I´d seen the phrase "Reviewed by (someone)" and also the phrase "Communicated by (someone)" in published papers, what they refer to or the difference(s) between them?  Thanks
What does it mean when it says under a journal article that it has been communicated by "XYZ" where XYZ is not the author but some other scholar with a very strong reputation? What is the relationship to the actual author and/or the content? Is this some sort of seal of approval to get results out and known quickly? (I am specifically wondering in the context of mathematics and mathematical physics.)
What is the most appropriate way to configure biblatex for use with an unsupported language? Use LaTeX to simulate old typewriter written texts This question led to a new package:      I'm giving my students an old exam and barely remembered to change the date at the top. A colleague and I joked about how long we could reuse the same exam, and it made me wonder if I could use LaTeX to create an exam that looked like it was written in 1963 on a typewriter.  Here's what I'd like to see:   Typewriter font even in math mode. (Several ways to accomplish this; is there a "best" way?) Slight inconsistencies in the printing of each letter. I attempt this below adapting code taken from . Each word has a random vertical shift, though I'd like to see it reduced to each letter having its own vertical shift. Other typewriter-like irregularities would be great. It would be great if math-mode delimeters \left(, \right}, etc., can be created in a piece-meal fashion as they did in days of old. Fraction bars, tops of square-root symbols -- any horizontal line, really -- is made up of a series of en-dashes that don't quite match up.   Here is what I've come up with so far:  \documentclass[10pt]{article}% This is a document class providing more font size options \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{ifthen} \usepackage[textwidth=7.5in,textheight=9.5in]{geometry} \pagestyle{empty}  % thanks to Bruno Le Floch: https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/9331/4012 % and in his comments to https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/29458/4012 \usepackage[first=-1,last=1]{lcg}% you can play around with these values \makeatletter \newcommand{\globalrand}{\rand\global\cr@nd\cr@nd} \makeatother  \newcommand{\randomvshift}[1]{\globalrand\raisebox{\value{rand}pt}{#1}}  %%% thanks to Martin Scharrer: https://tex.stackexchange.com/q/11598/4012 \makeatletter \def\typewriter#1{%     \@typewriter#1 \@empty } \def\@typewriter#1 #2{%    \randomvshift{#1}\space    \ifx #2\@empty\else     \expandafter\@typewriter    \fi    #2% } \makeatother \begin{document}\tt  \typewriter{Math 101 Fall 1963}  \begin{enumerate} \item   \typewriter{$\frac{\texttt{d}}{\texttt{dx}}\texttt{(x)}^2$}  \item \typewriter{State the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.}  \end{enumerate}  \end{document} Why aren't search engines indexing my content? This is a general, community wiki  question and answer pair intended to address any questions   concerning the reasons a site or specific site contents do not appear   in search engine results.      If your question was closed as a duplicate of this question and you   feel that the information provided here does not provide a sufficient   answer, please open a discussion on .   My site (or specific pages on my site) is not appearing in search engine results.  Why isn't my content indexed and what can I do about it? How to get current CPU and RAM usage in Python? What's your preferred way of getting current system status (current CPU, RAM, free disk space, etc.) in Python? Bonus points for *nix and Windows platforms.  There seems to be a few possible ways of extracting that from my search:   Using a library such as  (that currently seems not actively developed and not supported on multiple platform) or something like  (again no activity since 2007 it seems and no support for Windows). Using platform specific code such as using a os.popen("ps") or similar for the *nix systems and MEMORYSTATUS in ctypes.windll.kernel32 (see ) for the Windows platform. One could put a Python class together with all those code snippets.   It's not that those methods are bad but is there already a well-supported, multi-platform way of doing the same thing? Use a LookUp field in a Calculated Column How could a statement be true without proof? Godel`s incompleteness theorem states that there may exist true statements which have no proofs in a formal system of particular axioms. Here I have two questions; 1) How can we say that a statement is true without a proof? 2) What has the self reference to do with this? Godel sentence "G" can say that SUB(a,a, no prove) but could be this just arbitrarily judgement about non-provability of "a" because it may simply has a proof which is not yet revealed or discovered? Were there any improvements to the second Death Star (other than the change in exhaust port) that we know of? How do I stop my 2013 Macbook Air from putting the computer to sleep? What are the rules and limits of Accio spell? We know that Accio spell (aka ) has some limits:   It can be blocked (e.g. Harry couldn't Accio the Diadem in RoR in Deathly Hallows). Many more failures are listed on Wikia.   But what are the exact full rules and limitations governing the spell in Harry Potter world?   Distance?  Line-of-sight?  Knowing exact or approximate location?  Specificity of item (e.g. "Accio Broom" seemed to work for Weasleys in OotP to bring their locked-up brooms - why not just a random broom?) Types of Accio-able stuff? Can you Accio water? Lump of earth? Gases/liquids/etc...? Can you Accio based on jQuery selector (or an SQL where clause), for lack of a better description? E.g. "Accio the book that has the word 'Flammel'"? "Accio biggest green ball from this room"? Can you Accio ALL items of a kind? (the reason I thought of this whole question was seeing "Accio all guns" comment in ). Can you Accio vague stuff? ("Accio meal"). Other rules that can be inferred.   NOTE: While Wikia article has some of the info, it is clearly very lacking in details on specific rules based on specific instances in canon. I'm looking for a fully comprehensive, organized ruleset for the charm, not merely 1-2 tidbits in Wikia article. Using my idle computer for something useful (seti@home and the like) How to access raw texture data in DirectX 11? I want to get access to a texture's pixel color data on the CPU. When trying to map the texture, I get E_INVALIDARG in return from ID3D11DeviceContext::Map.  ID3D11ShaderResourceView* resourceView; //represents my texture, already loaded up //...  //Getting the resources of the texture view... ID3D11Resource* res = nullptr; ID3D11Texture2D* tex = nullptr; resourceView-&gt;GetResource(&amp;res); res-&gt;QueryInterface(&amp;tex); D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC desc; tex-&gt;GetDesc(&amp;desc); //Correct data gets filled out D3D11_RESOURCE_DIMENSION dim; res-&gt;GetType(&amp;dim); //value gets set as Texture2D which it should  D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE mappedResource; HRESULT h; h = context-&gt;Map(tex,0,D3D11_MAP_READ,0,&amp;mappedResource); //This always fails h = context-&gt;Map(res,0,D3D11_MAP_READ,0,&amp;mappedResource); //This also fails   The idea is that I keep only shaderResourceViews for my textures, because that is all I needed until now, and get the relevant resources here.  I tried mapping as WRITE_DISCARD also, but to no success. I am really confused, because I never had any problem with mapping constant buffers and vertex buffers. I seem to be certainly missing something? By the way, I am using Wic Texture loader and DDS Texture loader for the DirectXTex toolkit, and tried this code for png, dds textures, with and without mip-maps. underline omitting the descenders I'm very well aware that it is considered best practice not to use underlining other than on typewriters and in handwriting. But sometimes it is needed nonetheless.  In my opinion the typographically least offending way to underline in print is to leave out the descenders. This is also how I learned to do it in handwriting. Very few fonts offer a pre-made underlined variant, but some text-processors (e.g. OS X text-engine) do -- depending on the font used -- an acceptable job at emulating this effect:    How would I tweak any of the existing ways/packages for underlining to do the same?  As a bonus, I'd like to be able to tweak the behaviour (extent of the omitted part, apply to which letters) per font and text style, preferably working with XeLaTeX. Short story with space microbes latching onto electromagnetic fields This is a sci-fi story set on Earth. From the depths of space comes these microbes that latch onto electromagnetic fields. Anything electronic is rendered useless. There's the usual stuff where governments try to solve the issue but make it ultimately worse. It's only when they realise that the microbes surround the planet that they realise it is futile. The story closes with people having returned to a simpler life, using medieval farming methods, not using electricity in any form, getting about by horse, etc. I think it was a short story. I want to copy all images on my computer to a single folder Hint:  $a^2 -ab +b^2 = (a+b)^2 -3ab.$  I know we can say that there exists an $x,y$ such that $ax + by = 1$.  So in this case, $(a+b)x + ((a+b)^2 -3ab)y =1.$  I thought setting $x = (a+b)$ and $y = -1$ would help but that gives me $3ab =1.$  Any suggestions? What is the difference between correlation, causation and prediction? Suppose we have a set of events $\Omega$, containing events $A$ and $B$. My econometrics professor tried to distinguish the following three terms today.    Causation --- $A$ causes $B$ if the occurrence of $A$ always leads to another specific outcome $B$. For example, clapping my hands causes a sound to be emitted.  Prediction --- $A$ predicts $B$ if on average, $B$ is the expected outcome from $A$ occurring. In other words, whereas causality is deterministic, prediction is probabilistic. For example, studying for a test would predict doing well on the exam. But there's no guarantee.   Correlation --- $A$ and $B$ are correlated if when one occurs the other does too. But there may be some hidden variable causing both.    Are these distinctions meaningful? Or did he make these terms up?   My Questions   What is the difference between causation and correlation?  Are "causes" always deterministic? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the GAC? And on top of that, are there cases where one has to use the global assembly cache or where one cannot use it? How long does mana from Burning-Tree Emissary stay around? Does mana added to your pool from  get destroyed when the card that added it is destroyed? How do you document your databases? How does one actually show from associativity that one can drop parentheses? I've always heard this reasoning, and it makes obvious sense, but how do you actually show it for some arbitrary product? Would it be something like this?  $$(a(b(cd)))e=((ab)(cd))e=(((ab)c)d)e=abcde?$$  Do you just say that the grouping of the parentheses now corresponds to just multiplying straight through? Thanks.