I know similar questions have been asked however why am I asking is because I wanted to know say i install Ubuntu on my D Drive instead of my C Drive (which has my windows on it). My D Drive is a 1 TB drive and I have files installed on it. If i put Ubuntu on it will i still be able to use the space that has not been partitioned off and can i still use it to say download things on my windows os? I ask this because i recently installed and deleted Ubuntu because after installation I noticed that I couldn't access my D Drive from Windows anymore and naturally all my files on it were gone. Basically I am asking if there is any way around this or was it just because i installed Ubuntu wrong.....?
Thus is a picture of both of my hard-drives:    My C Drive and my D drive. I want to put Ubuntu onto my D Drive. Now my question here is if i do install onto my D Drive then how should I do it in order to retain use of the drive. I intend to partition about 60 gigs from it. Now after doing that I should still have about 830 gigs left. I want to still be able to use that in Windows. So how and will I be able to retain use of the drive after Installing? I have installed once before and I believe i did it wrong because not only could Windows not recognize my D drive but I also lost all the data on it.   My computer is a Lenovo Y700 It is a UEFI (I believe i got that right).
Are there attacks that break collision resistance but not preimage resistance? Are there any examples of attacks on hash functions which:   break collision resistance and second preimage resistant, or break collision resistance and preimage resistant?   I have looked at Rogaway's paper1, but it seems complicated, hence was wondering if a succinct example exists.  1)  Phillip Rogaway and Tom Shrimpton. Fast Software Encryption (FSE) 2004, LNCS vol. 3017, pp. 371&ndash;388, Springer, 2004. Pandemic, Global Epidemic, Epidemic, Endemic I really want to hear from the experts the definitions of all 4 terms especially whether global epidemic is equivalent to pandemic. Or should this question be directed to the epidemiologist?   Pandemic Global Epidemic Epidemic Endemic   I have Googled the terms and I understand the definition of 1), 3) and 4). In short the definition is based on geographical location and scale of outbreak, Pandemic is an outbreak of disease on a global scale (e.g. HIV). Epidemic is an outbreak of disease on a localised area. Endemic is a disease in a localised area. However, a definition for Global Epidemic is not available online.  Recently, WHO mentioned that "“It is important to put this on the table: this virus(Covid19) may become just another endemic virus in our communities, and this virus may never go away,” WHO emergencies expert Mike Ryan told an online briefing." Isn't covid19 considered a pandemic since it is on a global scale and is spreading rapidly?  Another term that I come across often is Global Epidemic. For example in the WHO website, HIV is listed as Global Epidemic. Does that mean Pandemic and Global Epidemic are the same? Lost credit card replaced with new card and new numbers. Credit score affected? I recently left my credit card at a bar so I reported it as lost to my bank, and my bank said I will get a replacement within a few days. For what it's worth, I picked my card up from the bar a few days later and made sure to cut it up.  The new credit card has arrived and has new numbers. Will this negatively affect my credit score?  VISA, Chase Bank, USA. Proving the geometric sum formula by induction $$\sum_{k=0}^nq^k = \frac{1-q^{n+1}}{1-q}$$  I want to prove this by induction. Here's what I have.  $$\frac{1-q^{n+1}}{1-q} + q^{n+1} = \frac{1-q^{n+1}+q^{n+1}(1-q)}{1-q}$$  I wanted to factor a $q^{n+1}$ out of the second expression but that 1- is screwing it up... How do I mount an `img` created with /bin/dd of a hard drive? Just as background, I should say I am a mathematics grad student who is trying to learn some physics. I've been reading "The Theoretical Minimum" by Susskind and Hrabovsky and on page 134, they introduce  transformations. Here's the first example they use:  Consider a particle moving in the x,y plane under the influence of a potential, $V$, which depends only on the radius, with Lagrangian:   $L=\frac{m}{2}(\dot{x}^2+\dot{y}^2)-V(x^2+y^2)$  This is clearly invariant under rotations:  $x \rightarrow x\cos \theta + y\sin \theta$  $y \rightarrow -x\sin \theta + y\cos \theta$  All well and good. Now they say "consider what happens ... when the angle $\theta$ is replaced by an infinitesimal angle $\delta$." Already I could say "What the heck is $\delta$ really?", but I'm willing to play along with my intuition. Since $\delta$ is infinitesimal, we work to first order and say   $\cos \delta=1$ and $\sin \delta= \delta$.  Plugging this into our rotation formulas above, we obtain:  $x \rightarrow x+y\delta$  $y \rightarrow y-x\delta$  By differentiating, we see that:  $\dot{x} \rightarrow \dot{x}+\dot{y}\delta$  $\dot{y} \rightarrow \dot{y}-\dot{x}\delta$  Plugging these into the Lagrangian and ignoring terms higher than first order, we see that the Lagrangian is invariant under this transformation.  My main problem with all of this is that I don't understand what the physical nature of an infinitesimal transformation actually is. All I got from the above was that if you do this formal calculation by following rules like "only work to first order in $\delta$," then the Lagrangian is invariant. This is in contrast to the case where we have an actual transformation, like a rotation, where there is no question about what is going on physically.  I would also like to know how all of this relates to rigorous mathematics. In mathematics, I can't recall ever using infinitesimals in an argument or calculation, so it would be useful if there was some way of formulating the above in terms of limits/ derivatives/ differential forms (for example). I sense a connection to Lie Algebras, as the infinitesimal version of the rotation is $(I+A)$ where $I$ is the identity matrix and $A$ is an element of the Lie Algebra of $SO(2)$.   Here are some questions whose answers I believe may be useful to me (feel free to answer some or all):  -What is an infinitesimal quantity like $\delta$ to the physicist?   -Why do physicists argue using infinitesimals rather than "standard" calculus?  -What is the physical meaning of infinitesimal transformation? How does it relate to Lie Algebras?   -Is there a rigorous theoretical apparatus for justifying the computations shown above?  -What is meant by the Lagrangian being invariant under infinitesimal transformations?  If any of the questions seem too vague, please say so. Thanks in advance for your insights! PCB opaque coating for anti reverse engineering? Im trying to find a coating for my PCB in order to protect it from reverse engineering. I want it opaque, non-conductive and with a low thermal resistance.  Basically I do not want that someone replicates my circuit easily. I´ve beens searching a lot on coatings but did't find anything that suits to all my requirement. Anyone with an idea? Should constructors comply with the Liskov Substitution Principle? Necessary and sufficient condition for the matrix $A = I - 2 x x^t$ to be orthogonal The first time I learnt LaTeX, I thought \newcommand properly fits for inline mode and \newenvironment for displayed mode.  Later I noticed it is not correct. So the question is   What is the rule of thumb when deciding whether we should use one over the other one? I understand that faster-than-light communication is impossible when making single measurements, because the outcome of each measurement is random. However, shouldn't measurement on one side collapse the wave function on the other side, such that interference effects would disappear? Making measurements on "bunches" of entangled particles would thus allow FTL communication, by making observed interference effects appear or disappear. How does such an experiment not:  1) Clearly imply that faster-than-light communication is possible?  or  2) (if #1 is rejected) Imply that measurement of one half of an entangled pair does not cause the collapse of the other half's wave function.  Why doesn't this thought experiment clearly show that if we maintain that FTL communication is ruled out, we must also rule out "universal collapse" in the Copenhagen interpretation?  EDIT: Here is an example of an explicit experiment (though I think experts could come up with something better):  You can entangle a photon with an electron such that the angle of the photon is correlated with the electron's position at each slit of a double slit experiment. If the photon is detected (it's outgoing angle measured), then which-path information is known, and there is no interference. If the photon is not detected, the interference remains.   The experiment is designed such that the photon and electron go in roughly opposite directions, apart from the tiny deflection which gives which-path information. You set up a series of photon detectors 100 ly away on one side, and your double slit experiment 100 ly away in the opposite direction. Now you produce the entangled pairs in bunches, say of 100 entangled pairs, each coming every millisecond, with a muon coming between each bunch to serve as a separator.   Then the idea is that someone at the photon detector side can send information to someone watching the double-slit experiment, by selectively detecting all of the photons in some bunches, but not in others. If all of the photons are detected for one bunch, then the corresponding electron bunch 200 ly away should show no interference effects. If all of the photons are not detected for one bunch, then the corresponding electron bunch 200 ly away would show the usual double-slit interference effects (say on a phosphorus screen). (Note that this does not require combining information from the photon-detector-side with the electron-double-slit side in order to get the interference effects. The interference effects would visibly show up as the electron blips populate the phosphorus screen, as is usual in a double-slit experiment when which-path information is not measured.)  In such a way the person at the photon detectors can send '1's and '0's depending on whether they measure the photons in a given bunch. Suppose they send 'SOS' in Morse code. This requires 9 bunches, and so this will take 900 milliseconds, which is less than 200 years. The point is that such an experiment would only work if you assume that the measurement of the photon really does collapse the wave function nonlocally. Passing list to viewparams variables in GeoServer SQL views? I have a sql view which take only one parameter, but this parameter is a list, and a need to know how can i pass this parameter in the url  Here is my sql view  SELECT * FROM shop WHERE id IN %list%   When I put the default value for %list% as (1, 2 ,3) as example, the layer preview works and show the shopa with the default ids,  but when I try this in the url  viewparams=list:(1,2,3)   does not work.   I already tried other things like   viewparams=list:"1,2,3"   but nothing works.  Does anyone know how to do this? How do I rename all folders and files to lowercase on Linux? Unknown Syntax Error in Code So, I am following a , and it is using Python code to create an audio visualizer in Blender. Now, I've always been a coding geek, but I don't actually know Python. I've taken a few shots at it but overall, I don't know Python, however, I can read and understand the code because I know basic programming concepts. Now, I'm following this tutorial as closely as I can (the tutorial does not provide code to copy and paste) and I am getting a syntax error. As far as I can tell, there is no syntax error. The line of code (specified by the error message) appears perfect. This line of code is supposed to set the 3D cursor to the active object's origin. Here's the catch: if I run that exact same line of code in the console, it executes just fine. So here's the error message I get:  File "C:\Me\Blender\Blender Projects\audio visualisation.blend\AudioVisualizer", line 17 bpy.context.scene.cursor_location = bpy.context.active_object.location    ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax location: &lt;unknown location&gt;:-1   It tells me to look in the console for error message, but the console doesn't output anything.    Thanks!  EDIT: Alright. I've tried all the examples and all the procedures that have been suggested by you guys, but it keeps feeding me errors. According to the console, one of the problems it is spitting out is in C:\Program Files\Blender Foundation\Blender\2.74\scripts\modules\bpy\ops.py. This makes me think there is a bug in the API that is causing one of the many errors. EDIT: Here are the error messages I get for my code. Original Code:  Error:   File "C:\Gannon\Blender\Blender Projects\audio visualisation.blend\Audi o Visualizer", line 35     bpy.ops.graph.sound_bake(filepath="C:\Gannon\Blender\Sounds\Music\Batty McFa dden.mp3", low=i*step high=i*step+step                           ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax    gandalf3's Code and zeffii's Code are essentially the same with alternative formatting which changes the line numbers where the error occurs.  Error: Unsupported audio format  Traceback (most recent call last):   File "C:\Gannon\Blender\Blender Projects\audio visualisation.blend\Audio Visua lizer", line 42, in &lt;module&gt;   File "C:\Gannon\Blender\Blender Projects\audio visualisation.blend\Audio Visua lizer", line 35, in spiral   File "C:\Program Files\Blender Foundation\Blender\2.74\scripts\modules\bpy\ops .py", line 189, in __call__     ret = op_call(self.idname_py(), None, kw) RuntimeError: Error: Unsupported audio format How to compile self-referencing functions (to perform recursive a task) How to deal with downvotes without any explanation Is the standard Canon 18-55 lens the same as 5 years ago? I use the babel package in order to write in greek with font "kerkis".  I want to add code in english ("courier new" font) to my latex document but I get some difficulties.  Can anybody help me, please. Thank you in advance.  \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage[english,greek]{babel} \usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{fancybox} \usepackage{verbatim} \usepackage{courier} \usepackage{kerkis} \usepackage{float} \usepackage{geometry} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \usepackage{titlesec} \usepackage{tocloft} \usepackage{hyperref} \usepackage{afterpage} \usepackage{color}    \usepackage{listings}  \renewcommand{\lstlistingname}{Κώδικας}  \lstset{  %matlab   backgroundcolor=\color{white},     basicstyle=\normalsize,    % COURIER NEW?        commentstyle=\color{green},    % comment style   escapeinside={\%*}{*)},           extendedchars=true,               frame=single,                              keywordstyle=\color{blue},       % keyword style   numbers=left,                     numbersep=5pt,                     numberstyle=\normalsize\color{black},    rulecolor=\color{black},           stepnumber=1,                      stringstyle=\color{magenta},     % string style }   \begin{document}  \selectlanguage{greek} Ελληνικά: \textlatin{this word means greek}  \selectlanguage{english} Now I write in english  \selectlanguage{greek} Ελληνικά  %\selectlanguage{english}???  \begin{lstlisting}[caption = \textlatin{example1.m}] { % Entropy E = 0; for i = 1:J     if p(i) ~= 0         E = E + p(i)*log2(1/p(i));     end end } \end{lstlisting}  \end{document} I have too many sections in my presentation such that the left-hand-side navigation bar is full and only shows the first sections in Fig. 2, initial situation in Fig. 1.  Pseudocode    clean the left-hand-hand side navigation bar when exceed the threshold and start a new one there when on sufficient page  this feature occurs with Beamer Berkeley appendix so it is possible also with the main document   Code which problem shown in Fig. 2   \documentclass{beamer} \usetheme{Berkeley}  \logo{\includegraphics{logo.png}} \usepackage{hyperref} % https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/346486/13173 \newenvironment{slide}[1] {\begin{frame}[environment=slide,allowframebreaks] \frametitle{\insertsection-#1} } {\end{frame}} % fragile only if code % allowframebreaks not by default   \begin{document}  \title{Sensory system. Primary sensory modalities. Cortical modalities. Kinds of sensory disturbances. Spinal cord disorders. Spinal cord transverse and partial lesion. Cauda equina damage.} \author{Leo}  \section{Cortical modalities} \begin{slide}{basics}      More refined aspects of sensation ... \end{slide}  \section{Cortical modalities} \begin{slide}{basics}      More refined aspects of sensation ... \end{slide}  \section{Cortical modalities 2} \begin{slide}{basics}      More refined aspects of sensation ... \end{slide}  \section{Cortical modalities 3} \begin{slide}{basics}      More refined aspects of sensation ... \end{slide}  \section{Cortical modalities 4} \begin{slide}{basics}      More refined aspects of sensation ... \end{slide}  \end{document}   Fig. 1 Situation at the first page,  Fig. 2 Situation at Section 6 wheere the navbar has not changed,  Fig. 3 Samcarter's answer output + one slide addition but without \part{} - fails on sufficient page count       Output: the left-hand-side navigation bar is not refreshed when the amount of sections exceed its capacity on suffcient enough page     Testing Samcarter's proposal  I include one slide before Samcarter's body so I get the wrong output in Fig. 3.  Solution: Eventually correct output by just adding \part{} in the place where the new navbar is wanted.   TeXLive: 2016 OS: Debian 8.7 Where do the Python unit tests go? If you're writing a library, or an app, where do the unit test files go?    It's nice to separate the test files from the main app code, but it's awkward to put them into a "tests" subdirectory inside of the app root directory, because it makes it harder to import the modules that you'll be testing.    Is there a best practice here?