I'm working with some python code, and I can't seem to figure out how to get a byte representation, and a string variable to work together.  I have:  secret = b'a very secret message'   if I redefine this as:  myrealsecret = 'Hey there this is a real secret' secret = b+myrealsecret   Why is that? and how can I get whatever value is in myrealsecret to play nicely with secret as a byte representation?  Thank you.
I'm using this code to get standard output from an external program:  &gt;&gt;&gt; from subprocess import * &gt;&gt;&gt; command_stdout = Popen(['ls', '-l'], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0]   The communicate() method returns an array of bytes:  &gt;&gt;&gt; command_stdout b'total 0\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file1\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file2\n'   However, I'd like to work with the output as a normal Python string. So that I could print it like this:  &gt;&gt;&gt; print(command_stdout) -rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file1 -rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file2   I thought that's what the  method is for, but when I tried it, I got the same byte array again:  &gt;&gt;&gt; binascii.b2a_qp(command_stdout) b'total 0\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file1\n-rw-rw-r-- 1 thomas thomas 0 Mar  3 07:03 file2\n'   How do I convert the bytes value back to string? I mean, using the "batteries" instead of doing it manually. And I'd like it to be OK with Python&nbsp;3.
What are the rules for calling the base class constructor? What are the C++ rules for calling the base class constructor from a derived class? For example, I know in Java, you must do it as the first line of the subclass constructor (and if you don't, an implicit call to a no-arg super constructor is assumed - giving you a compile error if that's missing). Update (March, 2012): This has been rolled out to all sites in the network.    Behind the scenes we've been hard at work making some changes to how we track reputation.  Here are some of the issues we're aiming to address with these changes:   Reputation Skew (your actual reputation doesn't match what's shown) Up/Down votes oddities (mostly with the daily rep cap, the magical +2) Historical Deletes (not impacting rep immediately, contributing to skew) Unaccepts (display issues in the profile) User Deletion (magically missing rep, another skew contributor)   To be clear: reputation values are not changing, every action in the system is still worth the same amount.   Here’s what will be different:   Your reputation will be correct at all times Deletions will have a much more immediate effect on reputation, not waiting on a recalc  (but reputation sync takes up to 5 minutes on a delete/undelete action; as to not block the user's response thread, it's offloaded to a background queue) Recalcs will no longer be necessary Up/Down vote reversals will restore the correct reputation amount Up/Down vote reversals will correctly adjust to the reputation cap The reputation history in your profile will be more detailed and accurate (e.g. when a post is deleted, you'll see that in the reputation tab of your profile)   This means your reputation will go up and down more than it has previously, but it will be in sync.  To think of it more easily: imagine that a recalc will be done after every action in the system.  Probably the biggest impact many will be concerned with is that you may see your reputation drop in cases where it didn't seem like it did before  This was effectively happening before, but the results of that change were not applied immediately, but on the next rep recalc.  Post deletion is the biggest factor here, previously it didn't (immediately) account for the reputation impact...that will no longer be the case.  Reputation changes from the deletion will now be applied within the hour, and most other changes will be instant.  Now the part that will make everyone throw vegetables our way:  this will require a global recalc to get everything in sync.  We'll be rolling it out first here on meta, then the rest of the network...the enabling of the detailed rep view and global recalc on each individual site will coincide.  During the rollout you will see empty reputation tabs on profiles as we transition to the new storage behind the scenes, they'll be restored as the recalc rolls though each user.  We’ll put up a blog post on  before the network-wide rollout.  If you have any questions about this change or details I may have left out, please do so in answers below so that we can clear up as much as possible before this rolls out. $A \oplus B = A \oplus C$ imply $B = C$? I don't quite yet understand how $\oplus$ (xor) works yet. I know that fundamentally in terms of truth tables it means only 1 value(p or q) can be true, but not both. But when it comes to solving problems with them or proving equalities I have no idea how to use $\oplus$.  For example: I'm trying to do a problem in which I have to prove or disprove with a counterexample whether or not $A \oplus B = A \oplus C$  implies $B = C$ is true.   I know that the venn diagram of $\oplus$ in this case includes the regions of A and B excluding the areas they overlap. And similarly it includes regions of A and C but not the areas they overlap. It would look something like this:    I feel the statement above would be true just by looking at the venn diagram since the area ABC is included in the $\oplus$, but I'm not sure if that's an adequate enough proof.  On the other hand, I could be completely wrong about my reasoning.    Also just for clarity's sake: Would $A\cup B = A \cup C$ and $A \cap B = A \cap C$ be proven in a similar way to show whether or not the conditions imply $B = C$? A counterexample/ proof of this would be appreciated as well. How do real and effective user IDs work? When a normal user wants to make change to the passwd file, the user will by setuid be given the effective user access. User becomes root temporarily and can edit passwd.  However you can only edit your password right, and not everybody else? However your effective user access is root. So how come you're not allowed to change other passwords beside yours?  When you run a program with setuid, what does it mean actually when effective user is root, but real user id is still your name? GUI does not start Initially, the computer was showing the error as mentioned in   question. Fixing it resulted in the above error.  Please take look at the last line   Started GNOME display manager... and deal with any system changes..p link was shut down.....     One more thing before all this problem I have edited xorg.conf file to use  as suggested on .  I don't know if that's the reason but I thought it is important to share. I am looking for one word to describe someone who always does what he loves.   Loving means enjoying something very much, free-spirited means not restrained by convention. Is there a hybrid word?   I mean a word that describes someone who is independent and always does what he loves. Please also try to not make the word too esoteric. Also, the word needs to be positive.  How will it be used?  I am submitting an application for college, and they require me to supply a word to describe myself. I have always done what I love. So, I require a word to describe someone who loves what they want. There is no sentence, in particular, just a prompt asking me to describe myself in one word. How to create a circular shaped grid, similar to a manhole cover I’m trying to create a circular shaped grid, similar to the one in the pic. That’s my first attempt, created by arranging several cylinders with an Array modifier and then cutting the holes via the Boolean modifier.  Now you will probably notice that it looks not elegant in any way. I’d like to have the holes perfectly arranged and in a correct order, so that there are no half holes at the border of the mesh, for example.  How would you do this?   I tried working with Dupliverts but that didn’t work out well. Setting NTP on Windows 2008 Domain I want to find questions within the C++ tag but with zero answers. How can I do that? Why can't I change the permissions of files I have access to? If $G$ is a compact topological group, how to show that a finite index subgroup of $G$ is open ? I really don't know where/how to start...  PS : I precise that by "compact" I mean that it is hausdorff and that any recovering of $G$ by open sets has a finite sub-recovering (sorry if I wasn't unclear) Is there any SCP program available for Ubuntu that does not require SFTP on a remote host? I need a program that can manage files on a remote device running Linux using SCP. The remote device runs OpenWrt. On Windows there is a perfect one WinSCP. it is weird that there is no native program that can be used. The program should be able to:  list files copy and move files to/from the device and within the device. delete files on the device view and edit files change file permissions  I have found only one alternative, except using CLI and installing WinSCP with wine. It is Midnight Commander with fish. It works really poor. The problems are:  It mixes up ~ on a remote device and on the computer. It can't edit files. I can open and edit, but they are saved to a wrong place.  There is a lot of other annoying problems that makes it almost unusable. I gave up using mc and now I am using pure shell on the remote device. Please do not tell me that Nautilus, etc support these features. They don't!!! Linux native file managers require SFTP that is not available on the remote device. Maybe it is possible to get nautilus use SCP, but I did not find a way of doing it without changing sources. THIS IS NOT A DUPLICATE !!! I have a specific requirement that is not covered in the duplicate question. If it is not possible on Ubuntu, then this could be an answer. How to defer variable expansion I was wanting to initialize some strings at the top of my script with variables that have no yet been set, such as:  str1='I went to ${PLACE} and saw ${EVENT}' str2='If you do ${ACTION} you will ${RESULT}'   and then later on PLACE, EVENT, ACTION, and RESULT will be set. I want to then be able to print my strings out with the variables expanded. Is my only option eval? This seems to work:  eval "echo ${str1}"   is this standard? is there a better way to do this? It would be nice to not run eval considering the variables could be anything. I'm trying to remove some characters from file(UTF-8). I'm using tr for this purpose:   tr -cs '[[:alpha:][:space:]]' ' ' &lt;testdata.dat    File contains some foreign characters (like "Латвийская" or "àé"). tr doesn't seem to understand them: it treats them as non-alpha and removes too.  I've tried changing some of my locale settings:  LC_CTYPE=C LC_COLLATE=C tr -cs '[[:alpha:][:space:]]' ' ' &lt;testdata.dat LC_CTYPE=ru_RU.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=C tr -cs '[[:alpha:][:space:]]' ' ' &lt;testdata.dat LC_CTYPE=ru_RU.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=ru_RU.UTF-8 tr -cs '[[:alpha:][:space:]]' ' ' &lt;testdata.dat   Unfortunately, none of these worked.  How can I make tr understand Unicode? Is it a goal if, during kicks from the penalty mark, the ball goes outside the penalty area and then into the goal? Programming language books explain that value types are created on the stack, and reference types are created on the heap, without explaining what these two things are. I haven't read a clear explanation of this.  I understand what a stack is. But,    Where and what are they (physically in a real computer's memory)? To what extent are they controlled by the OS or language run-time? What is their scope? What determines the size of each of them? What makes one faster? Quantum entanglement faster than speed of light? recently i was watching a  on quantum computing where the narrators describes that quantum entanglement information travels faster than light!  Is it really possible for anything to move faster than light? Or are the narrators just wrong?  Regards, Url decode UTF-8 in Python how many linearly independed vectors combinations may I extract from a set of vectors Consider the set of $n$ vectors $\mathcal{S}=\{v_1,v_2,\dots,v_n\}$, with $v_i \in \mathbb{R}^n$. Let that set generate a subspace $\mathbb{V}$ of $\mathbb{R}^n$ of dimension $r\le n$. How many different unordered basis of  $\mathbb{V}$ may be constructed by picking up $r$ vectors from $\mathcal{S}$. There is a method to find them? How can a quasar be 29 billion light-years away from Earth if Big Bang happened only 13.8 billion years ago? I was reading through the Wikipedia article on  and came across the fact that the most distant Quasar is 29 Billion Light years. This is what the  exactly says      The highest redshift quasar known (as of June 2011[update]) is ULAS-J1120+0641, with a redshift of 7.085, which corresponds to a proper distance of approximately 29 billion light-years from Earth.   Now I come to understand that the  singularity is believed to be around 13.8 Billion years ago.  So how is this possible? Does the presence of such a quasar negate the Big Bang Theory?   I'm not a student of Physics and was reading this out of (whimsical) curiosity. Is there something I'm missing here or the "proper distance" mentioned in the fact is a concept that explains this?  Edit: My Bad! Here's how..  A simple google search led me to  which says the farthest quasar found is 12.9 billion LYs and not 29 billion. So in the end we have just proven that wikipedia needs more moderation.