I meet two structs: struct s1{   int i;   int j;   char c;}  struct s2{   int i;   char c1;   int j;   char c2;}  the textbook says c in S1 only occupies 1 byte,whereas c2 in S2 occupies 4 bytes, why is this? Is it because c1 has to occupy 4 bytes, and they have the same type?
Why does the sizeof operator return a size larger for a structure than the total sizes of the structure's members?
How should I determine how many lands of each different color to put in my deck? Is it possible and if so how can you pass flags to the ShareLaTeX compiler which one would have passed as parameters to the LaTeX compiler?  I am using the minted package and need to pass the -shell-escape flag. Convert string to Title Case with JavaScript Is there a simple way to convert a string to Title Case? E.g. john smith becomes John Smith. I'm not looking for something complicated like , just (hopefully) some kind of one- or two-liner. Metropolis is not working I tried to use the metropolis beamer theme, but I got the following error  ! Package beamerfontthememetropolis Error: Patching section title failed. See the beamerfontthememetropolis package documentation for explanation. Type H &lt;return&gt; for immediate help.... \patchcmd I see many posts on both this forum and elsewhere the discuss the use of a wide angle on a crop sensor.  For example, they discuss how at 14mm lens is 14mm on a 35mm film or full frame, but with a 1.6x crop sensor it is an effective 28mm.  My question is, is a 14mm on a crop sensor the same image as a 28mm on a full frame.  Or does "effective" include some other conotation.  I read that a 14mm can create distortion on a full frame and some vignette, so people seem to say using it on a crop takes out some of those edge problems. My confusion is how the lens is actually taking in the extra image.  Reading kenrockwells blog I learned that wide angle keeps lines straight, while fish eye actually skews the lines.    So with this as my understanding, I am still a bit confused how a lens that is curved in order to get a greater angle of view, will be the same as a cropped version of a less curved lens.  Or does "effective" only refer to the objects to the sides but not to the distortion of the image.  Or, if it is different, is it so small that for photography it does not matter?  A technically description would be welcome as long as a basic understanding of the situation.  Thanks!  Edit: To be more clear after the comments,  I am specifically talking about the end resulting 2d projection from 3d space.  I have read both those previous answers.  the first one is closer to what I am talking about.  However, it is still confusing for me.  I have experience with 3d modeling and projection matricies, which might be confusing me with this.  But for example, i dont understand the images having a 50 mm lens being drawn Starting from the sensor, so it shows a different fov for crop and full frame . If the lens is the same, it takes the same amount of information from the world, which makes a ray from a certain degree off the last lens projected into a smaller space, there is no projection from the sensor, so drawing the line from the sensor doesnt make sense to me.  The distance of the sensor to the rear of the lens must have some impact on the light projected but is not represented in the images.  Further, again from that first answer it says cropping is the same as zoom, but from what i understand from how perspective works, it is different, since a wide angle will project lines differently than a small fov to the same size, so cropping the center of a wide angle and zooming into something is very different.  This is easily recreated in an opengl application with varying fov projection matrix, i imagine in painting class people learn this as well.  A fisheye would be a good example, since if cropping was the same as zooming, a fish eye lens would keep the center exactly like a normal lens and then a gradient weighted towards the outside would rapidly create a warped perspective, but from what I see, it is even.  To me those images just look like its comparing cropped with full frame in regards to orthogonal projections. Find the product $\prod_{n=1}^{\infty} (1+x^{2n-1}) $ Excel How to make Text Qualifier editable or add a new entry in the existing list? When I add a mirror modifier it sometimes doesn't mirror correctly, giving me an overlapping mesh. How can I fix this? Hiding the sidebar in Ubuntu I have two questions :  First, I wanted to hide Ubuntu’s side-bar, so I set the settings in appearance to 'autohide'. The side bar did indeed disappear but when I roll over the left side, the side bar don't appear again. So, I am using a virtual box. Can it explain the fact that this bar doesn't show again when it is set to autohide.   Second, assuming I wouldn't be able to come over the problem, I pined to the dock every element of the sidebar, except the dash home. Is it possible either to pin it in the dock or to launch it from the terminal ? Remove marker using lat or long gmaps v3 Define the sequence $aₙ=20+n²$ and $dₙ=\gcd(aₙ , aₙ₊₁)$ Find with proof the values dₙ takes. Windows 8 upgrade Recovery Disk I have upgraded to Windows 8 from Win 7. I want to create a recovery disk for Windows 8, just in case something goes wrong. I didn't find the option of creating it from the control panel.  How do I create a Recovery CD/DVD? Has anyone managed to get the Citrix receiver client (icaclient) working in Ubuntu? apt-get autoremove wants to remove linux headers Today I ran apt-get autoremove to remove un-needed packages and it wants to remove linux-headers-3.2.0-37 and linux-headers-3.2.0-37-generic  Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: libglademm-2.4-1c2a linux-headers-3.2.0-37 linux-headers-3.2.0-37-generic ttf-umefont    ttf-unfonts-core 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 5 to remove and 0 not upgraded. After this operation, 67.6 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue [Y/n]?    Is it safe to remove these? My installed kernel is a newer version than the headers that autoremove lists.  uname -r 3.2.0-38-generic I am not sure what caused this error, but here is what the whole error says, and also this is sitting as a notification, and preventing me from updating any software using Update Manager - Please provide some assistance or tell me how to figure out what to do to fix it.  Could not calculate the upgrade  An unresolvable problem occurred while calculating the upgrade.  Please report this bug against the 'update-manager' package and include the following error message: 'E:Error, pkgProblemResolver::Resolve generated breaks, this may be caused by held packages.' I'm wondering if there's any log which stores information about a particular program such as when the program has started and closed manually on Windows such as MS Word, or Chrome. Any ideas? Why does chmod 777 -R / leave the system unusable? I'm only granting permission to all to do anything but why does the system crash by giving permissions only? I'm only modifying the permission not changing the files. What's the right course of action for cross-site duplicates?  There are two flavors:   A question is posted which belongs on another site and ends up already having been asked there. I can't find an example right now, but it's bound to happen soon if it hasn't already. The same question is posted in two places at the same time. Take  for example, which is a duplicate of , posted within a half hour of each other by the same user.   Possible actions:   Move it to the proper site and close it once it gets there as a duplicate. Provide a way to close it right away as a cross-site duplicate, without moving it first. Flag it and let a moderator merge them. Close it as "no longer relevant" or something else.   Additionally, flavor 2 is a bit of a special case; perhaps the question really spans both sites in terms of content and intended audience. Should multiple-postings in this case be allowed? If so, should they somehow be linked to each other? If not, how do we avoid a migration war? Calculating grid convergence (True North to Grid North) I would like to know how to calculate the grid convergence angle between True North and Grid North for UTM maps. I am using ArcGIS 10.0 (ArcView licence). and have used the  tool from the Cartography toolbox. However, I would like to know how to calculate this angle myself (using Excel) to compare against the ArcGIS result? How to create nested loops in x86 assembly language