I am building on  answer. Essentially I have an initialisation vector $iv$, a ciphetext $c$ and a plaintext $p$. The plaintext was encrypted using AES CBC. The aim is to modify the first 4 characters of the plaintext so that it becomes $p_{target}$.   Ex:   $p$ = 'SEND_DOGGOS_LOVE'  $c$ = 0x63fd039cc488dd7d937677b322a7763c  $iv$ = 0xa9e459b1a2e68cd7db06cf24b7e0bde8  $p_{target}$ = 'CATS_DOGGOS_LOVE'  My understanding was that to achieve that, I can change the $iv$ by simply xoring the first 4 chars of $iv$ with the result of $xor($'CATS','SEND'$)$. This however doesn't seem to work as I get a nonsensical plaintext. What am I missing?
To perform a bit flipping attack, the previous block is modified by using XOR. This results in an altered plaintext. However, now the ciphertext of the previous block is altered, hence it will result in an invalid format. Am I correct or am I missing something?   For example, suppose I have the following plaintext name=jcconvenant;photo=picture.jpg;admin=false;colour=red;  and the correspoding ciphertext c26a5697689463d662f540e55e2a1ecef9c5df20133dfe49d6d3c369679a95ff4f4c5a490f530b2a2f25db40da64f1e9302724ce61b9a435e23f4d600252a143  Suppose we perform a bit flipping attack and get the following ciphertext c26a5697689463d662f540e55e2a1ecef9c5df20133dfe49d6c1d07071c495ff4f4c5a490f530b2a2f25db40da64f1e9302724ce61b9a435e23f4d600252a143  Then the resulting plaintext will still look corrupted.   ¶ä╚°  h8ì│►Nƒz│Ioé¤ßkü2KÀQiý4I@pg;admin=true;;colour=red;  Is there a way to perform bit flipping while still obtaining a valid plaintext?
Titles of articles I'm about to cite contain upper case letters and when using BibTeX it converts them to lower case ones. This happens only in the title and only the first letter conserves its case. For example, when I cite an article about HF, the reader won't know if it is about Hafnium (Hf) or fluorine acid (HF).  I know that I can fix it manually in the .bbl file but I would like to avoid it, or fix it automatically. Excel automatic hyperlinks Allow an edit to notify downvoters: "I think I've fixed the issue now - please check" Why does TeX Live "require" yearly updates? Every year TeX Live provides a new version. My recollection is that soon after a new version is released, the old version's tlmgr stops fetching updates to packages. They provide  with the disclaimer     This procedure is not bullet-proof, or especially recommended   There is no upgrade path for Windows. Looking at the , it is not clear to me what is actually changing between releases such that a full new install is required/recommended. I always thought of TeX Live as providing useful binaries (e.g., pdflatex, biber, and makeindex) and a convenient way of updating  packages. What am I missing? Why does TeX Live need a new install every year? Running out of inodes How to move boot and root partitions to another drive Resize images in PHP without using third-party libraries? Subject/verb agreement when a title ends in a plural 1) "The book 'The Three Musketeers' is a wonderful example of..." Here we have a proper noun, a title that happens to end in a plural, and I have no sense that the verb should be plural. "Musketeers"/is seems proper/natural/correct, and 'are' not at all.   However, such certainty begins to wane in other examples: 2) "'The Heidi Chronicles' is a wonderful example of..." doesn't completely shake my confidence, but it moves the needle, at least a little bit. But, practically speaking, I wouldn't have a second thought about correcting a student who used 'are' instead of 'is'.  Here's the one that really bothers me: 3a) " 'The Basement Tapes' are a wonderful example of..." I don't think this sounds any less proper/natural/correct than 3b) " 'The Basement Tapes' is..." In fact, 3a seems less awkward than 3b.  Why? Possible Duplicate:          Please, look at the picture?    Which calculator shows true result and how to prove achieved result? I have written a C++ program and complied it to produce a.out file. However, whenever I try to run it, I get Permission Denied. I read that we can use sudo, but I can't quite get it to work. I use something like, sudo "./a.out" but that too doesn't work.  Edit:  Here is the message I get when I try "./a.out".  bash: ./a.out: Permission denied I am trying to create a stacked bar chart above a table, basically identical to the one below.    I have found similar posts such as:   However, my experience is very limited to simple tables and I am struggling to modify this to suit my needs.  Any ideas on how I can achieve such a graph?  Thanks! I'm looking for some insight into how Stack Overflow releases are deployed and managed.   What software/tooling is used? What time are releases generally performed? How many and what steps are involved?   I'm assuming it's not too stringent given the light team working on the codebase. But considering the high rate of change, I could see some kind of tooling and automation becoming increasingly relevant, so I'm curious to learn what kind of decisions are being made to deal with the changes in scale and feature set over time.  Is this information available somewhere? Prove the Radical of an Ideal is an Ideal I am given that $R$ is a commutative ring, $A$ is an ideal of $R$, and $N(A)=\{x\in R\,|\,x^n\in A$ for some $n\}$.  I am studying with a group for our comprehensive exam and this problem has us stuck for two reasons.  FIRST - We decided to assume $n\in\mathbb{Z}^+$ even though this restriction was not given. We decided $n\ne 0$ because then $x^0=1$ and we are not guaranteed unity. We also decided $n\notin\mathbb{Z}^-$ because $x^{-1}$ has no meaning if there are no multiplicative inverses. Is this a valid argument?  SECOND - We want to assume $x,\,y\in N(A)$ which means $x^m,\,y^n\in A$ and use the binomial theorem to expand $(x-y)^n$ which we have already proved is valid in a commutative ring and show that each term is in A so $x-y$ is in $N(A)$. The biggest problem is how to approach the $-y$ if we are not guaranteed unity. Does anyone have any suggestions?  Thank you in advance for any insight. How to make password-less login work I generated a key and copied it to my target:  ssh-keygen ssh-copy-id username@hostname   I left the the location of the key as default and did not set any passphrase.  For a small while after that, I was able to ssh username@hostname without being prompted for a password, and then it stopped working for some reason. I need to be able to merge two (very simple) JavaScript objects at runtime.  For example I'd like to:  var obj1 = { food: 'pizza', car: 'ford' } var obj2 = { animal: 'dog' }  obj1.merge(obj2);  //obj1 now has three properties: food, car, and animal   Does anyone have a script for this or know of a built in way to do this?  I do not need recursion, and I do not need to merge functions, just methods on flat objects. 24% tax on first pay in the UK? Quite a similar thread to others I've seen here - hope I'm not repeating the same questions again!   I just got my first payslip after arriving in the UK and noticed that the tax is far higher than the HMRC rate for my salary bracket.     I did some research but couldn't find any reason why I would be taxed at 24.23% of my gross this month AND then an additional amount for NI.    I have about £640 back pay from April that is only being paid now,but even so, it doesn't explain the rather large discrepancy between the HMRC rate and what I'm seeing here.   Any ideas? Why is the order of $\mathbb{Z}[i]/\langle 3+i\rangle$ equal to 10? The reasoning my book uses is as follows:   Since $(3+i)(3-i) = 10$, $10 + \langle 3+i\rangle = 0 + \langle 3+i\rangle $. Also, $i + \langle 3+i\rangle = -3 + \langle 3+i\rangle = 7 + \langle 3+i\rangle$. So, $\mathbb{Z}[i]/\langle 3+i\rangle = \{k + \langle 3+i\rangle \mid k = 0,1,\ldots ,9\}$, since $1 + \langle3+i\rangle$ has additive order $10$.   I do not understand why the additive order of $1 + \langle 3+i\rangle$ is $10$, or why the fact that $(3+i)(3-i) = 10$, shows the additive order or $1 + \langle 3+i\rangle$  is $10$. If someone could please explain this I would greatly appreciate it.   Note: I apologize for not using MathJax to write this post. I intend to learn it over the coming weekend. "Z-level" in TikZ Update to latest version of java after ppa is discontinued How do I set a background image while I am editing? How do I put a backdrop behind the model that I am creating so that I can compare the picture to the model while editing?