I am confused about the following sentence:  "By the sophomore year, the student should apply for special education services"  Does it mean the students should do it before the 2nd year begins or just after OR it should be done before the end of the 2nd year?  In typical examples, like: "I need to do it by tomorrow" or "By the time we got there, the film had started" it doesn't seem to matter, but what if the period is a year?  EDIT: There's been an error on my part. The original sentence reads:   "By senior year, and/or prior to age 18, apply for..."  though the question remains...  EDIT2: There's actually more examples: See   pages 30-31.
I have read the Rules of a competition. The text of the Rules include a sentence as follows:     As per stated in the Rules the entrants will be notified by May 30th 2010.   Does the sentence above mean that May 30th is included in the term of notification or not?
general solution sum of two uniform random variables aY+bX=Z? is there a general solution to that? I have seen simple examples for Y+X=Z but I was wondering how this would be with rescaling? If user input is inserted without modification into an SQL query, then the application becomes vulnerable to , like in the following example:  $unsafe_variable = $_POST['user_input'];   mysql_query("INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES ('$unsafe_variable')");   That's because the user can input something like value'); DROP TABLE table;--, and the query becomes:  INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES('value'); DROP TABLE table;--')   What can be done to prevent this from happening? Why aren't my guide and other dead NPCs respawning in Terraria? I am currently in hard mode and during a blood moon, several of my NPCs including my guide and my healer died. it's been several in game "days" now and they have yet to respawn. Is there a way to check why they aren't respawning?   Is there a list of reasons for the NPCs to not respawn?   Edit in reponse to lunbok's answer:  1. They don't have appropriate housing - There is an in-game housing query function (changes your cursor into a ?) that lets you click on your house to see if it is still a suitable house and I clicked in every room in my house and they are all listed as "This housing is suitable" or "This housing is already occupied".  2. Their spawn conditions aren't met anymore. - This doesn't explain why my guide isn't respawning since they don't need a condition to respawn (other than having a suitable housing which the point above already prove isn't the problem).  3. There's a goblin invasion going on. - Do the invasions last that long? It has been about two reals days and a lot more in-game "days" now. As far as I can tell there shouldn't be an invasion going on.  4. It could be because you built your house in a part of the world that is now corrupted Which programs can I use to edit PDF files? I know that there is a very similar question, but I'm not interested in highlighting. What I'm looking for is some tool in Linux to edit pdf files. I've tried pdfedit which did the work for me, but if freezes after a few edits. I've tried this tool under Ubuntu 9.10 and under KDE Fedora 14 and the same thing happens. I've tried Okular but the notations are too big to fill out exercises from pdf workbooks.    Is there any tool that suits this job? I don't care whether it is open source or I have to pay a reasonable price for it. The relation between acceleration and inertial force Local explanation of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in terms of force fields Here is an interesting paper for the Physics SE community:      On the role of potentials in the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Lev Vaidman. .  [quant-ph].   You should check it out because it's an amusing read, but I will summarise the argument to whet your appetite, assuming you have basic familiarity with the . In the traditional AB setup, one considers an electron in a superposition of paths, taking it in two opposite directions around a solenoid treated as a classical source of the electromagnetic field. The observable relative phase acquired between the electron's paths is attributed to the influence of the magnetic vector potential on the electron, which cannot be globally gauged away - despite the absence of a physical field anywhere along the electron's path(s) - due to a topological obstruction.  Instead, Vaidman considers the effect of the electron on the sources of the field, treating the latter as quantum particles. He shows that the relative phase between the two branches of the wavefunction can be considered as arising from the action of the physical field of the electron, which is not zero at the position of the sources. However, Vaidman uses highly contrived gedankenexperiments and completely semi-classical arguments, which begs a pair of concrete and related questions.  1) Can Vaidman's first, electric AB effect gedankenexperiment be described in a fully quantum manner, by solving (at least approximately) the three-particle Schroedinger equation? If not, why not?  2) Is it possible to explain within this formalism the experiments of Tonomura et al. (), who used a superconductor to completely shield the magnetic field of the source? If $0$ is the zero-object $ \Longrightarrow F(0) $ is the zero object when $F$ additive I'd like to typeset documents using the '' of page layout. Good examples are on pages 40-53 of . The  package is helpful for this, but two additional features would be useful:   Automatic flow of text across (arbitrarily placed) columns / textpos blocks. Vertical line spacing enforced to be an integer multiple of a base line spacing, even when interrupted (for example) by an equation of arbitrary height.   Any ideas as to how either or both of these could be accomplished? Can I enable the Windows 7 Start menu in Windows 10? I've upgraded from Windows 7 to Windows 10 and now I only find this new slower Start menu with all the tiles in it   (picturesource: )  Can I enable the older Windows 7 one again which suites my needs more? How to see python symbolic names of objects on cursor hover of menu items in Blender 2.8 in Blender 2.79 one could hover over a UI element and see the symbolic python name of said element. How would one accomplish the same with Blender >= 2.8? Inheriting non-implicit constructors on Apex classes If I have an abstract parent class like this:  abstract class Vehicle {     public Vehicle(Person driver) {         //     } }   and then I create a child class like this:  public class MagicCarpet extends Vehicle {     //this won't compile }   I encounter the following Compile Error:     Error: Parent class has no 0-argument constructor for implicit construction at line ... column ...   Obviously I can explicitly re-declare a constructor on the child class toget it to compile:  public class MagicCarpet extends Vehicle {     public MagicCarpet(Person driver) {         super(driver);     } }   But I feel this isn't DRY. Not sure what's actually going on under the covers here.  How can I get a constructor (other than the implicit 0-argument one) to be inherited by a child class? Invoking shader in DX So I am new to the DX12 world. I am currently trying to tweek the nbody_gravity DX12 sample, but appending or calling another Compute Shader which is to add 2 buffers to produce an output in a different buffer.   I have written this code in "ComputeShader.hlsl" however when i tried to invoke it using the following, i get an error sayin "file not found" When i printed the debug error it says the following: D3D12GetDebugInterface: This method requires the D3D12 SDK Layers for Windows 10, but they are not present on the system.   I am invoking my shader after the default invocation to the nBodyGravity.hlsl is done:  ComPtr&lt;ID3DBlob&gt; computeShader; ComPtr&lt;ID3DBlob&gt; computeShader_m;  #if defined(_DEBUG)         // Enable better shader debugging with the graphics debugging tools.         UINT compileFlags = D3DCOMPILE_DEBUG | D3DCOMPILE_SKIP_OPTIMIZATION; #else         UINT compileFlags = 0; #endif           ThrowIfFailed(D3DCompileFromFile(GetAssetFullPath(L"NBodyGravityCS.hlsl").c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, "CSMain", "cs_5_0", compileFlags, 0, &amp;computeShader, nullptr));  //extra call for my shader ComPtr&lt;ID3DBlob&gt; error_ptr;         ThrowIfFailed(D3DCompileFromFile(GetAssetFullPath(L"ComputeShader.hlsl").c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, "main", "cs_5_0", compileFlags, 0, &amp;computeShader_m, &amp;error_ptr));  if (error_ptr) {     OutputDebugStringA((char *)error_ptr-&gt;GetBufferPointer()); }   Is there somthing amiss? Swapping right shift and delete key using xmodmap I'm unsure how to swap these 2, this is the thought process I had but am unsure how to get it working:  remove sh = Shift_R remove dl = Delete  keysym Delete = Shift_R keysym Shift_R = Delete  add sh = Delete add dl = Shift_R   This is based on the code I use to swap caps lock and control.  Any thoughts?  xmodmap output:  dan@lantea:~$ xmodmap -pke | grep Shift_R keycode  91 = Shift_R NoSymbol Shift_R keycode 119 = Shift_R NoSymbol Shift_R dan@lantea:~$ xmodmap -pke | grep Delete keycode  62 = Delete NoSymbol Delete So I've been trying to figure out how to prove the following.     Let $(a_n)$ be a sequence of positive numbers such that $\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n =\infty$, and define $s_n=\sum\limits_{i=1}^n a_i$. Then $\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty\frac{a_n}{s_n} =\infty$ as well.   I can prove it by comparing it to $\int_1^\infty \frac{1}{x} \, dx $ if the sequence $a_n$ is bounded by some $M$, but that's as far as I've been able to get. Can Blindsight "See" Through Walls, Floors, And Ceilings? I am currently play-testing an Awakened Mystic character in D&amp;D 5e, using the beta rules . As such, I have an ability that lets me choose between having Blindsight or Tremorsense.  BLINDSIGHT: ...[B]lindsight can perceive its surroundings without relying on sight, within a specific radius.... (Monster Manual p.8) TREMORSENSE: ...[T]remorsense can detect and pinpoint the origin of vibrations within a specific radius, provided that the [observer] and the source of the vibrations are in contact with the same ground or substance. Tremorsense can't be used to detect flying or incorporeal creatures.... (Monster Manual p.9)  I have been wondering what the difference is between these two, aside from the fact that Tremorsense requires contact with the ground and cannot detect flying or incorporeal creatures. Specifically, I want to know whether Blindsight cannot detect creatures through solid matter such as walls, floors, and ceilings, whereas Tremorsense can? Can Blindsight detect creatures on the other side of a dungeon wall, or on another floor of said dungeon? Are there monsters in 5th Edition that possess both Blindsight and Tremorsense, and if so, when and why would they use one as opposed to the other? I am aware of and appreciate  regarding Blingsight's capability to detect invisible creatures, but it doesn't exactly address my issue of whether solid matter effectively &quot;blocks&quot; Blindsight. I will gladly consider either rules-as-written or rules-as-interpreted answers. If there is a published game mechanic or a posted developer ruling I have overlooked, please include and cite them in your answer. Why is \[ ... \] preferable to $$ ... $$? I've heard that you should use \[ ... \] for displayed equations instead of  $$ ... $$, but why is that?  I'd assumed that it's so that you can more easily tell which are starting and which are ending delimiters, but if I always use a syntax-highlighting text editor, I can see that easily based on the color of the symbols.  Is there any reason for this suggestion? Can anyone explain how we choose one sock from each of finitely many pairs without the axiom of choice?  I mean : To choose one sock from each of infinitely many pairs of socks requires the Axiom of Choice, but for shoes the Axiom is not needed.  The idea is that the two socks in a pair are identical in appearance, and so we must make an arbitrary choice if we wish to choose one of them. For shoes, we can use an explicit algorithm -- e.g., "always choose the left shoe." Why does Russell's statement mention infinitely many pairs? Well, if we only have finitely many pairs of socks, then AC is not needed -- we can choose one member of each pair using the definition of "nonempty," and we can repeat an operation finitely many times using the rules of formal logic (not discussed here). Here in the Figure R5=50K. This resistor value is not in the equations to obtain output voltage, and in many tutorials non-inverting input is directly grounded without a resistor. What might be the reason to use it here? Polygamma function series: $\sum_{k=1}^{\infty }\left(\Psi^{(1)}(k)\right)^2$ Applying the , I found: $$S=\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^{\infty }\left(\Psi^{(1)}(k)\right)^2\lt\dfrac{2}{3}\pi^2$$ where $\Psi^{(1)}(k)$ is the polygamma function. Is it known any sharper bound for the sum $S$? Thanks. Create hexagonal mesh on 3D Parametric Plot and 3D spheres?