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I'm setting up a new server and want to support UTF-8 fully in my web application. I have tried this in the past on existing servers and always seem to end up having to fall back to ISO-8859-1.  Where exactly do I need to set the encoding/charsets? I'm aware that I need to configure Apache, MySQL, and PHP to do this — is there some standard checklist I can follow, or perhaps troubleshoot where the mismatches occur?  This is for a new Linux server, running MySQL 5, PHP, 5 and Apache 2.
How to solve $\lim_{x \rightarrow 0} {\frac{(1+x)^a-1}{x}}$? How to solve this limit without using L'Hospital rule?  $$\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\frac{(1+x)^a-1}{x}}$$ How to show that the spherical metric satisfies the triangle inequality? For $x,y\in \mathbb R^n$ define  $$d(x,y)={\|x-y\| \over \sqrt{1+\|x\|^2} \sqrt{1+\|y\|^2}}$$ Here $\|x\|$ is the euclidean norm of a vector. How to prove that $d$ (the spherical metric) is indeed a metric?     Progress so far:    $d(x,y)\ge 0$ is obvious. $d(x,y) =0 \iff \|x-y\|=0 \iff x=y$, so the positivity holds. $d(x,y) = d(y,x)$ is clear from the formula, so symmetry holds.    But I am having difficulties with the triangle inequality. Writing it out in coordinates leads to a complicated inequality with square roots all over the place in denominators. Is there a better way? How can I compare time in SQL Server? Using Zorn's lemma show that $\mathbb R^+$ is the disjoint union of two sets closed under addition. Do vulnerability and resistance cancel out? I need to calculate the following determinant in order to prove the following equality:  $$\det\begin{pmatrix} a &amp; b &amp; c &amp; d \\ -b &amp; a &amp; -d &amp; c \\ -c &amp; d &amp; a &amp; -b \\ -d &amp; -c &amp; b &amp; a \end{pmatrix} = (a^2+b^2+c^2+d^2)^2.$$  I tried using Gauss-algorithm to get an easier matrix, but I'm not sure if I did it correctly.  Calling the $4$ lines $I$, $II$, $III$ and $IV$, I did:  (1) $II \cdot a$  (2) $III \cdot a$  (3) $IV \cdot a$  After this I did:  (4) $II' + I \cdot b$  (5) $III' + I \cdot c$  (6) $IV' + I \cdot d$  So finally I got the following matrix:  $$\begin{pmatrix} a &amp; b &amp; c &amp; d \\ 0 &amp; a^2+b^2 &amp; bc-ad &amp; ac+bd \\ 0 &amp; ad+bc &amp; a^2+c^2 &amp; cd-ab \\ 0 &amp; bd-ac &amp; ab-cd &amp; a^2+d^2 \end{pmatrix}.$$  I thought this would make the determinant a bit easier, unfortunately I must have done something wrong. Is multiplication with single lines allowed as I have done it?  Thank you very much. Cannot install WPS Office I'm using Ubuntu GNOME 16.10 and was trying to install WPS Office. I tried to install using software centre But it wasn't installing without giving any error logs. Then I opened it with Gdebi installer. Here is what I saw.    I have already trying enabling multiverse repositories.  Edit: I have downloaded the amd64 package from the WPS official site, but even now installing through terminal I still get the missing dependencies error. What's the name for the relativistic paradox with the train/car travelling over a gap? There is a relativistic paradox I was introduced by a friend in Ithaca (Courtenay Footman). It involves a vehicle travelling over a ravine relativistically, so it's in the general family of ladder paradoxes. There are many ways to phrase it, but here's a simple one.   A three-car train with each car of length $L$ is travelling over a bridge across a ravine. (Assume that the couplings between cars are stiff: this train does not bend.) Unfortunately, some evil genius has precisely removed a length $6L$ of the track. The train however is relativistic, travelling at a speed such that $\gamma \approx 12$.  In the reference frame of the ground, the train should appear to be 1/24th the size of the gap, which suggests that it will fall a little and should crash into the bridge opposite. But in the reference frame of the train, each car of the train is at least twice as long as the gap and aside from the very front wheel and the very back wheel, which need to be supported by rigidity, everything is constantly well-supported. This suggests that the train makes it. Who is right?  I vaguely remember that as an undergraduate knowing only a little relativity, I trusted the train's perspective because it's at rest in that perspective, and Courtenay said that this was ultimately correct after a lot of details got resolved. But I do not remember all of these details such that I could work it out for myself. So I'm looking for some discussion that's a little more well-sourced or authoritative.  What is this paradox called, and what literature has addressed the issue? Module 'pdftexcmds' not found after update Yesterday I updated my distribution (tlmgr update --all) and now I cannot use TikZ with lualatex anymore.  Minimal working example:  \documentclass{article} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} a \end{document}   Compilation output:  &gt; lualatex a This is LuaTeX, Version 1.10.0 (TeX Live 2019)                                                                                                                                                                         restricted system commands enabled.                                                                                                                                                                                  (./a.tex                                                                                                                                                                                                              LaTeX2e &lt;2019-10-01&gt; patch level 3                                                                                                                                                                                     luaotfload | main : initialization completed in 0.098 seconds                                                                                                                                                         (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls                                                                                                                                                              Document Class: article 2019/10/25 v1.4k Standard LaTeX document class                                                                                                                                                (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))                                                                                                                                                             (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz.sty                                                                                                                                                    (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/basiclayer/pgf.sty                                                                                                                                                        (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/latex/pgf/utilities/pgfrcs.sty              ...  (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/tikz.code.tex (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/libraries/pgflibraryplothandlers. code.tex) (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/modules/pgfmodulematrix.code.tex)  (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/generic/pgf/frontendlayer/tikz/libraries/tikz librarytopaths.code.tex))) No file a.aux. ABD: EveryShipout initializing macros (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/context/base/mkii/supp-pdf.mkii [Loading MPS to PDF converter (version 2006.09.02).] ) (/opt/texlive/2019/texmf-dist/tex/latex/epstopdf-pkg/epstopdf-base.sty[\direc tlua]:1: module 'pdftexcmds' not found:         no field package.preload['pdftexcmds']         [kpse lua searcher] file not found: 'pdftexcmds'         [kpse C searcher] file not found: 'pdftexcmds' stack traceback:         [C]: in function 'require'         [\directlua]:1: in main chunk. l.165       \directlua{require("pdftexcmds")}  ?    It seems that a Lua package is missing.  Is this a bug? Am I missing a package? reveals x2 code snippets. The first result is to  which has a lot of documentation and explanation, along with some useful discussion underneath.   However, , whilst not containing so much documentation, includes sample code for passing commands such as start, stop and restart. It also creates a PID file which can be handy for checking if the daemon is already running etc.  These samples both explain how to create the daemon. Are there any additional things that need to be considered? Is one sample better than the other, and why? If you are hurrying to reply, System → Administration → StartUp Disk Creator -- no, that's not what I'm talking about.   I want to try Ubuntu 11.04's Unity without touching my existing Ubuntu install.  To do this, I need to install the nVidia drivers first (sigh).  To do this, I need changes to persist a reboot.  To do this, I need to really install Ubuntu on a USB key.  How do you do that?    What I tried   I tried to make a USB key from , then boot from it, then choose "Install Ubuntu." The installer refused to install to the installation media itself. I tried, from my installed copy of Ubuntu:  sudo kvm /dev/sdb --cdrom .cache/testdrive/iso/ubuntu_natty-desktop-i386.iso   ...but the installer didn't detect the disk properly. Cohen's d for 2x2 interaction I have a significant 2x2 interaction in a between-subjects design.  I would normally report omega-squared as my effect-size measure, but I've been asked to provide Cohen's d instead?  Can Cohen's d be computed for an interaction?  If so, how? Is there a closed form expression for $\text{n}^{\text{th}}$ coefficient of Maclaurin series of  $$\ln(1-x+x^2)$$ I wanted to change my own password (as an admin) so I did the following command:  sudo passwd   and then it prompted for a password but when I tryed to relog, my password was not changed. I'm now wondering what password did I changed since it did prompted me to enter a password but I'm not sure what password did it changed exactly.  I know that if I do sudo passwd &lt;MY_USER&gt; it works, I'm just wondering without a user what happens.  Thank you Is there any difference in equals and == for String variables? if ('text'.equals(str))   or   if ('text' == str)   Is there any difference? If yes, then what is it?   Added, after answered.  String q = 'teXt'; system.debug('teXt'.equals(q)); // true system.debug('teXt' == q);      // true system.debug('text'.equals(q)); // false system.debug('text' == q);      // true NULL values inside NOT IN clause This issue came up when I got different records counts for what I thought were identical queries one using a not in where constraint and the other a left join. The table in the not in constraint had one null value (bad data) which caused that query to return a count of 0 records. I sort of understand why but I could use some help fully grasping the concept.  To state it simply, why does query A return a result but B doesn't?  A: select 'true' where 3 in (1, 2, 3, null) B: select 'true' where 3 not in (1, 2, null)   This was on SQL Server 2005. I also found that calling set ansi_nulls off causes B to return a result. Restrict the scope of a command to the execution of another command I have two dates of the form:  Start Date: 2007-03-24  End Date: 2009-06-26   Now I need to find the difference between these two in the following form:  2 years, 3 months and 2 days   How can I do this in PHP? Locking an iPhone if button is broken? My friend's iPhone's sleep/wake button no longer works. Is there any way to turn off the screen besides setting up auto-lock and waiting a few minutes? Mental estimate for tangent of an angle (from $0$ to $90$ degrees)