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How to convert strings into integers in Python? I have a tuple of tuples from a MySQL query like this:  T1 = (('13', '17', '18', '21', '32'),       ('07', '11', '13', '14', '28'),       ('01', '05', '06', '08', '15', '16'))   I'd like to convert all the string elements into integers and put them back into a list of lists:  T2 = [[13, 17, 18, 21, 32], [7, 11, 13, 14, 28], [1, 5, 6, 8, 15, 16]]   I tried to achieve it with eval but didn't get any decent result yet. What is the fastest, easiest tool or method to convert text files between character sets?  Specifically, I need to convert from UTF-8 to ISO-8859-15 and vice versa.  Everything goes: one-liners in your favorite scripting language, command-line tools or other utilities for OS, web sites, etc.  Best solutions so far:  On Linux/UNIX/OS X/cygwin:   Gnu  suggested by  is best used as a filter. It seems to be universally available. Example:  $ iconv -f UTF-8 -t ISO-8859-15 in.txt &gt; out.txt   As pointed out by , there is an . Gnu  () suggested by  will convert one or several files in-place. Example:  $ recode UTF8..ISO-8859-15 in.txt   This one uses shorter aliases:  $ recode utf8..l9 in.txt   Recode also supports surfaces which can be used to convert between different line ending types and encodings:  Convert newlines from LF (Unix) to CR-LF (DOS):  $ recode ../CR-LF in.txt   Base64 encode file:  $ recode ../Base64 in.txt   You can also combine them.  Convert a Base64 encoded UTF8 file with Unix line endings to Base64 encoded Latin 1 file with Dos line endings:  $ recode utf8/Base64..l1/CR-LF/Base64 file.txt    On Windows with  ():    PS C:\&gt; gc -en utf8 in.txt | Out-File -en ascii out.txt  (No ISO-8859-15 support though; it says that supported charsets are unicode, utf7, utf8, utf32, ascii, bigendianunicode, default, and oem.)   Edit  Do you mean iso-8859-1 support? Using "String" does this e.g. for vice versa  gc -en string in.txt | Out-File -en utf8 out.txt   Note: The possible enumeration values are "Unknown, String, Unicode, Byte, BigEndianUnicode, UTF8, UTF7, Ascii".   CsCvt -  is another great command line based conversion tool for Windows. Cardinalities of the intervals $(-1,1)$ and $[-1,1]$ Why GCP Kubernetes Node host location for europe-north1 seems to be in US? I'd like to find a place to store stuff while I'm out adventuring, without spending 5000 on a house (at least, until I can afford that...). Where can I safely store items without worrying about them disappearing?   There are two possible places that come to mind,  (to which I have the key and was told I could stay), and the small bedroom given to me at the  (which I was told was mine, despite seeing J'zaro sitting in it later). Can I store items safely in either of these places? Best Algebraic Geometry text book? (other than Hartshorne) How was this character poisoned in Warcraft? In Warcraft, towards the end of movie we observe the Guardian Medivh changing sides and starting to emit green light instead of blue. I might have missed that part or misunderstood but how exactly did he get poisoned? MySQL convert date string to Unix timestamp Proving Cauchy condensation test I have to prove the  by tomorrow and I am really unconfident about what I did:  $$\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n\text{ converges } \iff \sum_{n=1}^\infty 2^n a_{2^n}\text{ converges}$$  I did the following:  Let $(b_n)$ be a sequence as follow: $b_{2^k+m}:=a_{2^k}$ with $k\in\mathbb N_0$ and $0\leq m&lt;2^k$.  It's $a_{n+1}\leq a_n$ and so $0\leq a_{n+p}\leq a_n$ for all $n,p\in\mathbb N$.  So $\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty b_n$ converges by the majorizing series $\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n$. And it's $\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty b_n=\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\sum\limits_{m=0}^{2^n-1}a_{2^{n+1}}=\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty 2^{n-1}a_{2^n}$ so $\Rightarrow$ is done.  For $\Leftarrow$ consider $c_{2^k+m}:=a_{2^k}$ with $k\in\mathbb N_0$ and $0\leq m&lt;2^k$.  It's $|a_n|\leq c_n$ and $\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty c_n=\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\sum\limits_{m=0}^{2^n-1}a_{2^{n}}=\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty 2^{n}a_{2^n}$ and so $\sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty a_n$ converges by the majorizing series $\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty c_n$.  Is this in form and content correct? Editing capabilities document in GeoServer I've got several layers in GeoServer, one of which I'm trying to use as a WMS in desktop programs (Manifold 8). I've set it up correctly, but whenever I bring it into Manifold, it projects the layer into EPSG:4326, which unfortunately can't work with my map - I need it in EPSG:3857. The layer in question is wrapped inside a more overarching layer definition, which contains all the layers - and coordinate systems that allow them all to be used flexibly. However, I want to put this layer on its own in the capabilities document, and only allow it to use EPSG:3857. How, in GeoServer, would I edit, or override, a capabilities document? I have a text box that will have a currency string in it that I then need to convert that string to a double to perform some operations on it.   "$1,100.00" → 1100.00  This needs to occur all client side. I have no choice but to leave the currency string as a currency string as input but need to cast/convert it to a double to allow some mathematical operations. Product of square of distances from vertices of a polygon of radius a I want to find out the following product.  $\prod_0^{n-1}  (r^2 + a^2 -2ra\cos(2k\pi/n - \theta))$ I have been trying to use complex numbers but did not work out. The book I am reading the result is directly stated as $r^{2n} + a^{2n} -2r^na^n\cos(\theta)$. Please help. LWC Navigation: "this[f.NavigationMixin.Navigate] is not a function" When attempting to use the Lightning navigation service in my component's base class (.js), I get the following error when functionally testing in the UI:  this[f.NavigationMixin.Navigate] is not a function  I am calling the NavigationMixin function provided by the lightning/navigation module. I have imported the module: import { NavigationMixin } from 'lightning/navigation';  And am calling the function as below: this[NavigationMixin.Navigate]({     type: 'standard__recordPage',     attributes: {         recordId: this.org.Id,         objectApiName: 'Account',         actionName: 'view'     } }); "Me and Joey's" or "mine and Joey's" Which of the following should I use?     Today is me and Joey's anniversary   Today is mine and Joey's anniversary I am running Ubuntu 14.04 and Notepad++ 6.6.4 (through WINE)  Under the 'Run' tab, I clicked on "Launch in Firefox" , but nothing happened   I uninstalled Notepad++ and WINE, then shutdown. I re-installed Notepad++ and WINE and still have the same problem.   Does anyone know what the problem is? How to compare the output of \ref to a number? I want to compare the output of \ref to a number in LaTeX. I thought it would be easy but after spending lots of hours surfing the net I still don't know the answer. I found similar questions on this site but I would prefer a solution that does not require another package to be included, so that I can see clearly how the \ref command (and some others) works. I tried a lot of things, some of which I share below, therefore my question is rather long, I'm sorry about that. First, I tried the following codes (the resulting error messages are shown after a % sign):  \begin{equation} \label{eq:myeq}   a=b   \end{equation}  \ifnum\ref{eq:myeq}=1 true\else false\fi % error: "Missing number, treated as zero."  \expandafter\ifnum\ref{eq:myeq}=1 true\else false\fi % error: "Missing number, treated as zero."  \edef\blabla{\ref{eq:myeq}} % error: Incomplete \iffalse; all text was ignored after line 42. \ifnum\blabla=1 true\else false\fi \expandafter\ifnum\blabla=1 true\else false\fi   Of course, \ref{eq:myeq} gave the expected result, namely 1.  Then, I found the definition of \ref using the latexdef ref command:       \ref:   macro:#1->\expandafter \@setref \csname r@#1\endcsname \@firstoftwo {#1}   Further examining \@setref and \firstoftwo, I concluded that the equation number (together with the page number) is stored in a control sequence called \r@eq:myeq. More precisely, the content of \r@eq:myeq is {1}{1} where the first number is the equation number and the second number is the page number. (The output of \expandafter{\csname r@eq:myeq\endcsname} is 11.) If I understand well, in order to obtain the equation number we have to expand \csname r@eq:myeq\endcsname by only two levels to get {1}{1} (the first level of expansion yields \r@eq:myeq), and then we choose the first argument by \@firstoftwo. Since there is no simple way to expand a control sequence by only one level, it is done in a rather circuitous (say tricky) way by \ref. This I could also reproduce by the following code:  \def\sth#1#2{\expandafter #2#1} \makeatletter \expandafter\sth\csname r@eq:myeq\endcsname\@firstoftwo \quad \ifnum1=\expandafter\sth\csname r@eq:myeq\endcsname\@firstoftwo true\else false\fi \makeatother   which resulted in 1   true. So far so good but there are still a few questions. First of all, if the above code works then why does the code with \ifnum1=\ref{eq:myeq}... fail (see above)? Seemingly, the two "algorithms" are doing the same. Second, the above code works only if the auxiliary file (with aux extension) contains the label definition. If it doesn't (the reference is undefined) then LaTeX gives the following error message: Missing number, treated as zero. How can I write a code that works even if the reference is undefined? Thank everybody who read all my above struggle and I would appreciate if someone shed light on the points that were not clear to me and who corrected me where I was wrong and confirmed where I was correct. Unfortunately the whole command syntax of (La)TeX is still very strange to me. Ubuntu installation is slow, why? How do you concatenate characters in java? Concatenating strings would only require a + between the strings, but concatenating chars using + will change the value of the char into ascii and hence giving a numerical output. I want to do System.out.println(char1+char2+char3... and create a String word like this.  I could do   System.out.print(char1); System.out.print(char2); System.out.print(char3);   But, this will only get me the characters in 1 line. I need it as a string. Any help would be appreciated.  Thanks How can number of subdirectories and files be determined from the output of using ls -ld command?  I realize that this command only lists the directories. How to get the insert ID in JDBC?