Chrome has a feature where if you double click the refresh button, you can empty cache and hard reload. How does chrome empty the cache? I'm well aware that, on a Mac, if you it command+shift+delete, you can clear cookies and cache. However, I don't want to go this route, and I only want to clear the cache. The reason why I want to know how it's being done is because I'd like to attach a keyboard shortcut to it.
I don't know what exactly it's called, by cache refresh I mean, refresh the page after clearing its cache. I don't want to clear the entire browser cache.  I can't seem to cache refresh my pages. In Firefox, I know it to be Shift+Refresh.  In Chrome, I've tried Ctrl+R, Ctrl+Refresh, Alt+Refresh, Shift+Refresh but none of them work.
How do you determine what technology a website is built on? Quite often I come across a nice looking or functional website, and wonder what technology was used to create it. What techniques are available to figure out what a particular website was built with?  Few frameworks seem to include any kind of generator meta tag like web editors do. Are there any tell-tale signs of particular languages and/or frameworks?    Summary of answers  Site URLs may betray the framework and/or programming language but cannot be relied upon (e.g. file extensions such as .asp). HTTP response headers, cookies, stylesheets and source comments may also give clues.  Some nice tools for querying site details (no doubt there are many more):          Firefox addons:    - CMS, frameworks/libraries, e-commerce, message boards etc.  - IP, country and webserver details  - Javascript libraries in use   Chrome Extensions:        Bookmarklets:    - shows Javascript framework in use How to get a vintage/dreamy look like this photo?   It has some yellow color cast and seems like extra blur added in post process? What are the differences between a multidimensional array and an array of arrays in C#? What are the differences between multidimensional arrays double[,] and array-of-arrays double[][] in C#?  If there is a difference, what is the best use for each one? Do 'learn by heart' & 'learn by rote' mean the same? Here in India, both the phrases learning by heart and learning by rote are taken to have the same meaning, i.e., blind memorisation without true understanding.    However, some sources say that to learn something by heart implies that one knows something so well that it has been thoroughly internalised and imbibed.    So is it wrong to conflate the two? MacBook Pro crashes randomly after dropping it on the floor A few days ago my MacBook Pro slipped out of my hands and fell onto the tile floor. The outside got banged up quite a bit and the Touch Bar no longer lights up but still responds to touches sometimes but not all the time.   Anyway, since then it will randomly restart every once in a while with a kernel panic. I have the log posted below and wanted to know if anyone could tell me what is causing the panic? Atiyah-Macdonald, Exercise 8.3: Artinian iff finite k-algebra. Atiyah Macdonald, Exercise 8.3. Let $k$ be a field and $A$ a finitely generated $k$-algebra. Prove that the following are equivalent:   (1) $A$ is Artinian.   (2) $A$ is a finite $k$-algebra.   I have a question in the proof of (1$\Rightarrow$2): By using the structure theorem, we may assume that $(A,m)$ is an Artin local ring. Then $A/m$ is a finite algebraic extension of $k$ by . Since $A$ is Artinian, $m$ is the nilradical of $A$ and thus $m^n=0$ for some $n$. Thus we have a chain $A \supseteq m \supseteq m^2 \supseteq \cdots \supseteq m^n=0$. Since $A$ is Noetherian, $m$ is finitely generated and hence each $m^i/m^{i+1}$ is a finite dimensional $A/m$-vector space, hence a finite dimensional $k$-vector space.  But now how can I deduce that $A$ is a finite dimensional $k$-vector space? How can I determine if a used game is pirated? Can't execute .out files, getting permission denied I have written a C++ program and complied it to produce a.out file. However, whenever I try to run it, I get Permission Denied. I read that we can use sudo, but I can't quite get it to work. I use something like, sudo "./a.out" but that too doesn't work.  Edit:  Here is the message I get when I try "./a.out".  bash: ./a.out: Permission denied I want to add additional items to the data returned as . So for every function/query that returns a WP_Post object I want my additional data added.  Example of returned result:  WP_Post (object) =&gt; [     // Default data returned by WP_Post     ID                  =&gt; int,     post_author         =&gt; string,     post_name           =&gt; string,     post_type           =&gt; string,     post_title          =&gt; string,     post_date           =&gt; string,     post_date_gmt       =&gt; string,     post_content        =&gt; string,     post_excerpt        =&gt; string,     post_status         =&gt; string,     comment_status      =&gt; string,     ping_status         =&gt; string,     post_password       =&gt; string,     post_parent         =&gt; int,     post_modified       =&gt; string,     post_modified_gmt   =&gt; string,     comment_count       =&gt; string,     menu_order          =&gt; string,      // Additional data I want to add     extra_data_1        =&gt; array,     more_data_key       =&gt; string,     another_added       =&gt; string ]   For example when the functions  or  are run they will return the WP_Post object along with my additional data.  I've tried finding the appropriate  but this has been unsuccessful.  I am hoping I can do something like:  // This is concept code add_action('pre_wp_post_return', function($data) {     $data-&gt;extra_data_1     = get_post_meta($data-&gt;ID, 'extra_data');     $data-&gt;more_data_key    = get_post_meta($data-&gt;ID, 'more_data', true);     $data-&gt;another_added    = get_post_meta($data-&gt;ID, 'another_data', true);      return $data; });   My reasoning is I am having to build a custom API for WP that uses a range of different core functions which return WP_Post objects. Being able to add my additional data in one place would prevent me from duplicating code.  I hope this is clear enough. Any help would be great! I'm having trouble understanding Cantor's diagonal argument.  Specifically, I do not understand how it proves that something is "uncountable".  My understanding of the argument is that it takes the following form (modified slightly from the  article, assuming base 2, where the numbers must be from the set $ \lbrace 0,1 \rbrace $):  \begin{align} s_1 &amp;= (\mathbf{0},1,0,\dots)\\ s_2 &amp;= (1,\mathbf{1},0,\dots)\\ s_3 &amp;= (0,0,\mathbf{1},\dots)\\ \vdots &amp;= (s_n \text{ continues}) \end{align}  In this case, the diagonal number is the bold diagonal numbers $(0, 1, 1)$, which when "flipped" is $(1,0,0)$, neither of which is $s_1$, $s_2$, or $s_3$.  My question, or misunderstanding, is: When there exists the possibility that more $s_n$ exist, as is the case in the example above, how does this "prove" anything?  For example:  \begin{align} s_0 &amp;= (1,0,0,\mathbf{0},\dots)\ \ \textrm{ (...the wikipedia flipped diagonal)}\\ s_1 &amp;= (\mathbf{0},1,0,\dots)\\ s_2 &amp;= (1,\mathbf{1},0,\dots)\\ s_3 &amp;= (0,0,\mathbf{1},\dots)\\ s_4 &amp;= (0,1,1,\mathbf{1},\dots)\\ s_4 &amp;= (1,0,0,\mathbf{1},\dots)\ \ \textrm{ (...alternate, flipped } s_4\textrm{)}\\ s_5 &amp;= (1,0,0,0,\dots)\\ s_6 &amp;= (1,0,0,1,\dots)\\ \vdots &amp;= (s_n \text{ continues}) \end{align}  In other words, as long as there is a $\dots \text{ continues}$ at the end, the very next number could be the "impossible diagonal number", with the caveat that it's not strictly identical to the "impossible diagonal number" as the wikipedia article defines it:     For each $m$ and $n$ let $s_{n,m}$ be the $m^{th}$ element of the $n^{th}$ sequence on the list; so for each $n$,      $$s_n = (s_{n,1}, s_{n,2}, s_{n,3}, s_{n,4}, \dots).$$      ...snip...      Otherwise, it would be possible by the above process to construct a sequence $s_0$ which would both be in $T$ (because it is a sequence of 0s and 1s which is by the definition of $T$ in $T$) and at the same time not in $T$ (because we can deliberately construct it not to be in the list). $T$, containing all such sequences, must contain $s_0$, which is just such a sequence. But since $s_0$ does not appear anywhere on the list, $T$ cannot contain $s_0$.      Therefore $T$ cannot be placed in one-to-one correspondence with the natural numbers. In other words, it is uncountable.   I'm not sure this definition is correct, because if we assume that $m = (1, \dots)$, then this definition says that "$s_n$ is equal to itself"&mdadsh;there is no "diagonalization" in this particular description of the argument, nor does it incorporate the "flipping" part of the argument, never mind the fact that we have very clearly constructed just such an impossible $T$ list above.  An attempt to correct the "diagonalization" and "flipping" problem:  $$s_n = (\lnot s_{m,m}, \lnot s_{m,m}, \dots) \quad \text{where $m$ is the element index and} \quad\begin{equation}\lnot s_{m,m} = \begin{cases}0 &amp; \mathrm{if\ } s_{m,m} = 1\\1 &amp; \mathrm{if\ } s_{m,m} = 0\end{cases}\end{equation}$$  This definition doesn't quite work either, as we immediately run in to problems with just $s_1 = (0),$ which is impossible because by definition $s_1$ must be $ = (1)$ if $s_1 = (0)$, which would also be impossible because...   Or more generally, with the revised definition there is a contradiction whenever $n = m$, which would seem to invalidate the revised formulation of the argument / proof.  Nothing about this argument / proof makes any sense to me, nor why it only applies to real numbers and makes them "uncountable". As near as I can tell it would seem to apply equal well to natural numbers, which are "countable".  What am I missing? I am looking for a way to get the output of a command when it is run from within a C++ program.  I have looked at using the system() function, but that will just execute a command. Here's an example of what I'm looking for:  std::string result = system("./some_command");   I need to run an arbitrary command and get its output. I've looked at , but I have not found anything that will give me what I need. How can I create a coffee cream effect with Photoshop? Today I would like to create a coffee cup with the cream floral on it as a text by using Photoshop. It looks like you order a cup of hot cappuccino and the bartender will draw a flower with cream on the surface of coffee but now I want to make it like a text to present a tittle.     I just need to do the cream text effect, no need to draw the whole cup of coffee since i can't use some images. So anyone can tell me how to do this cream effect on Photoshop.  Thanks in advance for any feedback! I am recording videos on iPhone and uploading them to my Linux server. Users can see these videos on website. If users are seeing videos on mac or iDevices the video is looking fine but when users are seeing that video on windows systems these videos are getting rotated.   I am assuming this is because of some apple's flag in the recorded video which Windows systems are not able to read. Can I record videos in some way so they don't get rotated on Windows systems? Or is there any way I can re-encode videos with proper interface orientation using FFmpeg?  I am open to both FFmpeg or iOS way. Why the name 'Rogue One'? So far, is there any suggestion, or speculation as to the reason for the name 'Rogue One' for the next Star Wars film?   To me, the name seems very close to the Rogue Squadron, most known from Hoth (their leader Luke Skywalker), especially the number following Rogue like a callsign.   However as far as I know, they were formed after the first Death Star destruction. So why Rogue One? I am trying to split a selected polygon ("regions") with a selected line from another layer ("streets") in QGIS 3.8.3. In the example below, I want to split the selected polygon coloured in yellow with the street pointed at by the blue arrow.    After reading the post , I realized I can't find it either. I installed the plugin, but the tool seems to be missing from my toolbar: ... or should I offer them a separate formular/window where the user can fill the data to the related person?  Its about entering marks/grades of pupils for a certain subject. So sliding to the wrong line could be bad or good for the one or other pupil...  A separate Window could help, but the productivity is smaller.  What do you think? How do I upgrade to a newer version of Ubuntu? What are the different ways I can use to upgrade Ubuntu from one release to another? Why is a black hole black? Why directory with large amounts of entries does not shrink in size after entries are removed? How do I escape a backtick ` within a code block?  This is probably a duplicate, since I'm sure it's a common concern, but I can't find a question that addresses this specifically.  How do I write List'1 with the "1" character still in the code-text format?