and I am trying to add a second file to:  if grep 'Not Empty' /home/user/checks/notprocessed.txt    then    echo "files were found";     SUBJECT="NIGHTLY DIRECTORY LISTING OF FILES SENT TO VENDOR";    FROM="SENDER&lt;sender@company.com&gt;"    # EMAIL="JOHN DOE&lt;recipient@company.com&gt;"    EMAIL="MARY DOE&lt;recipient@company.com&gt;";    /bin/mail -s "$SUBJECT" "$EMAIL" -- -f "$FROM" &lt; /home/user/checks/notprocessed.txt /home/user/checks/dirlist.txt     exit -20 fi   And..  /home/user/checks/dirlist.txt is not attached or included as part of the e-mail.  I would like /home/user/checks/dirlist.txt to be actually an attachment  This actually does work - but includes the notprocessed.txt as the body of the email..  if grep 'Not Empty' /home/user/checks/notprocessed.txt    then    echo "files were found";     SUBJECT="NIGHTLY DIRECTORY LISTING OF FILES SENT TO VENDOR";    FROM="SENDER&lt;sender@company.com&gt;"    # EMAIL="JOHN DOE&lt;recipient@company.com&gt;"    EMAIL="MARY DOE&lt;recipient@company.com&gt;";    /bin/mail -s "$SUBJECT" "$EMAIL" -- -f "$FROM" &lt; /home/user/checks/notprocessed.txt     exit -20 fi I just need to check the reasoning in my proof is correct, I think it is valid although I'm not totally convinced because I can't follow the logic; does proving that $x$ is an integer prove that $ac|bd$?  Theorem: Let $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$ be integers. If $a|b$ and $c|d$, then $ac|bd$.  Proof: $aj=b$ and $ck=d$ for integers $j$, $k$. Then, $ac|bd$ implies $acx=ajck$ and thus $x=jk$ for some $x$. Since the product $jk$ is an integer, $x$ is an integer and thus $acx=ajck$ and thus $ac|bd$. I am attempting to settle a friendly bet.  Would a pendulum swing indefinitely in a hypothetical vacuum (i.e. no air resistance) having a hypothetical frictionless bearing (i.e. no energy lost due to friction) assuming the following   The frictionless vacuum is on Earth (9.8 m/s^2). The pendulum is already in motion and no other external forces other than gravity act on the pendulum. Join CSV file to shapefile learn how to [verb] vs. learn to [verb] "learn to [verb]" "learn how to [verb]"   Is [1] merely a less formal version of [2]? If not, does [1] communicate something subtly different? Consider the following:  In [2], the object of learning is explicitly "how to [verb]" (for instance, "I will learn how to speak French").  Is the object of learning in [1] "to [verb]" or is it something implicit and abstract that allows the subject "to [verb]"? For instance, in "I will learn to speak French", the object of learning would be the prerequisite elements for speaking French: "French phonemes, grammar, syntax, etc.". Possible Duplicate:             What is correct? The jury was divided or The jury were divided? I am told that the latter is accurate because all of the jury do not have the same opinion in the particular case. Then, how does the subject verb agreement fit in 'The jury is still out' ? I mean, 'The jury is out' would allude to a situation were the opinion on a matter is (are?) still divided. When are "because", "since","for" and "as" interchangeable? What was Dolores Umbridge's blood status? Dolores Umbridge's dislike of Muggles, Muggle-born witches and wizards and half-breeds is quite obvious. In Order of the Phoenix she takes a particular dislike to Hagrid due to his giantess mother (and his allegiance to Dumbledore), as well as to the centaur Firenze who takes over as Divination teacher after Professor Trelawney is sacked. And, of course, during Deathly Hallows she is made Head of the Muggle-Born Registration Commission.  In Deathly Hallows, when Hermione (under the effects of Polyjuice potion) comments on the locket she's wearing, Umbridge says this:     "That's - that's pretty, Dolores," she said, pointing at the pendant gleaming in the ruffled folds of Umbridge's blouse.      "What?" snapped Umbridge, glancing down. "Oh yes - an old family heirloom," she said, patting the locket lying on her large bosom. "The S stands for Selwyn... I am related to the Selwyns... Indeed, there are few pure-blood families to whom I am not related. ..."   That seems a rather large and contrived lie to tell just to explain her possession of the locket, considering her blood status had never been questioned by the Ministry. I don't remember it being covered anywhere in the books (which I just recently re-read, so I'd hope I'd remember if it had been!), but I was wondering if there was any other evidence (interviews, etc) to say whether Umbridge was Pure-blood, Half-blood or Muggle-born? I know that electromagnetic waves induce electric currents in conductors and that's the basis for radio, wi-fi etc.  I also know that light is also an electromagnetic wave. So, can light induce a current in a conductor (like a metal wire? or a coil?). And, if the answer is yes, is the same visible for other high-frequency waves (X-rays, gamma)?  I heard about the photoelectric effect, but it seems related to the particle theory of light (photons transferring their energy to electrons).  So, do high-frequency electromagnetic waves generate electric currents? Is it possible to measure them? Is the skin effect relevant here?