I've been trying to fix this for a while, but I haven't been able to find a solution.  Some notes about my setup:   I am not using VirtualBox I am running Nginx 1.4.6 Ubuntu   The CSS's cache will not clear even when using the "expires: off;" flag in my site configuration. Here's my site config:  server {   # Replace this port with the right one for your requirements   listen 80;  #could also be 1.2.3.4:80    # Multiple hostnames separated by spaces.  Replace these as well.   server_name www.example.com; # Alternately: _    root /var/www/;    error_page 404 /404.html;    location = /404.html {       root  /etc/nginx/errors;     }     #access_log logs/star.example.com.access.log;    index index.php index.html index.htm;    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|gif|css|png|js|ico|html)$ {     access_log off;     expires off;   }    location / {     root /var/www;     try_files $uri $uri/ @extensionless-php;     index index.php index.html;   }    location ~ \.php$ {     include fastcgi_params;     fastcgi_intercept_errors on;     # By all means use a different server for the fcgi processes if you need to     fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;   }    location ~ /\.ht {     deny  all;   }    location @extensionless-php {     rewrite ^(.*)$ $1.php last;   }  }   My nginx.conf is as follows:  user www-data; worker_processes 4; pid /run/nginx.pid;  events {     worker_connections 768;     # multi_accept on; }  http {      ##     # Basic Settings     ##      client_max_body_size 150m;      sendfile off;     tcp_nopush on;     tcp_nodelay on;     keepalive_timeout 2;     types_hash_max_size 2048;     # server_tokens off;      # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;     # server_name_in_redirect off;      include /etc/nginx/mime.types;     default_type application/octet-stream;      ##     # Logging Settings     ##      access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;     error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;      ##     # Gzip Settings     ##      gzip on;     gzip_disable "msie6";      # gzip_vary on;     # gzip_proxied any;     # gzip_comp_level 6;     # gzip_buffers 16 8k;     # gzip_http_version 1.1;     # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;      ##     # nginx-naxsi config     ##     # Uncomment it if you installed nginx-naxsi     ##      #include /etc/nginx/naxsi_core.rules;      ##     # nginx-passenger config     ##     # Uncomment it if you installed nginx-passenger     ##      #passenger_root /usr;     #passenger_ruby /usr/bin/ruby;      ##     # Virtual Host Configs     ##      include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;     include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; }   Thank you :)
We are using Nginx to serve static files on a development platform. As it is a development platform, we'd like to disable caching so that each change is propagated to the server. The configuration of the VHost is quite simple:  server {   server_name  static.server.local;   root /var/www/static;    ## Default location   location / {     access_log        off;     expires           0;     add_header        Cache-Control private;   }  }   When we access an HTML file (http://static.server.local/test.html), we have no issue: the server returns a code 304 Not Modified as long as the file is not changed, and a 200 OK response with the modified file when the file is changed. However, it seems to behave differently with a Javascript or a CSS file. Once the file is changed, we get a 200 OK response as expected, but with the old text. Is there an internal cache mechanism in Nginx that could explain this behaviour? Or some configuration that we should add?    As a side note, here is the header returned by Nginx when the file has been modified (it seems correct):  Accept-Ranges:bytes Cache-Control:max-age=0 private Connection:keep-alive Content-Length:309 Content-Type:text/css Date:Fri, 13 May 2011 14:13:13 GMT Expires:Fri, 13 May 2011 14:13:13 GMT Last-Modified:Fri, 13 May 2011 14:13:05 GMT Server:nginx/0.8.54   Edit After trying different settings with the expires directive and Cache-Controlheader, I made some further investigations. In fact, the server is installed on a VirtualBox guest Ubuntu, and data are read from a shared folder that is on the Mac OSX host. If the file is edited from an IDE (NetBeans) on the host, it seems that changes do not appear whereas if I edit it directly on the guest (using VIM), it is refreshed. The strange thing is it does not behave similarly with HTML files. Quite puzzling.  Edit 2 (ANSWER) Indeed, the origin of the issue was more on the VirtualBox side. Or rather a conflict between VirtualBox and the "sendfile" option of the server. This link  gave me the solution: switch the sendfile flag in the server configuration to off:  sendfile  off;   Hope this could also help other person using VirtualBox for development. :) There are some additional information on the .
This is a nice problem on series convergence that I recently stumbled upon. Given a non-negative sequence of real numbers $(a_n)$ such that $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n &lt; \infty,$$ show that there exists a non-decreasing sequence of non-negative numbers $b_n$ such that $$b_n \to \infty \quad\text{ and } \quad \sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n b_n &lt; \infty.$$ In other words, for every convergent series with non-negative terms, there is another convergent series with "substantially larger" terms.  I have a solution (see below), but maybe someone else has a different, simpler, and/or more elegant solution. Is "singular noun + and + singular noun" singular or plural? When I type "[singular noun] and [singular noun]" in Word 2010, I find some interesting things.        Bread and butter is essential. (the auto-correction warns me of subject-verb disagreement.)   Bread and butter are essential. (OK)   A knife and fork is on the table. (OK)   A knife and fork are on the table. (OK)   The needle and thread is new. (OK)   The needle and thread are new. (OK)   Cost and revenue is directly linked. (OK)   Cost and revenue are directly linked. (OK)      I wonder how a native speaker would consider this phenomenon. I am creating a controller for a 12 V system using an Arduino Uno microcrontroller. For the outputs I am using a relay shield to switch the 12 V components. I have a 12 V toggle switch that turns on some 12 V components in the system and I want to use a trigger signal off of this same switch to send to an Arduino digital input. I know that the Arduino can only handle 5 V max. What would be the best way to step down the 12 V coming off of the switch to the 5 V for the input?  EDIT: The system is for use in a car. Would the amperage of the car battery need to be lowered somehow as to not blow up the components? Based on the question , I got curious. Is there a guide or resource that describes how the price of a ticket is determined?  When you search you often see curious effects like cheaper tickets for a flight from A to B with a layover compared to a direct flight. This seems counter-intuitive from an outsider's perspective since you fly twice. Also one way tickets more expensive than 2 ways.  It can be a short set of rules. Something that helps someone to get started with finding good prices. I know these can be very complex and they probably change over time and over airline interests but there is probably a simplified set of rules that can be enunciated. Was it just coincidence that Tahir Mahmood went on stage? In episode 3 of “Bodyguard,” Tahir Mahmood steps onto stage at St. Mary’s college as the Home Secretary is speaking and the two of them, plus others, are blown up by a bomb. In the next episode we discover that the stage had a weight trigger and that his arrival set it off. This heavily implies that whoever asked him to go on stage was affiliated with those who planted the bomb.  We know that Mahmood was sent on stage by advisor Rob Macdonald as part of a scheme, together with other members of the home secretary’s staff, to embarrass her. The audience knows that some of the people in on this scheme have been plotting with the U.K. security services. This, together with interference in video recordings of the event, characteristic of the security services, implicates the security services in the assassination.  In the final episode it is revealed that the bomb had been set by members of an organized crime gang who had gotten the explosives from an Islamic terrorist. A senior member of the police force had been helping them by leaking information. So, were the security services involved? If so, why? If not, who got Mahmood to go up on the stage? Was it just coincidence that he went up there at the right time? Passing more then 100 arguments to ColdFusion function throws an error Allow User to input HTML in ASP.NET MVC - ValidateInput or AllowHtml How to show that $L^p$ spaces are nested? Suppose $1&lt;p_1&lt;p_2&lt;\infty$, then show $L^{p_1}[a,b] \supset L^{p_2}[a,b]$.  I was able to show $\|f\|_{p_1} \le \|f\|_{p_2} (b-a)^{1/p_1 - 1/p_2}$ but I'm not sure how to proceed from here. I mean to ask  that $7$ is an arithmetic  expression  but it can also  be  written  as $7x^0$.  which is a constant polynomial  expression.  Every polynomial  expression  is an algebraic  expression  so with  this logic is $7$ an algebraic  expression  or an arithmetic  expression.  Further $7=5+2$, is it an arithmetic  equation  or algebraic  equation  because  it can also be written  in  $7x^0 = 5x^0 + 2x^0$ form. please help.  Thank you. Can the Detect Magic spell detect prepared spells or spellcasters? Inspired by a recent question about discerning divine and arcane spellcasters, of like to hear the case for and against detecting spellcasters of either style with .  I think you can detect whether someone has prepared spells, based on this language:     For the duration, you sense the presence of magic within 30 feet of you. If you sense magic in this way, you can use your action to see a faint aura around any visible creature or object in the area that bears magic, and you learn its school of magic, if any. (emphasis mine)   Preparing spells is described as having the spell "fixed in mind" (). I'd argue that qualifies as bearing magic, and opens the door to using detect magic to identify spellcasters with currently prepared spells. What do you think? Is it possible to reintegrate a Horcrux? A feature of C++ is the ability to create unnamed (anonymous) namespaces, like so:  namespace {     int cannotAccessOutsideThisFile() { ... } } // namespace   You would think that such a feature would be useless -- since you can't specify the name of the namespace, it's impossible to access anything within it from outside. But these unnamed namespaces are accessible within the file they're created in, as if you had an implicit using-clause to them.  My question is, why or when would this be preferable to using static functions? Or are they essentially two ways of doing the exact same thing? Is $\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty} n$ comparable to $\aleph_0$? For example, can we say: $\infty=\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty} n &lt; \aleph_0$?  These are two different types of structures. The limit being like the length, extension, or just generic magnitude and the other being cardinality of a set. Can we compare magnitude to cardinality?  Intuitively, we can reach $\aleph_0$ by counting the natural numbers on the number line and in the process will be approaching $\infty$. Which leads me to believe $\infty\leq\aleph_0$. But I can't see why it should be a strict inequality. I feel like they should be of equal magnitude.  I saw on a recent comment that $2^\infty=\infty$, but are those infinities really the same? It seems not to me. Of course we (usually) have that  $2^{\aleph_0}=\aleph_1$ where ${\aleph_0}$ and $\aleph_1$ are clearly two very distinct infinities, countable vs uncountable at least. Maybe one might argue that as far as the concept of magnitude is concerned, all infinities are "equal". Emission of EM radiation from an electron I have read about an electron making a transition between two energy levels and electromagnatic radiation will be emitted. The problem is how and why e.m radiation is emitted. How check if a picklist value is available or not for a specified record type ( through SOQL)? Thanks in advance I have created a 'control' using jQuery and used jQuery.extend to assist in making it as OO as possible.  During the initialisation of my control I wire up various click events like so  jQuery('#available input',              this.controlDiv).bind('click', this, this.availableCategoryClick);   Notice that I am pasing 'this' as the data argument in the bind method. I do this so that I can get at data attached to the control instance rather from the element that fires the click event.   This works perfectly, however i suspect there is a better way  Having used Prototype in the past, I remember a bind syntax that allowed you to control what the value of 'this' was in the event.  What is the jQuery way? Setting environment variables for latex and bibtex in .bashrc Possible Duplicate:          I recently started using TeX to write journal articles. I use TeX Live version 2009-10 on a laptop running Ubuntu 10.10 (64-bit). I edit and compile the tex files using vim and vim-latexsuite.   Currently for each journal article I have all associated tex, bib, eps, etc. files in individual folders. I would like to simplify my life a bit and have a dedicated folder containing a "master" bib file - And maybe another folder for my custom style files.   My problem is that can't figure out how I should define the PATH, and other environment variables in my .bashrc file to find the necessary support files (e.g., the .bib file). Which variables do I need to set? PATH? MANPATH? TEXINPUTS? BIBINPUTS? Institute Name in @masterthesis Citations I need to cite master thesis and the lecture notes into a document. But the problem with @masterthesis and @unpublished citations is they don't print an institution name in the pdflatex output of bibliography.   `\documentclass{article}   \usepackage{filecontents}  \usepackage[ backend=biber, style=numeric, sortlocale=de_DE, natbib=true, url=true,  doi=true, eprint=false ]{biblatex} \addbibresource{bibliography.bib}  \begin{filecontents}{bibliography.bib} @masterthesis{bhgt, title={Bike Model}, author={Fris}, year={2016}, school={University A}, address={XXX} } @unpublished{Map, title = {Electrical Engineering Book}, author={Koch}, howpublished = {Lecture Notes}, Institution= {University B}, year = {2015} } } \end{filecontents}  \begin{document}  Citation Test:  \cite{bhgt} and \cite{Map} \printbibliography  \end{document}`   I get this bibliography output:         [1] Fris. Bike Model. XXX, 2016.   [2] Koch. “Electrical Engineering Book”. Lecture Notes. 2015.       Any suggestions, how we can also print an institute name? Can someone identify this book, where children are bred for specific jobs? Things I remember about this book:   Every child was selected for a certain job/career; If twins were born, one was always killed; Seeing colors for the first time (describing the color of an apple); Seeing war and death and poverty.   Does anyone have any idea what this book might be? "Access is denied" JavaScript error when trying to access the document object of a programmatically-created  (IE-only)