How to put all value of array in a variable?
Merge array items into string
Why not always present logistic regression estimates in the response scale (probablity)? There's a lot of discussion in epidemiology around the relative merits of odds ratios vs risk ratios. Proponents of the former cite the mathematical qualities of odds (not constrained to be between 0 and 1) and their suitability for examining common outcomes. Proponents of the latter believe that RR's are often more interpretable, and match how clinicians and the public tend to think. Some have suggested methods to model risk ratios directly (in multivariable models). For instance, the log binomial model and poisson regression with robust standard errors. What I don't understand is - why don't we just fit the model using standard logistic regression and perform the inverse logit transformation on the fitted estimates? For instance, lets say we are trying to predict coronary heart disease using BMI (exposure) and age (confounder). We could fit the model and estimate the odds of CHD across the range of values of BMI (adjusted for age), according to the model. We then take the inverse-logit of those fitted odds to transform them onto the probability scale. Seemingly this way we now have an idea of the risk of the outcome across all values of the exposure, which we can plot or otherwise describe. But i've never seen this method recommended. Which makes me think there must be a conceptual issue with it?? p.s. lets assume we are performing a cross-sectional or cohort study (not a case-control study). How do I iterate over a range of numbers in Bash when the range is given by a variable?  I know I can do this (called "sequence expression" in the Bash ):   for i in {1..5}; do echo $i; done   Which gives:     1    2    3    4    5   Yet, how can I replace either of the range endpoints with a variable? This doesn't work:  END=5 for i in {1..$END}; do echo $i; done   Which prints:     {1..5} Where to securely store API keys and passwords in WordPress? I'm looking to use a few APIs and many come with keys, secret keys and passwords required to work. Where in WordPress can you store that information? Assuming anyone can hack your DB is there anyway for WordPress to make saving that information more secure? Also, consider the ability to change these keys ever so often so I would need to update the keys on an options page.  UPDATE Area 51 Site is quite different from other SE sites and needs an SE footer Honestly, navigation through Area 51 is a bit confusing and seems to be much different from the other SE sites.    The feature that is very lacking is the footer with all the sites you are subscribed to so that a user can easily return to a different SE site. This one really bugs me.  Can this be easily fixed?  Also, unlike all the other sites there is no "meta" site to add comments specifically about that site.    Again Area 51 seems out of sync with the other SE sites. Why are potential differences equal across two capacitors in parallel, but charge on each capacitor is not? Two or more capacitors are said to be connected in parallel if each one of them is connected across the same two points. In a parallel combination of capacitors potential difference across each capacitor is same but each capacitor will store different charge. Why is this true? Why is the potential difference across each capacitor in parallel the same and why will each capacitor store different charge?  Also, in series, why are Potential difference across each capacitor different, while charge is the same? ng-options with simple array init How to install Microsoft fonts on Ubuntu 16.10? Is it possible to have an ASP.NET MVC route that uses subdomain information to determine its route?  For example:   user1.domain.com goes to one place user2.domain.com goes to another?   Or, can I make it so both of these go to the same controller/action with a username parameter? Evaluating $\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\sin^{2n+1}x}{x}\mathrm{d}x$ Citation: refer to author or paper? What is the British English way of referring to a source in-text.  Is it plural because there are two authors, like this:         X and Y (2011) describe ...   Or is it singular because you are referring to a singular source, like this:     X and Y (2011) describes...   So what I am asking is whether you refer to the source or to the authors? How do I fix a boolean/bisected surface edge? I am trying to slice up my models using the Boolean modifier.  After applying the modifier on my smooth mesh, I get the expected result, a flat dissection to separate my mesh into two.  The problem lies in how I can resolve the visual "jaggered" edge that separates my (smooth) mesh exterior from the flat dissection face.    Is it possible to achieve a smooth-to-flat variation without this artifact?   I tried to alter a mixture of the two but end up with artifacts, or unwanted blocky flat mesh faces around the dissection edge of my mesh. Add "Delete with reason" button/dialog to existing moderator tools for flagged answers While this is an old problem, it's one that will only increase with time.  As Stack Exchange sites gain in popularity, more and more users are coming to the sites in search of answers to their specific problems.  Unfortunately, not all of them understand the basic operating principals behind Stack Exchange, and ask questions, or start discussions as separate answers.  Deleting these answers is fine, but more often (I would argue almost always) than not, a new user doesn't understand why.  Granted, comments are a way of doing this, but there are drawbacks to comments:   They require extra, replicated effort on the part of the moderator for something that they do repetitively The message will be inconsistent; messages like this would be consistent, cite the relevant resources that guide the user in the right direction The larger size would have a higher chance of grabbing the user's attention, as well as put more weight behind the action (as it's officially attached to the answer in a consistent manner). The banner will serve as an example of what not to do to other users who can see the deleted post.   Additionally, there are tools that can help with auto-commenting on posts, but these have their drawbacks as well:   Not all moderators use these tools The messages that are delivered by the tools are ultimately generated initially by the moderators, so the message will not be consistent These tools are not always available on other devices (e.g., mobile platforms)   It would be helpful to the user if they had a reason indicating why the answer was deleted.  Something along the lines of:    In order to accomplish this, I propose an additional (not a replacement) button in the moderation tools labeled "delete with reason".  Mods would still be able to delete answers outright, they just have the option now of stating why in an easy manner which will allows for more time to moderate harder.  Placement is not important (screen real estate is valuable, yes), but I envision it looking something like this in the moderator tools:    When clicking "delete with reason", a dialog, much like the "close" dialog will appear with options:    Initial options for the reasons could be:   Asking a new question Starting discussion   A mechanism like this has the potential for other benefits as well:   Users with an answer deleted with a reason might actually be directed to perform the right action now, and in the future (creating better site denizens) Users who wish to contest the deletion of an answer on meta can cite that specific reason, which mods can specifically address (which actually might reduce noise on meta about "why was my answer deleted?") Can reduce flags on answers asking "why was this deleted?" (admitted, I've not personally experienced this to be a pervading problem on Stack Overflow, but this might be the case for other mods on other Stack Exchange sites) Other Stack Exchange sites which don't have that many users will give a better experience to their users when their first action isn't ideal for a Stack Exchange site; this will enhance the chance that the site will retain the user and get good contributions from them (as per Farseeker's comments: , ).   Additionally, if this works well for the moderator tools, I imagine that it would not be such a leap to eventually have this graduated to users with the rep to cast delete votes, thus allowing non-mods to deliver a more clear message to new users about how to best participate on a Stack Exchange site. Do we know how Senju Hashirama died? Is this WUBI? What is "Installation size" setting for? I'm new to Ubuntu... I went to the downloads page and downloaded the Windows Installer as I am hoping initially to have a dual boot on my currently Win 7 PC (I would consider preserving my Win7 install as a VM under Ubuntu instead - advice?)  It's asking me to choose an "Installation size" but there's no explanation as to what the significance of this is. Is this a disc partition?  Can I increase it easily later if it's too small?  I came here to ask these questions and now I see a bunch of threads about 'WUBI' and possible downsides of installing Ubuntu this way. Is the Windows Installer I just downloaded going to give me WUBI? Why does a lightsaber turn off when a Jedi dies or drops it? I rewatched the three newer movies and noticed that whenever a Jedi was killed, or let go of their lightsaber, it immediately turned off.  What was curious was that the lightsaber turns off right away, when a Jedi is killed, even before it leaves their hand (if it does fall out).  I could understand if the button needs to be held for it to stay on, but when a Jedi is shot and is still holding the lightsaber why would it turn off? How to say the /p/ sound in the middle of words? I'm not sure how to say the /p/ sound in the middle of words like apple, puppy, happy etc. Those "p" sounds have a puff of air or not.  For myself I think those /p/ sounds have a puff of air but less than /p/ in the first of words like pen, pan etc. Is it correct or not?  However, I just listened a word "apple" from a video of Youtube but I can't hear or catch a puff of air from /p/ in apple.  It sounds like /p/ after /s/ like the words spy, spin etc. Why can't we initialize members inside a structure? Why can't we initialize members inside a structure ?  example:  struct s {    int i = 10; }; Change the location of saved screenshot when screenshot taken by printscreen button in GNOME 3 Prove that 10101...10101 is NOT a prime. So basically we have a number $10101...10101$ that contains $2016$ zeros and can be written as$ \sum _{ k=0 }^{ 2016 }{ 100^{ k } }$ . I want to prove that this number is not a prime without using anything besides a piece of paper and a pen. I'm stuck on this for quite a few days now. Why is compactness so important? I've read many times that 'compactness' is such an extremely important and useful concept, though it's still not very apparent why. The only theorems I've seen concerning it are the Heine-Borel theorem, and a proof continuous functions on R from closed subintervals of R are bounded. It seems like such a strange thing to define; why would the fact every open cover admits a finite refinement be so useful? Especially as stating "for every" open cover makes compactness a concept that must be very difficult thing to prove in general - what makes it worth the effort?  If it helps answering, I am about to enter my third year of my undergraduate degree, and came to wonder this upon preliminary reading of introductory topology, where I first found the definition of compactness.