I want to support both short and  long options in bash scripts, so one can:   $ foo -ax --long-key val -b -y SOME FILE NAMES   is it possible?
I wish to have long and short forms of command line options invoked using my shell script.  I know that getopts can be used, but like in Perl, I have not been able to do the same with shell.  Any ideas on how this can be done, so that I can use options like:  ./shell.sh --copyfile abc.pl /tmp/ ./shell.sh -c abc.pl /tmp/   In the above, both the commands mean the same thing to my shell, but using getopts, I have not been able to implement these?
Differences between /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin I want to determine $$\lim\limits_{(x,y) \to (0,0)} \frac{x^2·y^3}{x^4+y^6}$$  I'm sure the limit exists, it's zero because I tried to find other different limits in line and parabola points ($(x,mx)$ and $(x,mx^2)$) but every time I got zero. So, I have to use the definition or sequences to confirm. Why do you need 2 resistors when hooking up a transistor as a switch What is the point of R2 in the following diagram:   I get that R1 controls the current to the Base, but what does R2 do? I'm trying to find the birth certificate of my wife's great grandmother who was probably born in Durban, South Africa in 1884. I'm currently unable to find any online resources for this.  If such a thing does not exist online, is there any other method of retrieving a copy or at least just the details? Ubuntu 12.04 boots to TTY1 Alrighty, I have perused the threads already in existence and am finding none of them seem to have the exact combination of variables I've got going.  I'm working on a computer using Ubuntu 12.04. Currently, it boots straight into tty1  Ubuntu 12.04.4 LTS [computer name] tty1  [computer name] login: Password:   Login leads to:  Last login: Wed Mar 19 13:47:11MDT 2014 on tty1  Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04.4 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-32generic-pae i686   The owner of the computer stated that this issue happened after a recent update, if that gives anyone a hint as to the specific location of the graphics failure.   I'm capable of booting into the GUI utilizing startx, but am frankly at a loss of where to go from here. Years of Windows has molded me into a GUI heavy kinda person, so, if possible, work off the assumption that I've no idea what you're talking about and break it down to the simplest of steps.  Thanks! If $f,g:X \to Y$ are continuous and $Y$ is $T_2$, then $\{x \in X\,|\,f(x)=g(x)\}$ is closed I'd like to know if the following proof is valid.  The only thing I'm not sure about (though I can't see why it's invalid if it is) is if we can always use the Hausdorfness of $Y$ to separate an open set from $f(C)=g(C)$.  "Let $X$ be a space, $Y$ a $T_2$-space, and $f,g:X \to Y$ continuous functions.  Prove that $C:=\{x \in \,|\,f(x)=g(x)\}$ is a closed subset of $X$."  Let $x \in X$ be such that $f(x) \ne g(x)$.  Since $Y$ is $T_2$, there are open sets $U_\alpha \ni f(x)$ and $V_\alpha \ni g(x)$ such that $U_\alpha \cap O_\alpha=V_\alpha \cap O_\alpha=\varnothing$ for all $\alpha \in A$ where $A$ is the set indexing the points of $f(C)=g(C)$, and $O_\alpha$ is an open set containing $x_\alpha \in f(C)=g(C)$.  Let $U:=\displaystyle\bigcap_{\alpha \in A} U_\alpha$ and $V:=\displaystyle\bigcap_{\alpha \in A} V_\alpha$.  Then $U \cap f(C)=V \cap f(C)=\varnothing$.  Therefore, since $f,g$ are continuous, $f^{-1}(U)$ and $g^{-1}(V)$ are open sets in $X$ disjoint from $C$.  Since $X\setminus A$ is the union of such open sets, it is open itself and therefore $C$ is closed.  Thanks. Why AUC =1 even classifier has misclassified half of the samples? I am using a classifier which returns probabilities. To calculate AUC, I am using pROC R-package. The output probabilities from classifier are:  probs=c(0.9865780, 0.9996340, 0.9516880, 0.9337157, 0.9778576, 0.8140116, 0.8971550, 0.8967585, 0.6322902, 0.7497237)   probs shows probability of being in class '1'. As shown, the classifier has classified all of samples in class '1'.  True label vector is:  truel=c(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)   As shown, classifier has misclassified 5 samples. But, AUC is:  pROC::auc(truel, probs) Area under the curve: 1   Could you please explain to me why it happens? I am attempting to set up an nmake makefile to export our balsamiq mockup files to png files automatically, but I'm afraid I can't make heads nor tails of how to make a generic rule for doing so, without explicitly listing all the files I want exported.  details the command line syntax for exporting the files, and  contains an example which looks like it contains a generic rule for .obj files to .exe files. The makefile I have tried so far looks like this: .bmml.png:     &quot;C:\Program Files\Balsamiq Mockups\Balsamiq Mockups.exe&quot; export $&lt; $@  But this doesn't work. If I simply run nmake (with some outdated png files), nmake just does this: [C:\Temp] :nmake  Microsoft (R) Program Maintenance Utility Version 9.00.30729.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.   [C:\Temp] :  If I ask it to build one specific file, it does this: [C:\Temp] :nmake &quot;TestFile.png&quot;  Microsoft (R) Program Maintenance Utility Version 9.00.30729.01 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.  NMAKE : fatal error U1073: don't know how to make '&quot;TestFile.png&quot;' Stop.  [C:\Temp] :  Any nmake gurus out there that can set me straight? An example makefile which simply makes .dat files from .txt files by copying them, to experiment with, looks like this: .txt.dat:     copy $&lt; $@  this does nothing as well, so clearly I'm not understanding how such generic rules work. Do I need to specify a goal above that somehow lists the files I want? If I know for two numbers a and b that    $${a &lt; b }$$  Then is it correct to say that    $$ a \leq b $$  I know that the second statement is true as long as the first one is. It seems OK as it is true but from the other side it seems kinda weird (to me), to say that, if you know, that a is strictly less that b.It's like you lose some extra information. Evaluating $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(x^2+b^2)^2}dx$ Find $$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(x^2+b^2)^2}dx$$   We see that the only poles are at $x=\pm bi$.  Integrating over the semicircular contour implies that it is equal to $2\pi i*Res_{(+bi)}$ because the integral over the circular arc is $0$.  So now I just need to calculate the residue at $+bi$. Can anyone give hints on how to do this?  I was thinking about multiplying by $(x-bi)^2$ and then evaluating at $bi$ but I'm not sure why this even makes sense. What is the difference between topological and metric spaces? What is the difference between a topological and a metric space? What is the difference between 'git pull' and 'git fetch'? Admin privileges requiring for installing a package build though Packages Using osx 10.9 and packages for making package installer.  While installing a package made using Packages in /Applications location on a osx 10.9 machine, installer is asking for Admin password. Even though I had unchecked 'Require admin password for installation' while package making.  So, how to avoid this i.e a non-admin user should install this package. Package should install in /Applications location, so that non-admin user can use the app.  I check  and Can I enter Croatia with single entry visa Schengen? Find out which application listens to specific key bindings? MonoTouch.Dialog: How to set limit of number of characters for EntryElement Using a singular or plural verb after "and/or" If the subject of a sentence is separated by "and/or", should the verb be pluralized, as with "and", or agree with the rightmost subject, as with "or"? For example:     His co-workers and/or his boss was at fault.   vs.     His co-workers and/or his boss were at fault. How to Export this animation as a gif file for powerpoint presentation Error when using endfloat with unicode characters How can I chroot sftp-only SSH users into their homes? I want to give a client access to my server, but I want to limit those users to their home directories. I will bind-mount in any files I want them to be able to see.  I've created a user called bob and added him to a new group called sftponly. They have a home directory at /home/bob. I've changed their shell to /bin/false to stop SSH logins. Here is their /etc/passwd line:  bob:x:1001:1002::/home/bob:/bin/false   I've also changed the /etc/ssh/sshd_config to include the following:  Match Group sftponly         ChrootDirectory /home/%u         ForceCommand internal-sftp         AllowTcpForwarding no   When I try to log in as them, here's what I see   $ sftp bob@server bob@server's password:  Write failed: Broken pipe Couldn't read packet: Connection reset by peer   If I comment out the ChrootDirectory line I can SFTP in but then they have free rein over the server. I have found that ChrootDirectory /home works, but it still gives them access to any home directory. I have explicitly tried ChrootDirectory /home/bob but that doesn't work either.  What am I doing wrong? How can I limit bob to /home/bob/?  ----EDIT-----  Okay so I just had a look at /var/log/auth.log and saw this:  May  9 14:45:48 nj sshd[5074]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user bob by (uid=0) May  9 14:45:48 nj sshd[5091]: fatal: bad ownership or modes for chroot directory component "/home/bob/" May  9 14:45:48 nj sshd[5074]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user bob   I'm not entirely sure what's going on there,  but it suggests something is wrong with the user directory. Here is the ls -h /home output:  drwxr-xr-x 26 oli      oli      4096 2012-01-19 17:19 oli drwxr-xr-x  3 bob      bob      4096 2012-05-09 14:11 bob