I have been offered a phd position in Germany at 75% TVL-E13. It seems very difficult to get a precise figure for what this is in Euro. From a Google search I have figures for this position ranging from €21000 right up to €30000 on various websites dating back over the last couple of years.  I have a deadline on my decision so I really need to know what this 75% TVL-E13 rate amounts to in Euro at the moment so I can weigh it up against offers in other countries. Is this a 'good' rate for a PhD? Is anyone on this rate at present or does anyone have a good idea of how much this salary is currently worth in Euro?
I just received a PhD invitation letter from a German University which mentions that my remuneration will be 2/3 of full TV-L 13 position. I do not know what a TV-L 13 position is (Google is of no help here), and didn't want to be rude, so I am asking here first. Is this a common position or specific to Germany? If anyone knows, currently how much remuneration corresponds to a TV-L position?
How did the Community user earn the Civic Duty badge? Apparently, .  How the heck did that happen? Settings API enable default settings on theme install? I am still learning settings API so please forgive my noob question. I have three fields: a checkbox, colorpicker and text field (they are working), but I would like to do this: when the theme is installed add "checked" state to my checkbox but allow user to "unchecked" it ,and if empty add default color to my colorpicker... I have no idea how to do this so please help me!  My code looks like this now (thanks to @Chip Bennett! ) :  &lt;?php add_action('admin_menu','create_theme_options_page'); function create_theme_options_page(){ add_options_page('Theme Options','Theme Options','administrator',__FILE__,'build_options_page'); }    function build_options_page(){    ?&gt;    &lt;div id="theme-options-wrap"&gt;    &lt;div style="float:left;margin-top:19px;position:absolute;" class="icon32" id="icon-tools"&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;    &lt;h2&gt;My options page&lt;/h2&gt;    &lt;form method="post" action="options.php"&gt;    &lt;?php settings_fields('plugin_options');?&gt;    &lt;?php do_settings_sections(__FILE__); ?&gt;    &lt;p class="submit"&gt;    &lt;input name="Submit" type="submit" class="button-primary" value="&lt;?php esc_attr_e('Save changes');?&gt;"/&gt;    &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;/form&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;    &lt;?php    }       add_action('admin_init','register_and_build_fields');      function register_and_build_fields(){      register_setting('plugin_options','plugin_options','validate_setting');      add_settings_section('main_section','&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Main Settings','section_cb',__FILE__);      add_settings_field('banner_heading','Banner Heading:','banner_heading_setting',__FILE__,'main_section');      add_settings_field('display_sidebar','Display Sidebar:','display_sidebar_setting',__FILE__,'main_section');      add_settings_field('display_colorpicker','Display Colorpicker:','display_colorpicker_setting',__FILE__,'main_section');      }        //Install Iris colorpicker        add_action( 'admin_enqueue_scripts', 'mw_enqueue_color_picker' );        function mw_enqueue_color_picker( $hook_suffix ) {        // first check that $hook_suffix is appropriate for your admin page        wp_enqueue_style( 'wp-color-picker' );        wp_enqueue_script( 'my-script-handle', get_template_directory_uri() . '/js/my-script.js', array( 'wp-color-picker' ), false, true );        }           //Colorpicker          //Now how to add a default color on theme install?          function display_colorpicker_setting(){          $options = get_option('plugin_options');          echo"&lt;input type='text' id='color1' name='plugin_options[display_colorpicker]' value='{$options['display_colorpicker']}'/&gt;";          }            //Sidebar checkbox           //Now how to add a default state "checked" on theme install?           function display_sidebar_setting(){           $options = get_option('plugin_options');           echo "&lt;input type='checkbox' name='plugin_options[display_sidebar]' {$options['display_sidebar']} id='display_sidebar' /&gt;";           }              //Banner Heading             function banner_heading_setting(){             $options = get_option('plugin_options');             echo "&lt;input name='plugin_options[banner_heading]' type='text' value='{$options['banner_heading']}'/&gt;";             }               //Validate our settings here               function validate_setting($plugin_options){                  return $plugin_options;               }                 function section_cb(){                } ?&gt; Most common method for deciding when to stop training a neural net on a batch I have created my own neural net which is using batch gradient descent. In other words, it trains on batches of examples all at once.  My issue is trying to figure out when to stop the training of the batch. I'll try to make things as understandable as possible since there are so many options, but please comment if you need clarification.  Each batch allows me to compute a list of output errors that correspond to the error the computer has on each example. Each error is a vector with elements equal to the number of output neurons.  Let each error vector be notated by e1, e2, e3, ... so the list of output errors is [e1, e2, ...]. Let an error vector in general be notated by e.  Now there are 2 things we can do to a vector or a list:   Average: average all of the elements in a vector or list. This will be notated by the function a(). For example to find the average error of an example we would do a(e) Check: make sure that each element in the vector or list is below a certain value. If any of the elements are too high, we continue to train on the entire batch. (This function can also be applied to a single value.) This will be notated by the function c(). For example, if we wanted to make sure the average error in e was low enough, we would do c(a(e)) Sum: add up all of the elements in the vector or list. This will be notated by the function s(). For example, s(e) would be totaling the error found in error vector e.   Here are the methods I have determined for deciding when to stop gradient descent:   Iterative: just run the training a certain number of times Average of averages: Find the average error of each example, then find the average of those and make sure it's below a certain amount. This is given by the formula c(a([a(e1), a(e2), ...])) Specific error: Check to make sure the error in each output neuron is below a certain amount. This is given by the formula c(e1), c(e2), ... Specific averages: Check to make sure the average error in each example is below a certain amount. This is given by the formula c([a(e1), a(e2), ...]) Sum of sums: Total up all the error in the entire batch and then make sure it's low enough. This is given by the formula c(s([s(e1), s(e2), ...]) Sum of averages: Find the average error of each example, then add up all those and make sure it's below a certain amount. This is given by the formula c(s([a(e1), a(e2), ...])) Average of sums: Compute the average total error in each example, and then make sure it's below a certain amount. This is given by the formula c(a([s(e1), s(e2), ...])) Specific sums: Check to make sure the total of the error in each example is below a certain amount. This is given by the formula c([s(e1), s(e2), ...])   So my question is this:  Which one of these options is most commonly used when training neural nets? Why? (Is there another option that I've missed?)  (Edit: I have found a very general version of this question , where the answers seem to say there is no specifically good way. If that is still true, please say so in your answer. Note that this is not a duplicate, as I explain the specific methods I would like to use.)  Edit: as A.D pointed out, summing is pretty useless because it depends on how many values are in each list/array/batch. And if you know how many examples there are, you can just use averaging. So, the methods involving "summing" have been cut. Vim-latex adds extra brackets when typing empty brackets I just posted on a closed question   How?  Side point:  I do not see any indication that the post is closed on the app I've been reading around and trying to figure out how to do this, but for some reason I can't seem to override parent functions in my child theme.  I'm using TwentyTen as a parent - can anyone tell me why this function in my child theme isn't overriding the parent function please?  // Override read more link function osu_twentyten_continue_reading_link() {  return ' &lt;a href="'. get_permalink() . '"&gt;' . __( 'Read on &lt;span class="meta-nav"&gt;&amp;rarr;&lt;/span&gt;', 'twentyten-child' ) . '&lt;/a&gt;'; } function osu_twentyten_auto_excerpt_more( $more ) {  return ' &amp;hellip;' . osu_twentyten_continue_reading_link(); } remove_filter( 'excerpt_more', 'twentyten_auto_excerpt_more' ); add_filter( 'excerpt_more', 'osu_twentyten_auto_excerpt_more' );   I thought you had to remove the filter/action etc. before re-adding it right?  Thanks,  osu For example, if I have a lens that is 16mm-50mm, which focal length would be the closest to the human eye's view? (I don't have a camera yet, so I'm just curious.)   Would 50mm be more zoomed in than "normal"?  I imagine 16mm would be wider than the normal human point of view? Exporting symbols rather than points in .dxf I have a map I've made in QGIS which is points from a .csv file. These have then be turned into different symbols based on what they represent and then the sizes of said symbols based on values in the .csv.  I need to export this as a .dxf to use in AutoCAD so it basically looks the same as it does in QGIS. However, when I do so it just exports as single dots (points). Is there a way I can export them as the symbols as I can see in QGIS? My web application generates a lot of reports in formats like excel sheet, Csv(comma-separated values), fixed width columns, pdf format, html reports etc based on the parameters I select. There is a lot of data in the reports.  Are there any essential criteria for testing report generation that I may not have considered.  I know to test these things:   Data is correct Filters are used Output format is correct   What else is there? How can I query the  for tags I've created? I have file1.txt    this is the original text   line2   line3   line4   happy hacking !     and file2.txt    this is the original text   line2   line4   happy hacking !   GNU is not UNIX     if I do: diff file1.txt file2.txt I get:    3d2   &lt; line3   5a5   &gt; GNU is not UNIX     How is the output generally interpreted? I think that &lt; means removed but what do 3d2 or 5a5 mean?  If I do:    $ diff -u file1.txt file2.txt   --- file1.txt        2013-07-06 17:44:59.180000000 +0200   +++ file2.txt        2013-07-06 17:39:53.433000000 +0200   @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@    this is the original text    line2   -line3    line4    happy hacking !   +GNU is not UNIX     The results are clearer but what does @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ mean? Turn off text message (SMS) sync to Exchange email account I recently started using a Samsung Galaxy S4 and one of the features in a synchronization between text messages and email accounts.  When a text message comes in it throws a copy into my Exchange email accounts that are one the phone. I want to turn this feature off but cannot find a setting for it anywhere.  Any ideas? Is particle superposition reflected in the particle's gravitational footprint? This is a  about CNAMEs at the apices (or roots) of zones   It's relatively common knowledge that CNAME records at the apex of a domain are a taboo practice.  Example: example.com. IN CNAME ithurts.example.net.  In a best case scenario nameserver software might refuse to load the configuration, and in the worst case it might accept this configuration and invalidate the configuration for example.com.  Recently I had a webhosting company pass instructions to a business unit that we needed to CNAME the apex of our domain to a new record. Knowing that this would be a suicide config when fed to BIND, I advised them that we would not be able to comply and that this was bunk advice in general. The webhosting company took the stance that it is not outright forbidden by standard defining RFCs and that their software supports it. If we could not CNAME the apex, their advice was to have no apex record at all and they would not provide a redirecting webserver. ...What?  Most of us know that  insists that A CNAME record is not allowed to coexist with any other data., but let's be honest with ourselves here, that RFC is only Informational. The closest I know to verbiage that forbids the practice is from :     If a CNAME RR is present at a node, no other data should be   present; this ensures that the data for a canonical name and its aliases   cannot be different.   Unfortunately I've been in the industry long enough to know that "should not" is not the same as "must not", and that's enough rope for most software designers to hang themselves with. Knowing that anything short of a concise link to a slam dunk would be a waste of my time, I ended up letting the company get away with a scolding for recommending configurations that could break commonly used software without proper disclosure.  This brings us to the Q&amp;A. For once I'd like us to get really technical about the insanity of apex CNAMEs, and not skirt around the issue like we usually do when someone posts on the subject.  is off limits, as are any other Informational RFC applicable here that I didn't think of. Let's shut this baby down. Today my lecturer put up on the board that:  If $\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}$ exists and $a_n&gt;0$ then   $\displaystyle \limsup\limits_{n\to\infty}\left(a_n^{\frac{1}{n}}\right)=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}$  however I am not sure why this is true, can somebody give me a hint or something as to how to go about proving this.  thanks for any help How to remove the "Could not connect to the iTunes store" error message when your network does not allow access to the iTunes Store I have seen this question now many times and every question here and on other forum points to  experimental tutorial by . Now sadly a lot of answers are invalid right now because this central link is down. I couldn't find anything by Googling so if anybody has a fork of the tutorial or a second source that would be great? The link can't be gone for too long, I saw an answer with it 4 months ago.  The only other thing I have found is , but it also references the now missing tutorial. Any ideas how to find it? Recovering data off of a dead hard drive My hard drive died in my macbook and it no longer will start up. It will not mount in an external enclosure but disk utility is still reading that the hard drive is there, and I tried to repair disk and I am getting this error: (Disk Utility can’t repair this disk. Back up as many of your files as possible, reformat the disk, and restore your backed-up files.) So my question is how do I backup my files if the hard drive won't mount? The only way that I have been able to see the hard drive is through disk utility. I just want to be clear that I am using mac os x snow leapard. Find directories and files with permissions other than 775 / 664 I am looking for a clean and fast method to force GNOME in Ubuntu 14.04 to switch between active apps only on the current workspace when pressing the shortcut alt + tab.