As noted in , kerning, spacing, and tracking are turned off by default in microtype. Why is that? Are there good arguments against using it? What would be the pros and cons of activating it?  Now that we're at it, what are the pros and cons of the other options (protrusion, expansion, =auto)?
According to the microtype manual, Kerning, Spacing and Tracking are not enabled by default in pdftex (>= 1.4). What are the reasons for this?
I'm trying to compute the shadow of 3D objects on the ground. To do this I'm assuming parallel rays from Sun origin.   Let's assume the Sun direction is given by azimuth $\varphi$ and elevation $\theta$ angles. So the direction unit vector is retrieved as:  $$ \hat{\mathbf{s}} = \mathbf{R}_y\left(\theta\right)\mathbf{R}_z\left(\varphi\right)\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}$$  where $\mathbf{R}_{x/y/z}$ are the rotation matrices along the $x, y, z$ axes given by, for example, Euler-Rodrigues equation, and $\hat{\boldsymbol{\imath}}$ is the unit vector along $x$-axis.  A point on a ray-line has the equation:  \begin{equation} \mathbf{r} = \mathbf{r}_p + \lambda\hat{\mathbf{s}}  \tag{1} \end{equation}  being $\mathbf{r}_p$ a point on that line.  A point on a general plane is given by the equation:  \begin{equation} \left(\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r_0}\right)\cdot \hat{\mathbf{n}} = 0 \tag{2} \end{equation}  being $\mathbf{r}_0$ a point on the plane and $\hat{\mathbf{n}}$ the unit vector normal to that plane.   Ensuring the validity of both equations (1) and (2) allows to compute the $\lambda$ multiplier and retrieve the position vector of the projected point (writing $\tilde{\mathbf{r}} = \mathbf{r_p} - \mathbf{r_o}$)  \begin{gather} \lambda = - \left(\frac{\tilde{\mathbf{r}}\cdot \hat{\mathbf{n}}} {\hat{\mathbf{s}}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}}\right) \\ \mathbf{r}_\text{proj} = \mathbf{r}_p - \left(\frac{\tilde{\mathbf{r}}\cdot \hat{\mathbf{n}}} {\hat{\mathbf{s}}\cdot\hat{\mathbf{n}}}\right)\hat{\mathbf{s}} \tag{3} \end{gather}  Applying eq. (3) to all the vertices of a mesh $\left\{\mathbf{r}_{p_i}\right\}$ .   A problem can be noted: $\hat{\mathbf{s}}\cdot \hat{\mathbf{n}}$ can be zero (e.g. Sun is horizontal, i.e. the ray is ortogonal to the normal of plane).   Are there some conceptual mistakes in my reasoning? Is there a way to rewrite the operation as a linear operator applied to the set of vertices position vectors?   $$ \left[\mathbf{A}\right]\left\{\mathbf{r}_{p_i}\right\} = \mathbf{r}_\text{proj}$$ If I make a scene and then render it with BR or Cycles, am I allowed to use that image in a commercial project? Do I need to include any copyright notice or license? Here’s something that sucks:   Plug in external monitor to laptop (Mac OS X Leopard in my case). Arrange your windows to have the IDE on one screen and browser on another. (Etc etc.  Resize, rearrange, fuss, fuss, fuss.) Unplug monitor to run to a meeting, or whatever. Goto 1.   I’d like to replace step 2 with “computer remembers exactly how I had it and just puts it back that way”.  (I personally only need a solution for Mac but collecting solutions for other systems here might be useful to others.  I’m sure it’s a common problem.) Calculate line distances inside of polygons using ArcGIS for Desktop? I'm working with two data sets:   NHD polyline stream layer for my entire state HUC Watershed boundary Polygons for the entire state   I am looking for a way to calculate the total length of streams within each watershed boundary polygon, and would ideally like to have each polygon then attributed with the sum of stream miles within its boundary.  Can anyone help me? I was just reviewing my "capitalization standards" for titles and such and was wondering if there's a macro to do the same thing I'm forced to do by hand nowadays. My personal rules (feel free to disagree/comment on them) are as follows:   the first letter (a number is a letter too for the sake of these rules) always gets capitalized, every word gets capitalized individually, the exception to the rule above (and just the rule above) are  such as prepositions and the like.   In other words: I'd like a capitalization command (like \MakeUppercase) that will capitalize every word not included in a list of words and that will always capitalize the first word of its argument.  Doable?  PS: one such "list" of closed class words (also known as "function words") can be found . "Any" followed by singular or plural countable nouns? This question has troubled me for ages despite my several attempts of looking it up in dictionaries or usage books. Do we say, "Do you have any ideas" or "Do you have any idea"? I do see an example where "any" means "it doesn't matter who/which/what", therefore "You can borrow any book you like." Also, does it matter between using it in questions and negatives? Maximizing expected value of coin reveal game I was asked this question today in an interview and am still not sure of the answer. The question is as follows.   Part one:  Say I have flipped 100 coins already and they are hidden to you. Now I reveal these coins one by one and you are to guess if it is heads or tails before I reveal the coin. If you get it correct, you get $\$1$. If you get it incorrect, you get $\$0$. I will allow you to ask me one yes or no question about the sequence for free. What will it be to maximize your profit?  My approach for this part of the problem was to ask if there were more heads than tails. If they say yes, I will just guess all heads otherwise I just guess all tails. I know the expected value for this should be greater than 50 but is it possible to calculate the exact value for this? If so, how would you do it?   Part two: Same scenario as before but now I will charge for a question. I will allow you to ask me any amount of yes or no questions as I go through this process for $\$1$. What is your strategy to maximize your profit?  I was not sure about the answer to this part of the question. Would the best option be to guess randomly? I think the expected value of this should be 50. I am not sure about the expected value of part one but if it is greater than 51, I think I could also use that approach. Anyone have a good idea for this part? OGR DXF to KML conversion "Do you know where's Linda?" vs "Do you know where Linda is?" Literal &#39; appears in flag panel instead of being escaped What is the word for act of monotonously demanding for something (many be a toy) repeatedly? Seeing that Defense Against the Dark Arts is a crucial subject, both in Harry's life as well as a part of the school-going wizard's curriculum, it must be in the hands of a good professor.   Is it known who Minerva McGonagall appointed as DADA prof. once she was made Headmistress. Was it someone we know or was it just a random powerful wizard. Is there any information about this available? If we disbelieve $H_0$, why quote a p value calculated assuming $H_0$ was true? Hypothesis testing seeks to reject a null hypothesis ($H_0$) on the basis of an assumption made about the sample following a certain distribution. This assumption is conditional on $H_0$ being true. So what is the flaw with the following reasoning?     If I reject $H_0$ in favor of the alternative hypothesis ($H_1$), I   must then assume that (1) $H_1$ is true, and (2) that at the   same time the variable under examination follows the distribution   used to reject $H_0$. Since we also stated that the assumed   distribution is conditional on $H_0$ being true, it appears that $H_0$   has got to be true in order to justify the assumption made about the   distribution. Logically, it would therefore seem that both $H_0$ and   $H_1$ have to be true, which is a paradox, because they are mutually   exclusive! Why doesn't the Sun appear green to our eyes? Using Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation to find distance, with the question not giving sufficient information to substitute into the equation. Problem:  $F = \frac{(G m_1 m_2)}{r^2}$  An object of unknown mass is placed directly between the Earth and the Moon such that the forces of gravity acting on the object are equal from both the Earth and the Moon. The distance from the Moon to the object is exactly one-tenth of the distance from the Moon to Earth. Using the above formula, determine the distance from the Moon to the Earth.  Given is:  The factor $G≈6.67∙10−11\mathbf{N(\frac{m^2}{kg^2})}$ is a universal constant.  Mass of Earth $≈5.972∙10^{24}\mathbf{kg}$   Mass of the Moon as $≈7.348∙10^{22}\mathbf{kg}$  Mass of unknown object = $m$  My solution:  $F = \frac{(6.67 *10^-11) m (7.348*10^{24})}{R^2}$  $F = \frac{(6.67 *10^-11) (5.92* 10^22) m}{10R^2}$  As gravitational force acting on the object is equal   $\frac{(5.92\cdot 10^22)}{100r^2} = \frac{(7.348*10^{24})}{r^2}$  $R = 1.24 \cdot 10^4 KM$  Is this a viable solution to the problem? Please provide feedback. Thank you! Check ping statistics without stopping Is there a way to tell ping to show its usual termination statistics without stopping the execution?  For instance, I'd like to quickly view:  --- 8.8.8.8 ping statistics --- 2410 packets transmitted, 2274 received, +27 errors, 5% packet loss, time 2412839ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 26.103/48.917/639.493/52.093 ms, pipe 3   without having to stop the program, thus losing the accumulated data. Order and degree of a differential equation Here is a question in my book  Find the order and degree of the differential equation $$y=1+\frac{dy}{dx}+\frac{1}{2!}{\left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)}^2+\frac{1}{3!}{\left(\frac{dy}{dx}\right)}^3+\cdots$$  At first sight we can conclude that the order is $1$ and the degree is undefined as  as the power of $\frac{dy}{dx}$ continues to increase and has no limit.However  my book gives the following solution  Rewrite the DE as $$y=\exp\left({\frac{dy}{dx}}\right)$$ $$\implies \frac{dy}{dx}=\ln y$$ whose order and degree is 1 .  Now ,I completely agree with this solution however I find it rather counterintuitive to my first line of thought .If the book is correct how can it be justified to prove my intuition was wrong? Run a command in a shell and keep running the command when you close the session I am using Putty to connect to a remote server. What I want to know is if there is any way to write my commands and allow them to keep running after I close the session with Putty. The reason for this is that I do not want to keep the computer ON all the time. Is there any way to do this?.  Update with the solution  For my question as it is presented the best solution is use one of the commands provided such as nohup, because you do not have to install any additional software. But if you are in the same problem use screen, install it and use it. It is amazing.  I have selected the answer of Norman Ramsey as favourite because propose several solutions using commands and screen. But please check the other answers specially the one of PEZ, then you get an insight of what screen is able todo. Can I see a list of gyms I left a pokemon at? Preserving changed Output style