I am trying to find references on processing carried out inside the camera before the image is stored in RAW format. I am quite sure that some denoising is performed at the hardware level after the gain (that in photography we call ISO).  Are there any reference on the possible processing carried out before RAW image are produced?
Recently I came across a debate about whether it's fair to call RAW 'unprocessed' or 'unaltered' sensor data of a DSLR. As far as I know, the analog sensor data is processed into a digital RAW file using the ISO setting, a process during which the Bayer-sensor data is demosaiced as well. However, those are just the necessary steps for saving a digital file while maintaining maximum quality.  Are those assumptions correct? If so, are there any additional steps that need to be performed between the sensor receiving light and the saving of the RAW file? And can those be reasonably be described as an 'alteration' of the sensor data, or is it fair to say that a RAW file holds the unaltered sensor data?
Let $S = \{ax + by: x,y \in \mathbb{Z}\}$  and let $e &gt; 0$ be the smallest element in $S$. Prove that $e \mid a$, and hence prove that $e = \gcd(a,b)$  I'm afraid I can't provide much of my initial working here because I'm at a loss of how to start.  I suppose that to show $e\mid a$ I would have to show that $eg = a$ for some $g \in \mathbb{Z}$. But I have no idea how I would do this. I'm new to TDD and xUnit so I want to test my method that looks something like:   List&lt;T&gt; DeleteElements&lt;T&gt;(this List&lt;T&gt; a, List&lt;T&gt; b);   Is there any Assert method that I can use ? I think something like this would be nice  List&lt;int&gt; values = new List&lt;int&gt;() { 1, 2, 3 }; List&lt;int&gt; expected = new List&lt;int&gt;() { 1 }; List&lt;int&gt; actual = values.DeleteElements(new List&lt;int&gt;() { 2, 3 });  Assert.Exact(expected, actual);   Is there something like this ? What I am looking for is the equivalent of System.Windows.SystemParameters.WorkArea for the monitor that the window is currently on.  Clarification:  The window in question is WPF, not WinForm. System of congruences with variable Let $x$ and $y$ be integers not congruent to $0$ modulo $p$ where $p$ is a prime. Prove that if $p \equiv 3 \pmod{4}$ then $x^2+y^2 \not \equiv 0 \pmod{p}$.   I thought about proving this algebraically and by contradiction. So we say $x^2+y^2 = pz$ and have to show this is impossible. can't get placeholder attribute to work in IE using iframe We completed development on our dev environment and I copied the files over from the dev server to the production server through FTP.   Then through back up and migrade module, I made a back up of the SQL database. I created a new database through Plesk with the same name, username and password. I then imported the SQL database into the new server through phpmyadmin. I go to the URL and get the Site Maintenance message (which is correct, I placed the site in maintenance mode before copying the files over) but cannot navigate to any sub pages. Generally I can add /user or /admin to the end of the url and get the login screen. However all I get are 404 errors. "Available jobs to/for them" First of all, English is not my first language. I have a question, maybe a basic one, about this phrase:     The situation highlights the mismatch between some areas of training and available jobs to/for them.   Should it be "available jobs to them" or "available jobs for them"?  Sorry if the question is really basic. Programming pattern to generate VGA signal with micro-controller? I want to generate VGA signal with micro-controller (like TI Tiva ARM which runs at 90/120Mhz speed).  I'm not sure how to make accurate timings with micro-controller. Which programming pattern I need to use?  Do I need any inline assembler code? How to wisely use interrupts?  Would be great if anybody show some pseudo code how to generate VGA signal.  I successfully generated VGA signal with FPGA. But I just can't figure out how to do it with MCU. Can someone please verify my proof?     Is the collection $\tau_\infty = \{U:X-U$ is infinite or empty or all of $X\}$ a topology on $X$?   No. Let $X = \mathbb{R}$.  Clearly, $\{x\} \in \tau_\infty$ for all $x \in X$.  Set $\displaystyle{B = \cup_{x \neq 0} \{x\}}$. Clearly, $X - B = \{0\}$, but $\{0\} \notin \tau_\infty$. Since $\tau_\infty$ is not closed under arbitrary unions, it does not define a topology on $X$. How do I tunnel and browse the server webpage on my laptop? I run a web app in one of my lab servers, and I have already setup X11 Forwarding on those machines. Other lab members can tunnel through SSH, and browse that web app on their local browser at home.  I can't. Last time I checked with them, there is almost nothing I need to do.  When I type 192.168.1.113/webapp I get nothing.   Any tips?  THanks.    I ended up using the second method :)  ssh -L 8080:&lt;server-ip-address&gt;:80 &lt;username&gt;@&lt;remote-addr&gt; -N Why app updates download entire app instead of only "updates"? Avoid footnotes from appearing before mark I have these \footnotetext and \footnotemark as illustrated in the figure below. I used these tags to enforce my own numbering (and because using only \footnote was not working the way I expected).    The code I use for generating the mark is:   \caption{Lista de notas presentes em um piano de 88 teclas,  com notação em Inglês, frequência em Hertz e comprimento de  onda em centímetros.\protect\footnotemark[1]}   Is there any way I can enforce my \footnotetext to appear in the same page as my \footnotemark? Why didn't the Seons change? In the book Elantris, the Reod was caused by a giant earthquake opening a chasm which changed the shape of all the Aons. The Seons, which are basically living Aons, were presumably unchanged, since nobody noticed the change, which should have been obvious on the simpler Aons. Application always show in the third position in Ubuntu 16.04 After I update my ubutu to 16.04, I got a problem with Unity launcher. Whenever I open an application which is not listed in launcher, it will take the third position instead of last position. Has anyone the same problem? What is a good word to describe 'exceptional positive' research work? What are the minimum contributions required for co-authorship How do I translate an ISO 8601 datetime string into a Python datetime object? I just installed the lastest version of . I works fine but in order to use it, I have to enter the following in the terminal: cd ugene-1.11.5/ then execute ./ugene -ui to launch UGENE GUI.   This takes too long. I would like to build a .desktop file for UGENE to be used in Ubuntu 12.04 so that I can simply open it from the unity launcher.  Not sure if this is helpful but the website says: By default ugene script launches the command-line version of UGENE.  Here's what I have (not sure if it's right):  [Desktop Entry] Version=1.0 Name=my Unipro UGENE GenericName=Integrated Bioinformatics Suite Comment=Unipro UGENE is a cross-platform visual environment for DNA and protein sequence analysis. MimeType=text/english;text/plain;text/x-makefile;text/x-c++hdr;text/x-c++src;text/x-chdr;text/x-csrc;text/x-java;text/x-moc;text/x-pascal;text/x-tcl;text/x-tex;application/x-shellscript;text/x-c;text/x-c++; Exec=/home/samuel/ugene-1.11.5 ./ugene -ui -c %F Icon=/usr/share/icons/hicolor/scalable/apps/ugene.svg Type=Application Terminal=true Categories=Utility;Development; StartupWMClass=UGENE   I added the launcher named my Unipro UGENE to my unity bar and tried opening it but it doesn't appear. I must be missing something. I don't know what the StartWMCClass field is suppose to be nor do I know whether I entered the correct MimeType. Where to start looking up if there's something wrong with cck field variables? in short: Something in my zen-based custom theme is keeping a couple of cck fields from being display on my page. Basically my question is where to get access to the variables that are supposed to contain the html for the cck fields (which are missing when I was looking them in firebug). Below I explain why I think it's looking up the variables that might bring me closer to a solution  So I made this custom node type (events) with cck fields added. Also made some content using those fields. Added some css and it all displayed fine. Later the taxonomy terms below the title and some metadata bugged me so I followed along with a 'theming cookbook' pdf book that taught me how to make a node-events.tpl.php and simply deleted php variables like $terms. This worked great.     Obviously this also means that all this time, the view permissions of those fields have been checked and also that the display options under 'display fields' have been set to standard all the time. I also ruled out that the issue could be anything else than theme related as my cck fields do show up in a stock Drupal theme. The theme for my site is a zen-based custom theme.   So then even later, after I made a view for this node type and started adding css to that view I noticed at some point that my image field and two other fields are missing. It's hard to tell if they disappeared because of things that I did when creating the view and adding css (which would surprise me)