I'm retaking a class because I flunked the final which was worth most of our grades. The papers I'm resubmitting will be slightly edited, but mostly the same as I got good grades on them. Would this be considered plagiarism?
I have written an essay last year, as a personal exercise. I now have a course at uni on the topic and could basically just hand in this essay now, the topic fits perfectly. I have also never submitted this essay to any other course or so.  Could I just hand in this essay, or would I violate some rules with that? Is this maybe already self-plagiarism?
Short story about a group of sci-fi writers sitting around discussing their profession I am using PHP with Apache on Linux, with Sendmail. I use the PHP  function. The email is sent, but the envelope has the Apache_user@localhostname in MAIL FROM (example nobody@conniptin.internal) and some remote mail servers reject this because the domain doesn't exist (obviously). Using mail, can I force it to change the envelope MAIL FROM?  EDIT: If I add a header in the fourth field of the mail() function, that changes the From field in the headers of the body of the message, and DOES NOT change the envelope MAIL FROM.  I can force it by spawning sendmail with sendmail -t -odb -oi -frealname@realhost and piping the email contents to it. Is this a better approach?  Is there a better, simpler, more PHP appropriate way of doing this?  EDIT: The bottom line is I should have RTM. Thanks for the answers folks, the fifth parameter works and all is well. Irrationality of $\sum_{p\in\mathbb{P}} \frac{1}{2^{p}}$ Let $\mathbb{P}$ be the set of prime numbers, and consider $m=\displaystyle\sum_{p\in\mathbb{P}} \frac{1}{2^{p}}$. Is $m$ irrational?  In the following  , the author recalls several sufficient criteria for irrationality. When applying some of this criteria to $m$ I arrive that the condition of some of the criteria are not satisfied by means of Bertrand´s Postulate.  I found a similar result by Sándor:  Let $\lbrace a_m\rbrace$, $m\geq 1$ be a sequence of positive integers such that $$\text{lim sup}\frac{a_{m+1}}{a_1a_2\cdots a_m}=\infty \;\;\;\;\text{and}\;\;\;\;\;\;\text{lim inf}\frac{a_{m+1}}{a_m}&gt;1$$ Then the series $\displaystyle\sum_{m} \frac{1}{a_m}$ is an irrational number.  I have yet to prove that if $f$ is a continuous function then $\text{lim sup} \;f(a_m)=f(\text{lim sup}\, a_m)$. Assuming this;  $$\text{lim inf}\; P_{m+1}-P_{m}&gt;1$$ where $P_m$ is the $m$-th prime.  But I have trouble with $$\text{lim sup}\; P_{m+1}-\sum_{j=1}^{m}P_{j}$$ my guess is that $$\text{lim sup}\; P_{m+1}-\sum_{j=1}^{m}P_{j}\neq\infty$$ so $$\text{lim sup}\frac{2^{P_{m+1}}}{2^{P_1}\cdots 2^{P_m}}\neq\infty$$   and this theorem will result useless to tell if $m$ is irrational.   How can I prove (or disprove) that $m$ is irrational (are there any other simpler criteria)? How can I use Dirichlet criterion  or Hurwitz criterion? What is its ?    Any help is highly appreciated.      Edit: That $m$ is irrational is clear by the criteria provided in the comments, namely that if $x$ is rational then the binary representation of $x$ is periodic. The number $m$ in binary expansion has $1$ in the $P$-th position and zero elsewhere. As there are arbitrarily large gaps between primes; then the binary representation fails to be periodic.  So the question that remains unsolved is:   What is its irrationality measure? JavaScript variables declare outside or inside loop? How can I align a multiple-line footnote text right to the footnote mark? How can I have the following "footnote layout"?  Some Text Some Text Some Text Some Text² Some Text   2 FOOTNOTETEXT FOOTNOTETEXT FOOTNOTETEXT FOOTNOTETEXT FOOTNOTETEXT   FOOTNOTETEXT FOOTNOTETEXT FOOTNOTETEXT FOOTNOTETEXT FOOTNOTETEXT   My problem is that the footnote text starting with the second line is too far left.  \documentclass{article} \usepackage{blindtext}  \begin{document}     \blindtext\footnote{\blindtext} \end{document} Placement of the asterisk in pointer declarations I've recently decided that I just have to finally learn C/C++, and there is one thing I do not really understand about pointers or more precisely, their definition.  How about these examples:   int* test; int *test; int * test; int* test,test2; int *test,test2; int * test,test2;   Now, to my understanding, the first three cases are all doing the same: Test is not an int, but a pointer to one.  The second set of examples is a bit more tricky. In case 4, both test and test2 will be pointers to an int, whereas in case 5, only test is a pointer, whereas test2 is a "real" int. What about case 6? Same as case 5? Why does as.factor return a character when used inside apply? Why was Arcanine with the Legendary Birds in Veridian City in Pokémon Origins? In Pokémon Origins, Red sees a image with the three legendary birds and Arcanine.     Why was Arcanine there? I mean, he's 'The Legendary Pokemon' but not a legendary Pokémon. In , there is a comment by  on the answer that Arcanine was originally a legendary Pokémon:     "...Nintendo first gave Zapdos, Articuno and Arcanine as the legendary trio. But they removed Arcanine as it would have been awkward. Two birds and a dog, huh!..."   This still does not add up because Pokémon Origins was created a while after they removed Arcanine. Any thoughts? Example code required for how to access embedded .Net image resources in C# It's very easy to mark an image file to become an embedded resource however how does one access the image thereafter. Please can I have some example code? In a bash script what does a dot followed by a space and then a path mean? I came across this example when trying to mount a usb device inside a openvz container and I have never seen the construct in the second line before. Can you explain what it signifies?  #!/bin/bash . /etc/vz/vz.conf Can you help me resolve this paradox for a geodesic orbit? Does it maximize proper time to sit still rather than orbit for 1 year? Does "make offline" option in Google Maps works with applications that utilize Google Maps? In newer Google Maps I can make area available offline.  Do other applications that rely on Google Maps (utilize Google Maps Android API) use offline maps? Is it possible to write some C or C++ code and compile to binaries, then use those binaries with php? Is it also possible to write a php library using C and C++ ?  If so, please tell how can I do so? Positive operator has a positive spectrum? Are there any galois fields which consist of product of two primes, as in $\mathrm{GF}(2\cdot 3) = \mathrm{GF}(6)$? After using gdalwarp to project and align-to-grid (via -tap) a number of rasters I noticed that the output rasters were significantly larger than the original rasters. A fairly thorough web search turned up :  Frank Warmerdam explained the reason: &quot;On careful review, the difference in the file in question is because gdal_translate uses the TIFFWriteScanline() interface to write the output file from within GTiffDataset::CreateCopy?(), and this only writes as much of the final 'strip' of the file as is required to complete image area. But gdalwarp goes through the blockio interface which writes the complete final strip, even the portion that falls off the end of the file.&quot;  This Trac issue is ~7 years old, however, and I know some changes to the GDAL utilities, including gdalwarp have been made since. I'd like to know if the above reasoning still holds and if the file size inflation I'm seeing is &quot;normal.&quot; The word &quot;normal&quot; here might be taken to mean unsurprising or expected but, more importantly: is there anything that can be done to mitigate the effects i.e. reduce the output raster file size? Below is a table of the file size inflation I'm experiencing. Input File Size (bytes)     Output File Size (bytes)    Inflation 1437380431                  1698334217                   18% 1428001178                  1698334433                   19%   41683165                   137036637                  228%  The input TIFF files were created in ArcGIS and thus have external Worldfiles, XML and DBF files but these do not make up the difference in file size. Here is a sample gdalwarp call as I've used it in all of these cases; the actual execution was handled by a Python subprocess (subprocess.Popen): $ gdalwarp -tap -tr 30 30 -t_srs &quot;+proj=aea +lat_1=20 +lat_2=60 +lat_0=40 +lon_0=-96 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +datum=NAD83 +units=m +no_defs&quot; -co &quot;COMPRESS=LZW&quot; input_file.tif output_file.tif  I understand that in rare cases compression makes a larger file, but the effect is the same without the LZW compression. The ratios in the table are with LZW compression. What is the most portable method of launching a terminal emulator? Illustrator Vector Graphics Appearing Pixellated Convergence of Ratio Test implies Convergence of the Root Test In Elias Stein and Rami Shakarchi's Complex Analysis textbook, we have the following exercise:     Show that if $\{a_n\}_{n=0}^\infty$ is a sequence of complex numbers such that $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{|a_{n+1}|}{|a_n|}=L,$$ then $$\lim_{n\to\infty}|a_n|^{1/n}=L.$$    I've been trying to prove this with no luck. The only thing I've thought of doing is $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{|a_{n+1}|^n}{|a_n|^n}\right)^{1/n},$$but this hasn't lead me anywhere except dead ends. Will someone provide a hint for me about how to proceed? Thanks!  Minor update: I don't know if it's helpful yet, but I know we can write the limit as $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\frac{|a_{n+1}a_n\cdots a_0|}{|a_n\cdots a_0|}\cdot\frac{1}{|a_n|}\right).$$This reminds me a lot of the geometric mean, which even has the exponents I'm trying to get... Avoiding the second leg of an international flight - different rates for a return ticket? Possible Duplicate:          I am in the process of booking a flight from LAX - ZUR. I found a flight for approx. 1100 USD. However, if I book that flight and then continue, after a 5 hour layover, onward to SVO, The flight is approx. half of the initial price, and the first leg of the second flight is the exact same flight as the first booking. Assuming I travel light and do not check any baggage, are there any potential issues with this? Seems like a hell of a way to save a good chunk of change.