I have seen similar questions, but in all those answer, you can only get the variable by position. How can one pass a named variable to a bash script such that it is accessible by its name in the bash script? I have tried to use os.system('./script.sh --key=val')  But $key didn't have any assigned value in script.sh.
Say, I have a script that gets called with this line: ./myscript -vfd ./foo/bar/someFile -o /fizz/someOtherFile  or this one: ./myscript -v -f -d -o /fizz/someOtherFile ./foo/bar/someFile   What's the accepted way of parsing this such that in each case (or some combination of the two) $v, $f, and  $d will all be set to true and $outFile will be equal to /fizz/someOtherFile?
Determine all of the accumulation points of the following sets in $\mathbb{R}^1$ and decide whether the sets are open or closed or neither.  The set $X$ of all numbers of the form $2^{-n} + 5^{-m}$ where $m,n = 1,2,\ldots$.   Claim: The set of accumulation points is the following: $$\left\{\frac{1}{2^n}: n \in \mathbb{N} \right\} \cup \left\{\frac{1}{5^n}: n \in \mathbb{N}\right\} \cup \{0\}.$$ Let $n \in \Bbb{N}$ and $r&gt;0$, and consider the open neighbourhood $B\left(\frac{1}{2^n},r\right) = \left(\frac{1}{2^n} - r,\frac{1}{2^n} + r\right)$. For the given $r$ we can find $m$ large enough such that $5^{-m} &lt; r \implies \frac{1}{2^n} + \frac{1}{5^m} &lt; \frac{1}{2^n} + r$, and $\frac{1}{2^n} - \frac{1}{5^m} &gt; \frac{1}{2^n} - r$; therefore $5^{-m} + 2^{-n} \in B\left(\frac{1}{2^n},r\right)$. A similar argument shows that each element of $\{5^{-m}: m \in \mathbb{N}\} \cup \{0\}$ is an accumulation point of $X$. Now consider $y \in X$. $B(y,r)$ isn't a subset of $X$ since for all $r &gt; 0$, $B(y,r) \subset (\mathbb{R} - \mathbb{Q}) \not\subset \Bbb{Q}$, hence $B(y,r) \not\subset X$. If $x^{2}-x\in Z(R)$ for all $x\in R$, then $R$ is commutative. If $x^{2}-x\in Z(R)$ for all $x\in R$, then $R$ is commutative.  I need to proof this theorem and I have something like this below. However, I do not know how to continue this proof.   $(x+y)^{2}-(x+y)=x^{2}+xy+yx+y^{2}-x-y=(x^{2}-x)+(y^{2}-y)+xy+yx\in Z(R)$  so $xy+yx\in Z(R)$ Why does the co-efficent of kinetic friction of a block on an inclined plane not change when you increase the angle of the plane? Which is higher — "hyper-", "ultra-" or "super-"? All html canvas shapes are given the color of the last object added How to select a clustering method? How to validate a cluster solution (to warrant the method choice)? One of the biggest issue with cluster analysis is that we may happen to have to derive different conclusion when base on different clustering methods used  (including different linkage methods in hierarchical clustering).  I would like to know your opinion on this - which method will you select, and how. One might say "the best method of clustering is which gives you the right answer"; but I may question in response that cluster analysis is supposed to be an unsupervised technique - so how do I know which method or linkage is the right answer?  In general: is a clustering alone robust enough to rely on? Or we need a second method and get a shared result to be based on both?  My question is not only about possible ways to validate / evaluate clustering performance, but is broader - on what basis do we select/prefer one clustering method/algorithm over another one. Also, is there common warnings that we should look around when we are selecting a method to cluster our data?  I know that it is very general question and very difficult to answer. I only would like to know if you have any comment or any advise or any suggestion for me to learn more about this. Is being a Cauchy sequence equivalent to $ \lim_{n\to+\infty}d(x_{n+k},x_n)=0$ for every $k$? Is this statement true?      In a metric spase $(E,d)$, a sequence $(x_n)$ is Cauchy if and only if $  \forall k\in \mathbb{N}, \lim_{n\rightarrow+\infty}d(x_{n+k},x_n)=0$   I proved that $\Rightarrow$ is true,indeed if $(x_n)$ is Cauchy then for all $\varepsilon&gt;0,\exists n_0\in\mathbb{N}, \forall p,q\geq n, d(x_p,x_q)&lt;\varepsilon$ it still right for all $ n\geq n_0$ and $m=n+k&gt;n\geq n_0$   But I don't know if $\Leftarrow$ is true ? Idiom/Phrase for "results without work/effort" I'd be greatly appreciative of a cleverly devised idiom/phrase that depicts the following concept:     Results without work/effort.   ...and/or...     My Work/Effort; Your Result.   Any idioms/phrases you can recount or conceive would be of use.    Contextual Edit:  The idiom/phrase should be in the context of service offering/hiring or task delegation, not free-loading as most answers thus far have understandably assumed. E.g.     [You hire me for] My Work/Effort; [My work/effort produces] Your   Result. Visual Studio: How to break on handled exceptions? I would like Visual Studio to break when a handled exception happens (i.e. I don't just want to see a "First chance" message, I want to debug the actual exception).  e.g. I want the debugger to break at the exception:  try {    System.IO.File.Delete(someFilename); } catch (Exception) {    //we really don't care at runtime if the file couldn't be deleted }   I came across  notes for Visual Studio.NET:     1) In VS.NET go to the Debug Menu >>   "Exceptions..." >> "Common Language   Runtime Exceptions" >> "System" and   select "System.NullReferenceException"      2) In the bottom of that dialog there   is a "When the exception is thrown:"   group box, select "Break into the   debugger"       3) Run your scenario. When the   exception is thrown, the debugger will   stop and notify you with a dialog that   says something like:              "An exception of type "System.NullReferenceException" has   been thrown.              [Break] [Continue]"       Hit [Break]. This will put you on the   line of code that's causing the   problem.   But they do not apply to Visual Studio 2005 (there is no Exceptions option on the Debug menu).  Does anyone know where the find this options dialog in Visual Studio that the "When the exception is thrown" group box, with the option to "Break into the debugger"?  Update: The problem was that my Debug menu didn't have an Exceptions item. I customized the menu to manually add it. How do I mount an `img` created with /bin/dd of a hard drive? Java; String replace (using regular expressions)? As part of a project for school, I need to replace a string from the form:  5 * x^3 - 6 * x^1 + 1   to something like:  5x&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; - 6x&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; + 1   I believe this can be done with regular expressions, but I don't know how to do it yet.  Can you lend me a hand?   P.S. The actual assignment is to implement a Polynomial Processing Java application, and I'm using this to pass polynomial.toString() from the model to the view, and I want do display it using html tags in a pretty way. How to calculate the integer part of the value of the following equation?  $$y=1+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{4}}+\ldots+\frac{1}{\sqrt{1000000}}$$  It should be calculated in a special way, after all the equation is so long. Free visual similarity image for a local hard drive search? I'm looking for a desktop search engine for finding images on my local hard drive with high visual similarity. I've only found paid for ones so far. It could be Linux or windows one, either would be helpful.  A Google desktop plug-in would be nice! Where is the itoa function in Linux? Do ground seeds contain oil? Number of automorphisms of a direct product of two cyclic $p$-groups Suppose I have $G = Z_{p^m} \times Z_{p^n}$ for $m, n$ distinct natural numbers and $p$ a prime. Is there a combinatorial way to determine the number of automorphisms of $G$? I know this sounds silly but I would like some objects to follow physics while others not to collide each other.   I tried to achieve them by setting their position exclusively. But then it will ignore all physics.   Is what I am trying to do even possible? Where should I post my sum-up of the answers, as the OP? Sometimes as the OP (question asker), after reading through all the answers, I have my own sum-up about them. I want to tell people and all further readers about my feeling and comprehension about my desired answer and how all the answers helped towards solving my problem.  Where's the correct place to put that information? Things I've considered:   Edit into my question: No because that's not part of the question A comment under the question: I dislike that due to limited formatting in comments and its subject to removal (though the latter won't be the case) A comment under the highest-scored or the accepted answer: Still the same reason above. This is, for the time being, the place I'm posting that. A separate answer: Those thoughts probably don't qualify as an answer Is three hours enough for an international-domestic transfer at Delhi? My International flight will be reaching New Delhi IGI at 2:45 AM and I am planning to book a domestic flight at 5:45 AM.  Is three hours sufficient for me to move from International to Domestic?  I believe there must be a shuttle service inside the airport to transfer me from International to Domestic but still I don't know if Customs time at IGI could cause any delay or not. I've got a problem using \label and \ref in Texmaker 3.1 (MiKTeX 2.9). When I put label somewhere, i got a frame with label name in it. How can I hide it?  \begin{figure}[h] \includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{img/2}\caption{SomeCaption} \label{fig:4eb1} \end{figure} $\frac{w}{w_1}-1=4$ $4\leqslant n\leqslant3$, using (pic. \ref{fig:4eb1}),blah-blah.   PS: Sorry for my awesome English. :)