I'm using debian 9 with gnome. When i use the root the volume control doesn' t work and doesn' t have the megaphone symbol (that is also missing in the gnome panel). I can move the bar but doesn` t affect the volume.    In Settings/Sound there aren' t any output/input devices. There aren't any system sounds like when you keep deleting in the terminal or when you using fn + the volume controls that aren' t working. Fn keys are working for the others functions but not for the audio. Except for the system sounds the audio is working and i can set the volume using alsa-mixer (that isn' t practical).  If i use a normal user everything is fine: the volume control (in the gnome panel) works and has the megaphone symbol, system sounds are working, fn keys for the audio are working and in Settings/Sound there are the output/input devices.  How can i have fix the audio for the root?  Don' t tell me that is dangerous and why i want log in as root. I really wish to do so. From the comments i can see that dirkt states:     Pulseaudio by default only works with a logged-in user, by design   Any idea to how fix pulseaudio?
I have Ubuntu 12.04 installed on my PC, recently I have edited /etc/passwd  and changed  user1:x:00:00:user1,,,:/home/user1:/bin/bash   to give root permission to user1 and the system always need to login as root, for running some custom software.  Now it seems the sound is not working, the volume icon is disabled. I understand that the pulseaudio demon can't be run as root that's why the audio is not working. How can I resolve it, like set the permission of pulseaudio to run as root.   When I type the command    /usr/bin/pulseaudio --start   Giving me the output  W: [pulseaudio] main.c: This program is not intended to be run as root (unless --system is specified). E: [autospawn] core-util.c: Home directory /home/user1 not ours. W: [autospawn] lock-autospawn.c: Cannot access autospawn lock. E: [pulseaudio] main.c: Failed to acquire autospawn lock   Edit   Solution for problem:  I have fixed the problem by disable root checking for pulseaudio equalizer  sed -i 's/exit 1/#exit1/g' /usr/bin/pulseaudio-equalizer
I have a very stupid question. I developed a website that has only one page at the public html directory(index.php).  all content are dynamically loaded as different pages.   How can i SEO my pages for google?  i mean like the what we type in this site are .............i believe stored in database and search engine find these pages like any static pages...  Just a little tip would be appreciable.......! For a distribution function $F(x)$ and constant $a$, integral of $F(x + a) - F(x)$ is $a$. For any distribution function and any $a \geq 0$, $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} (F(x+a)-F(x))dx = a$.   In this case, "distribution function" means a right continuous function F with $F(-\infty) = 0$, $F(\infty)= 1$.   This problem comes after a section in the book on mathematical expectation, so I suspect I should use some property of expectation to prove it. Expectation appears to be something that applies to random variables, so I think I should be somehow transforming the problem into something in terms of expectations of random variables, but I'm not sure how. I know that given a distribution function, I can get a probability measure, but I'm not sure how to go from there to a random variable and actually get a relation between the expectation of the random variable and this integral. I'm sure whether this is the right way to go about this problem, but if it is, I'm missing a connection somewhere. How to access the Keyboard Layout Options in 13.10+ How to access the grub boot menu in order to generate bootchart? I am running Ubuntu Gnome 15.04, and I want to generate a bootchart to help me diagnose some system problems. However in  it says:    So how do I access the grub boot menu in order to append this text? And just to be clear, how should the line look once I have appended the necessary text? Also, is grub already installed for I don't appear to have either or these packages: grub or grub2?    OS Information:  No LSB modules are available. Distributor ID: Ubuntu Description:    Ubuntu 15.04 Release:    15.04 Codename:   vivid What is the cardinality of the set of the empty set? Prove that the function : $f(x) = x$ when $x$ is rational and $f(x) = 1 - x$ when $x$ is irrational is continuous at $x = \frac{1}{2}$  To prove the continuity it is necessary to prove that for every $\epsilon$ there exists a $\delta$ such that $|f(x) - f(\frac{1}{2})| &lt; \epsilon$ whenever $|x -c| &lt; \delta$ $- (1)$ Now if we choose $a  € (\frac{1}{2} - \delta, \frac{1}{2} + \delta)$ and also $a $ is rational and choose $\epsilon &lt; |a - \frac{1}{2}|$ then condition in $(1)$ is not satisfied. How to move from here? What is the next perfect square of the form 14444... in decimal notation? We know that $12^2 = 144$ and that $38^2 = 1444$. Are there any other perfect squares in the form of $\frac{13}{9} (10^n - 1) + 1$ (i.e. $1$ followed by $n$ $4$'s), and how would we prove it? What determines color -- wavelength or frequency? What determines the color of light -- is it the wavelength of the light or the frequency?  (i.e. If you put light through a medium other than air, in order to keep its color the same, which one would you need to keep constant: the wavelength or the frequency?) I have 2 hard disks, on first I have installed win xp. I boot into xp and run setup of win7 and installed it on second hard disk. Now the problem is that win7 bootloader is installed on first harddisk, so if I remove the first harddisk, I cannot boot into win7.   How I can move / install bootloader of win7 on second hard disk? What is a good strategy to deal with lots of engineers turtling on the other team? Now that the Engineer update has come, there will be lots of Engineers building up everywhere.  How should this best be handled? How to end paragraph text in an inverted pyramid shape? In many old books, the final paragraphs of chapters end in an inverted pyramid shape, like this:    I think this is beautiful, so I would like to imitate this for my book. I've found the code for a triangle in this post   \documentclass{article} \usepackage{microtype,shapepar}  \def\triangleupshape{% {0}% {0}b{0}\\% {8.66}t{-5}{10}\\% {17.32}t{-10}{20}\\% {17.32}e{0}% }      \begin{document} \shapepar{\triangleupshape}A ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer    adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. \par \end{document}   Which results in this:    But I'd like it to be inverted and the first part of the paragraph need to be full line width. Only the last few lines should end in an inverted pyramid like in the example above.  Is there a way to do this? Thanks in advance for your help. Stack Exchange- Area 51 Android App I am trying to use Stack Exchange Andoid App to use my accounts in Stack Overflow &amp; Area 51.   For the Area 51, there is only Area 51 Discussion. Even Area 51 Discussion isn't working in the App!   VERSION 1.0.51  When adding this site, it's showing the correct full name as in this screen-shot:     However, when I pin this site to my fav sites in Stack Exchange, it is showing: Unknown Site. When clicking it, it shows black screen then just quit the App!  Here is the screen-shot:       Is the site not yet capable with Android? or is it a bug in the App itself?  PS: this question isn't duplicate:   In the previous versions of the App, the site was opening but with Unknown Site name. However, in this version, it quits the app when pressing the area site! It isn't opening at all! This question is also to track this bug in the App. As it's about the site name issue &amp; the content as well. Change the default size of square brackets in latex math mode Personally I think the default size of square brackets in latex math mode is too small. For example, for an interval [a,b], I would prefer \big[\big] as opposed to plain []. My question is, what can I do to change the default size of [], so that when I input [] in math mode, they will show up automatically the same size as \big[\big]?  Right now I'm defining a new command called \b{} which takes one argument and inserts it between \big[ and \big], but the code looks ugly. Apparently \newcommand (or \def or \let) does not allow [ to be refined.  Any help is much appreciated. Thanks. Is there a ZIP code I can enter when paying-at-the-pump in the USA with a foreign credit card? In the USA, many  fuel dispensers that accept credit cards require a  that corresponds to the billing address of the credit card.  In Canada, for instance, we have , so it's not obvious what you're supposed to type in since the gas dispensers have only numeric keypads.  Entering '00000' or '90210' seems to always result in failed authorization.  Is there a zip code that works for credit cards with foreign billing addresses? [Firmware Bug]: TSC_DEADLINE disabled due to Errata - what should I do about this? Why would a company care about the price of its own shares in the stock market? Running JAR file on Windows I have a JAR file named helloworld.jar. In order to run it, I'm executing the following command in a command-line window:  java -jar helloworld.jar   This works fine, but how do I execute it with double-click instead? Do I need to install any software? Limit of function of hyperbolic I am visiting a friend in Switzerland for ten days. I have already got visitor's visa for the same on my Indian passport. Particulars mentioned on my visa are:  1. 'Etats Schengen' , 2. Single entry 3. Dates of visit. &amp; 4. Type of visa : C.  I understand that having already got ‘Etats Schengen' visa, I can travel to all Schengen countries.  I am also planning to visit Paris for a day during my stay in Switzerland. However, I never mentioned this in my visa application. I am planning to take a train from Geneva to Paris and book a hotel in Paris for one night. Can I possibly plan my Paris trip this way as I have Schengen visa, or I am not allowed to travel out of Switzerland as I never mentioned this in my visa application?   Also what does Single entry on my Schengen visa means: does it mean that I can enter and leave Switzerland only once or it means that I can enter and leave the Schengen region only once. How can I match a quote-delimited string with a regex? If I'm trying to match a quote-delimited string with a regex, which of the following is "better" (where "better" means both more efficient and less likely to do something unexpected):  /"[^"]+"/ # match quote, then everything that's not a quote, then a quote   or  /".+?"/   # match quote, then *anything* (non-greedy), then a quote   Assume for this question that empty strings (i.e. "") are not an issue. It seems to me (no regex newbie, but certainly no expert) that these will be equivalent.   Update: Upon reflection, I think changing the + characters to * will handle empty strings correctly anyway.