I'm writing a class that does essentially the same type of calculation for each of the primitive numeric types in C#.  Though the real calculation is more complex, think of it as a method to compute the average of a number of values, e.g.  class Calc {     public int Count { get; private set; }     public int Total { get; private set; }     public int Average { get { return Count / Total; } }     public int AddDataPoint(int data)     {         Total += data;         Count++;     } }   Now to support that same operation for double, float and perhaps other classes that define operator + and operator /, my first thought was to simply use generics:  class Calc&lt;T&gt; {     public T Count { get; private set; }     public T Total { get; private set; }     public T Average { get { return Count / Total; } }     public T AddDataPoint(T data)     {         Total += data;         Count++;     } }   Unfortunately C# is unable to determine whether T supports operators + and / so does not compile the above snippet.  My next thought was to constrain T to types that support those operators, but my initial research indicates this cannot be done.  It's certainly possible to box each of the types I want to support in a class that implements a custom interface e.g. IMath and restrict T to that, but this code will be called a great number of times and I want to avoid boxing overhead.  Is there an elegant and efficient way to solve this without code duplication?
Can anyone tell me if there is a way with generics to limit a generic type argument T to only:   Int16 Int32 Int64 UInt16 UInt32 UInt64   I'm aware of the where keyword, but can't find an interface for only these types,  Something like:  static bool IntegerFunction&lt;T&gt;(T value) where T : INumeric
Visiting Iran as a dual EU-American citizen How to code around known MMa special-case failures? Unicode applies the convention of using a  as signature at the beginning of a text stream, identifying the encoding used within it. The following three bytes at the beginning of a file: EF BB BF, identifies this file as a UTF8 file. Vi and most text editors gracefully ignore this signature. Open office does that as well, but it adds this signature at the beginning.  Now, if I open a TeX file with OpenOffic.org, and I do that quite a lot (for mixed directionality editing), the signature is added, and baffles LaTeX, which produces an error message such as:   ! LaTeX Error: Missing \begin{document}.   See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation.  Type  H &lt;return&gt;  for immediate help.  ...                                                l.1   ��\documentclass{article}   whereas a simple dump of the file does not show the problem. Is there a way to eliminate this problem, while staying in the realm of latex? Interesting tab on StackOverflow One day I directed to SO and was met with the awesome Interesting page, which I really like. But when I travel away from it, I have to re-enter the query string to get it back. Is there a plan to make this tab visible so I can click to it anytime? I'm running the Storm King's Thunder campaign, and we are at the portion where the PCs get an airship to travel around in, the airship is about 1000ft in the air. There are approximately 5-6 lvl 7 PCs, and they have 3 or 4 hard encounters a day. There are two wizards, a warlock, ranger, paladin, blood hunter, sorcerer, and fighter. For the most part, they have had fun with the different weapons and enemies they have faced; however, I find that one or two spellcasting PCs have been using spells such as mind sliver, polymorph, and hypnotic pattern to defeat more challenging encounters, such as one with a roc and wyvern. They make the creature make saving throws with hypnotic pattern and cause the enemy to fall to its death, and using mind sliver makes it even harder, especially on low wisdom creatures like rocs. Or with the polymorph spell, they cause the enemy to become a fish or chicken and throw it off the edge, and since the damage carries over, it kills the monster. I realize it was legal and made fights funnier, but it does get annoying when it's happening in almost every fight. Are there any suggestions on how to keep them on track without them making every encounter easy? I thought of giving the monsters immunity to these effects, but it just sounds like a bad excuse for me not being prepared. Configuring dpkg stops processing when calling an HTTP request to Adobe Flash Player I recently moved to Linux, and I am in love with the experience. Opinions apart, I am having problems when running sudo dpkg --configure -a  My computer stops processing the command here:  You may know Adobe Flash Player is no longer supported, and I believe that could be why the command is unable to load pepperflashplugin-nonfree. I have tried fixing the problem by checking older posts here, but none of them was able to fix this problem. How do you iterate over each file in a directory with a .bat or .cmd file?  For simplicity please provide an answer that just echoes the filename or file path. I have the following code:  \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article} \usepackage[margin=2cm]{geometry} %showframe \begin{document} \tableofcontents \newpage \section*{Abstract} \section{Introduction} \newpage \bibliographystyle{apacite} \bibliography{references} \end{document}   And when I create the table of contents it adds the "References" in the TOC, how can I remove this to not be included in TOC? So far I have tried something like   \bibliography*{references} I've already see a  by Marko Riedel which I list it follows:     The standard way to treat these sums is to integrate   $$ f(z) = \frac{1}{(z+\alpha)^2} \pi \cot(\pi z)$$   along a contour consisting of a circle of radius $R$ and with $R$ going to infinity and hence being larger than $\alpha$, where the circle does not pass through the poles on the real axis.   Now along the semicircle in the upper half plane we have   $$|f(z)| \le \frac{1}{(R-|\alpha|)^2}\pi \left|\frac{e^{i\pi R\exp(i\theta)} + e^{-i\pi R\exp(i\theta)}} {e^{i\pi R\exp(i\theta)} - e^{-i\pi R\exp(i\theta)}}\right|= \frac{1}{(R-|\alpha|)^2} \pi  \left|\frac{e^{2i\pi R\exp(i\theta)}+1}{e^{2i\pi R\exp(i\theta)}-1}\right| &lt; \frac{1}{(R-|\alpha|)^2} \pi   \frac{1+e^{-2\pi R\sin(\theta)}e^{2i\pi R\cos(\theta)}} {1-e^{-2\pi R\sin(\theta)}e^{2i\pi R\cos(\theta)}}$$   This last term is clearly $O(1/R^2)$ as $R$ goes to infinity as the quotient of the two exponentials goes to one since $\exp(-R)$ vanishes and there is no singularity when $\theta = 0$ or $\theta = \pi$ as $R\cos\theta = \pm R$, which is not an integer by the assumption that the circle avoids the poles and hence cannot be one.     My question: It is clear that for each $z=Re^{i \theta}$ , $f(z)=O(1/R^2)$ ，but can this guarantee that the last term on RHS is uniform bounded ? Since $\theta$ varies on a compact interval $[0, \pi]$ , I want to show that for each $ \theta \in [0, \pi]$ , and a fixed positive number $M \gt 1 $ there exist an open ball contains $\theta$ and a fixed $R_{\theta}\gt 0$ , for every $R \ge R_{\theta}$ and $x \in $ the open ball $$\frac{1+e^{-2\pi R\sin(x)}e^{2i\pi R\cos(x)}} {1-e^{-2\pi R\sin(x)}e^{2i\pi R\cos(x)}} \le M$$  For $\theta \neq 0,\pi$ , it is easy to find the desired $R_{\theta}$ and the open ball , but if $\theta = 0$ or $ \theta = \pi$ , for every open ball containing $\theta$ , it behave erratically near $\theta$ , I have no idea how to deal with this . \RequirePackage{filecontents} \begin{filecontents}{\jobname.bib} @article{Arter95,     Author = {David Arter},     Date-Added = {2013-08-11 17:38:06 +0000},     Date-Modified = {2013-09-01 15:13:22 +0000},     Journal = {Journal of Common Market Studies},     Number = {3},     Pages = {361-287},     Title = {The {EU} {Referendum} in {Finland} on 16 October 1994:              {A} Vote for the {West}, not for {Maastricht}},     Volume = {33},     Year = {1995}}  @article{Detlef95,     Author = {Jahn, Detlef; Storsved,Ann-sofie},     Date-Added = {2013-08-11 17:14:34 +0000},     Date-Modified = {2013-08-11 17:16:45 +0000},     Journal = {West European Politics},     Number = {4},     Pages = {18-37},     Title = {Legitimacy through referendum? The nearly successful domino‚Äêstrategy of the Eu‚Äêreferendums in Austria, Finland, Sweden and Norway},     Volume = {18},     Year = {1995}} \end{filecontents} \documentclass{article} \usepackage[ngerman]{babel} \usepackage{natbib} \bibpunct{(}{)}{;}{a}{}{,} \makeatletter \renewcommand\@biblabel[1]{} \makeatother  \begin{document}  \cite{Arter95}  \bibliography{\jobname} \bibliographystyle{plainnat}  \end{document}   Please help. I want the author's name displayed like this "Arter, D." instead of David Arter Can magnetic fields be "blocked"? For example, in the game, TitanFall, a robot stop bullets with ( presumably ) a magnetic shield.  I wish to calculate the magnetic force required to stop a bullet within a few microseconds.  But the problem I have is that my entire electronic system or the vehicle ( most likely even a building ) will be subjected to massive fields most likely destroying it as well.  Does any know of a way to "block" or divert the field around my vehicle? Is it even possible? My knowledge in magnetic fields are quite limited at this time. In the , the key $k = (a, b)$ should have the following property, i.e. GCD of $a$ and the modulus should be 1:     $\gcd (a, m) = 1$, where $m$ is the set of possible moduli   My question is, why it is required that $a$ should have the above property? What is the significance of this? And why is $b$ excluded from this condition? Click Answer your own question Check community wiki A dialog box     Are you sure you want to make this post Community Wiki?   will appear, Click OK or Cancel; The same dialog will appear again.   Google Chrome 44.0.2403.107 / Windows8.1 / site rev 2015.7.25.3609 What is a substitute for red or white wine in a recipe? Tracking email bounces, opens, clicks How do I post code in chat? I would like to be able to post code in chat. I know that I can post inline snippets of code by using backticks, but I don't know how to post blocks of code, with the entire chat message formatted as code, and indentation respected. I am aware of . After reading the comments, I found out that I could format in "fixed width", but I can't see a "fixed width" button anywhere. What should I do? Host alias for ssh There are a few SSH destinations I will frequently be connecting to and I'm wondering if rather than remember the IP address I can create a host alias for them.  I'd like to be able to use...  ssh -p xx user@domain.ssh  I've tried establishing this host in /etc/hosts and unless there's a service I needed to restart it had no effect. There's a part in my apps that displays the file path loaded by the user through OpenFileDialog. It's taking up too much space to display the whole path, but I don't want to display only the filename as it might be ambiguous. So I would prefer to show the file path relative to the assembly/exe directory.  For example, the assembly resides at C:\Program Files\Dummy Folder\MyProgram and the file at C:\Program Files\Dummy Folder\MyProgram\Data\datafile1.dat then I would like it to show .\Data\datafile1.dat. If the file is in C:\Program Files\Dummy Folder\datafile1.dat, then I would want ..\datafile1.dat. But if the file is at the root directory or 1 directory below root, then display the full path.   What solution would you recommend? Regex?  Basically I want to display useful file path info without taking too much screen space.  EDIT: Just to clarify a little bit more. The purpose of this solution is to help user or myself knowing which file did I loaded last and roughly from which directory was it from. I'm using a readonly textbox to display the path. Most of the time, the file path is much longer than the display space of the textbox. The path is supposed to be informative but not important enough as to take up more screen space.  Alex Brault comment was good, so is Jonathan Leffler. The Win32 function provided by DavidK only help with part of the problem, not the whole of it, but thanks anyway. As for James Newton-King solution, I'll give it a try later when I'm free. I once already asked a very similar question; . But this is some what different.  I have the following code;  \documentclass{standalone} \usepackage{graphics} \usepackage{tikz,pgfplots} \pgfplotsset{compat=1.6} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}  \begin{axis}[% width=3cm, height=3cm, scale only axis, every x tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, xmin=0, xmax=20000, xlabel={$t$}, xmajorgrids, xminorgrids, every y tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, ymin=0.0004, ymax=0.0012, ylabel={$\phi_{\mathrm{i}}(t)$}, ymajorgrids, yminorgrids, name=plot1]  \end{axis}  \begin{axis}[% width=3cm, height=3cm, scale only axis, every x tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, xmin=0, xmax=20000, xlabel={$t$}, xmajorgrids, xminorgrids, every y tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, ymin=0.2, ymax=1.2, ylabel={$h(t)$}, ymajorgrids, yminorgrids, name=plot2, at=(plot1.right of north east), anchor=left of north west]  \end{axis}  \begin{axis}[% width=3cm, height=3cm, scale only axis, every x tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, xmin=0, xmax=20000, xlabel={$t$}, xmajorgrids, xminorgrids, every y tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, ymin=0.0004, ymax=0.0012, ylabel={$\phi_{\mathrm{o}}(t)$}, ymajorgrids, yminorgrids, name=plot4, at=(plot1.below south west), anchor=above north west]  \end{axis}  \begin{axis}[% width=3cm, height=3cm, scale only axis, every x tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, xmin=0, xmax=20000, xlabel={$t$}, xmajorgrids, xminorgrids, every y tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, ymin=2000, ymax=12000, ylabel={$p_{\mathrm{i}}(t)$}, ymajorgrids, yminorgrids, name=plot5, at=(plot4.right of north east), anchor=left of north west]  \end{axis}  \end{tikzpicture} \end{document}   This creates the following plot:    I think there is to few vertical/horizontal spacing between the plots. I want to increase this. Currently I use x- yshift, this gives the following result:  \documentclass{standalone} \usepackage{graphics} \usepackage{tikz,pgfplots} \pgfplotsset{compat=1.6} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}  \begin{axis}[% width=3cm, height=3cm, scale only axis, every x tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, xmin=0, xmax=20000, xlabel={$t$}, xmajorgrids, xminorgrids, every y tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, ymin=0.0004, ymax=0.0012, ylabel={$\phi_{\mathrm{i}}(t)$}, ymajorgrids, yminorgrids, name=plot1]  \end{axis}  \begin{axis}[% xshift=1cm, width=3cm, height=3cm, scale only axis, every x tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, xmin=0, xmax=20000, xlabel={$t$}, xmajorgrids, xminorgrids, every y tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, ymin=0.2, ymax=1.2, ylabel={$h(t)$}, ymajorgrids, yminorgrids, name=plot2, at=(plot1.right of north east), anchor=left of north west]  \end{axis}  \begin{axis}[% yshift=-1cm, width=3cm, height=3cm, scale only axis, every x tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, xmin=0, xmax=20000, xlabel={$t$}, xmajorgrids, xminorgrids, every y tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, ymin=0.0004, ymax=0.0012, ylabel={$\phi_{\mathrm{o}}(t)$}, ymajorgrids, yminorgrids, name=plot4, at=(plot1.below south west), anchor=above north west]  \end{axis}  \begin{axis}[% xshift=1cm, width=3cm, height=3cm, scale only axis, every x tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, xmin=0, xmax=20000, xlabel={$t$}, xmajorgrids, xminorgrids, every y tick label/.append style={font=\scriptsize\color{gray!80!black}}, ymin=2000, ymax=12000, ylabel={$p_{\mathrm{i}}(t)$}, ymajorgrids, yminorgrids, name=plot5, at=(plot4.right of north east), anchor=left of north west]  \end{axis}  \end{tikzpicture} \end{document}     I want to know if there is a more consistent manner to do this. Do Fortnite V-Bucks Purchases Save on All Platforms? So I'm thinking of buying some V-Bucks on Fortnite, Battle Royale mobile. Do the purchases save cross platform?