This may be a stupid question in the sense that it is obvious to everyone who has done it once - but I haven't.  So, I know that adb backup -f myAndroidBackup.ab com.corp.app can back up a single app's data without root. Will restoring this backup with adb touch only com.corp.app, or will it wipe other apps first?
ICS devices support creating backups using adb backup, and restoring them using adb restore. Using adb backup, one can select that everything should be backed up, or only a certain package.  However, adb restore lacks all the options of adb backup. When I call adb restore backup.ab, where backup.ab is only the backup of a single package, the phone shows me a warning dialog saying that all settings are going to be lost after restoring the backup. Is it true that restoring a single package backup wipes all data on the phone? If yes, is it somehow possible to restore a single package using adb restore?
Waiting for user input with a timeout I have searched but apparently my google foo is weak. What I need is a way to prompt for user input in the console and have the request time out after a period of time and continue executing the script if no input comes in. As near as I can tell, Read-Host does not provide this functionality. Neither does $host.UI.PromptForChoice() nor does $host.UI.RawUI.ReadKey(). Thanks in advance for any pointers.  EDIT: Much thanks to Lars Truijens for finding the answer. I have taken the code that he pointed out and encapsulated it into a function. Note that the way that I have implemented it means there could be up to one second of delay between when the user hits a key and when script execution continues.  function Pause-Host {     param(             $Delay = 1          )     $counter = 0;     While(!$host.UI.RawUI.KeyAvailable -and ($counter++ -lt $Delay))     {         [Threading.Thread]::Sleep(1000)     } } Converting numpy dtypes to native python types What is the standard interpretation of the order of operations for an expression involving some combination of grouping symbols, exponentiation, radicals, multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction? I'm attempting to build an LED bed lamp that will be powered by 240V mains. The LEDs are  which if I use with a 12V supply and have calculated correctly will draw 0.24W each. I plan to use 5 or 6 of them in the lamp so will consume a maximum of 1.5W.  Initially I thought I'd use a transformer and bridge rectifier to get the required 12V DC but the transformer weighs a ton and is too bulky. The next option was to use a  but I'm wondering is there is a better way?  I think it would be possible to power the LEDs directly from mains using only a rectifier without mains and stepping down the voltage but then it's not safe. Are there any smallish components that can both isolate the mains and supply a DC voltage? How do I sudo a command in a script without being asked for a password? I want to turn my system on automatically every day. So I use the below code in my Python script, but sudo asks me for a password every time:  os.system('sudo sh -c "echo date \'+%s\' -d \'+ \        24 hours\' &gt; /sys/class/rtc/rtc0/wakealarm"')   How can I run this script without sudo asking for the password every time? Home button broken and Notification Center stuck my home button on my ipod touch 5th Gen has been broken for  while so I have been using assistive touch. Earlier on my notification centre got stuck half way down the lock screen, making my ipod completely unusable.   I tried turning it off but the notification centre is blocking the slider and obviously I can't restart it since my home button is broken. Has anyone got any solutions? It's an absolute nightmare! Analytics search keywords are unreliable Retrieving n rows per group I often need to select a number of rows from each group in a result set.  For example, I might want to list the 'n' highest or lowest recent order values per customer.  In more complex cases, the number of rows to list might vary per group (defined by an attribute of the grouping/parent record). This part is definitely optional/for extra credit and not intended to dissuade people from answering.  What are the main options for solving these types of problems in SQL Server 2005 and later? What are the main advantages and disadvantages of each method?  AdventureWorks examples (for clarity, optional)   List the five most recent recent transaction dates and IDs from the TransactionHistory table, for each product that starts with a letter from M to R inclusive. Same again, but with n history lines per product, where n is five times the DaysToManufacture Product attribute. Same, for the special case where exactly one history line per product is required (the single most recent entry by TransactionDate, tie-break on TransactionID. Fields finitely generated as $\mathbb Z$-algebras are finite? Suppose $k$ is a field that is finitely generated as a ${\mathbb Z}$-algebra.  (That is, $k$ is a quotient of ${\mathbb Z}[X_1,\dots,X_n]$ for some $n$). Does it follow that $k$ is finite? How do  methods compare in terms of model variance and bias?   My question is partly motivated by this thread: . The answer there suggests that models learned with leave-one-out cross-validation have higher variance than those learned with regular $K$-fold cross-validation, making leave-one-out CV a worse choice.  However, my intuition tells me that in leave-one-out CV one should see relatively lower variance between models than in the $K$-fold CV, since we are only shifting one data point across folds and therefore the training sets between folds overlap substantially.  Or going in the other direction, if $K$ is low in the $K$-fold CV, the training sets would be quite different across folds, and the resulting models are more likely to be different (hence higher variance).  If the above argument is right, why would models learned with leave-one-out CV have higher variance? I want to add this iostat command to my .bashrc and create an alias for it: iostat -xk 2 $(findmnt -T ~ | awk 'END {print $2}')  I'm adding this to my .bashrc: alias ios='iostat -xk 2 $(findmnt -T ~ | awk 'END {print $2}')'  Unfortunately, it doesn't work. If I run the above iostat command in a terminal it works, but when I run the ios alias it no longer works. And yes, I restart my shell every time. Intuition for Rayleigh PDF We have ground-truth data $\mathbf{x}^* = (0,0)^T \in \mathbb{R}^{2}$. Furthermore, we have $N$ measurements $\mathbf{x}_i \in \mathbb{R}^{2}, i\in \{1,\ldots,N\}$. We calculate the $N$ error vectors $\mathbf{e}_i = \mathbf{x}_i - \mathbf{x}^*$. We assume that the two components of $\mathbf{e}_i = (e_{x,i}, e_{y,i})^T $ are independent of each other and normally distributed with equal mean $\mathbf{\mu} = (0,0)^T$ and variance $\sigma^2$. The absolute errors $e_i = \sqrt {e_{x,i}^2 + {e}_{y,i}^2} $ follow a Rayleigh distribution, is that correct?  The probability density function (PDF) of the Rayleigh function is zero at a value of zero. Why is this the case (intuitively)? I would assume that our errors should most likely be 0 (i.e. PDF should be highest at 0)... How to hide password input from terminal in ruby script Scale settings for exporting to STL (for 3d printing) My objects are semi-transparent, and not one behind the other in the compositor Intersection reports invalid geometries PyQGIS couldn't import processing with standalone script I have read post on that problem (). The problem is even with a sys.path.append it couldn't import processing. It's very frustrated. Here the code I used:  #!/usr/bin/python  def main():     layer = QgsVectorLayer('/path/to/file.shp', "BAT","ogr")     QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().addMapLayers([layer])      # Testing processing     try :         Processing.runalg("qgis:creategrid")     except:         print "Processing module has not been loaded"      #Check the QgsMapLayerRegistry for the layers     print QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().mapLayers()     # Check if they are valid     print layer.isValid()  if __name__=="__main__":     import sys     from PyQt4.QtGui import *     from qgis.core import *     app = QApplication([])     QgsApplication.setPrefixPath("/usr", True)     QgsApplication.initQgis()      sys.path.append('home/qsuser/.qgis2/python/plugins')      # try to load processing     try:         from processing.core.Processing import Processing         Processing.initialize()      except:         print "unable to load processing"      main()      QgsApplication.exitQgis()   I could load QGIS and layer is valid that's ok, but processing resist to me. I am on Ubuntu 14.04 I use Pycharm to do it.  I tried on terminal with the python console, it raised this error:  Traceback (most recent call last):   File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;   File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/qgis/utils.py", line 572, in _import     mod = _builtin_import(name, globals, locals, fromlist, level)   File "/home/qsuser/.qgis2/python/plugins/processing/__init__.py", line 28, in &lt;module&gt;     from processing.tools.dataobjects import *   File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/qgis/utils.py", line 572, in _import     mod = _builtin_import(name, globals, locals, fromlist, level)   File "/home/qsuser/.qgis2/python/plugins/processing/tools/dataobjects.py", line 35, in &lt;module&gt;     from processing.core.ProcessingConfig import ProcessingConfig   File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/qgis/utils.py", line 572, in _import     mod = _builtin_import(name, globals, locals, fromlist, level)   File "/home/qsuser/.qgis2/python/plugins/processing/core/ProcessingConfig.py", line 30, in &lt;module&gt;     from PyQt4.QtCore import QPyNullVariant, QCoreApplication, QSettings ImportError: cannot import name QPyNullVariant   I don't know what I am missing.   Settings :  Qgis 2.12.1-Lyon Ubuntu 14.04 Trusty IDE : Pycharm 5 community Processing : 2.12.2   -- Edit -- And with the changes suggest by mathias kuhn  #!/usr/bin/python  def main():     layer = QgsVectorLayer('/path/to/file.shp', "BAT","ogr")     QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().addMapLayers([layer])      # Testing processing     try :         Processing.runalg("qgis:creategrid")     except:         print "Processing module has not been loaded"      #Check the QgsMapLayerRegistry for the layers     print QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().mapLayers()     # Check if they are valid     print layer.isValid()  if __name__=="__main__":     import sys     from qgis.core import *             from PyQt4.QtGui import *     app = QApplication([])     QgsApplication.setPrefixPath("/usr", True)     QgsApplication.initQgis()      sys.path.append('home/user/.qgis2/python/plugins')      # try to load processing     try:         from processing.core.Processing import Processing         Processing.initialize()      except:         print "unable to load processing"      main()      QgsApplication.exitQgis() How does the Southwest Airlines boarding process work? I'm flying this week on Southwest Airlines for the first time. I paid for "Early Bird" automatic checkin and the FAQ mentions something about "A" boarding passes. I have no idea what that means, and I know that Southwest doesn't have assigned seats.  How does the boarding process work and is there anything I should be aware of? $\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{z^n}{n}$ does not converge uniformly on $\mathbb{D}$. I usually use "at a company" but I have encountered some articles using "in a company", "in XYZ firm" or "in an organization".  Which one is right?