computer science student here, haven't done much in GIS, just trying to finish a project for a class.  What I have is a CSV of origin/destination points as co-ordinates (longitude and latitude)  what I want to do is to create a heatmap of the routes, similar to a traffic heatmap that you see on google maps.   ie. I want more frequented pieces of road to be red, and less frequented to be green. not just the more frequented origins/destinations, thats trivial.  what's the easiest way to do this? I have experience with python, java and matlab.   I was wondering if there is a free software that could do it straight from the CSV? or maybe a python module?  edit: since im using just a CSV of origin/destination points, I believe it is not a duplicate, since the referenced post used GPS tracks, which is quite different information.
This winter I am planning to track my downhill skiing/snowboarding using a GPS.  Most of my riding will occur at the same resort.  I would like to be able to create a sort of "heatmap" that shows the amount of runs that I have made in a given area.  As I add more and more GPS traces to my database, my goal would be to see a sort of linear heatmap of the most traveled areas.  Given the nature of downhill skiing, you would expect the uphill chairlift lines will be the "hottest" because it will be the only places visited over-and-over again.  Given that 1) my track will not be the same every time and 2) the area covered by following one "run" may be a few hundred feet wide, what might be the best way to analyze this "linear" data to create a sort of heatmap?  My thoughts were to buffer the lines, then intersect the polys to get a sort of Venn Diagram thing going.  My preference is to use open-source technologies.  I've got QGIS and PostGIS loaded and available.  UPDATE: In regards to @blah238's response, I was thinking of something that might be able to "collect" the number of passes ("runs") through an area, and then symbolize by the count.  Conceptually, this would be similar to ArcGIS "" (but for lines, not points) or  (but for multiple line in roughly the same area).  A more visual example of a similar concept might be a traffic-flow map, where highly-congested areas would equate to "highly-traveled" ski runs/areas:    I've read the following questions that may give some ideas, but they don't really address what I am trying to accomplish:
Cannot turn Bluetooth off Show that there exists a unique $v_0 \in H^1(0,1)$ such that $u(0)=\int_0^1(u'v_0'+uv_0), \forall u \in H^1(0,1)$ Show that there exists a unique $v_0 \in H^1(0,1)$ such that $u(0)=\int_0^1(u'v_0'+uv_0), \forall u \in H^1(0,1)$. Further Show that $v_0$ is the solution of some differential equation with appropriate boundary conditions. Compute $v_0$ explicitly.   Let $f: H^1(0,1) \to \mathbb{R}$ be defined by $f(u)=u(0)$. Then I showed that $f$ is linear and continuous. Hence there exists $v_0 \in H^1(0,1)$ such that $u(0)=\int_{0}^1u'v_0'+\int_{0}^1uv_0$  The differential equation is given by $f=-u''+u$ with the conditions $u'(0)=u'(1)=0$.   How do I compute $v_0$ explicitly?? Probability question with interarrival times (Why did the chicken cross the road?) A chicken wants to cross a single-lane road where the cars arrive according to a Poisson process with rate $\lambda$. She needs at least $k$ minutes to cross the road safely, so she will have to wait until she sees a gap of at least $k$ between the oncoming cars. If the gap between the car that just arrived and the next one is at least $k$ then she starts crossing the road immediately. Let $T$ denote the random time she needs to wait by the road.  Find the expected time needed to cross the road. How do I revert a Git repository to a previous commit? For only my index pages, I am receiving this warning in Google Search Console:     Duplicate, submitted URL not selected as canonical   I know that this occurs because Google is attempting to track both the default landing "page" (i.e. www.domain.example/) and the page to which to which DirectoryIndex points (i.e. www.domain.example/index.html). They are, in fact, the same page, and so the warning is the result of a false positive.  Two questions for our community:   Why does Google not conflate these and count them as a single page? Alternately, is there something wrong with my set up if this has happened? I can easily force both pages to point to a single canonical URL. But which is preferable, "/" or "index.html"? The forgetful functor $\mathsf{Groups} \to \mathsf{Sets}$ admits a left adjoint, namely, "forming the free group" functor.  I was wondering if this has a left adjoint.  This seems unlikely, but I don't have a proof.  Is there a functor $\mathsf{Sets} \to \mathsf{Groups}$ that admits a left adjoint at all? A lot of people recommend to use the maximum node for glass setup, but I can't find that node. Nothing comes up when I search for it.  Where do I find it? In Monopoly, Is it OK for a third party to make a trade with a player who is about to lose? I play with some serious board gamers, but we have neglected Monopoly for a number of years, so our knowledge is mostly based on high school &amp; house rules.  We played last week and enjoyed it, but there was a piece of contention. There are times where we decide that we don't like one of our friends for some reason and don't want them to win (i.e. we landed on their property a bunch, or they refused to make a deal, etc.).  So when player 1 has some property and player 2 lands on it and cannot pay the rent their assets (houses/hotels get liquidated), their property gets transferred to the other player. (Please correct me if I'm wrong.) In this case, though, player 3 "traded" the amount of money owing for a piece of property (way overpaid). In this case they did it so that player 1 would not get the properties. Player 2 had no chance of winning the game (all properties mortgaged, no cash to speak of and many of the other properties with 3+ houses/hotels on them).  To summarize: Is it OK for a third player to purchase/trade property or cash to/from a player who is about to lose? $.ajax call working fine in IE8 and Doesn't work in firefox and chrome browsers Winsock2's select() on fd 0 (stdin) fails I've just made a minor alteration to a file from a TeX package.  I copied it into my local texmf tree and made the change there.  When I tried kpsewhich &lt;filename&gt; to test that it was finding my local version, it returned the original one and not the new one.  In actual fact, the original file was from my local texmf tree already so I renamed the old one something simple.  Now kpsewhich &lt;filename&gt; returned the system version of the file.  To check that the file was there, I tried kpsewhich -all &lt;filename&gt; and got the correct two versions of the file: my modified one and the system one (in that order).  If I try this with another file that I know exists in both places, then kpsewhich &lt;filename&gt; returns my local file.  Here's the various invocations and their results:  ~% kpsewhich pgfsys-pdftex.def /usr/local/texlive/2012/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/systemlayer/pgfsys-pdftex.def ~% kpsewhich -all pgfsys-pdftex.def  /Users/stacey/Library/texmf/tex/latex/bzr/pgfsys-pdftex.def /usr/local/texlive/2012/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/systemlayer/pgfsys-pdftex.def ~% kpsewhich tqft.sty               /Users/stacey/Library/texmf/tex/latex/bzr/tqft.sty ~% kpsewhich -all tqft.sty /Users/stacey/Library/texmf/tex/latex/bzr/tqft.sty /usr/local/texlive/2012/texmf-dist/tex/latex/tqft/tqft.sty   Is it something special about the .def extension?  Is there some command that I forgot to run?  Are there some other options to kpsewhich that will help me debug this? Count down in timeout is cut off The time out countdown which is flying in is missing half of the number.  Note the 33 here:        Can this be fixed please? Why would using higher ISO and faster shutter speed yield more noise than using lower ISO and slower shutter speed? How do I use sudo to redirect output to a location I don't have permission to write to? I've been given sudo access on one of our development RedHat linux boxes, and I seem to find myself quite often needing to redirect output to a location I don't normally have write access to.  The trouble is, this contrived example doesn't work:  sudo ls -hal /root/ &gt; /root/test.out   I just receive the response:  -bash: /root/test.out: Permission denied   How can I get this to work? Can TikZ create pixel art images? Can you create images like this:    when you have something like  0 = green (#54ff00) 1 = white (#ffffff) 2 = red   (#ff0000) 3 = blue  (#0048ff)  Image (Python list of integers defined above): [[2,0,0,0,0,0,0],  [0,3,0,0,0,0,0],  [0,3,2,1,1,0,0],  [0,3,2,2,2,1,1],  [0,3,2,0,0,1,0],  [0,0,0,0,0,1,0],  [0,0,0,0,0,1,0]]   with TikZ?  How far I got  The following MWE defines all colors, produces a grid of the correct size (though the size is determined by hand):  \documentclass[varwidth=true, border=2pt]{standalone} \usepackage{tikz} \usepackage{xcolor}  \begin{document}     \newcommand\n{7}     \definecolor{green}{HTML}{54FF00}     \definecolor{wite}{HTML}{FFFFFF}     \definecolor{red}{HTML}{FF0000}     \definecolor{blue}{HTML}{0048FF}     \begin{tikzpicture}         \foreach \x in {1,...,\n}{             \foreach \y in {1,...,\n}{                 \begin{scope}[shift={(\x,\y)}]                   \draw [fill=green] (0,0) rectangle (1,1);                 \end{scope}             }         }     \end{tikzpicture} \end{document}   Of course, I could simpy make a lot of adjusted                   \begin{scope}[shift={(\x,\y)}]                   \draw [fill=green] (0,0) rectangle (1,1);                 \end{scope}   but I've wondered if this can (with reasonable effort) be done in TikZ / LaTeX.  My problem is giving TikZ the color array. I don't have any idea how to do this. I only know two types of looks in TikZ:  \foreach \x in {0,1,2,3,4,5}{...} \foreach \number in {1,...,\n}{...}   I have never seen a nested over a 2D-array. All I have seen so far were 1D-Arrays of tuples (with fixed tuple size). Leave only two decimal places after the dot I wonder about the foundations of set theory and my question can be stated in some related forms:   If we base Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory on first order logic, does that mean first order logic is not allowed to contain the notion of sets? The axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory seem to already expect the notion of a set to be defined. Is there are pre-definition of what we are dealing with? And where? In set theory, if a function is defined as a set using tuples, why or how does first order logic and the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory contain parameter dependend properties $\psi(u_1,u_2,q,...)$, which basically are functions? I am using natbib and agsm for harvard-style referencing. My related code is  \usepackage{natbib} \bibliographystyle{agsm}   Then I am using \citep{} for citations. My problem is that in text I am getting     (Author et al. 2012)   but and I want     (Author et al. 2012)   Does anyone know how to change this and get 'et al' in italics in the text?  I am using TexPad and BibDesk and I have not been able to find the .bst files in Terminal.  I know that it is often correct to have the 'et al.' unitalicised but my university regulations requires italics. I would like to add my bibliography to my presentation in IEEE format. What should I add to my preamble and code.  \documentclass{beamer} \setbeamertemplate{footline}[page number]  \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{booktabs} \begin{document} \section{Reference} \begin{frame} \frametitle{Reference}  \end{frame}   I'm using the same bibTex which I use to make the IEEE paper. What is the name of this Ubuntu program? A couple month ago I installed a bunch of clipboard manager programs in Ubuntu, tried them out and then removed them. I must have missed one of these and now it keeps bug me in my daily usage. I need some help to identify the name of this program because the program itself provides very limited information.  This clipboard program has below characteristics: 1. It occupies hotkey Ctrl+;. When I press this hotkey, the clipboard history will pop out. It happens in bash, Chrome, Eclipse IDE, and etc, wherever it is text inputable. This is kind of annoying because it overrides my other hotkeys inside these applications. 2. Very laconic UI. Like below picture, with only a line "Select to paste", then listing out the clipboard history. There is no program information whatsoever. Right clicking on it and no menu are shown at all.      So far I have tried below ways to identify this program: 1. Browse system monitor for processes with names that could be correlated. 2. Browse through my installation log (dpkg.log) to find my installation history. Without luck, the log is lost. But I was not successful.