I want to take regular backups of my web development project files but would like to ignore not so important files like images, vendor files, etc. There is a way to exclude folders but how to exclude by file type?
My Déjà Dup backups have become quiet large and I noticed they contain a huge number of unnecessary files (e.g. *.pyc files, **__pycache__ folders and other build related temporary stuff).   I know that I can ignore specific folders, but is there a way to exclude files and or folders by patterns?  I thought there might be more options usable trough a configuration file, but Déjà Dup doesn't use one. So I looked at duplicity (the CLI it is based on), but the man page doesn't mention a configuration file either. I know that duplicity can ignore files and folders based on patterns (--exclude, --exclude-filelist), but I have no idea how to combine this with Déjà Dup.  Do I have to ditch Déjà Dup and use duplicity manually? Or is there a way to set the needed options, so that they are used automatically, when duplicity is used by Déjà Dup?
I met this equation frequently in Guass-Newton optimizations. But I dont understand why the left and right side of the equation can be equal.  Lets say the Jacobian is $2$ by $2$   and Hessian is $$\begin{bmatrix}\frac{\partial^2f_1}{\partial^2 x_1 } &amp; \frac{\partial^2f_1}{\partial^2 x_2  } \\ \frac{\partial^2f_2}{\partial^2 x_1 } &amp; \frac{\partial^2f_2}{\partial^2 x_2  }\end{bmatrix}$$   But the right hand side of the equation is  $$J^TJ =\begin{bmatrix} \left( \frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x_1} \right)^2 + \left( \frac{\partial f_2}{\partial x_1} \right)^2  &amp;  \frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x_1}\frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x_2} +\frac{\partial f_2}{\partial x_1}\frac{\partial f_2}{\partial x_1}\\ \frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x_1}\frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x_2} +\frac{\partial f_2}{\partial x_1}\frac{\partial f_2}{\partial x_1} &amp;\left( \frac{\partial f_1}{\partial x_2} \right)^2 + \left( \frac{\partial f_2}{\partial x_2} \right)^2\end{bmatrix} $$  Why can these two be equal as presented in papers? I'm trying to educate myself on Granger Causality. I've read the posts on this site and several good articles online.  I also came across a very helpful tool, the , that allows you to enter your time series and calculate the Granger Stats.  Below, is the output from the sample data included on the site. I have also taken a crack at interpreting the results.   My Questions:     Is my interpretation directionally correct?   What key insights have I overlooked?   Also what is the meaning and interpretation of the CCF charts?  (I'm assuming CCF is cross correlation.)     Here are the results and plots that I have interpreted:  Summary of computational transaction Raw Input   view raw input (R code) Raw Output  view raw output of R engine Computing time  2 seconds R Server    'Herman Ole Andreas Wold' @ wold.wessa.net  Granger Causality Test: Y = f(X) Model   Res.DF  Diff. DF    F   p-value Complete model  356          Reduced model   357 -1  17.9144959720894    2.94360540545316e-05  Granger Causality Test: X = f(Y) Model   Res.DF  Diff. DF    F   p-value Complete model  356          Reduced model   357 -1  0.0929541667364279  0.760632773377753       My interpretation:    Test was based upon 357 data points and was performed with a lag value of 1 The p-value of 0.0000294 means I can reject the null hypothesis that x does not cause y for the Y = f(x). The p-value of .76 allows me to accept the null for X = f(Y) The fact that first hypothesis was rejected and second accepted is a good thing  I'm a little rusty on my F-test so I don't really have anything to say on this for now. I'm also not sure how to interpret the CCF graph.   I really appreciate it if any of you who are well versed with Granger-causality could let me know if I'm interpeting this correctly and also fill in some of the blanks.   Thanks for your help. Can I dump my non-Retina Images for a iOS7 only app? Why don't applications update by calculating difference? Looking for a short story about an artist and a forger Back in the late 1970s to early 1980s, I read a short story about an artist and a forger.  Between the two of them, they managed to start a revolution that brought down a corrupt dictatorship.  It was science fiction:   The dictatorship was interplanetary, maybe interstellar.   The artist used some kind of advanced technology to make his art works.   Plot:  The artist is one of the best (if not the best) at what he does.  The dictator wants the artist to make what amounts to a family portrait in whatever medium it is he works in.  Think of it like painting - you create the image manually (not a photograph) but it is much more than just a flat image.    The artist doesn't like the dictator - maybe on general principles, maybe because he knows the dictator personally - and refuses to make the "portrait."  The dictator has the artist arrested, and will only let the artist free again if he makes the portrait.  The artists makes the portrait.  He does the work while in the prison or jail.  That's where the forger comes into things. The forger is also in jail for something or other.  The forger makes copies of art works.  He of course recognizes the artist, and knows what the artist works with.  The forger can somehow see what the artist is working on.  The artist finishes the portrait.  At first the dictator is thrilled.  It looks exactly the way he wanted it.  As time goes by, though, the people looking at the picture see that it represents the vileness and corruption of the dictator.  The more you look at it, the more of the evilness of the dictator you see in it.  That is the genius of the artist, and whatever medium he is using.  Once you notice the hidden levels of the portrait, you can't unsee them and you see more and more of it as you look.  I think the effect carries over into reality as well.  Once you've seen the dictator's corruption in the portrait you also begin to see it in the dictator and his works as well.  This of course seriously pisses off the dictator, who has the artist killed and the portrait destroyed.  While in prison, the forger watched as the artist created his masterpiece, and recognized it for the subversive thing it is.  He also recognized it as the ultimate rebellion from the artist - the artist knows what will be seen, and that he will be killed for it.  All of that inspires the forger to do something more meaningful with his life than make forgeries for the money.  The forger is released from prison.  He saw the completed portrait, and knows how it was made.  He begins making forgeries of the portrait - like, hundreds if not thousands of them.  These are distrubuted throughout the nation/empire.  The people realize what evil is controlling them once they see it in the copies of the portrait, and eventually a revolution rises and brings down the dictatorship.  It was probably older than the 1970s.  I expect earlier than 1960.  Any ideas? Degree of minimum polynomial at most $n$ without Cayley-Hamilton? How to find out if my system is i386 or x86_64 before installing Ubuntu? I am using Windows as of now and want to install Ubuntu. I want to find out if my system is i386 or x86_64? How do I do that? Given that$(3x-1)^7=a_7x^7+a_6x^6+a_5x^5+...+a_1x+a_0$, find $a_7+a_6+a_5+a_4+...+a_1+a_0$ Given that$$(3x-1)^7=a_7x^7+a_6x^6+a_5x^5+...+a_1x+a_0$$find $$a_7+a_6+a_5+a_4+...+a_1+a_0$$  Is there anyway to do the question without using binomial theorem and expanding the expression on the LHS?? Writing string at the same position using Console.Write in C# 2.0 I have a console application project in C# 2.0 that needs to write something to the screen in a while loop. I do not want the screen to scroll because using Console.Write or Console.Writeline method will keep displaying text on console screen incremently and thus it starts scrolling.  I want to have the string written at the same position. How can i do this?  Thanks I am on a MacBook Pro 13 running latest Sierra. I have an external Seagate solid state hard drive that was working and out of the blue stopped working. The only thing on it was my Adobe Lightroom images/videos. Not the LR DB files. I'm sure you have all heard this woe before, so I won't dwell on that. And yes, I back up to the cloud. AWS S3 specifically. Though I am traveling South East Asia for the last year, and staying in cheap hostels. So good internet is hard to come by sometimes. I can't back it up after every export. While most of it is backed up, there is some that is not.  Moving on. The symptoms seems to change every time I plug it in. The first sign was it ejected on it's own. I plugged it in again, and it wouldn't mount. Disk Utility recognized it, so did the command line diskutil list but it wouldn't mount. I rebooted and it worked for a second. Then I could only get to it from the command line. Then trying to frantically back up to my local what was not backed up to the cloud, it all failed. Basically just a cp -R [directory] [local-directory] command.  After some more frantic unplugging and re-plugging plus some command line manual mounts, I finally got it to where the Disk Utility would be able to run first aid on it. It failed. I don't recall the error. So I put it in a freezer. After a few hours I tried again. It is not any better. It still will not mount. Now Disk Utility sees it, but with no partition. I can't even give me information about how much space is used on it.  I have also tried it from a Windows machine. It did not mount. I have tried other cables. No success. As well as tried my other USB port. I also have another working external hard drive exactly like the one giving me issues. It works on all cables and USB ports.  I do have Docker running with a Ubuntu container, I'm trying to think of a way to see if I can try to get to the USB from there. I also have a USB that I have thought about running a live Ubuntu on there to see if I can mount and retrieve the data or fix the HDD that way. But if it will not mount, I doubt these will work.  Can anyone else think of any other tricks I can try myself to see if I can repair this or at least retrieve the data without paying for a service or software? If not, those suggestions are also welcome.  Update   I made the mistake in original post that it was a Solid State Drive. This is my mistake, it is actually a spinning disk hard drive. I bought them long ago and have been traveling with them for so long I just forgot. Question is updated to reflect this. Now diskutil list does not show it at all. The Disk Utility app also does not see it. Based on suggestion from @Allen I seeked out the USB to SATA cable. I did not quite find it, as my options are extremely limited where I am at. Though a local expat on a facebook group was able to help me with a empty 2.5 casing that I was able to extract the drive from original casing and put it in his blank case. It now mounts. Though it has the "click of death" sound to it. And data is not really reachable. While I can ls the directories and Adobe Lightroom does not have the exclamation mark when it can not reach the actual external files. Right clicking on the images and clicking on "Show in Finder" or any other variation of trying to get to the files through Finder or terminal, I have no success. It usually hangs and I get the spinning wheel. Since Adobe Lightroom imports these images into directories named by date, I am going to send the drive off to a data recovery service and ask to recover just unbacked up directories i.e. dates. Next time I will make harder efforts to backup and probably get an actual SSD.   I think this can be closed, due to my low reputation points I can not close this myself. I have my bachelors degree in engineering science: computer science, option electrotechnic. I have a good understanding of basic mechanics and dynamics, calculus (differential equations).  The books I'm now having a look at are:       What book do you recommend for studying fluid dynamics on my own and why? AIC versus Likelihood Ratio Test in Model Variable Selection The software that I am currently using to build a model compares a "current run" model to a "reference model" and reports (where applicable) both a chi-squared p-value based on likelihood ratio tests and AIC values for each model.  I know that one advantage of AIC over likelihood ratio tests is that AIC can be compared on non-nested models.  However, I am not aware of any reason why AIC couldn't or shouldn't be compared on nested models.  In my model, when comparing nested models for variable selection, I'm finding several cases where the likelihood ratio test and the AIC comparison are suggesting opposite conclusions.  Since both are based on likelihood calculations, I'm struggling to interpret these results.  However the documentation of my software says (without explaining),   "If two models are nested (i.e. one is a sub-set of the other) then the more usual chi-squared test is the most appropriate to use. If the models are not nested, the AIC can be used..."  Can anyone elaborate on this and/or explain why AIC is not as helpful as likelihood ratio tests on nested models? Booking a flight without passport info I have been looking to book a bundle (hotel and flight) with Expedia to Puerto Vallarta MX. When I get to the booking section it does not ask for my passport number. Do they ask for my passport after I book? Or later when the date gets near? My passport is currently being renewed and I want to book my hotel and flight before they sell out but I am afraid it'll ask me for my passport number. Can anyone inform me about this situation? scp copy over ssh doesn't work - permission denied error, please? Can ribosomes read ssDNA? My question is whether translation can be done, either naturally or artificially, through a ribosome reading (single-stranded) DNA directly. If not, I would like to know what allows ssRNA to be translated but not ssDNA. Let $p,q,r$ be integers such that the symmetric sum of fractions $\dfrac{pq}{r}+\dfrac{qr}{p}+\dfrac{pr}{q}$ is an integer. Prove that each of the numbers: $\dfrac{pq}{r},\dfrac{qr}{p},\dfrac{pr}{q}$ is an integer. How to do this? Someone posted but deleted soon. I have windows 10 home and from time to time I see a command line window popping up for less than a second. I want to find out which process is causing that. It's not very often that this window pops up so I need some tool that can run for a long time.  Does anyone have a good idea?  Regards Tobias Mouse cursor doesn't change to pointer when hovering "full site" on mobile When (accidentally) clicking "mobile" in the footer, one gets the mobile site in a regular browser too. To switch back, one can click "full site" in that same footer:    However: when hovering it, the mouse is changed as to select text, rather than to indicate one can click (even though it's clickable).  All other links do change the mouse into a pointer.  (Not a big deal, except when somehow  getting into the mobile mode, I guess.) We are using following code in .php script for generate .pdf file.  $result1 = exec("R CMD Sweave /var/www/html/r/r_latex_sweave.Rnw");  $result2 = exec("pdflatex /var/www/html/r/r_latex_sweave.tex");   but, we are getting this errors when we are executing .Rnw and .tex files.  ! I can't write on file `r_latex_sweave.log'. Please type another transcript file name:  ! Emergency stop !  ==> Fatal error occurred, no output PDF file produced!  Note: We have .tex and .Rnw folder in /var/www/html folder? The gluing lemma for closed sets states:     Given a finite closed cover $\{A_i\}$ of a topological space $X$, together with continuous maps $\{f_i : A_i \to Y\}$ into some other topological space $Y$, there exists a unique continuous map $f : X \to Y$ whose restriction to each $A_i$ is equal to $f_i$.   Question: What is a good and simple counter-example when the gluing lemma fails in the case that $\{A_i\}$ is infinite, but countably so.  My attempt: I have only been able find a silly counter-example: let $\{A_\alpha\}$ be the collection of all points of $X = [0,1] \subset \mathbb{R}$, and let $f_\alpha = 0$ for all $\alpha$ except for $\alpha = \alpha_0$, for which $A_{\alpha_0} = \{0\}$ and $f_{\alpha_0} = 1$.