I have seen the terms self-aware and self-conscious being used interchangeably in discussions of what distinguishes a person from a conscious animal. Is there a difference of meaning between them? I had previously thought the term self-conscious was used only to only to denote a feeling of being acutely aware of oneself in social situations, so I have always preferred using the term self-aware, as Singer does, to indicate the ability to consider oneself as a conscious individual human, existing in time. But is there a separate, philosophical meaning to self-conscious that is different from self-aware?  EDIT - 2021 03 13 - I have accepted @Conifold's suggestion that the linked question provides an answer, but only to the extent that the answer is &quot;No, there is no widely accepted distinction between these terms and their meanings depend heavily on context&quot;.
Dictionary definitions  often seem to use the terms sentience, awareness, and consciousness as if they are synonymous with each other. Is this really the case? If not, how do they differ? Some books suggest that sentience and awareness are simply facets of the larger concept of consciousness.
How to upgrade from 18.10 to 19.10, using the command line? I'm trying to upgrade from 18.10 to 19.10, using sudo do-release-upgrade however I only get an error: An upgrade from 'cosmic' to 'eoan' is not supported with this tool. I performed the steps to update my sources.list to point to old-release server, as suggested here:  This did not help. I get the same error. Canonical Post #2: What is the perfect, and how should I use it? How can I remove a trailing newline? What is the Python equivalent of Perl's chomp function, which removes the last character of a string if it is a newline? Question on the correlation between two dependent variables I'm working on this question and it's stumping me.     Let $S_n = X_1 + \ldots + X_n$ (with $n&gt;=1$) be a random walk with $X_1, \ldots, X_n$ be iid RV's.   $$ E(X_k)=\mu,\,{\rm Var}(X_k)=\sigma^2.  $$   Find the covariance of $S_n$ and $S_m$   Can anyone help out? I am trying to use the equation: $${\rm Cov}[S_n, S_m] = E[S_nS_m] - E[S_n]E[S_m]$$  but can't quite figure it out. A geometric sequence has its first term equal to $12$ and its fourth term equal to $-96$.   How do I find the common ratio? And find the sum of the first $14$ terms Do I really need to replace my helmet every 2-3 years if it hasn't been in a crash? There are numerous (, , ) questions concerning this problem. I realize this is a borderline duplicate, but I'll re-iterate the futility of this particular filter and why it should be outright removed from Stack Overflow.  Do you know how effective this is in preventing users who just don't care from posting questions with bad titles? 100% ineffective. What do these users do?   Replace it with a synonym: "issue," "trouble," "predicament," "botheration" or what have you. Or worse, they simply work around the filter by deliberately misspelling the word or inserting space or punctuation:    () ?    and the coup de grâce:      I mean, even Jeff . This adds zero value to the title. In fact, it looks worse. Why, oh why are people  to scrap a bad feature? All this does is:   Prevent people who have a  to use the word "problem" in the title from posting questions with an appropriate title. Break the search feature because of workarounds or the need to use less descriptive titles than the error itself   This is an extraordinarily useless (and harmful) feature. Please, for the love of Cthulhu,  remove, eliminate, abolish, eradicate, extirpate this "feature" from Stack Overflow.    Bonus:     So I can't mention the Halting Problem in the title? – Keith Thompson Nov 1 at 19:05      @KeithThompson Maybe it's a "Halting Issue". Or "Need help with Halting". Or the "Halting thing in Computability Theory". – slhck Nov 1 at 19:14 Which X-Men movies should I watch before Deadpool? I want to watch Deadpool, but I have heard the character has appeared in X-Men series too. My question is, if I watch X-Men before Deadpool, will it enhance my interest in the Deadpool character? How to define a recurrence relation in Maple without the command proc? Problem:  $F = \frac{(G m_1 m_2)}{r^2}$  An object of unknown mass is placed directly between the Earth and the Moon such that the forces of gravity acting on the object are equal from both the Earth and the Moon. The distance from the Moon to the object is exactly one-tenth of the distance from the Moon to Earth. Using the above formula, determine the distance from the Moon to the Earth.  Given is:  The factor $G≈6.67∙10−11\mathbf{N(\frac{m^2}{kg^2})}$ is a universal constant.  Mass of Earth $≈5.972∙10^{24}\mathbf{kg}$   Mass of the Moon as $≈7.348∙10^{22}\mathbf{kg}$  Mass of unknown object = $m$  My solution:  $F = \frac{(6.67 *10^-11) m (7.348*10^{24})}{R^2}$  $F = \frac{(6.67 *10^-11) (5.92* 10^22) m}{10R^2}$  As gravitational force acting on the object is equal   $\frac{(5.92\cdot 10^22)}{100r^2} = \frac{(7.348*10^{24})}{r^2}$  $R = 1.24 \cdot 10^4 KM$  Is this a viable solution to the problem? Please provide feedback. Thank you! How to set a domain to ip address? You can reach this IP address  (if my computer is online). I want to assign a domain to it so I wonder how is that possible when I have no DNS? I do own my domain which is ".com". My IP is static.  Thanks I had applied for a PLAB (Doctors) Visa for the UK to appear in PLAB test. I got refused on the basis of two recent large deposits in the bank statement I provided (my mothers). In reality, these are my own savings which I had deposited in her account to make it more strong. The only objection I got was that I must provide evidence for the source of these deposits. Other than this, I have previously travelled to the UK and USA as well as other parts of the world and my travel history is fine. Can someone please advise on how to proceed and re-apply? Check if a class is derived from a generic class I have a generic class in my project with derived classes.  public class GenericClass&lt;T&gt; : GenericInterface&lt;T&gt; { }  public class Test : GenericClass&lt;SomeType&gt; { }   Is there any way to find out if a Type object is derived from GenericClass?  t.IsSubclassOf(typeof(GenericClass&lt;&gt;))   does not work. What is the definition of a symmetric distribution? Why the default eth0 interface is down by default on CentOS? Trying to attach a file from SD Card to email I am trying to launch an Intent to send an email. All of that works, but when I try to actually send the email a couple 'weird' things happen.  here is code   Intent sendIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND); sendIntent.setType("image/jpeg"); sendIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "Photo"); sendIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM, Uri.parse("file://sdcard/dcim/Camera/filename.jpg")); sendIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "Enjoy the photo"); startActivity(Intent.createChooser(sendIntent, "Email:"));   So if I launch using the Gmail menu context It shows the attachment, lets me type who the email is to, and edit the body &amp; subject. No big deal. I hit send, and it sends. The only thing is the attachment does NOT get sent.  So. I figured, why not try it w/ the Email menu context (for my backup email account on my phone). It shows the attachment, but no text at all in the body or subject. When I send it, the attachment sends correctly. That would lead me to believe something is quite wrong. Do I need a new permission in the Manifest launch an intent to send email w/ attachment? What am I doing wrong? I am trying to run the following model:         I(week^2):mutation_status +         (week + I(week^2) | subject_id) ,          data = sim_dat)  This is the output I get from this model. The correlation between week and I(week)^2 is rather high (-0.95) and I was curious to know how I can change my data simulation code to lower that value. I am also having issues with convergence and would love to get thoughts on how to avoid issues regarding convergence. Thank you! Linear mixed model fit by REML. t-tests use Satterthwaite's method [lmerModLmerTest]  Formula: fetal_weight ~ week + mutation_status + week:mutation_status + I(week^2) +  I(week^2):mutation_status + (week + I(week^2) | subject_id) Data: sim_dat  REML criterion at convergence: 114  Scaled residuals:      Min      1Q  Median      3Q     Max  -1.9343 -0.3980 -0.0075  0.4168  1.9928   Random effects:  Groups     Name        Variance  Std.Dev. Corr         subject_id (Intercept)   1.51524  1.2309                          week         61.01832  7.8114   0.16                   I(week^2)   496.20236 22.2756  -0.19 -0.95  Residual                 0.05892  0.2427              Number of obs: 100, groups:  subject_id, 20  Fixed effects:                            Estimate Std. Error       df t value       Pr(&gt;|t|)     (Intercept)                  3.1331     0.4226  17.9961   7.413 0.000000713699 *** week                        -1.2465     3.5210  18.0053  -0.354          0.727     mutation_statusY             0.5061     0.5977  17.9961   0.847          0.408     I(week^2)                   34.5706    10.8146  18.0084   3.197          0.005 **  week:mutation_statusY       -1.0697     4.9795  18.0053  -0.215          0.832     mutation_statusY:I(week^2) 202.5521    15.2942  18.0084  13.244 0.000000000101 *** --- Signif. codes:  0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1  Correlation of Fixed Effects:             (Intr) week   mttn_Y I(w^2) wk:m_Y week        -0.160                             muttn_sttsY -0.707  0.113                      I(week^2)    0.145 -0.966 -0.103               wk:mttn_stY  0.113 -0.707 -0.160  0.683        mtt_Y:I(^2) -0.103  0.683  0.145 -0.707 -0.966  Code for data simulation: set.seed(123)  # set the seed J &lt;- 20  # number of individuals (clusters) cs &lt;- 5  # number of time points (cluster size) gam &lt;- c(0, 0.75, 1.34)  # fixed effects G &lt;- matrix(c(1.75, 0, 0,               0, 0.0125, 0,               0,0,0.0625),              nrow = 3)  # random effect variances (G-matrix) sigma2 &lt;- 0.08  mutation_status &lt;- rep(0:1, each = 5) mutation_status &lt;- rep(mutation_status, times = 10)  X &lt;- cbind(1, seq_len(cs),             (seq_len(cs))^2)  # for each individual X &lt;- X[rep(seq_len(cs), J), ]  X &lt;- X[rep(seq_len(cs), J), ]  X[,2] &lt;- X[,2]*0.05 X[,3] &lt;- X[,3]*0.05  # repeat each row cs times pid &lt;- seq_len(J)  # individual id pid &lt;- rep(pid, each = cs)   # Generate person-level (lv-2) random effects uj &lt;- lmf::rmnorm(J, mean = rep(0, 2), varcov = G)  # Generate repeated-measure-level (lv-1) error term eij &lt;- rnorm(J * cs, sd = sqrt(sigma2))  # Compute beta_j's betaj &lt;- matrix(gam, nrow = J, ncol = 3, byrow = TRUE) + uj  # Compute outcome: y &lt;- rowSums(X * betaj[pid, ]) + eij + mutation_status*X[ , 3]*10 + 3  # Form a data frame sim_dat &lt;- tibble(y, time = X[ , 2], pid, mutation_status) sim_dat &lt;- sim_dat[,c(3,2,4,1)] colnames(sim_dat) &lt;- c(&quot;subject_id&quot;, &quot;week&quot;, &quot;mutation_status&quot;, &quot;fetal_weight&quot;) sim_dat$week_2 &lt;-sim_dat$week*5 + 15  sim_dat$mutation_status &lt;- as.factor(ifelse(sim_dat$mutation_status == 0, &quot;N&quot;, &quot;Y&quot;)) sim_dat$subject_id &lt;- as.factor(sim_dat$subject_id ) #Model Building If $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$ are the roots for $1+x+x^2+\ldots+x^n=0$, find the value of $\frac{1}{x_1-1}+\frac{1}{x_2-1}+\ldots+\frac{1}{x_n-1}$ Let $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$ be the roots for $1+x+x^2+\ldots+x^n=0$. Find the value of   $$P(1)=\frac{1}{x_1-1}+\frac{1}{x_2-1}+\ldots+\frac{1}{x_n-1}$$   Source: IME entrance exam (Military Institute of Engineering, Brazil), date not provided (possibly from the 1950s)  My attempt: Developing expression $P(1)$, replacing the 1 by $x$, follows $$P(x)=\frac{(x_2-x)\cdots (x_n-x)+\ldots+(x_1-x)\cdots (x_{n-1}-x)}{(x_1-x)(x_2-x)\cdots (x_n-x)}$$    As $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$ are the roots, it must be true that   $$Q(x)=(x-x_1)\cdots(x-x_n)=1+x+x^2+\ldots+x^n$$ and  $$Q(1)=(1-x_1)\cdots(1-x_n)=n+1$$ Therefore the denominator of $P(1)$ is  $$(-1)^{n} (n+1).$$ But I could not find a way to simplify the numerator.  Another fact that is probably useful is that  $$1+x^{n+1}=(1-x)(x^n+x^{n-1}+\ldots+x+1)$$ with roots that are 1 in addition of the given roots $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$ for the original equation, that is  $$x_k=\text{cis}(\frac{2k\pi}{n+1}),\ \ k=1,\ldots,n.$$  This is as far as I could go...    Hints and full answers are welcomed. Why does an object with a glossy shader render in black? Does inverting the "if" improve performance?