I know we can program and load program inside micro controller with easily available programmer with Computer based interface. But I want to know how same thing was being done in older days when No programmer or modern computer kind of interface was not available? Consider it as i am making a full project, so don't miss any steps.
This has just dawned on me that if you're writing an operating system then what are you writing it on? I ask this as I am reading a microprocessor fundamentals book from 1980 and this question popped in to my head:   How was the first microprocessor chip programmed?  The answer may be obvious but its bugging me.
Is there any meaningful distinction between:  class A(object):     foo = 5   # some default value   vs.  class B(object):     def __init__(self, foo=5):         self.foo = foo   If you're creating a lot of instances, is there any difference in performance or space requirements for the two styles? When you read the code, do you consider the meaning of the two styles to be significantly different? Short description of the scoping rules? What exactly are the Python scoping rules?  If I have some code:  code1 class Foo:    code2    def spam.....       code3       for code4..:        code5        x()   Where is x found?  Some possible choices include the list below:   In the enclosing source file In the class namespace In the function definition In the for loop index variable Inside the for loop   Also there is the context during execution, when the function spam is passed somewhere else. And maybe  pass a bit differently?  There must be a simple reference or algorithm somewhere.  It's a confusing world for intermediate Python programmers. I tried running the following statement:  INSERT INTO VOUCHER (VOUCHER_NUMBER, BOOK_ID, DENOMINATION) SELECT (a.number, b.ID, b.DENOMINATION)  FROM temp_cheques a, BOOK b WHERE a.number BETWEEN b.START_NUMBER AND b.START_NUMBER+b.UNITS-1;   which, as I understand it, should insert into VOUCHER each record from temp_cheques with the ID and DENOMINATION fields corresponding to entries in the BOOK table (temp_cheques comes from a database backup, which I'm trying to recreate in a different format). However, when I run it, I get an error:  Error: Operand should contain 1 column(s) SQLState:  21000 ErrorCode: 1241   I'm running this in SQuirrel and have not had issues with any other queries. Is there something wrong with the syntax of my query?  EDIT:  The structure of BOOK is:  ID  int(11) START_NUMBER    int(11) UNITS   int(11) DENOMINATION    double(5,2)   The structure of temp_cheques is:  ID  int(11) number  varchar(20) Is infinity a real number?  If not, why not?  I want some very good arguments.   Thanks.  $$\rightarrow\leftarrow\Huge\Huge\Huge\boldsymbol\infty$$ Is hiding the ball allowed in football? Imagine all our football team except one player form a tight circle, with our hands on the shoulders of the people next to us.  Inside the circle there is the eleventh person with the ball. The whole "construction" is moving slowly towards the opponent's goal. It is inevitable that we will score.  Is this illegal? If yes, according to what rule? Do I need a US visa to transit (or layover) through an American airport? In Europe usually you don't need to go through immigration to change planes (unless you are entering/exiting Schengen). Is it the case in the US as well? May I catch a connecting flight on one of the US airports if I don't have US visa? Rasterizing a plot make axes ticks invisible var.replace is not a function What can I do if a repository/PPA does not have a Release file? When updating, I get the following error message:   W: The repository 'http://ppa.launchpad.net/mc3man/trusty-media/ubuntu xenial Release' does not have a Release file.   Here, I find another statement on this error:   This recommends removing certain PPAs; and, I'm not sure if I should do that since it might mean not getting the updates that I need.    Is this what I should do? Calculating peaks in DEM using GRASS Restart my graphics card without rebooting? Closure of a Ball is Contained in Closed Ball (usual metric) Let $\overline{B_d (x, r)}$ be the closure of an open ball, and let $\hat B_d (x, r)$ be a closed ball. Show that in any metric space $(X, d)$, $\overline{B_d (x, r)} \subseteq \hat B_d (x, r)$ for all $x \in X$ and $r &gt; 0$.    I used the definition of closure: $\overline{B}$ = $B \bigcup B'$. If $x \in \overline{B}$, then $x \in B$ or $x \in \overline{B}$, or both. If $x \in B$, then clearly $x \in \hat B$ since $B \subseteq \hat B$. But, if $x \in B'$, then $x$ is an accumulation point. Since $\hat B$ is closed, it contains all accumulation points of $B$. Thus, $x \in \hat B$.  Is this approach correct, or at least in the right direction? Should I be using the closure definition, or try another one? Thank you. I have this value    How to read that in English? translating from my native language, I would say     Ten base of nine.   but is that really correct? I'm confused. Running Fedora Linux, lscpu yields:  Architecture:            i686 CPU op-mode(s):          32-bit, 64-bit ...   But when I try to install a 64-bit program (Chrome) I get error like:     Package /....x86_64.rpm has incompatible architecture x86_64. Valid architectures are ['i686', 'i586', 'i486', i386']   I'm less interested in being able to install Chrome and more interested in why lscpu says that my CPU can run in 64-bit mode; clearly this can't mean I can run 64-bit programs. Can anyone clarify? "He needn't say" / "He doesn't need to say" When I studied English at school (in Italy, more than 35 years ago), we were taught a rule according to which one should say, e. g., "He needn't (need not) say", but NOT "He doesn't need to say".  If I'm not mistaken, it was explained to us that the rule holds good with the following limitations:  1) only in the negative form: thus, "He needn't say", but "He needs to say", and "Does he need to say?";  2) only in the present tense: thus, "He needn't say", but "He didn't (won't, wouldn't, etc.) need to say";  3) only when an infinitive follows: thus, "He needn't see a doctor", but "He doesn't need a doctor".  But, if I google "doesn't need to", I find 125,000,000 occurrences.  I was wondering: does the rule hold good more for British than for American English?  Also, perhaps it isn't an absolute rule, and both constructions ("He needn't say" and "He doesn't need to say") are possible.  Is the rule at least a good description of the circumstances when we CAN (but needn't necessarily) use this construction?  Thank you very much, for this and the other answers. Retrieve Windows 8 Product Key from mainboard My new laptop came preinstalled with Windows 8. Naively, as I am, I just formatted the harddrive and installed fine old Ubuntu. Now I want to install Windows 8 for dual boot again, but I have no DVD and do download the ISO one needs a product key. That key is not on the back of the laptop anymore but somewhere on the mainboard.  Is there any way to recover the product key from the mainboard using Ubuntu? How do i testfor a item a player is holding? Bug in editor for numbered lists? I noticed what seemed to be a bug in the way the stackoverflow editor handles numbered lists. I did a search on meta for this and it didn't come up, but if it is a duplicate, I'll delete the question.  Consider the following code:  Here are some points:  1. One 2. Two 3. Three  Here are some more points which continue the theme:  4. Four 5. Five   When you actually type this into the text editor, this is the result:  Here are some points:   One Two Three   Here are some more points which continue the theme:   Four Five   In this case, the ordered list resets after the break. This is probably just an edge case (and not necessarily worth fixing), but I ran into the problem today and figured this would be a good place to raise the topic! My workaround was to use back-ticks around the numeral, but then you lose the hanging indent. (ie, 1. One)  Might this be worth fixing? Is it expected behavior? Or am I doing it wrong? I am making a Dwarf Warpriest Cleric of Shelyn wielding a Glaive. I expect to use Medium armor. I am planning this character out through level 20.   I'm looking for a build of feats, skills (if applicable) and spells that maximize my damage in melee and healing with spells. Other character choices are locked in.  If it matters, my allies in this group are: rogue, sorcerer, barbarian, monk, and fighter(longbow).   My original plan includes:    (Zeal Domain)     What Feats, Skills, and Spells (through level 20) will allow this character to do its highest DPR with a glaive and heal the most with its spell slots? Standard nomenclature for component types What prefixes should be used on reference designators for components of various types?  I think we can all agree that "R##" refers to a resistor, "C##" refers to a capacitor, and "L##" refers to an inductor.  Beyond that, it appears to be a mishmash of conventions.    I've seen both "IC" and "U" used for chips.   "Q", "T", and "M" have been used for transistors and MOSFETs.  Ordinarily, "D##" is used for diodes, but LEDs and Zeners get special treatment on some boards.    What standards are available for reference, and who endorses them?  JEDEC, ISO, IEEE, and other standardization bodies are welcome references (though I'd prefer an inexpensive standard), but I'm also curious to see what's used at various companies other than my own.    Edit:  What I'd really like to see is a list in an answer here which complies with the standard (even if it's just a quote).