My question pertains to the rules, and more specifically the ostensible violation of the rules on the modification of nouns into adjectives. I sometimes experience difficulty of knowing when to adjective-ify nouns when (1) the adjective immediately precedes the noun in question and (2) the adjective version of the noun exists and is spelled differently. Take the two examples I came across, surfing on the web: a) &quot;A journalistic career&quot; b) &quot;A mathematics career&quot; Both phrases convey the same relative semantic idea and an almost identical construction bar one detail : in (a) the adjective version of journalist is deployed however in (b) the noun form of mathematics is left unaltered even though it functions as an adjective. The adjectival form of mathematics is obviously mathematical. Is there a rubric or custom to distinguish when to adjective-ify nouns in these contexts? Or is it completely optional and both camps are valid? Edit: another illustrative example : Is it correct to say &quot;a gallery of cow pictures&quot; or &quot;a gallery of bovine pictures&quot;? Edit: My question is about the broader use and abuse of adjectives beyond the examples listed. Is there a hard-and-fast rule?
Nouns can modify nouns: cat food, coffee cup, gold ring, laser surgery, flood insurance. It seems to me there are even cases where a noun sounds better than the corresponding adjective: sociology papers sounds a bit better than sociological papers.  Some noun-noun combinations don&rsquo;t work. You wouldn't say America gangsters or measurement spoons or greed crimes. If you spilled water on your keyboard you probably wouldn't call it a keyboard spill or even a water spill.  Are there rules that tell which combinations are acceptable?
I want to append several shapefiles in QGIS. The ftools 0.6.1 add-on is installed.   But under Vektor>Datenmanagement-Werkzeuge>Shapedateien zu einer zusammenführen (=append shapefiles) is only the possiblility to choose the Eingabedatei (input file) and the Ausgabedatei (output file) but not a further Datei (file) for the append itself? (Even though there are  several shapefiles in the same folder)  //Furthermore the icon "In neue Projektion exportieren" (export to new projection) is also not appearing under the: Vektor>Datenmanagement-Werkzeuge? Do I need a further add-on?//  Has anyone an idea why I can't choose a shapefile for the appending?  Thanks in advance! phil Dictionary definitions  often seem to use the terms sentience, awareness, and consciousness as if they are synonymous with each other. Is this really the case? If not, how do they differ? Some books suggest that sentience and awareness are simply facets of the larger concept of consciousness. From this  on Bayesian Least Mean Square estimation:  $$\mathbf E\left[(\Theta -\hat\theta)^2\right] = \rm{var}(\Theta -\hat\theta) + \left(\mathbf E[\Theta -\hat\theta]\right)^2 = \rm{var}(\Theta) + \left(\mathbf E[\Theta -\hat\theta]\right)^2$$  which is to say that $\rm{var}(\Theta -\hat\theta) = \rm{var}(\Theta)$.  I would like to ask how that comes about?  Thanks.  $\Theta$ is the random variable being estimated, and $\hat\theta$ is a constant estimate. Tablet or Phone - Android My passport was detached from the front cover but all the pages are intact. what shall i do? Why is "Nature" usually spelt with an initial capital letter in scientific journals? I am mainly referring to life science here, in case this matters.  I am not talking about the obvious cases, like capitalisation in titles, at the beginning of a sentence, etc., but when it appears mid-sentence, where one would normally expect it to be lowercase.  I've heard some explanation that it gives the impression of Nature as a goddess (see comments on this post ) - but this is probably the last thing I would have expected in a scientific article... I read on  that Ubuntu will no longer use the familiar file size units we all know by now (kB, MB, GB, TB) and switch to a different IEC standard (KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB). If this is true, I would like to know what's the reasoning behind this change, and the impact (if any) this change has, especially with multiplatform applications or applications run with Wine. I've tried to read and understand this:   As a test, since my layout is "Polish, programmer" in the /usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/pl file I played with remapping the 'q' character to 'x', and it worked just fine.  But what I want, is to remap LWIN (Left Super) to Left Control.   So I tried this: I started editing /usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/pc file, assuming this is the 'root' of all the other files. Commented out this line:  //key &lt;LWIN&gt; {  [ Super_L       ]   };   and added this one:  key &lt;LWIN&gt; {    [ Control_L     ]   };   and rebooted PC, with no success. I.e. LWIN + C, doesn't copy selected text in text editors to clipboard, instead it just produces the 'c' letter. In the terminal instead of stopping current programm it also just produces the 'c' letter.  Here is my config file:   When I try the xev command and then press the Left Control Key, I see this:  KeyPress event, serial 40, synthetic NO, window 0x5a00001,     root 0x7e, subw 0x0, time 1053321, (374,-259), root:(374,545),     state 0x0, keycode 133 (keysym 0xffe3, Control_L), same_screen YES,     XKeysymToKeycode returns keycode: 37     XLookupString gives 0 bytes:      XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes:      XFilterEvent returns: False  KeyRelease event, serial 40, synthetic NO, window 0x5a00001,     root 0x7e, subw 0x0, time 1053425, (374,-259), root:(374,545),     state 0x0, keycode 133 (keysym 0xffe3, Control_L), same_screen YES,     XKeysymToKeycode returns keycode: 37     XLookupString gives 0 bytes:      XFilterEvent returns: False   BTW. Ask ubuntu suggests me two links to similar questions, but they are old, and suggest using xmodmap, and afaik it's no longer correct answer on Ubuntu >= 16.04 (Xenial) and this is precisely the version I have.  BTW2. I would really like to avoid using apps like Xbindkeys, considering there is a built in solution, which I guess I almost understand, and already spent some time on trying to understand it. Managing error with GPS routes (theoretical framework?) I'm looking for the appropriate theoretical framework or speciality to help me deal with understanding how to deal with the errors that the GPS system has - especially when dealing with routes.  Fundamentally, I'm looking for the requirements on the data and any algorithms to use to be able to establish the length of a trail. The answer needs to be trustworthy.  A friend of mine was the race director of a race which was billed as 160km but the Garmin watches everybody has makes it more like 190km+. It caused quite some grief at the finish line, let me tell you!  So my friend went back to the course with various GPS devices in order to remap it and the results are interesting.  Using a handheld Garmin Oregon 300 she got 33.7km for one leg. For the same leg on a wrist watch Garmin Forerunner 310xt it came out to 38.3km.  When I got the data from the Oregon it was obvious that it was only recording data every 90 seconds or so. The Forerunner does it every couple of seconds.  When I plotted the data from the Oregon I could see that it got confused by some switchbacks and put a line straight through them and a curve was made a little less.  However, I muse that the difference in the recording frequency is much of the explanation. i.e. by recording every couple of seconds the Forerunner is closer to the real route. However, there will be an amount of error because of the way GPS works. If the points recorded are spread around the real route randomly (because of the error) then the total distance will be larger than the real route. (A wiggle line going either side of a straight line is longer than the straight line).  So, my questions: 1. Are there any techniques I can use on a single dataset to reduce the error in a valid way? 2. Does my theory about the difference in recording frequency hold water? 3. If I have multiple recordings of the same routes are there any valid techniques to combine them to get closer to the real route?  As I say, I don't really know what to search for to find any useful science about this. I'm looking for ways to establish just how long a given piece of trail is and it is very important to people. An extra 30km in a race is an extra 5+ hours we weren't expecting.  As requested here is some sample data:       Thanks for any advice you can give. Any questions relating to status updates, or asking if anything is going to be patched for these vulnerabilities should be closed as duplicates of this question.    are in the news right now and sound pretty severe. I don't see any security updates from Ubuntu that cover these vulnerabilities.  What is Ubuntu doing about these vulnerabilities, and what should Ubuntu users be doing?  These are CVE-2017-5753, CVE-2017-5715 and CVE-2017-5754. In Java, how do I call a base class's method from the overriding method in a derived class? Assume  $$G_1=\mathbb Z_5 \times \mathbb Z_{5^2}\times \mathbb Z_{5^3}\times \mathbb Z_{5^4} \times\ldots$$ $$G_2= \mathbb Z_{5^2}\times \mathbb Z_{5^3}\times \mathbb Z_{5^4} \times \ldots$$ How do I prove $G_1$ and $G_2$ aren't isomorphic? I asked  this question here  and I received tree answer, but the answer of Ludolila will be complete when  $G_1$ and $G_2$ are not isomorphic.    Thanks in advance Compare classifiers based on AUROC or accuracy? Geometric interpretation of Electromagnetism How to get back a declined Outlook invitation I accidentally clicked "decline" on an Outlook invitation and now I can't reverse it -- the event has completely disappeared from my calendar!  How can I get back the event invitation and change my "Decline" to "Accept" or "tentative"? Can I apply for a Schengen visa at a country where I'm not a citizen? If so, under what conditions? I'm a citizen of country A who would like to apply for a Schengen visa at a consulate in country B. When is this possible? Why does a subpanel need separate ground and neutral? Why does a power sub panel have to have separate neutral and ground bars other than code satisfaction?  Does a sub panel need a main breaker if there is one at the main?   Also, does the sub panel need a ground wire connected back to the main panel in the same building? Are the off-world colonies really a "golden land of opportunity"? In Blade Runner, there seems to be quite a  for emigration to the off-world colonies, e.g.,      "A new life awaits you in the off-world colonies, a chance to begin   again in a golden land of opportunity and adventure."   Is there any evidence that people emigrating are actually better off than staying on Earth?  The job descriptions of the replicants Deckard is tasked with "retiring" don't seem consistent with the colonies being wonderful places. If the colonies offered a good life, would they have to do so much advertising? How to print colored text to the terminal? How can I output colored text to the terminal in Python? Do SAS expanders work transparently with SAS controllers? I'm new to SAS expanders and I'm trying to get things right. I understand that SAS expanders, when used with SAS controllers which supports expanders, allows you to utilise the full capacity of supported drives on a controller.  However, say I've got a SAS controller with 4 x SSF-8087 ports, which by itself would support 16 disks. I could then, as far as I understand, instead connect each of these ports to an expander to increase disk capacity.  However, will the SAS controller "see" all disks as if they were connected directly to the controller and not through an expander. Could I look at controllers as switches in a network? Would I be able to create a RAID from a disk on expander 1 and expander 3?  UPDATE:  I don't really have a specific project where I need to use SAS expanders. I'm just curious about how they work, and was thinking about how it would work if I used one or more SAS expanders with a LSI MegaRAID controller (9260-16i) which is running in one of our servers. However, I haven't really put any thought into the distinction between "local" disks and disks in another enclosure. The LSI MegaRAID controller has 4 SFF-8087 ports, which makes it capable of accomodating 16 drives.