I am trying to do something that I imagine is quite straightforward but I am new to C/C++ so it is proving a little bit tricky. Essentially I am trying to remove a single whitespace from data contained within a .txt. Each piece of data is on a separate line:  01011 0 11100 1 00001 0   and so on. I have been able to count the number of lines, and the size of each string (including the whitespace) however I want to lose the whitespace located within the data. My code for reading the data in (including whitespace is as follows):  std::ifstream myfile ("random.txt"); std::string str;  if(myfile.is_open())                 {                 while (std::getline(myfile, str))                     {                     i++;                     Size = str.size();                     data_input[i] = str;                     line_num = i;                     array_count = line_num * Size;                     }                  i = 0;                 }   I have looked at various other posts but can't seem to find one that fits what I am trying to achieve. Any help would be appreciated.
What is the preferred way to remove spaces from a string in C++? I could loop through all the characters and build a new string, but is there a better way?
I want to create a DEB file manually. I would like to just provide a folder which contains data to install, and a script to be executed after installation.  Is this possible? Does the series $\sum \sin^{(n)}(1)$ converge, where $\sin^{(n)}$ denotes the $n$-fold composition of $\sin$? If $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} f(n+1) - f(n) = L$, prove that $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} f(n)/n = L$ Here's the problem in full. I've stared at it for hours and can't get anywhere, so a hint would be nice.  Suppose that $f:\mathbb N\rightarrow\mathbb R$. If $$\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}f(n+1)-f(n) = L$$ prove that $\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}f(n)/n$ exists and equals $L$.  This problem is marked with the word "Cauchy", so I'm guessing Cauchy sequences or something related to them will be necessary, but I can't figure out what.  Edit: It appears as if the Stolz-Cesaro Theorem makes this quite easy. Unfortunately though, we have not discussed this, so I won't be able to use this. What's the appropriate reaction to an answer that doesn't attribute the source it's copied from? I remember watching this sci-fi movie where a huge metallic capsule gets dropped from a few hundred meters. The capsule had a chamber inside where only one person could be seated. During the drop, time dilated and the person would transcend to another world, lasting for days, even meeting dead people. Kind of a parallel reality.  It was an amazing movie, but I cannot recall its name. are more efficient than ordinary upright bicycles, and  are even more efficient. Then why do we see them so rarely on the road? Is it because they are expensive, or are there some non-financial, significant disadvantages? Summer in Saint Helena The Winter Bash site is located at http://winterba.sh/.  Only one problem:   . Saint Helena is in the Southern Hemisphere. It's Summer in Saint Helena.   So shouldn't it be the Summer Bash? Don't forget our Aussie/Kiwi/South African/Southern Brazilian/Argentine/Uruguayan/Zimbabwean/Swazi/Tokelauan/Tuvaluan/Pitcairn Islander/ friends! Floating point calculations in LaTeX? Who decides which half of the universe should be destroyed? Although my question is based on the comic mini-series Infinity Gauntlet issues #1 through 6, I'm open to any and all answers (i.e Movies, other comic books etc. etc.) across the Marvel multi-verse.   It was elegantly presented in the Infinity Gauntlet series how Thanos, after collecting all the soul gems snaps his fingers and destroys half the universe.  Additionally, in the recent movie Avengers: Infinity War,       Thanos does it again! He snaps his fingers and destroys half the universe.   However, one thing is unclear to me. In both cases,      Half the universe is destroyed (or obliterated, or erased from existence).   But who decides which half of the universe should not exist anymore? Does the wielder of the Gauntlet choose, or is the Gauntlet (along with the stones) sentient enough to make the decision? I remember  due to misuse and I wonder if bots have a part of it. If the bot is POSTing something to my site what are ways I can combat it? I was thinking of setting some cookies and having the cookies changed via JavaScript + timestamp and sign (so yesterday's cookies can't be used today and next week).  I'm sure most people/bots would just use another site instead of enabling JavaScript in their bot.  What else can I do? I'm thinking daily POST limit and a honeypot for generic bots who just randomly post spam. Let $f$ be a nonconstant element of ring $\mathbb Z[x]$. Prove that $\langle f \rangle$ is not maximal in $\mathbb Z[x]$.   Let us assume $\langle f \rangle$ is maximal. Then $\mathbb Z[x] / \langle f \rangle$ would be a field. Let $a \in \mathbb{Z}$. Then $a + \langle f \rangle$ is a nonzero element of this field, hence a unit. Let $g + \langle f \rangle$ be its inverse. Then $a g - 1 \in \langle f \rangle$, hence $ag(x)-1 = f(x)h(x)$ for some $h \in Z[x]$, hence $ag(0) + f(0)h(0) = 1$, thus $(a,f(0))=1$ for all $a \in \Bbb Z$, contradiction, hence the proof.  Is my argument correct? Is there any other method? I am trying to make a callout to AWS S3 using named credentials and Apex  The named credential is set up as follows  Label: AWS S3 Name: AWS_S3 URL: https://bucket-name.s3.amazonaws.com - Certificate: Identity Type: Named Principal Authentication Protocol: AWS Signature Version 4 AWS Access Key: AKIAxxxxxx AWS Secret Access Key: xxxxxx AWS Region: ap-southeast-2 AWS Service: s3 - Generate Authorization header: true Merge fields in header: false Merge fields in body: false   The Apex class is very simple  HttpRequest req = new HttpRequest(); req.setEndpoint('callout:AWS_S3'); req.setMethod('GET');                        Http http = new Http(); HTTPResponse res = http.send(req);                 System.debug(res.getBody()); return res.getBody();   The response body contains the following:     SignatureDoesNotMatchThe request signature we calculated does not match the signature you provided. Check your key and signing method.AKIAxxxxx   I have used the same bucket, endpoint and credentials using Postman and am able to successfully return the list of objects in the bucket so it is not an IAM permissions issue  There have been a couple of similar questions on stackexchange but unfortunately they do not provide any resolution or assistance in this case:    I've tried looking for code samples or further pointers in the Apex documentation but it doesn't really give any further guidance on how to proceed or correctly set this up so I'm a bit stuck Oftentimes, I want to include code samples in a list, for example:   Item One Item Two, for example: private bool ItemTwo() {     return this.IFeelLucky; } Item Three   The problem is that there isn't a good and intuitive way to do this using . It's doable, but you have to do some formatting black-magic to get it that way, which is just not "nice" to deal with.  Source that produces this:  1. Item One 2. Item Two, for example: &lt;br/>&lt;br/>&lt;pre>&lt;code>private bool ItemTwo()     {         return this.IFeelLucky;     }&lt;/code>&lt;/pre> 3. Item Three    I would love to just be able to do it this way:  1. Item One 2. Item Two, for example:      private bool Test()     {         return this.IFeelLucky;     }  3. Item Three  Which results in, well, this:   Item One Item Two, for example:  private bool Test() {     return this.IFeelLucky; } Item Three "really not" vs "not really" If someone says "David is not really a leader", it means something like: the speaker believes that David isn't the kind of person you would think of as a without-doubt a real leader; but the speaker isn't necessarily saying that David is definitely a very poor leader.  If someone says "David is really not a leader", it means that the speaker thinks that David is definitely a very poor leader.  What analysis (grammatical, dictionary, etc?) can help me understand how this difference in meaning is created? Do I need a Turkey transit visa for a layover? Word for person unwilling to share information What do you call a person who is unwilling to share information? I have several thousand nodes of a particular content type. Using the web interface (example.com/admin/content), I can only delete about 50 at a time. How can I quickly delete them? Effect of linear terms on a QFT I was told when first learning QFT that linear terms in the Lagrangian are harmless and we can essentially just ignore them. However, I've recently seen in the linear sigma model, \begin{equation}  {\cal L} = \frac{1}{2} \partial _\mu \phi _i \partial ^\mu \phi _i - \frac{m ^2 }{2} \phi _i \phi _i  - \frac{ \lambda }{ 4} ( \phi _i \phi _i ) ^2  \end{equation}  with $m ^2 =-\mu^2 &gt; 0$, adding a linear term in one of the fields $\phi_N$, does change the final results as you no longer have Goldstone bosons (since the $O(N)$ symmetry is broken to begin with).   Are there any other effects of linear terms that we should keep in mind or is this the only exception of the "forget about linear terms" rule? Both sides differentiation expression with integral I have a problem with derivation of some function. This is related to computing the Poincare Map of Logistic Population model with Periodic harvesting. This function is:  $\phi(t,x_0) = x_0 + \int_{0}^{t} f(s,\phi(s,x_0)) ds $,  where $\phi(t,x_0)$ is a function: $\mathbb{R}  \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$.  I'm trying to differentiate  equation of this function both sides  with respect to $x_{0}$. In book from this equation comes from the result of this differentiation is:  $\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x_0} (t,x_0) = 1 + \int_0^{t} \frac{\partial f}{\partial x_0} (s, \phi(s,x_0)) \cdot \frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x_0} (s, x_0)ds$.  I can't understand expression under the integral. In this book it is explained that it is clear from chain rule.Could someone explain to me this transformation in easy way? I will be grateful for your help Best regards Update (March, 2012): This has been rolled out to all sites in the network.    Behind the scenes we've been hard at work making some changes to how we track reputation.  Here are some of the issues we're aiming to address with these changes:   Reputation Skew (your actual reputation doesn't match what's shown) Up/Down votes oddities (mostly with the daily rep cap, the magical +2) Historical Deletes (not impacting rep immediately, contributing to skew) Unaccepts (display issues in the profile) User Deletion (magically missing rep, another skew contributor)   To be clear: reputation values are not changing, every action in the system is still worth the same amount.   Here’s what will be different:   Your reputation will be correct at all times Deletions will have a much more immediate effect on reputation, not waiting on a recalc  (but reputation sync takes up to 5 minutes on a delete/undelete action; as to not block the user's response thread, it's offloaded to a background queue) Recalcs will no longer be necessary Up/Down vote reversals will restore the correct reputation amount Up/Down vote reversals will correctly adjust to the reputation cap The reputation history in your profile will be more detailed and accurate (e.g. when a post is deleted, you'll see that in the reputation tab of your profile)   This means your reputation will go up and down more than it has previously, but it will be in sync.  To think of it more easily: imagine that a recalc will be done after every action in the system.  Probably the biggest impact many will be concerned with is that you may see your reputation drop in cases where it didn't seem like it did before  This was effectively happening before, but the results of that change were not applied immediately, but on the next rep recalc.  Post deletion is the biggest factor here, previously it didn't (immediately) account for the reputation impact...that will no longer be the case.  Reputation changes from the deletion will now be applied within the hour, and most other changes will be instant.  Now the part that will make everyone throw vegetables our way:  this will require a global recalc to get everything in sync.  We'll be rolling it out first here on meta, then the rest of the network...the enabling of the detailed rep view and global recalc on each individual site will coincide.  During the rollout you will see empty reputation tabs on profiles as we transition to the new storage behind the scenes, they'll be restored as the recalc rolls though each user.  We’ll put up a blog post on  before the network-wide rollout.  If you have any questions about this change or details I may have left out, please do so in answers below so that we can clear up as much as possible before this rolls out.