I am somewhat confused as to how to approach  the following issue.  In my thesis is have a lot of text and want to group this is using line breaks and paragraphs.  Up to now I have been using \\ to end a line and forcibly start a new line as such:  some text that is the end of the line want.\\ End than the next line starts at the line below. etc   Nothing to worry about.  However if i would like to have some white space ending a paragraph is use the \\ followed by a white line in my 'code'.  This produces the desired result, however i have lot of underfull vboxes when compiling. A. is this related to my use of the \\? B. What is the proper way to end/start a paragraph?  I have read about the \par command but i am not certain how to apply this...  I use the report documentclass and are going towards a 200 page document so i would like to get this right.  I tried to find the answer in existing posts but was not successful.
What is the difference between \par, \newline, \\ and blank lines? When should I use which one?
Setting up a bicycle for someone with restricted knee articulation My father, now in his 70's, had a left knee replacement several years ago. He has limited movement in that knee - probably about 85 degrees on a good day. His knee can extend fully, but cannot bend as much as it should. As a result, he cannot pedal a bike he cannot get his left leg over the top of the pedal stroke.   He is desperate to get back onto a bike, he knows he won't be ripping up the road and winning races like the old days, but wants the freedom to go for a slow easy rides.    Does anyone have suggestions as to a solution to the problem. We don't mind spending money if we know the solution will work, but he can't afford to throw big money at wild ideas that may or may not work. If we find a solution, a new bike is likely.   We have access several mountain bikes in a range of sizes to trail ideas, and we have all the tools and skills to build bikes up from parts and rearrange things as needed.    EDIT: Thanks everyone - all great suggestions. What am am going to do is got tto the LBS and get hold of a cheap set of short cranks for around $30- probably from a kids bike, in the 120-150 size range, and see if he can ride that. Depending how he goes, I'll try a standard right crank and a short left crank. If all else fails, we will go for the Power Cranks   UPDATE: In case anyone else has similar problems. Got some 152mm cranks for $30. Set an old  mountain bike up with the seat as far back as possible. The old man is able to ride reasonably comfortably, now has a smile from ear to ear - any suggestions how to remove it - doesn't fit with the grumpy old man image :)   Has got me wondering how many people with minor knee problems would benefit from short(er) cranks....... Understanding Clip Warning 000117 for Polygons? This error makes little sense because 95% of the time this works without any problem, but here is the situation:  I am clipping polygon A by polygons B-H.  While most of the time this works perfectly, occasionally this happens:   All layers are from the same coordinate system, and the processing extent is the same as polygon A when I setup the clip. Polygons C-H clip just fine without any errors, so it is usually polygon B that has the issue; however, most of the time there are no issues whatsoever. The polygons do overlap each other. I have repaired the geometry, but the results are the same.  Given that it isn't a coordinate problem, a processing extent problem, or even a geometry problem, what else could it be causing this error, and what would I have to do to resolve this problem?  UPDATE:  The error happened again with my largest set of Polygon A; however, I then deleted 75% of the Polygon A set and it worked just fine. So my question now is: how limited is the Clip feature when it comes to large areas, and is there a way around this without having to divide the Polygon A shapefile into several segments? Don't revert reputation from suggested edits when reviewer's account is deleted I noticed something strange in the reputation of one of my accounts today:        Never saw "reverted" event before, so went to  and realized what happened: the user who approved my suggested edit has been removed/deleted their account.  The edit is still there. The post is still there. The effort spent in editing is still there, untouched. I really can't see any reason to take the reputation away in such a case.  Can this please be changed so that the reputation won't be lost? Personally I don't care that much, and got lots of reputation from other sources, but many people have low reputation and each point matters to them.  P.S.  This might be a bug introduced when implementing this recent change about "", so tagging as a bug too. LOAD DATA INFILE easily convert YYYYMMDD to YYYY-MM-DD? Arbitrary intersection of closed, connected subsets of a compact space connected? Let $(B_i)_{i\in I}$ be an indexed family of closed, connected sets in a compact space X. Suppose $I$ is ordered, sucht that $i &lt; j \implies B_i \supset B_j$.  Is $B = \bigcap_i B_i$ necessarily connected?  I can prove it, if I assume $X$ to be Hausdorff as well: If $B$ is not connected, then there are two disjoint, closed, nonempty sets $C$, $D$ in $B$, such that $C \cup D = B$. Now these sets are also closed in $X$, hence by normality there exist open disjoint neighborhoods $U$, $V$ of $C$ and $D$, respectively.  Then for all $i$: $B_i \cap U^c \cap V^c \ne \emptyset$, since $B$ is contained in $B_i$ and $B_i$ is connected. Thus we must also have  $$ B \cap U^c \cap V^c = \bigcap_i B_i \cap U^c \cap V^c \ne \emptyset $$  by compactness and the fact that the $B_i$ satisfy the finite intersection property. This is a contradiction to the choice of $U$ and $V$.  I can neither see a counterexample for the general case, nor a proof. Any hints would be greatly appreciated!  Thanks,  S. L. Undefined variable problem with PHP function From :      ‘We all believe, up at the Lodge, Rachael, that he will be freed from suspicion, sooner or later.’    ‘The better I know it to be so believed there, my dear,’ said Rachael, ‘and the kinder I feel it that you come away from there, purposely to comfort me, and keep me company, and be seen wi’ me when I am not yet free from all suspicion myself, the more grieved I am that I should ever have spoken those mistrusting words to the young lady. And yet I— ’   We usually use should have to say that something was not done, despite being desirable. But in this example, the mistrusting words were indeed spoken (earlier in the book). How would one explain the use of the should have construction then?   Would the following be fully equivalent to the above quote:     ‘We all believe, up at the Lodge, Rachael, that he will be freed from suspicion, sooner or later.’    ‘The better I know it to be so believed there, my dear,’ said Rachael, ‘and the kinder I feel it that you come away from there, purposely to comfort me, and keep me company, and be seen wi’ me when I am not yet free from all suspicion myself, the more grieved I am that I have spoken those mistrusting words to the young lady. And yet I— ’ Lately my laptop (HP g42 247sb) screen is damaged, so I hook it up with an external monitor (LG something) and it works fine now.  The only annoying thing is I cannot navigate the BIOS menu for some tweaking because the BIOS not shown on the external monitor, instead, it only shown on the broken laptop screen, and  it only output to my external monitor when Windows/OS is logged-on.  So, is there anyway I can force output during BIOS/BOOT/POST to my external monitor?  Things I have done and didn't work:   Set my LG monitor as primary display on both window properties and Intel Graphics panel  Enter the BIOS (F10 key) and press the Fn+F4 key (change display output). Disable and uninstall my internal screen (broken laptop screen) using device manager and restart, but Windows (BIOS?) install it back on log-on. Closed lid/Magnet on sensor. How do I create a reflective white material? I'm pretty new to this and this is my first question here, any help would be greatly appreciated.  So basically what I want to achieve is a floor material as seen in this photo...    ...the reflections are very crisp but dim.  With a glossy shader I get the following results:    First picture: reflections are blurry  Second picture: roughness of the material looks right but reflection is bright red  Third picture: If tinted in any other color than white, it seems to produce the result I want. Reflection is sharp and gets tinted blue. What I need is the reflection to be tinted white.  Thanks for any help. How to Setup GIMP 2.10 on Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial Xerus) Suppose $A,B,C$ are sets. Prove that $A\mathbin\triangle B\subseteq C \iff A\cup C=B\cup C$. Suppose $A,B,C$ are sets.  Prove that $A\mathbin\triangle B\subseteq C \iff A\cup C=B\cup C$.  I proved that for $x\in A\setminus B$, $x\in A\cup C$ and for $x\in B\setminus A$, $x\in B\cup C$. How do I show that $A\cup C=B\cup C$, and that $A\mathbin\triangle B\subseteq C \iff A\cup C=B\cup C$? What did Enel do after being defeated? As shown in the Manga and the Anime, Enel survived along with the Ark.  He then Embarks to Fairy Verth      The Moon.   In the Manga it shows his adventures on the Moon.  But what happened?  I didn't understand the situation that happened.  What exactly happened on the Moon? Prove by mathematical induction that $n^3 - n$ is divisible by $3$ for all natural number $n$ PostgreSQL create line from points Convergence in Distribution in Order Statistics Let $X_1, X_2, \ldots$ be iid from Exp$(\theta)$ with density function $f(x) = \frac{1}{\theta}e^{-\frac{x}{\theta}}$. (a) Find the limiting distribution of $M_n = Y_1 - \theta\ln(n)$ and $T_n = nY_n$, where $Y_1$ and $Y_n$ represent the first and last order statistics (among $n$ observations) respectively. Answer: I have obtained the CDF of X to be: $$F_x(x) = 1 - e^{-\frac{x}{\theta}}$$ the CDF of $Y_1$ to be: $$F_{Y_1} = 1 = e^{-\frac{xn}{\theta}}$$ the CDF of $M_n$ to be: $$F_{M_n}(x) = \left[1 - \frac{1}{n}e^{-\frac{x}{\theta}}\right]^n$$ with limiting distribution $$e^{-e^{-\frac{x}{\theta}}}$$ the CDF of $T_n$ to be: $$F_{T_n}(x) = 1 - e^{-\frac{x}{\theta}}$$ which is also the limiting distribution. (b) Show that $M_n$ and $T_n$ are asymptotically independent. Answer: I've tried finding the joint PDF for ordered statistics by using the equation $$g_{ij}(y_i, y_j) = \frac{n!}{(i - 1)!(j - i - 1)!(n - j)!}[F(y_i)]^{i - 1}[F(y_j) - F(y_i)]^{j - i - 1}[1 - F(y_j)]^{n - j}f(y_i)f(y_j)$$ however, it is a mess based on my CDFs. Any suggestions on a different approach? Expanding an event group shows more events than labeled when there are new events Guaranteed lifetime of temporary in C++? If $k=1$, we have \begin{align} \sum_{n\ge1}\frac{1}{\binom{2n}{n}}&amp;=\frac12\sum_{n\ge1}n\mathrm{B}(n,n)\\ &amp;=\frac12\int _{0}^{1}\sum_{n\ge1}n(t-t^2)^{{n-1}}{\mathrm  d}t\\ &amp;=\frac12\int _{0}^{1}\frac{1}{(t-t^2-1)^2}{\mathrm  d}t\\ &amp;=\frac13+\frac{2\sqrt3\pi}{27} \end{align} I wonder if there exists a general formula of $\sum_{n\ge1}{\binom{2n}{n}^{-k}}$ with $k\in\Bbb N^*$. This may involve some ${}_pF_q$ functions. 0:root@SERVER:/root # echo "something" | sed -e 's/^/\t/g' tsomething 0:root@SERVER:/root #    AIX/ksh .. why doesn't it works? I just want to put a "tab" before every line! Desktop shows a white or black background instead of wallpapers