while upgrading from ubuntu 12.04 to 13.04 and i used those default options "delete ubuntu and install"  but unfortunately all my other partitions also got deleted and they got combined into one in which ubuntu is installed  is there anyway to recover data?
I have a Toshiba satellite A-200 laptop with a Vista OS on it with 4 NTFS partitions  (C:) Vista  (D:) Entertainment  (E:) Work  (F:) Sources   and I wanted to start using Ubuntu instead. So I tried it first from the live CD and everything was OK and all the partitions were shown and working and so I decided to install Ubuntu to replace Vista on the (C:) drive. After I did that I can no longer find my folders and files on the (D:), (E:), (F:) partitions and the only file system that is shown is one 198 GB although my HDD is 320 GB.  I can't access the lost data on the remaining 120 GB which I hope is still there and not totally lost  I am now working from the live CD but I am unable to install testdisk. Can I recover the Vista partitions by the product recovery CD to get my laptop back to the factory settings? Can I recover the NTFS partitions using a recovery program for Windows or will that make the problem worse?   I need these data badly as I don't have a backup for them.
Why do some websites show the company name next to the URL? Some websites show the company name next to the URL (in Chrome) and some don't.  How do I set this up for my website? Is there a reason why or why I wouldn't want to do this? Prevent mail being marked as spam How do I convert a hex string to an int in Python?   I may have it as "0xffff" or just "ffff". How can I run a script that starts before my login screen? I was calibrating my touch screen, and saw that the best tool around was xinput_calibrator. So I used it. It have two options (one of which did not work), so I am here for the second. It says I should execute this command "in a script that starts with your X session":  xinput set-int-prop "3M 3M USB Touchscreen - EX II" "Evdev Axis Calibration" 32 14410 2146 14574 2115  So I tried ~/.xinitrc, ~/.xsession and ~/.xsessionrc, all of which did not exist. So I created them and the exact content was this command. The first two files made my logins fail (after I login, I fall back to the login screen).  With the last file, the calibration was functional, but only after logging in...  I need that command to run before the login dialog shows up. I thought of adding this command to the end of /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc with no result (nothing changed). Also, I tried to add it to the end of /etc/X11/Xsession.d/40x11-common_xsessionrc (after inspecting some of the files), but the result was exactly the same as adding it to ~/.xsessionrc.  How can I make this command run before the login screen shows (is this before the window manager starts, or before the X session starts)?  (I am running Kubuntu with the default window manager, if that matters)  UPDATE As I am using Kubuntu, my display manager is kdm. As the accepted answer suggests, I edited the file /etc/kde4/kdm/Xsetup, and as mentioned  I added the command before the command that is there by default. And it works like a charm :) Let $p, q \in \mathbb{R}^n$ such that $\|p\| = \|q\| = 1$ and define $$A = pq^T + qp^T$$ Find the null space of $A$.    I am not having very much luck. I have managed to show that $p + q$ and $p - q$ are eigenvectors, but I can't seem to connect those two. I know that since $A$ is generated by an outer product, it is of rank one. That implies that the rank of the null space is $n - 1$, but I can't seem to get any further. Can anyone help? For what values of $\theta$ does $\sum_{1}^{\infty} \frac{e^{i n\theta}}{n}$ Converge? I just came across the problem of what happens in the boundary cases of .  More concisely, for what $\theta$ will the following sum converge? $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{e^{ni\theta}}{n}$$ It is well known that this sum will diverge for $\theta=0$ and will converge for $\theta=\pi$. In fact, for any odd multiple of an even root of unity, since we have symmetry, for each line through the origin of the complex plane, we can use the alternating series theorem to show that they converge.  Another idea I had was to split  the sum into imaginary and real parts, and if we can prove each of these converges, then we are all set. So now we must prove that both of the following converge $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\cos(n\theta)}{n}\space, \space \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\sin(n\theta)}{n}$$ Now these can be shown to converge easily by Dirichlet's test for any rational multiple of pi, but what about irrational multiples of pi? I know it has been shown to converge with $\theta=1$, but I don't see how to generalize this. Get latest Flash player on Ubuntu I accidentally moved all folders from root to a subfolder. (/bin, /etc, /home, /lib, /usr... all moved) The only ones that were not moved, since they were in use, are  /bak, /boot, /dev, /proc, /sys.  Now, any command that I try to execute will simply not happen. I constantly get "No such file or directory".  I am connected through ssh and through ftp, but I cannot move files through ftp, as direct SU login is disabled. I also have access to the actual server if I need to do something directly from there.  I'm assuming I would need to edit a configuration file in order to tell it where to find the /bin folder and that would help me get access again, but I don't know which file that would be or how to do it (since I can't even run chmod to change permissions).  Is there any way out of this other than re-installing?  I am working on an old version of CentOS.  I'm extremely new to the world of Linux, hence this action and the question... GridBox/packed array behaviour I have noticed that I hardly ever use the \negthinspace command  \!.  This is because I don't know how to use it properly (I do use other spacing commands quite a bit, because I can better understand the guidelines of when they might be useful). When might it be considered appropriate to use this spacing command? Can't understand how to draw it. JAVA Bad variable reference? Receiving strange output - possibly memory address? I've setup a HTTPS and FTP site in IIS but how can I add users to use the FTP site?  Does they necessarily need an account with password in the computer to be able to use it? After viewing episode 5 of season 6 of Game of Thrones, we have come to know that      the Children of the Forest created the White Walkers.   But it seems that the White Walkers attack the Children of Forest. My question is why they would do so, given their origin. How can I prove the convergence of the sequence $b_n=\sqrt[n]{x^n+y^n}$ where $x, y &gt; 0$?  Can I divide it in two cases?  Case 1: $x &gt; y$.  $$ b_n=\sqrt[n]{x^n+y^n} &lt; \sqrt[n]{x^n+x^n} = \sqrt[n]{2 \cdot x^n}=x \cdot \sqrt[n]{2} $$  Case 2: $x &lt; y$.  $$ b_n=\sqrt[n]{x^n+y^n} &lt; \sqrt[n]{y^n+y^n} = \sqrt[n]{2 \cdot y^n}=y \cdot \sqrt[n]{2}$$  Result: Does the sequence converges to $\max(x,y)$? I'd like to show that the class of all limit ordinals, LIM, is cofinal in the class of all ordinals ON.  I thought that I could do this by contradiction and assume that it wasn't cofinal in ON. Then there is an $\alpha \in$ ON such that for all $\beta \in $ LIM: $\beta &lt; \alpha$, i.e. $\beta \in \alpha$ and hence LIM $\subset \alpha$.  This means that LIM is a set so we can consider $\bigcup$ LIM. Then we have $\beta &lt; \bigcup$ LIM for all $\beta \in$ LIM by definition of $\bigcup$ LIM. So LIM $\subseteq \bigcup$ LIM.   $\bigcup$ LIM is either a limit or a successor ordinal.  If it is a limit ordinal then $\bigcup$ LIM $\in$ LIM and by transitivity of ON, $\bigcup$ LIM $\subseteq$ LIM, so $LIM = \bigcup$ LIM in this case which would mean that $\bigcup$ LIM $\in$ LIM $= \bigcup$ LIM which would be a contradiction because sets cannot contain themselves. Hence $\bigcup$ LIM cannot be a limit ordinal.  If $\bigcup$ LIM is a successor ordinal then $\bigcup$ LIM = $\beta \cup \{&#160;\beta \}$ for some $\beta \in $ ON.  Now I'm not sure how to proceed from here. I'm also not sure about whether I'm on the right track with this proof because I think there should be a shorter way  to prove this.  Thanks for your help. Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor E4300 - Is it a 64 Bit Processor? I have a PC with an Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor E4300 - I ran CPU-ID on it, and here are the results:    Is this capable of running Windows 64-bit? I am always really hesitant to mess around with $IFS because it's clobbering a global.   But often it makes loading strings into a bash array nice and concise, and for bash scripting, conciseness is hard to come by.   So I figure it might be better than nothing if I try to "save" the starting contents of $IFS to another variable and then restore it immediately after i am done using $IFS for something.   Is this practical? Or is it essentially pointless and I should just directly set IFS back to whatever it needs to be for its subsequent uses? How to show that $\lim_{n \to +\infty} n^{\frac{1}{n}} = 1$? I've spent the better part of this day trying to show from first principles that this sequence tends to 1. Could anyone give me an idea of how I can approach this problem?  $$ \lim_{n \to +\infty} n^{\frac{1}{n}} $$ Consider the closed interval $[0,1]$, there is $\frac{2}{3} \in [0,1]$ where $p=2$ and $q=3$. Similarly consider $[2,3]$, one can have $\frac{5}{2} \in [2,3]$ where $p=5$ and $q=2$. Does every interval of the form $[a,b]$, where $a,b \in \mathbb{R}$ contain a rational of this kind. If yes, how can we prove it?