If humans digest cellulose digesting prokaryotes,  can  we start digesting cellulose like cows?
Humans don't digest fibre, and nor do any animals, but some creatures have micro-organisms (bacteria, I'm guessing) in their gut which digest fibre for them.  My question is, could humans take some sort of pill and establish our own fibre-digesting colonies in our intestines?  Has this been tried?  Supposing it could be done, would you suppose it would have any negative effects on our health?  (i.e.. would those whose gut digested fibre for them be stuck on a low-fibre diet?).    Purpose of question: just wondering.  It would be cool to be able to eat bark.
If $f$ is entire and $|f|\geq 1$, then show $f$ is constant. I know I'm going to use Liouville's Theorem, but my main question is why is $1/|f(z)|$ entire as well if $f$ is entire? Is this just a basic property: if $f$ is entire, then $1/f$ is entire? Thanks for the help. An example of the nucleus of an atom being in an excited state is the , which was a theory devised by the Astronomer Fred Hoyle to help describe the vast quantities of carbon-12 present in the universe, which wouldn't be possible without said Hoyle State.  It's easy to visualise and comprehend the excited states of electrons, because they exist on discrete energy levels that orbit the nucleus, so one can easily see how an electron can excite from one energy level into a higher one, hence making it excited.  However, I can't see how the nucleus can get into an excited state, because clearly, they don't exist on energy levels that they can transfer between, but instead it's just a 'ball' of protons and neutrons.  So how can the nucleus of an atom be excited? What makes it excited? Could humans choose to establish fibre digesting colonies in our guts? I was surprised to find today that I couldn't track down any simple way to write the contents of an InputStream to an OutputStream in Java. Obviously, the byte buffer code isn't difficult to write, but I suspect I'm just missing something which would make my life easier (and the code clearer).  So, given an InputStream in and an OutputStream out, is there a simpler way to write the following?  byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; int len = in.read(buffer); while (len != -1) {     out.write(buffer, 0, len);     len = in.read(buffer); } This question is a possibly harder version of: .  Question.  Let $f,g :\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$, such that \begin{align} f(x-y)=f(x)\, g(y)-f(y)\, g(x), \tag{1}\\ g(x-y)=g(x)\, g(y)+f(x)\, f(y), \tag{2} \end{align} for all $x,y \in \mathbb{R} $. If $g$ is continuous at $x=0$ and not identically zero, then there exists an $\alpha\in\mathbb R$, such  $$ f(x)=\sin \alpha x\quad\text{and}\quad g(x)=\cos \alpha x. $$ Is there a pair of discontinuous $f$ and $g$ satisfying $(1)$ and $(2)$?  Update. If $\ell :\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ is a linear functional over $\mathbb Q$ (i.e., $\ell(qx+ry)=q\ell(x)+r\ell(y)$, for all $x,y\in\mathbb R$ and $q,r\in\mathbb Q$), then $$ \sin\big(\ell(x)\big), \quad \cos\big(\ell(x)\big), $$ satisfy $(1)$ and $(2)$. Discontinuous such functionals do exist, and they are obtainable using Zorn's Lemma (equivalently the Axiom of Choice.) This takes care of the second question. Chrome address bar no longer shows protocol or www subdomain A couple of days ago I noticed that for all websites, chrome omits from the address bar the protocol and the subdomain if it is www. My co-workers report that they are not seeing this. Chrome version is 67.0.3396.87.  For example, if I type into the address bar https://www.google.com (without the quotes), Chrome immediately displays the chip "Secure" followed by google.com. See attached screenshots.      I have looked in vain for Chrome settings that affect this, plus the chrome://flags page and chrome://net-internals page.  I did not do anything consciously to make this change.  Any ideas?  EDIT: Suggestion from MrWhite that Ominbox UI Hide Stead-State URL Scheme and Trivial Subdomains had become enabled: good suggestion, except that the setting is still at “Default.” See screenshot:    However, as a shot in the dark, I am going to play with the setting to see what happens.  First I set it to “Disabled.” That restored the previous behavior of the address bar, which is to not to hide the protocol and “trivial subdomains.” Then I changed it back to “Default,” and it was hiding them again. One would suspect that somehow the default has been changed, except that co-workers are not reporting this issue.  Oh, well. I’ll just leave it as Disabled for now.  I would be ready to accept the answer from MrWhite, because it provides a workaround. Yet will leave it open for a bit longer, because it does not really answer why this behavior has changed, and why it has to be overridden.  EDIT 2: Chrome version is 67.0.3396.87. I am downloading the HTML source page of a website using cURL command. The problem is, I do not want most of the contents in the page. I just need the first 100 lines of the source page. Is there a way to stop the download of the page after first few lines?  Currently, I have the below command working but it does not seem to be time effective.   curl -r[0-1] "http://www.freebase.com/m/045c7b" &gt; foo.txt   I tried changing the value from 1 to .5 and .05 and still the entire web page is getting downloaded.   I am looking at time less than a second to execute the above command.    EDIT  From the man page of cURL, I see that "You should also be aware that many HTTP/1.1 servers do not have this feature enabled, so that when you attempt to get a range, you'll instead get the whole document." So if the server is not supporting the range querying, is there some other command in nix environment which will help me accomplishing what am trying to do? Is there a specific reason for having a very short window for passengers to get to the boarding gate before closing it? I am not a frequent traveler but it's been like this with all the flights I have been on. Here is the most recent example:  Below is my boarding pass    As you can see Gate Closes at 20:20  Here is the departures board at 18:32, clearly it says that they will announce the boarding gate at 20:10  ?!    I was hoping they will do that earlier but at 19:41 it's still the same    In fact they announced it at 20:11 but since I was freaking out and had to leg it to the gate I didn't have the time to take a photo.  You might think 9 minutes is enough, well below are the times required to reach the gates from the closest place to them     And that's for a healthy young person, no way my grandmother could be able to be at the gates within 9 minutes.  Is there a specific reason? it's not like they allocate the gate dynamically! The staff must have known about the gate hours ago as I don't expect the pilot to drive the airplane from the garage to the gate within 9 minutes? I'm making a call:  myResult = MakeMyCall(inputParams, out messages);   but I don't actually care about the messages.  If it was an input parameter I didn't care about I'd just pass in a null.  If it was the return I didn't care about I'd just leave it off.    Is there a way to do something similar with an out, or do I need to declare a variable that I will then ignore? ACPI error when trying to make dual boot with Ubuntu 18.04 and Windows 10 What is the biggest display of power through the Force in Star Wars? How to remove the whitespace BEFORE itemize/enumerate? I'm somewhat of a LaTeX noob, and this is driving me completely nuts.  When I type  \documentclass{article} \usepackage{enumitem}  \begin{document}     Some text     \begin{itemize}[noitemsep]         \item Item 1         \item Item 2         \item Item 3     \end{itemize} \end{document}   I don't want the space which appears in between the text "Some text" and the itemization to be there:    When I search around on Google all I see is tons of long, complicated advice on this site, StackOverflow, forums, etc. on how to not fix the problem ("parskip is evil", etc.), or tons of vague/confusing answers on what package to look at, with no actual example for me to learn from.  So while this question is already asked many times, I have never found a single concrete answer to this question.    The question couldn't be simpler: How do I "properly" get rid of this extra space? How do I create a list of Python lambdas (in a list comprehension/for loop)? I want to create a list of lambda objects from a list of constants in Python; for instance:  listOfNumbers = [1,2,3,4,5] square = lambda x: x * x listOfLambdas = [lambda: square(i) for i in listOfNumbers]   This will create a list of lambda objects, however, when I run them:  for f in listOfLambdas:     print f(),   I would expect that it would print  1 4 9 16 25   Instead, it prints:  25 25 25 25 25   It seems as though the lambdas have all been given the wrong parameter. Have I done something wrong, and is there a way to fix it? I'm in Python 2.4 I think.  EDIT: a bit more of trying things and such came up with this:  listOfLambdas = [] for num in listOfNumbers:     action = lambda: square(num)     listOfLambdas.append(action)     print action()   Prints the expected squares from 1 to 25, but then using the earlier print statement:  for f in listOfLambdas:     print f(),   still gives me all 25s. How did the existing lambda objects change between those two print calls?  Related question: What happens with the appearance of the folder icons in dark mode of macOS Mojave Finder? In High Sierra I used some custom icons for my folders in the Finder; but with the new update to Mojave and the dark mode, the predefined icons also become darker. However the custom icons don't.  Inspecting an element you find a dark preview, but when you extract the icon this is the clear, the same as there was in High Sierra. E.g.:   Previously visualization of the developer predefined icon. It's dark:  But if you extract that icon, it's clear:    There are no dark icons in the system library, at least not in the same directory as always:  /System/Library/CoreServices/CoreTypes.bundle/Contents/Resources   Are they being actively obscured by the operative system without there being icons with that real appearance? In this case, any idea to apply this method to the custom icons without modifying it into a new coloration? Getting MTP enabled devices to work with Ubuntu? Is there a reason, beyond historical reasons, that three phases has become the dominant number of phases?  I am aware of the advantages against one phase and two phase, namely the reduced amount of conductor needed, and that motors can provide torque when stalled (and less pulsation).  Is this solely due to diminishing returns, with only a small increase in smoothness of torque application, at the cost of increased complexity (increased number of wires (albeit of smaller CSA)).  To be clear, the phases are all evenly distributed, that is, five phases separated by 72 degrees. In the textbook, it said a wave in the form $y(x, t) = A\cos(\omega t + \beta x + \varphi)$ propagates along negative $x$ direction and $y(x, t) = A\cos(\omega t - \beta x + \varphi)$ propagates along positive $x$ direction. This statement looks really confusing because when it says the wave is propagating along $\pm$ x direction, to my understanding, we can drop the time term and ignore the initial phase $\varphi$ while analyzing the direction, i.e. $y(x, 0) = A\cos(\pm\beta x)$, however, because of the symmetry of the cosine function, $\cos(\beta x)\equiv \cos(-\beta x)$, so how can we determine the direction of propagation from that?  I know my reasoning must be incorrect but I don't know how to determine the direction. So if we don't go over the math, how to figure out the direction of propagation from the physical point of view? Why $-\beta x$ corresponding to the propagation on positive x direction but not the opposite? How do I find the length of an array? Is a variable/arbitrary element a precisely defined mathematical object? At what port did Lorance Effler born about 1787 in Germany come to the US?