I'm trying to get my head around zero-knowledge proofs and my definition of a zero-knowledge proof is as follows.     A zero-knowledge proof is a method by which one party can prove to   another party that they know a secret value, without sharing any   data about this secret value.   To implement a zero-knowledge proof some data will need to be exchanged.  With that in mind, is the following assertion correct?    To implement a zero-knowledge proof, data can be exchanged but this data should not contain any information about the secret value?   If the above holds true, could a digital signature be classified as a zero-knowledge proof?
Suppose Alice publishes a book with a public key in it, and later wants to prove that she wrote the book. She could sign challenge messages with her private key, and others could verify those signed messages. Alice is proving she knows a private key without revealing anything about it.  Is this an example of an interactive zero knowledge proof?   Or does this example somehow not apply to zero knowledge proofs?
How to clear current “read-only” state on a USB flash drive I setup with Rufus? Three weeks ago I used  2.2 to install Windows 10 on my machine, and it has write-protected my flash drive. I’ve tried diskpart:  diskpart att disk clear readonly  clean create partition primary format fs=fat32 quick   And it kinda worked, it removed the image off the USB, but now it’s showing:  Current Read-only State : Yes Read-only  : No Boot Disk  : No Pagefile Disk  : No Hibernation File Disk  : No Crashdump Disk  : No Clustered Disk  : No   And I can’t format it or write on it.    The drive is a a Kingston DataTraveler G4 32GB model, without physical switches. How would I restore it back to normal (rw) state? How to typeset row operations on augmented matrix I would like to typeset row operations on a augmented matrix, but the "gauss"-package does not seem to support the vertical line just before the last column, any way to do this?  Thanks! Private IP address in public DNS We have an SMTP only mail server behind a firewall which will have a public A record of mail..  The only way to access this mail server is from another server behind the same firewall.  We do not run our own private DNS server.  Is it a good idea to use the private IP address as an A record in a public DNS server - or is it best to keep these server records in each servers local hosts file? Rotating symbols per attribute value in QGIS? I am trying to apply a rule to rotate symbols based on the value of an attribute.  I tried to copy , which is essentially my question, however it does not work for me.   I have a layer with two attributes, the slope and aspect.  I want to colour the symbols by the slope (this part works) and rotate by the aspect.  The steps I take are:   Layer Properties -> Style -> Graduated -> Symbol -> Change Select Simple Marker (arrow) and press the button to the right of angle -> field type (double) -> Aspect-sel    Applying these commands changes the symbol to an arrow, and I can easily apply the colour gradient, but the symbols do not rotate. The attribute Aspect-sel varies from 2.87 to 334.23.    ETA: I was using Version 2.8.3 - on suggestion I updated to 2.14.10, which solved the problem. Automatically detect edit abuse and exclude from badges/flag for mod review has 5 pages of 1 character edits (including an edit to one of my posts), apparently in a massive attempt to earn the Copy Editor badge.  Should Copy Editor, etc., ignore 1 character whitespace-only edits?    If we still want to count minor edits (which may be useful), could we at least detect edit abuse via some secret algorithm? ~20+ one character whitespace-only edits in the course of an hour should at least raise a flag of some sort.    If whitespace character are too hard to count, can we at least assume that 20 non-tag edits in 20 minutes (less than a minute per edit) is a good signal of abuse? The specific algorithm should be secret, obviously, but I think these sorts of edit abuses shouldn't be too difficult to detect. While looking at online code samples, I have sometimes come across an assignment of a String constant to a String object via the use of the new operator.  For example:  String s; ... s = new String("Hello World");   This, of course, compared to  s = "Hello World";   I'm not familiar with this syntax and have no idea what the purpose or effect would be.  Since String constants typically get stored in the constant pool and then in whatever representation the JVM has for dealing with String constants, would anything even be allocated on the heap? Send file using POST from a Python script Is there a way to send a file using POST from a Python script? I get this error when trying to use apt-get:  E: Could not get lock /var/lib/dpkg/lock - open (11 Resource temporarily unavailable) E: Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg/) is another process using it?     How can I fix this? The grammaticality of "that don't impress me much" I'd like to know how the sentence "That don't impress me much" sounds to a native English speaker.  The phrase is the title of a song by Shania Twain, and to my eyes it contains a clear error. It is obviously intended, and I want to know what was the effect that the author wanted to obtain.  Other examples that come to mind:   “She's got a ticket to ride, but she don't care” — The Beatles “My love don't cost a thing” — Jennifer Lopez “It don't matter” — Akon “She don't care about me” — heard in the Lost series “It Don't Mean a Thing” — a jazz album title “The Sun Don't Lie” — another album title dropping trailing '.0' from floats I'm looking for a  way to convert numbers to string format, dropping any redundant '.0'   The input data is a mix of floats and strings. Desired output:  0   --> '0'  0.0 --> '0'  0.1 --> '0.1'  1.0 --> '1'  I've come up with the following generator expression, but I wonder if there's a faster way:  (str(i).rstrip('.0') if i else '0' for i in lst)   The truth check is there to prevent 0 from becoming an empty string.  EDIT: The more or less acceptable solution I have for now is this:  ('%d'%i if i == int(i) else '%s'%i for i in lst)   It just seems strange that there is no elegant way to handle this (fairly straightforward) case in python. Protagonist becomes the avatar of an alien deity and has to cope with adversary god Take the following function:  DataTable go() {     return someTableAdapter.getSomeData(); }   When I set a breakpoint in this function, is there a possibility to inspect the returned value? go() is directly coupled to a datagrid in an .aspx page.  The only way to inspect the returned datatable is to use a temporary variable. However, that's a bit inconvenient. Isn't there another way? Show that if $a \neq b$ and a and b are positive then $\frac{a}{b}+\frac{b}{a}$ is never an integer How to answer a negative question in English? Q: "Don't you know?"   If I really don't know, how should I respond to this question? Yes or No?  There's a similar question on EL&amp;U, but the answer isn't clear how it works:      Also here on ELU too:      These answers are confusing. I want to know what one word answer I can use. In other words I want to know:   What will native speakers understand if I reply No to this question? What will native speakers understand if I reply Yes to this question? Static Classes In Java Why does Yoda speak the way he does? Yoda's unique speech consisting of reversed grammar is iconic.  Is there any reason he has adopted this speech pattern?  All other alien species encountered seem to have no trouble speaking normally. Why does Yoda speak in this way? How to see an embedded image's dpi (ppi) in a pdf in Acrobat Pro? The following situation baffled me slightly: after preparing a pdf in a different program I wanted to make sure that an embeded image in the pdf file had the right dpi, yet I found no way in adobe acrobat pro to inspect the file/image dpi.   Can that be, or am I missing where this feature is hidden? Prove that $\omega + \omega_1 = \omega \cdot \omega_1 = \omega^{\omega_1} = \omega_1$ I am assuming already that a) the union of countably many countable sets is countable and  b) $\omega_1$ is the least uncountable ordinal, so $x &lt; \omega_1$ if and only if $x$ is a countable ordinal.   I'm not sure if it is relevant but this question also allows The Axiom of Choice.   Thanks I got a brand new Windows 7 machine, installed the operating system, created one account and forgot its password. What can I do?  There is no external CD, the operating system is loaded from somewhere inside the machine.  I already tried to remember passwords and tried all candidates with all possible combinations of caps lock, num lock etc. Why do corticosteroids harm COVID-19 patients? states that steroids could do more harm than good in treating coronavirus (COVID-19), referring to .      Understanding the evidence for harm or benefit from corticosteroids in   2019-nCoV is of immediate clinical importance.   It's unclear to me how exactly the use of corticosteroids (which is a common treatments for Asthma patients) can do harm other than the vague explanation of "steroids also impair the immune system's ability to fight viruses".   How exactly does the use of steroids harm the body in case of fighting a virus such as SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) that causes COVID-19?