In 2016 I did a summer internship at a technology firm in California. Came from Europe on a J1 visa. Filed a 1040NR-EZ, and got a tax refund in 2017.  Now, as I understand, state tax refund is taxable income if I used "Itemized Deductions" which I believe I did. So, it seems that my US income for 2017 totals to less than 2k$.  I read that below a certain amount one generally is not obliged to file a return, as they would not owe any tax anyway.  My question is: is the above reasoning correct (especially considering my status as a non-resident alien), and I simply don't have to do anything?  Additional details: in 2016 on 1040NR-EZ I entered my state tax on the line 11 (Itemized Deductions), and so it decreased my taxable income on that form, I assumed that what it means to itemize. Then I got tax refunds for both state and federal taxes. I don't think I "deducted the amount being returned" on any US form, that would be weird as I were filing them before the actual refunds, right?
I am from Europe, and I did an internship in the US (California) in 2015. When filing my 2015 taxes, I ended up having to pay some small difference for the federal taxes, but got a refund on my state taxes, of roughly $1.6k. That was all the income I had in the US in 2016.  I did not enter the US in 2016 at all.  I managed to figure out that I don't need to file any California tax forms for 2016 (source: ) but I am not sure about federal taxes.  I tried researching the problem, and got some information on it, but the situation is still a bit unclear. It seems that since I listed my state tax as an itemized deduction in my 2015 tax report, which I filed in 2016, the state refund I got in 2016 is, in fact, taxable.  In this situation, would I have to file my taxes (and possibly pay owed tax) for 2016, even though I never set foot in the US in that year, and my total income is just $1.6k?
Prove that $1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1\cdot 3}{3\cdot 6}+\frac{1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{3\cdot 6 \cdot 9}+.........=\sqrt{3}$ Prove that $$1+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1\cdot 3}{3\cdot 6}+\frac{1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{3\cdot 6 \cdot 9}+.........=\sqrt{3}$$   $\bf{My\; Try::}$ Using Binomial expansion of  $$(1-x)^{-n} = 1+nx+\frac{n(n+1)}{2}x^2+\frac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{6}x^3+.......$$  So we get $$nx=\frac{1}{3}$$ and $$\frac{nx(nx+x)}{2}=\frac{1}{3}\cdot \frac{3}{6}$$  We get $$\frac{1}{3}\left(\frac{1}{3}+x\right)=\frac{1}{3}\Rightarrow x=\frac{2}{3}$$  So we get $$n=\frac{1}{2}$$  So our series sum is $$(1-x)^{-n} = \left(1-\frac{2}{3}\right)^{-\frac{1}{2}} = \sqrt{3}$$  Although I know that this is the simplest proof, can we solve it any other way someting like defining $a_{n}$ and then use Telescopic sum.  Thanks. What is the state-of-the-art method for automatically executing custom scripts upon USB device plug-in under current Linux distributions like Debian/CentOS/Fedora?  For example if you want to automatically mount/copy some files/umount a USB mass storage device based on its UUID (or device ID etc.). Motion tracked Video doesn't show up in the render or in the compositing tab I tried to add a 3D object to a clip by following a youtube video. But clip doesn't show up in the render or in the compositing tab. It show up even in the camera view. I didn't change any settings. please help. Thank you.    And the  rendered images has only the cube in it like in the picture above. I am looking for a convenient way to set the background of tabular cells. I'd like to do two things:  (1) Set the background shaded in a color (2) Set the background hatched  I learned that the TikZ package provides means to do this but I am unable to come up with a solution that does not use matrices (such as here: ) but instead uses the tabular package.  Here's what I'd like to do:  \documentclass{article} \begin{document} \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|} \hline   1 &amp; \setBGGray 2 &amp; 3 \\\hline   4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\\hline   7 &amp; \setBGHatched 8 &amp; 9 \\\hline \end{tabular} \end{document}   The output should look like this:    Can someone please help me achieving this using tabular (or tabularx) and TikZ? Attribute field names truncation when creating shapefiles I am wondering what is the expression that truncate a given name to the 10 characters name used in ESRI shapefiles when an object is saved as shapefile with the function writeOGR in R. For example, the attribute field from a spatial dataframe "Ablepharus kitaibelii" is converted to "Ablphrk" when saved as shapefile, how the truncation is done? Which of those functions are PRFs? How to add a script to Startup Applications from the command line? Remove a part of a list of names I have some files and each files have distinct name but all of them have the same "-statement" at the end like this:  flower-statement.mp3 leave-statement.mp3  ball-statement.mp3 goal-statement.mp3   So I want to remove this: -statement  Is that possible? I am non EU national, living in a Schengen country for past 5 years. I hold Indian passport and EU permanent residence card valid for 5 years.   Can i go to UK for few days to visit friends without a visa?  I am aware that UK is not in Schengen, and Schengen visas and residence permits issued by Schengen country is not valid for United Kingdom? But what about the PR card issued by a Schengen country?  I am also aware that EU citizens carrying EU passport have no restrictions to visit UK. Wine pollutes "Open With" application list The dialog box in question here is the one you get with the context menu option "open with other applications". Wine seems to have inserted more than a dozen or so entries for each application I install, which makes it a pain to find the correct application:     What can I do to remove the duplicates?     Update: Neither of the two solutions really work. The bug is interesting, but the symptoms does not match my problem (I'm not having problem with uninstalling applications, but rather the things that are inserted after installing them), and with the other one, all references to the Wine application are removed, which actually makes the problem worse (although it may be an acceptable solution if nothing else can be found). So this is still an open question; any takers? Button that triggers modal I can reproduce that every time now, I go to a site, open an article, then to the next site, open another article. The Feed page pops up for a second, the article page lays over this with some some transparent areas (see picture). The same app-version is ok on a Smartphone with Android 4.4.2. I also sent in some bug reports.    Edit  1.0.71 isn't the solution yet. I go to Meta SE, then to an article. When I want back to Meta SE again, it crashes. Much earlier than before. I already sent in a bug report for this.  Another Edit  I can describe it better now. From the questions-page of a site I go to a post. When I use the back button, everything is ok, I can go to the next site. When I try to go to the next site directly from the post, it crashes. This only happens on the Nexus 10 with Android 5.1.1, App version 1.0.71. Hope this helps.  Edit3  This is fixed in 1.0.73 now. Thanks again. Broken blog link on pages with lists of moderators The page  has a link like this:  which doesn't seem to exist anymore. This is the same on  And also on How to implement an abstract class in ruby? I know there is no concept of abstract class in ruby. But if at all it needs to be implemented, how to go about it? I tried something like...  class A   def self.new     raise 'Doh! You are trying to write Java in Ruby!'   end end  class B &lt; A   ...   ... end   But when I try to instantiate B, it is internally going to call A.new which is going to raise the exception.  Also, modules cannot be instantiated but they cannot be inherited too. making the new method private will also not work. Any pointers? How do I install Komodo Edit? New to linux, help me install this program Komodo-Edit-7.1.0-10496-linux-x86_64  I'm running Ubuntu 12.04 64bit. Let's suppose I'm a wizard casting a ranged spell. An enemy is behind cover but I suspect he'll come out, so I ready an action to cast at him when he comes out; but I don't want to risk getting charged at by another enemy and losing concentration or taking disadvantage. Can I say:  "I ready a spell. When that guy over there leaves cover, or when any enemy gets within 5 feet of me, I will cast it on that enemy"? How can I do unit testing in Unity? How to implement Unit Test at Unity3D.   I wonder if it would be possible to extend the Unity editor to have some sort of testing framework in it.    Is there any guideline to implement it? Any reference like book, blog? Any working example or project? Is QImage able to open and render pure 16-bit images? What exactly did mv /tmp/folder/* /* do to my filesystem? It's hard to search for special characters on google, which is why I'm posting this here.  I recently ran (as root) a mv /tmp/folder/* /* when I meant to run mv /tmp/folder/* ./ Big mistake!  Things broke! A lot of files got mixed up and placed into strange places, none of the normal unix commands worked (ls, dir, cat, etc) and once you logged off, you couldn't ssh back in -- it would give you a prompt, but not accept the old passwords.  Running ls /* shows me that it performs ls on every directory in /. If I tried to draw a parallel, then mv should have simply moved (or copied?) the files to every directory in /. Instead, really weird things happened, and I was just curious what exactly was going on.  More info: The files in /tmp/folder had been transferred from a windows machine, and had been named file (#).txt, where (#) is a number up to two digits, with a space between file and the parenthesis. There were ~40 of these text files. If you go to  and are a 4k+ user on Anime.SE, you will see the following:        There is one reopen vote on this question, but the reopen vote count is displayed on a different line than the word "reopen". This is slightly silly, and would perhaps benefit from converting reopen (1) to reopen&amp;nbsp;(1), and likewise for close and delete votes. (Or any other way of preventing a line break between the vote type and the vote count.)  A repro (the close link) from here on Meta: