How would I go about setting up my system so that sudo doesn't have to be typed before commands. For example instead of typing sudo apt-get install I would only have to type apt-get install. Now I know I can run sudo -i but I end up forgetting to do it half of the time. Is there a more permanent way of doing it?  EDIT: For clarification I am not wanting to know how to do it without a password I already have that setup. I want to do it without typing the word sudo I want to remove the need to even type the word sudo.
I know I can become root (super user) via the su command but I have to authorize it after entering the commands. Is there a way I can become root and authorize (with password) in one line
What is the difference between public, protected, package-private and private in Java? In Java, are there clear rules on when to use each of access modifiers, namely the default (package private), public, protected and private, while making class and interface and dealing with inheritance? What dried food can I take across the American border from Canada? Does there exist a function such that $\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = L$ for all $a \in \mathbb R$ but $f(x)$ is never $L$? Does Windows still rely on MS-DOS? I am just about to start an OS course and as an Apple user I am not very familiar with the underlying details of Windows OS. I was wondering, is MS DOS still used with Windows running on top or is ONLY Windows used now as the OS? I was a little confused because I read somewhere that MS-DOS is used for booting but Windows has all other OS capabilities built into it and thus is used for all other OS operations... Attributive nouns vs. of-genitive I would be very grateful for some advice on how to decide whether to use an attributive noun or the "of genitive" (periphrastic genitive).  It seems to me that an attributive noun is generally preferable, except when it leads to ambiguity, often due to the combination of several modifiers with mixed dependent relationships.  Additionally, the of-genitive, when used stand-alone, seems to impart a more formal tone, a higher register.  Simple examples (preferred first, less-preferred second):  The department secretary vs. the secretary of the department.  But:  The excellent secretary of the department vs. the excellent department secretary.  Any additional guidelines would be most welcome. Comparing negatives: "she seems not to know" vs. "she doesn't seem to know" What is the difference in style and meaning between the following two:        She seems not to know.   She doesn't seem to know.      Is there a name to this type of construction? Remove category & tag base from WordPress url - without a plugin nmake fatal error U1034: syntax error : separator missing How to Disable new terms (free tagging) with Taxonomies? I have a "term reference" field, in a form that uses an auto-complete widget. I want to limit user input to terms in the vocabulary only, and output a message when a user tries to enter a non existing term.  I found the  module. However this does not work with forms that contain a field collection or a field group.  There is also a contributed patch . But I was wondering whether there was a simpler/cleaner solution like a module or maybe I missed an already existing way of doing it with latest drupal and taxonomy versions. I tried to evaluate $$\lim_{x\to0}\frac{(1+x)^{1/x}-e}x$$but all my efforts were in vain . L'Hospital rule becomes very complicated. I'm hoping someone can give me a nudge in the right direction...     Let $F$ be a finite field, and let $f(x)$ be a nonconstant polynomial whose derivative is the zero polynomial.  Prove that $f$ cannot be irreducible over $F$.   I've got that every root of $f$ is a multiple root and that for $F=\mathbb{F}_{p^r}$, the exponent of every term of $f$ is a multiple of $p$. What's the 'correct' way of registering/installing an Assembly to the GAC? There seems to be lots of different ways to register assemblies with the GAC, as in, they 'work'.  However, what's the "proper" way of doing it?  In response to Lou Franco (and gacutil):  I'm using Gacutil for development, but it seems to me to be not the proper way to install it, since gacutil isn't included in the basic .NET utilities past .NET 1.1 - it's only a developer tool.  Additional: Gacutil (as seen in responses below) is not redistributable, and therefore should not be used in any app that you intend to give to people who are not developers.  AKA, customers.  See .  In response to using WIX:  WIX might be great and all, but how does it work under the hood?  What details makes the way WIX installs the assembly the right way to install it?  How does it look it up?  Is it a system/.NET call?  Is there some call in a dll buried somewhere in System32 that needs to be made?    (Edit: it looks like WIX uses MSI under the hood.  See my comments in the accepted answer.)  Final edit: It looks like the correct way to install an assembly to the GAC is using windows installer, and nothing else.  I'm going to give Wix a try.  Thanks all! Keeping an updated balance (Accounting) I have been struggling trying to find a way to properly and reliably maintain a balance for accounts in an order/payment system.  Currently, the process consists of three tables. Below example is very simplified but gets the point across.  Table one contains the account ID, name, total paid, total orders, balance etc.  Table two contains payments, date, the account ID (FK) and amount.  Table three contains orders, date, the account ID (FK) and amount.  Calculating the balance is of course as easy as  SELECT SUM(payments.AMOUNT) FROM payments WHERE ID = [account] SELECT SUM(orders.AMOUNT) FROM orders WHERE ID = [account]   Followed by some simple addition/subtraction math:  UPDATE accounts SET BALANCE = [balance] WHERE ID = [account]   All good - the problem is - how do I maintain this over let's assume years of activity and many, many transactions?  Currently the accounts table is updated every single time a transaction is made, meaning the above three statements run every time. There is of course an index on the ID column in all three tables, and everything is fast and neat for now, but I work with less than 100,000 transactions, meaning everything fits into the RAM and basically all I throw at the database gets executed immediately. Over time this will change, of course - so how do I handle this?  Is it better to mark the accounts as "dirty" and process balancing in a batch job later, or can I keep updating the balance real-time even when I reach the point where the orders and payments tables will not fit into the RAM?  Do I need to segment the orders and payments and "lock" everything before a given time, such as before last calculation? (I would rather not). I ask because then I could do a SUM WHERE DATE > [last lock timestamp] and update with UPDATE BALANCE = [balance] + [value for last lock] and prevent the problem from outgrowing resources.  I don't need a running balance for each transaction. That's all I can find results for when I try to research this problem. I just care about the total amount paid, the total amount ordered and the balance of accounts.  Why don't I calculate on the fly when I need the balance, you ask? Because one must be able to query the system and ask "Which of my (let's say) 50.000 accounts have a balance below 0?" - something we cannot do easily if we do not store the balance with every account. How do I import a Python module given its relative path?  For example, if dirFoo contains Foo.py and dirBar, and dirBar contains Bar.py, how do I import Bar.py into Foo.py?  Here's a visual representation:  dirFoo\     Foo.py     dirBar\         Bar.py   Foo wishes to include Bar, but restructuring the folder hierarchy is not an option. EDIT:  The vector space for the $(\frac{1}{2},0)$ Representation is $\mathbb{C}^2$ as mentioned by Qmechanic in the comments to his answer below! The vector spaces for the other representations remain unanswered.  The definition of a representation is a map (a homomorphism) to the space of linear operators over a vector space. My question is: What are the corresponding vector spaces for the   $(0,0)$ Representation $(\frac{1}{2},0)$ Representation  $(0,\frac{1}{2})$ Representation $(\frac{1}{2},0) \oplus (0,\frac{1}{2}) $ Representation $(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2})$ Representation infinite dimensional Representation? What do you call a person who started something that is later followed by everyone? For example, someone started to stay late at night till 8 p.m. and later everyone started to stay till 8 p.m.. I want to assign a class attribute via a string object - but how?  Example:  class test(object):   pass  a = test() test.value = 5 a.value # -&gt; 5 test.__dict__['value'] # -&gt; 5  # BUT: attr_name = 'next_value'  test.__dict__[attr_name] = 10 # -&gt; 'dictproxy' object does not support item assignment I would like site specific magic links. Currently you can write [so] in a comment, and it links like this: . I would like to be able to have site specific ones, so for example: English Language &amp; Usage  [dictionary] would go to http://dictionary.com and shows as   Ubuntu  [launchpad] would go to https://launchpad.net/ubuntu and shows as   [launchpad#bugnum] would go to https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/bugnum and shows as   [forums] would go to http://ubuntuforums.org/ and sows as   [discourse] would go to http://discourse.ubuntu.com and shows as   [paste] or [pastebinit] would go to http://paste.ubuntu.com and shows as   [install-d] would go to http://ubuntu.com/download/desktop/install-ubuntu-desktop and shows as   [install-s] would go to http://ubuntu.com/download/server/install-ubuntu-server and shows as   ppa:peterlevi/ppa would go to https://launchpad.net/~peterlevi and shows as   There is    Ask Different  [applesup] would go to http://www.apple.com/support and shows as   Christianity  [bible] would go to http://biblegateway.com and shows as   Currently, they are all the same, for all sites. I would like devs (mods maybe) to be able to add them on a per site basis. This is just a selection of examples. People can comment or answer with ones they would like and I'll edit them into this question. I asked this because  on Ask Ubuntu Meta wasn't possible right now - because it wasn't a feature.  [The devs] said right now it isn't possible because magic links are network wide, and they weren't sure it was high enough priority to really get done anytime soon, but if you want you can post a feature-request on Meta Stack Exchange requesting site specific magic links and see if you can garner more support for the feature and maybe get a dev to champion it.  So that's what I've done! How I can prove that the sequence $\sqrt{2} , \sqrt{2\sqrt{2}}, \sqrt{2\sqrt{2\sqrt{2}}}$ converges to 2? Prove that the sequence $\sqrt{2} , \sqrt{2\sqrt{2}},  \sqrt{2\sqrt{2\sqrt{2}}} \ $ converges to $2$.   My attempt  I proved that the sequence is increasing and bounded by $2$, can anyone help me show that the sequence converges to $2$? Thanks for your help. How do you maximize the cycle count of your battery?  There seems to be a debate between:   Leave plugged in 24/7 but do a full cycle once a month Charge to ~100%, drain to ~10%, repeat.   NOTE: Taking your   Which method is better and why? How much of a difference does it really make?  Here are some of the better sources I've found about battery behavior so far. Even still I feel they don't conclusively answer the question above. See my elaborations below:           Elaborating on Option 1  Now IF Apple engineers were smart and optimized for AC draw when plugged in to not use up your charge cycles, then it seem logical to assume that you are using effectively none of your 1000 charge cycles while plugged in. If that's the case, it would seem that the LiPo drop from holding at 100% would be vastly outweighed by the fact you're not using any charge cycles.  However, this is a purely speculative assumption and I could find no evidence to either confirm or deny.  If this is NOT true, and the AC adapter only goes to charging the battery, then there would be no difference. Your battery would drain to 99%, then back up to 100%, then back down to 99%, etc. Those micro-charge cycles would add up at the same rate as 100% -> 0% -> 100%, and you would get no gain. In this case the negative effect of holding LiPo batteries at 100% would outweigh everything else.  Elaborating on Option 2  There are lots of good reasons why Option 2 is the way it is:   Because of known LiPo chemistry issues, holding a 100% charge for a long time causes the battery to degrade Apple specifically recommends not to leave it plugged in all the time  Draining a battery all the way to zero all the time is bad for the cell (Which is why ~10% is used) Heat is a killer, and when plugged in AND charging, you get extra heat that causes damage.   There are a couple reasons why I'm challenging Option 2:   It seems silly that the most intuitive use case for thousands of people that use their macs as primary computers is wrong. If the hypothesis in option 1 is true, you're just burning unnecessarily through your finite charge cycles. It's a pain to have to remember to keep plugging in and plugging out and be worried about whether or not your device is plugged in.