I'm unable to figure out how to implement an ADPLL on an FPGA that can take in an arbitrary periodic input and lock onto its frequency (some finite range is okay) and phase. A square wave output will do.   As a first step I thought of assuming that the input is a sine wave. I know how to digitise the same using the onboard ADC.  How do I proceed from here?   Any links to existing code repositories that implement all or parts of this are welcome.
I'm looking to implement a phase lock in an FPGA without using any external components (other than the ADC). For simplicity locking to a simple binary pulse is adequate. The frequency of the signals is ~0.1-1% of the clock. I can't use the onboard clock PLL's because they are typically:   Not configurable (set during synthesis). Jittery. Don't support the frequency I need.   I've been sorting through the literature and found a few binary phase locked loops. Most notable a "pulse steal" design that I can post a link to if desired. I have implemented and synthesized with some success, but its jitter and lock range was not as good as advertised. I've also had success using a external DVCO, but I would prefer if I can implement everything on chip.  A digital circuit design or even a hint in the right direction would be helpful (I've been banging my head against this for a while), a proven FPGA implementation would be wonderful but not expected.   ADDED 10-27-2010   The actual DPLL design that I used has a "Random Walk Filter" as the loop filter (not the "pulse steal" described earlier, going through my notes that didn't work to well), which then drives the clock pulses to the DCO. The lock-in range is set via divider in the DCO. The sensitivity of the loop is established by varying the length of the random walk.   The paper in which this is found is cited at the end of this post. After implementing parts of it myself, I found that it was actually already implemented on OpenCores, however it turns out that in the last few months the project was deleted but I have the Verilog files saved if anyone wants them.  Yamamoto, H.; Mori, S.; , "Performance of Binary Quantized All Digital Phase-Locked Loop with a New Class of Sequential Filter," Communications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.26, no.1, pp. 35- 45, Jan 1978  doi: 10.1109/TCOM.1978.1093972  URL:
Lightning force:createRecord capture redirect after save Is there a way to use force:createRecord but capture the redirect to the newly created record page that occurs after saving the record? Finally, prevent the redirect from completing?  createRecord : function (component) {     var createRecordEvent = $A.get("e.force:createRecord");     createRecordEvent.setParams({         "entityApiName": "Event__c"     });     createRecordEvent.fire(); } I would like to insert the below mathematical symbol, it looks like a big Delta but different. Is there command to obtain a similar shape? Pagination broken when merging search results with additional WP_Query On the search results page (search.php) I would like to perform an additional WP_Query to keep a specific order of search result types e.g. search results from authors should always be shown before the other results -  The first few pages should hold the author results, the other results should be shown on all the following pages only (not mixed on each page).  global $wp_query; //holds the results of the initial search query  $authorposts = $wp_query-&gt;posts;     $query = new WP_Query( 'year=2012&amp;monthnum=12&amp;day=12' ); $otherposts = $query-&gt;posts;  $wp_query-&gt;posts = array_merge( $authorposts, $otherposts  ); $wp_query-&gt;post_count = count( $wp_query-&gt;posts );  if ( have_posts() ) : while ( have_posts() ) : the_post(); ?&gt;   //show results loop...   The problems appear with the behaviour of pagination - while the $authorposts seem to paginate correctly i.e. correct page numbers for author posts and pagination works as only those where existent. But the $otherposts on the other hand are shown at the bottom of each page, right under the author posts. And they are the same on every page! Also the page count reflects the count of the first query only.  I have also tried to merge with the plus operator:  $wp_query-&gt;posts = $authorposts + $otherposts;   but in this scenario the $otherposts don't show up at all and the page count stays the same (page count for author posts).  All the examples with similar goals using two separate queries I've seen looked quite the same -  So I'm wondering if the my way of extending the original search query results with that additional WP_Query is sufficient or if I'm missing some $wp_query fields to be populated (correctly)? What's the correct way doing this?  Update: It should be noted that I'm using the WP-PageNavi plugin to paginate but this should not be relevant in the first place as the first page is already rendered wrong. And it's also initialized with the query object: wp_pagenavi( array( 'query' =&gt; $wp_query )); How to show every field is a Euclidean Domain. I'm having trouble proving this. This is what I have so far:  Let $F$ be a field. Let $v(x) \rightarrow 1$ for all $x$ not equal to $0$.  So if we let $x$ be in $F$ where $x$ not zero then we can write $x$ as: $x=qy+r$ for some $y$ in $F$. If $r$ not zero then $V(r)=1$.  Not sure what to do from here. I know eventually I'm supposed to get no remainder $(r=0)$ but I'm stuck at applying the definition and valuation map. Calling C/C++ from Python? Extract all the polygon coordinates from a SpatialPolygonsDataframe? I want to do something relatively simply but it seems to be very difficult to do, though I am very new to using R for spatial data so apologies if I've missed something obvious.  I have a list containing 161 shapefiles of bird distributions in the world, they are each in the format of a SpatialPolygonsDataFrame. I also have world climate data in a raster stack format for 8 variables. Both sets of files are in the same projection (lat and long WGS84). I want to create new columns for the climate data with 1's where the species polygon overlaps with the climate data and 0 where it doesn't. I tried various functions to do this, quite a few initial options didn't work, the best option appeared to be:  pnt.in.poly(XY coordinates of climate data points, XY coordinates of species polygon)   I changed my raster of climate data into points to get the XY coordinates. I unified the polygons for each species shapefile and then used:  species@polygons[[1]]@Polygons[[1]]@cords   to get the coordinates for my species polygons as a matrix. However, I discovered that:  species@polygons[[1]]@Polygons[[1]]@coords    wasn't actually getting all the coordinates of the polygons only some of them.  I tried using fortify from the ggplot package, and it gives me a dataframe with coordinates but some of them are for holes in the polygons. I ran that with the pnt.in.poly function excluding the holes but it took an hour to run and when I looked at the output maps after it matched for some of the range but not all of it- there were holes in the distribution where there shouldn't be holes.   I also tried this method that I found somewhere else:  lonlat &lt;- lapply(slot(species, "polygons"), function(x) lapply(slot(x,"Polygons"), function(y) slot(y, "coords")))    which gives me a list with 436 items- but I'm still not sure how to get the coordinates into a matrix form that will work in pnt.in.poly.  I'm sure this should be easier to do! Does anyone know a better way? Static posts page with home.php What is the resolution I need to make a picture to make curves look smooth and not pixelated? etoolbox and tabularx -- problem with `appto` I'm trying to print worksheets. I have already implemented an automatic numbering for subtasks. I use tabularx for my subtasks (see the MWE below).  Yesterday, I tried to define a new macro called \task that has one optional argument which is the amount of points you can obtain for this particular question. I would like these optional arguments to be gathered with etoolbox's \appto command so that I can print them with my \credits command.  So far, this seems to be ind of struggling as tabularx is working on the tables several times. Every time tabularx calculates the width of X columns the points are appended to \credits which leads to an incorrect list of points.  Is there any way I can solve this problem? I'm currently stucked with this issue.  Plus, I don't know why my \task command does work. Why is the counter subtask not affected by tabularx's several trials?  \documentclass{scrartcl}  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}  \usepackage{etoolbox} \usepackage{booktabs} \usepackage{ltablex} \usepackage{xifthen}  \def\credits{} \newcounter{subtask} \setcounter{subtask}{1} \renewcommand{\thesubtask}{\alph{subtask})} \newcommand{\task}[1][]{%     \ifthenelse{\isempty{#1}}{%         \thesubtask%         \stepcounter{subtask}%     }{%         \thesubtask%         \gappto\credits{(#1)}%         \stepcounter{subtask}%     }% }  \begin{document} \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}[l]{l@{\hspace*{1ex}}X}     \task[1]    &amp;   TEXT1\\     \task       &amp;   TEXT2\\     \task[3]    &amp;   TEXT3 \end{tabularx} \credits \end{document}       The solution given by David Carlisle below causes a table that is too wide. How can this be undone?  \documentclass{scrartcl}  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}  \usepackage[a6paper, showframe=true]{geometry}  \usepackage{etoolbox} \usepackage{booktabs} \usepackage{ltablex} \usepackage{xifthen}  \def\credits{} \newcounter{subtask} \setcounter{subtask}{1} \renewcommand{\thesubtask}{\alph{subtask})} \makeatletter \newcommand{\task}[1][]{%     \ifx\hfuzz\@tempdima% %   % tabularx trial do nothing     \else%         \ifthenelse{\isempty{#1}}{%             \thesubtask%             \stepcounter{subtask}%         }{%             \thesubtask%                 \gappto\credits{(#1 BE)\\}%             \stepcounter{subtask}%         }%     \fi } \makeatother   \begin{document}  \begin{tabularx}{\linewidth}[l]{l@{\hspace*{1ex}}X}     \task[1]    &amp;   Some longer text that exceedes the line width.\\     \task[4]    &amp;   TEXT2\\     \task[3]    &amp;   TEXT3 \end{tabularx} \credits  \end{document} Calculating determinant with different numbers on diagonal and x everywhere else I'm having troubles solving the following determinant:  $$\left|   \begin{array}{cccc}     a_1 &amp; x &amp; \ldots &amp; x \\    x &amp; a_2 &amp; \ldots &amp; \vdots \\     \vdots &amp; \ldots &amp; \ddots &amp; x \\     x &amp; \ldots &amp; x &amp; a_n \\   \end{array} \right|$$  I have tried coming up with recurrent formula, but there's always one lingering row and column. I also tried finding values of x for which determinant is 0, hoping I could get a nice polynomial solution, with no luck.  By subtracting first row from every other I get somewhat nicer result, but there's still that one row/column which I can't solve. If all other columns are added to the first one and then I subtract the first row, then the column doesn't depend on x anymore, but I haven't found 1..n much more useful. Redirect the output using `sudo` I have a small question regarding using sudo with output redirect &gt;. To enable IP forwrding, someone can use the command:  echo 1 &gt; /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward   Executing this command will give permission denied as it requires root privileges. However, executing the same command with sudo gives also permission denied error! It seems that output redirect &gt; does not inherit the permissions of the preceding command echo. Is this right?  As a workaround I do:  echo 1 | sudo tee /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward   Is this the best way to do it? Am I missing something?  Please, note that this is an example and it applies to all commands that use output redirect. What is the purpose of the EBP frame pointer register? Please recommend undergraduate-level textbooks on electrodynamics which emphasize practical applications and real life examples. Please describe the book's level and contents and its intended audience in as much detail as possible.   Please provide both applications from everyday life for curious students as well as engineering applications from a physics perspective. I'm using the alpha version of the android app on the first generation nexus 7 tablet.  The font size is a little bit small for my liking and I'm not able to pinch zoom to increase the font size.  Is this a feature that is planned in the release? New mobile chat doesn't follow the keyboard height The Japanese keyboard on iOS dynamically changes it's height to show suggestions and hides the input box of new mobile chat.        Additionally, third-party keyboards make the input box completely hidden. The chat seems to treat third-party keyboards as having no height.        iOS 9.2.1 / Mobile Safari  There is no problem in old (stable) design but it doesn't fix the input box to bottom! Does deleting iCloud photos affect them on devices? Why do we say that irreducible representation of Poincare group represents the one-particle state? Only because   Rep is unitary, so saves positive-definite norm (for possibility density), Casimir operators of the group have eigenvalues $m^{2}$ and $m^2s(s + 1)$, so characterizes mass and spin, and It is the representation of the global group of relativistic symmetry,    yes? I am trying to run some unit tests in a C# Windows Forms application (Visual Studio 2005), and I get the following error:  System.IO.FileLoadException: Could not load file or assembly 'Utility, Version=1.2.0.200, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=764d581291d764f7' or one of its dependencies. The located assembly's manifest definition does not match the assembly reference. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131040)** at x.Foo.FooGO() at x.Foo.Foo2(String groupName_) in Foo.cs:line 123 at x.Foo.UnitTests.FooTests.TestFoo() in FooTests.cs:line 98** System.IO.FileLoadException: Could not load file or assembly 'Utility, Version=1.2.0.203, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=764d581291d764f7' or one of its dependencies. The located assembly's manifest definition does not match the assembly reference. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131040)  I look in my references, and I only have a reference to Utility version 1.2.0.203 (the other one is old). Any suggestions on how I figure out what is trying to reference this old version of this DLL file? Besides, I don't think I even have this old assembly on my hard drive. Is there any tool to search for this old versioned assembly? Suppose there is a message that is encrypted with AES-128-CBC.  The message is as follows, new lines are used to delimit the 16 byte boundary for each block:  Wire funds from: Alice to Bob in   the amount of $ 1   Because this message is encrypted using CBC mode,  any modification of the first block of cipher text would propagate throughout the message.   However, the amount of the fund transfer falls in the last block.  I am under the assumption that an attacker can use the property of  to alter the last block and produce a valid amount that is greater than \$1 in far fewer than $2^{128}$ operations.   Is this a correct assumption?  Is there a name for this attack or do you know of a real world example?    My instinct is that if you just need one byte of the 16 byte block to be of a specific value then it would only require $2^8$ operations because the other 120 bits of the plain text could be any value. For example lets say we wanted the last block of cipher text to decrypt to 9\0 (where \0 denotes a single null byte, and the message would be interpreted as \$9), then it would take only $2^{16}$ operations to find this cipher text block.  Is there something I am missing? How to write a unit-test / test class for trigger? How do I write a unit-test / test class for a trigger?  What are my options?   Inline with the trigger?  New Class?