I asked a question regarding PP complements the other day and I believe I now have a better handle on that. But I am still scratching my head over this paragraph from CGEL:  Within the category of internal dependents we will draw a distinction between modifiers and complements. The pre-head dependents in [7] are modifiers, while complements are seen in the finance minister, our legal advisor, and the like. (Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002), p.331)  I thought &quot;finance&quot; in &quot;the finance minister&quot; was a noun adjunct, and so was &quot;legal&quot; in &quot;our legal advisor&quot;, because if you take them out what you get is still normal, meaningful NPs. A minister is a minister, and that one just happens to be responsible for finance. But in Huddleston and Pullum's description, &quot;finance&quot; and &quot;legal&quot; are indispensable to the NPs. Are they integral parts of their respective NPs because they bond with the head nouns? But why?
I thought I'd post this as it illustrates a problem often encountered on ELU.     In structures such as 'football manager', is 'football' a modifier or   a complement of the head noun?   I've seen both terms used as if there were only one possible correct answer. However, I've come across widely differing definitions of both 'modify' and 'complement' as used in grammar. I believe that people stating baldly that this is either one or the other are assuming a grammar that they prefer, rather than giving a balanced overview.  Notice that I intend this question to explore the usage/s of the term 'modify' and of the term 'complement' in this context. There may be overlap with the question of which word-class 'football' fits into, but that decision hardly answers the question.
I want to make some changes to Windows that require using the Group Policy Editor (gpedit.msc).  Unfortunately the Group Policy Editor is not included with the Starter Edition, Home and Home Premium editions of Windows.  How can I install it? Is it generally true that if $|P(A)|=|P(B)|$ then $|A|=|B|$?  Why? Thanks. Generate four random words from a list for XKCD-like passwords For start, we know how can we output random lines from a txt file:   perl -MList::Util -e 'print List::Util::shuffle &lt;&gt;' words.txt   But we need a general solution (perl is usually installed on every unix-like OS) to output 4 random words from a txt file, how can we do it?    $ cat words.txt ... alpha beta gamma delta epsilon ... $   The "..." represents many other words.   Example output (without newline between them, but one unix newline is needed at the end, spaces should separate them):  $ perl SOMEMAGIC words.txt gamma alpha delta beta $   Using only perl, the shortest possible solution (oneliner).   It will be used as human memorable password generator:    Since afaik perl is enough good to be named "random generator".   Example common english wordlist with 32768 unique lines: How are long-term capital gains taxed if the gain pushes income into a new tax bracket? I've seen videos of some folks having several armor sets (4 is the most I've seen so far) standing about on their settlement. I'm wondering if having too many would cause some sets to disappear. They're not like guns/items that you can safely store in settlement crates, the suits kind of just... stand around. (I know there's the extra step of taking out the fusion cores, so that NPC's don't use them.)  Is there a limit to the number of Power Armor sets you can keep? How does "proof of effort" make a question better? It seems like many questions by new users are downvoted immediately.  Sometimes there is a comment to the tune of "lacks research", "we're not here to do your homework", or "show us some effort".  Now I wonder, what does it matter how much work someone has done before posting?  If someone can ask a good question in 5 seconds, more power to them.  To illustrate this point, look at how you could "improve" a question to include proof of effort.  You could put in 5 failed code snippets and their in- and output.  This would make for very long questions with a high noise ratio.  Another suggestion is to add "research".  By "research", I suppose most programmers mean "Google".  So this is basically a suggestion to add a list of fruitless Google queries.  That doesn't sound interesting either.  How can "proof of effort" turn a bad question into a good one? Consider a particle in a potential well. Let’s assume it’s a simple harmonic oscillator potential and the particle is in its ground state with energy E0 = (1/2) &#8463;&omega;0. We measure its position (measurement-1) with a high degree of accuracy which localises the particle, corresponding to a superposition of momentum (and therefore energy) states.  Now we measure the particle’s energy (measurement-2) and happen to find that it’s E10 = (21/2) &#8463;&omega;0. Where did the extra energy come from?  In the textbooks it’s claimed that the extra energy comes from the act of observation but I wonder how that could work. Measurement-1 which probed the position of the particle can’t have delivered to it a precise amount of energy, while measurement-2 might just have been passive. No doubt there is entanglement here between the particle state and the measuring device but where, and which measurement? Can I use PCA (or should I use regression) for testing the effect of multiple variables on one dependent variable? I have 2000 soil property measures and 14 different variables like rainfall, temperature, slope, etc. I want to check the effect of those 14 variables on soil property measures, including which variable affects my soil property the most. Is PCA a suitable solution to this? Or should I try multiple regression instead? How to output HTML from JSP  block? I just started learning JSP technology, and came across a wall.  How do you output HTML from a method in &lt;%! ... %> JSP declaration block?  This doesn't work:  &lt;%!  void someOutput() {     out.println("Some Output"); } %&gt; ... &lt;% someOutput(); %&gt;   Server says there's no &ldquo;out&rdquo;.  U: I do know how to rewrite code with this method returning a string, but is there a way to do this inside &lt;%! void () {  } %> ? Though it may be non-optimal, it's still interesting. Ignored users still appear in the 'other rooms you're in' message preview Well it might not be a huge issue to some (I suppose it depends on how you use the chat system) but when I "Ignore this user everywhere", their messages still appear on the sidebar for the 'other rooms you're in' if they say something. Albeit I can ignore this feature and the text within it, I just find it odd that I can still see it.   This is only a nuisance when you truly are annoyed by a user and ignoring them in the chat was the best possible alternative to leaving the room or starting an argument (no references here, but any long time chat user has been annoyed by some help vampire at one point in time or another and would just prefer to ignore them for good).   If you have no clue to the sidebar or preview I'm talking about: this is for you,    I have chosen to Ignore this user everywhere (Neal) and then switched to a new room, yet that users response appears in my 'preview' for the 'other rooms you're in' if he is also talking in them.  Note: My ignore of Neal was mostly due to jest, this in no way is to reflect on Neal but the chat feature (I hate to ever single anyone out here). Server login attempts NOT blocked after configuring fail2ban Is expression for law of equipartion of energy valid for real gas? I know that according to law of equipartion of energy ,energy per molecule per degree of freedom is 1/2 Kb T I wanted to know if it is true for a real gas ? What does character set and collation mean exactly? I can read the MySQL documentation and it's pretty clear. But, how does one decide which character set to use? On what data does collation have an effect?  I'm asking for an explanation of the two and how to choose them. Any evidence that subdomain can help with domain authority and vice-versa? How do I quickly switch between weapons and spells? When  I see him quickly change his weapons and spells during combat. When he later goes inside his items, you can see a second smaller arrow next to the weapon that you can quickly change to in combat. How can I set such an alternative so that I can quickly switch weapon?  The screen doesn't seem to intuitively explain what key I need to use to do that... Vertical (rotated) text in HTML table How to decide whether to replace or repair? Prove that all cyclic groups of the same order are isomorphic I want to prove that 2 cyclic groups of the same order are always isomorph. So, let $G,H$ be cyclic groups with $|G| = |H|$. Then: I suspect the isomorphism would be the one that maps a generator g to a generator h. Thus, consider this function:  $f: G \rightarrow H$ defined by $f(g^k) = h^k$. I already showed that this mapping is surjective and a homomorphism, but I get stuck at the injectivity part. Can someone give a hint (my attempts: I tried to deduce whether the kernel is $e_G$ and I also used the definition of injectivity but I got stuck in both approaches)? How can I convert a string to boolean in JavaScript? Can I convert a string representing a boolean value (e.g., 'true', 'false') into a intrinsic type in JavaScript?  I have a hidden form in HTML that is updated based upon a user's selection within a list. This form contains some fields which represent boolean values and are dynamically populated with an intrinsic boolean value. However, once this value is placed into the hidden input field it becomes a string.  The only way I could find to determine the field's boolean value, once it was converted into a string, was to depend upon the literal value of its string representation.  var myValue = document.myForm.IS_TRUE.value; var isTrueSet = myValue == 'true';   Is there a better way to accomplish this? Deriving Sum of a Geometric Progression