I was asked to calculate a confidence score for a single proportion representing a conversion rate. I saw a lot of documents that calculate confidence intervals for proportions based on the binomial distribution; however I did not see any material for a single conversion (or proportion). If $X \sim Bin(n,p)$, with large sample size normal approx to binomial is valid, then  $$ \hat{p} \leadsto \mathcal{N}\bigg( p, \sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{n}} \bigg) $$  Using this approximation, I saw statistical significance involving a second ratio (through $z$-scores) can be calculated, etc. However, can any error metric be calculated for a single proportion? Ideally this metric would be a number between 0% and 100%.
I have a random sample of Bernoulli random variables $X_1 ... X_N$, where $X_i$ are i.i.d. r.v. and $P(X_i = 1) = p$, and $p$ is an unknown parameter.  Obviously, one can find an estimate for $p$: $\hat{p}:=(X_1+\dots+X_N)/N$.  My question is how can I build a confidence interval for $p$?
What are the minimum content and traffic requirements for Google AdSense? .NET Attributes: Why does GetCustomAttributes() make a new attribute instance every time? A common technique after training, validating and testing the Machine Learning model of preference is to use the complete dataset, including the testing subset, to train a final model to deploy it on, e.g. a product.      My question is: Is it always for the best to do so? What if the   performance actually deteriorates?   For example, let us assume a case where the model scores around 65% in classifying the testing subset. This could mean that either the model is trained insufficiently OR that the testing subset consists of outliers. In the latter case, training the final model with them would decrease its performance and you find out only after deploying it.   Re-phrasing my initial question:     If you had a one-time demonstration of a model, such as deploying it   on embedded electronics on-board an expensive rocket experiment, would you trust a   model that has been re-trained with the test subset in the final step without being   re-tested on its new performance? The error: "mount: only root can do that" while mounting a partition I've installed Ubuntu 12.04 along with Windows 8.1. When I tried to open the C: drive in Ubuntu a window is popping out saying to run this command:  mount -t ntfs-3g -o remove_hiberfile /dev/sda2 /media/2A36EE3236EDFEA7   After running the command I'm getting the error mount: only root can do that.   What should I do? Application of Kirchhoff's laws in circuits with inductors As we know, the  are applicable for conservative electric fields. Now it is applicable for circuits where inductors are present but the field there is not .  So how are the  Kirchhoff's laws  applicable there? How do I choose an element from a non-empty set? Suppose I have a non-empty set $A$.     How do I choose an element $x\in A$?   More precisely, I believe I would like to find a formula $P(x,y)$ of ZF such that for every non-empty set $y$ there is exactly one $x\in y$ such that $P(x,y)$ is true.  I have thought about this for a while without success and I am beginning to doubt such a formula is even possible. But in mathematical proofs it is quite common to "choose a fixed element" from a non-empty set. So how exactly do we achieve such a thing? Am I missing something?  Thank you in advance. One of us is wrong, aren't we? I have just learned from what I consider a reliable source, that the following sentence is correct:     One of us is wrong, aren't we?   I would never in my life have written this, but I am assured that   As I realize comments don't live forever I will quote the relevant parts:     oerkelens : So you  would really write One of us is wrong, aren't we? I guess by analogy you would not bat an eyelid at One of these balls is blue, aren't they?   Matt Эллен : yes, "Then one of us is wrong, aren't we?" is exactly how it would be written. Same for the balls.   Could someone please enlighten me how it is possible that the number in a question tag supposedly has to be in discordance with the subject of the main clause?  I admit that I am not the youngest any more, and my school days are long gone, but back in the days, I was taught that  1. a verb and its subject concord in number 2. a question tag concords with the subject of the main clause  I was given examples like:     It is warm today, isn't it?   We will be on time, won't we?   Mary is pretty, isn't she?   John isn't the brightest, is he?   Some people may notice that the subject of the main clause seems to determine every time the subject of the question tag. When the main clause subject is singular, so are verb and subject in the question tag.  I was under the impression that a) this made sense and b) this would be a general rule.  I fully realize that grammar does not have to make sense, so a) is immaterial. As for b), today I learned I was wrong :)  So when (and possibly why?) do we form question tags that are different in number from their main clause?   To exemplify, also the other example sentence that I used and was corrected on:     One of these balls is blue, isn't it? (so this is wrong)   One of these balls is blue, aren't they? (and this is correct)   As an afterthought, does this strange grammatical number mix-up only appear in question-tags, or should I always refer to singular subjects in the plural if certain conditions are met? And what are those conditions?  Which versions are correct?     One of the cars is broken, aren't they? They (the car(s?) that is(are?) broken) should be fixed.   One of the cars is broken, aren't they? It (the car that is broken) should be fixed.   One of us must be wrong, mustn't we? We (the one(s?) that is (are?) wrong) should make amends.   One of us must be wrong, mustn't we? He (the one that is wrong) should make amends.   (In the last one, they could of course be used as the singular they, but that would avoid the issue...) Show that $A_n$ is the kernel of a group homomorphism of $S_n \rightarrow \{−1,1\}$. Using QGIS3 Processing algorithms from standalone PyQGIS scripts (outside of GUI) I'm writing a script which must work outside of QGIS GUI. I call some API functions from qgis.core but I'd like to use the processing plugin.  I'm able to import processing with sys.path.append() but I can't run any process. Moreover, all "native" algs are missing in QgsApplication.processingRegistry().algorithms()  So is it possible to run processing that way ? What am I missing ?  import os, sys from qgis.core import * QgsApplication.setPrefixPath('/usr', True) qgs = QgsApplication([], False) qgs.initQgis()  sys.path.append('/usr/share/qgis/python/plugins') from processing.core.Processing import Processing Processing.initialize() import processing  layer1 = QgsVectorLayer('data/ROUTE_PRIMAIRE.SHP') layer2 = QgsVectorLayer('data/ROUTE_SECONDAIRE.SHP')  processing.run('qgis:union', layer1, layer2, 'test.shp') # returns nothing   I'm on QGIS 3.0.1 - Debian 9 extended stars-and-bars problem(where the upper limit of the variable is bounded) I'm looking for a word that describes a person who is extremely dismissive and unopen to ideas or comments. Dismissive  feeling or showing that something is unworthy of consideration   For example,  Tom: 'Get your table organised! It's so-' Jack: 'Shush, bring your comments somewhere else.' I put some alias commands in my .bashrc file, so that they might be loaded everytime I open a new Terminal window. Yet this doesn't happen. I have to select run script: in the Terminal&gt;Preferences&gt;&quot;MyDefaultTheme&quot;&gt;Shell prefpane and add: source .bashrc &amp;&amp; clear for it to work... This seems odd since many tutorials only say you just have to add to the .bashrc file and all is good. Note that I don't run in bash when using the terminal, I like the other (default) one (don't know what it is) better, because it show me where I am all the time eg: &gt;&gt;d54c6b47b:~ romeo$  in stead of: &gt;&gt;bash$  In bash all is loaded as should be. So my question is, why didn't my .bashrc file load automatically and did I have to add the option to call it everytime? Also some tutorial told me to do something like: $alias la=’ls -la’ &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc  which should write the alias to my .bashrc, this doesn't work either... Note that I'm a UNIX novice, so be gentle. I'm trying to include Arabic text in an English document (I'm a new latex user), but I can't seem to get any Arabic text to render at all, using xelatex or any kind of tex. I'm using texshop 3.51 on a mac. I can't get this basic example to work, it just displays question marks in the output pdf.  \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage[utf]{arabxetex} \newfontfamily\arabicfont[Script=Arabic]{Amiri} \begin{document} \begin{arab}[voc] وَهَذِهِ فِقرَةٌ بِالعَرَبِيَة مَعَ كَلِمَة اِنكلِيزِيَة \end{arab} \end{document}     I've downloaded Amiri (and also Scheherazade and Lateef) into Fontbook, and they show up if I go Source->Font->Show Fonts in texshop. If I remove the Amiri part it still doesn't work.   Is there anything I can do? I've looked at other links here, like  and  but I can't even render any of those examples.   Thank you so much for any help! I'll love you forever if I can get this to work. How to get Scilab 6.0.1 working on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS? I have installed clean Ubuntu MATE 18.04 LTS and installed Scilab from repository here with    sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install scilab   After installation I tried to launch it from GUI (Applications → Other → Scilab) - it does not start. Then I tried to launch it from terminal with scilab command. Terminal output is as follows:  $ scilab /usr/bin/scilab-bin: error while loading shared libraries: libjava.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory   so it can't find Java. I reported  about this problem.  I checked existence of libjava.so:  $ dpkg -S libjava.so   openjdk-11-jre-headless:amd64: /usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-amd64/lib/libjava.so   so it is in place.  What should I do to get Scilab 6.0.1 working on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS? Add a new repository to software sources How to change specific values in a List Front facing camera stopped working on the iPhone 4s Object emit light distance I created an object, and I wanted it to glow. I used to just place points of light around it, and parent them to it, but using the emit option in the materials seemed so much easier.  But when I gave it an a higher emit than 0, it went only a small distance before the light stopped. I turned it up to 200, and the object was white with light, but the light didn't go any farther. Oh and I changed the color, and nothing happened. I am an Indian passport holder travelling from China to India via Kuala Lumpur, on Air Asia tickets bought separately. The layover is 4 hours and 30 minutes.  Do I need a transit visa? Finder sidebar flashing text and high CPU load since El Capitan After update to OS X 10.11 I started having these bugs:   Finder sidebar text flashing  Very high CPU load:      I have Macbook Pro Retina 13" Mid 2014  I reset NVRAM.  I deleted com.apple.finder.plist, it didn't help.  Also I did this: , no longer flashes.