On my way to work which is about an hour drive I had brought along my protein shake which contains 16oz of milk. The whole car ride was nice and cool due to the ac. Once I got to work I accidentally left it out for another hour in the car. I just grabbed it and put it in the freezer so it will cool. It did not smell bad. Is this still okay to drink? Or has it been too long?
If I left food out of the refrigerator for some period of time, is it still safe? If I left it out too long, can I salvage it by cooking it more?
A word with a wide range of meanings Is there a better alternative to ambiguous for a word with a wide range of meanings, difficult to find, because they become different in connection with person's opinion. "Install Spotify" can't be opened because Apple cannot check it for malicious software I'm running macOS 10.15 Catalina Beta.  When I try to install Spotify I see the following error:    Is this a Spotify issue or a Catalina issue?  Thanks. I'm getting "jumpy" loadings in rollapply PCA in R. Can I fix it? I have 10 years of daily returns data for 28 different currencies. I wish to extract the first principal component, but rather than operate PCA on the whole 10 years, I want to rollapply a 2 year window, because the currencies' behaviours evolve and so I wish to reflect this. However I have a major problem, that is that both the princomp() and prcomp() functions will often jump from positive to negative loadings in adjacent PCA analyses (ie 1 day apart). Have a look at the loading chart for the EUR currency:    Clearly I can't use this because adjacent loadings will jump from positive to negative, so my series which uses them will be erroneous. Now take a look at the absolute value of the EUR currency loading:    The problem is of course that I still cannot use this because you can see from the top chart that the loading does go from negative to positive and back at times, a characteristic which I need to preserve.   Is there any way I can get around this problem? Can I force the eigenvector orientation to always be the same in adjacent PCAs?   By the way this problem also occurs with the FactoMineR PCA() function. The code for the rollapply is here:  rollapply(retmat, windowl, function(x) summary(princomp(x))$loadings[, 1], by.column = FALSE, align = "right") -&gt; princomproll Getting Started with Unit Testing Unit testing is, roughly speaking, testing bits of your code in isolation with test code. The immediate advantages that come to mind are:  Running the tests becomes automate-able and repeatable You can test at a much more granular level than point-and-click testing via a GUI    My question is, what are the current &quot;best practices&quot; in terms of tools as well as when and where to use unit testing as part of your daily coding? Lets try to be somewhat language agnostic and cover all the bases. Is “ ’s ” ever correct for pluralization? Since I first learned English, I have been holding this understanding that "and", as a conj. but unlike "but",  can only connect two clauses, not two sentences ended with periods.  But recently, I have seen so many prints, either in entertainment or in academia, where "And" is popularly used in the beginning of a sentence. It seems like the author is trying to connect the sentence just right before and the sentence following "And" in some intended meaning which I don't quite get.  I was wondering if I have been wrong all the time, or if there is a new trend that I fail to understand and accept? How to understand such usage of "and" in rigorous English grammar? If I am right, why it is used differently from "but" in terms of what I mentioned at the beginning of this post? How do I properly access Windows software RAID 0? I am a new Ubuntu user with a fresh installation, and am eager to get started with it. However, all of my important data is on Windows software RAID 0 array, and I need it to stay there as I'm also dual booting Windows. I need access to this data on Ubuntu, and can't really get anything real done until I have access.  I have already researched this subject as best as I could, and I managed to find a very helpful post:      The post describes how to get Ubuntu to see a Windows RAID 0 array that is made up of two drives. The main command used is sudo mdadm --build /dev/md0 --chunk=64 --level=0 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdd2 /dev/sdc2. According to that user, and the other posters in the thread, it actually does work. That's great.  I have not tried following these instructions yet. Why? The post includes a warning about how you must not write to it if you enter the wrong chunk size; it's understandable how that could cause problems. My concern is that my setup is different to their example, and I am not sure that the commands should be entered exactly the same for my setup. I am afraid to break it by doing it wrong, and therefore wish to get the advice of somebody more experienced.  This is how my setup differs from their example:   I have three 1 TB drives, not two drives (of whatever size they used). I have two RAID 0 partitions spread across those three drives: one 500 GB and 2.3 TB. This means that I need to NOT use the full disks when creating the RAID array, but instead use just part of them. I used a non-default block size for at least one of my RAID 0 partitions when I set them up years ago. I have no idea if this block size is the same as the chunk size that they mention. My 500 GB partition has a block size of 4 kb (4096 bytes per cluster), and my 2.3 TB partition has a block size of 64 kb (65536 bytes per cluster).   The relevant output from sudo lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE,SIZE,MOUNTPOINT,LABEL (for just those three RAID0 drives) is:  NAME   FSTYPE   SIZE MOUNTPOINT            LABEL sdb           931.5G             ├─sdb1            1M             ├─sdb2          127M             └─sdb3        931.4G             sdc           931.5G             ├─sdc1            1M             ├─sdc2          127M             └─sdc3        931.4G             sdd           931.5G             ├─sdd1        166.7G             └─sdd2        764.7G    The relevant output from cat /proc/partitions (for just those three RAID0 drives) is:  8       16  976762584 sdb 8       17       1024 sdb1 8       18     130048 sdb2 8       19  976631478 sdb3 8       32  976762584 sdc 8       33       1024 sdc1 8       34     130048 sdc2 8       35  976631478 sdc3 8       48  976762584 sdd 8       49  174763008 sdd1 8       50  801865728 sdd2   The "Disks" program in Ubuntu displays the following partitions for my drives:  /dev/sdb:   GUID Partition Table . /dev/sdb1:  1.0 MB, Microsoft LDM metadata. /dev/sdb2:  133 MB, Microsoft Reserved. /dev/sdb3:  1.0 TB, Microsoft LDM data. /dev/sdc:   GUID Partition Table partitioning. /dev/sdc1:  1.0 MB, Microsoft LDM metadata. /dev/sdc2:  133 MB, Microsoft Reserved. /dev/sdc3:  1.0 TB, Microsoft LDM data. /dev/sdd:   Master Boot Record partitioning. /dev/sdd1:  179 GB, Unknown. /dev/sdd2:  821 GB, Unknown. /dev/sdd:   136 MB, Unallocated space.   I hope I've provided enough information here. So now, my question is this: what is the proper command for me to enter with my setup, so that I can access both of my Windows RAID 0 partitions from Ubuntu?  Thank you very much in advance. Recently I needed to do weighted random selection of elements from a list, both with and without replacement. While there are well known and good algorithms for unweighted selection, and some for weighted selection without replacement (such as modifications of the resevoir algorithm), I couldn't find any good algorithms for weighted selection with replacement. I also wanted to avoid the resevoir method, as I was selecting a significant fraction of the list, which is small enough to hold in memory.  Does anyone have any suggestions on the best approach in this situation? I have my own solutions, but I'm hoping to find something more efficient, simpler, or both. Suggested edits in top-bar put flags over the winterbash snowflake Suggested edits in the top bar put the flag count right over the winterbash snowflake. Looks pretty ugly if you ask me... Spoiler warning!  During the first escape attempt in Portal 2 (when GLaDOS is still in charge) she opens a door for you which you can choose to go through instead of following Wheatley (the blue-eyed ball). What happens if you go there? I'm using a docker image as a base for my own development that adds the jessie backports repository in its Dockerfile and uses that to install a dependency. This image uses the following command to add the repository:  echo "deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian jessie-backports main" &gt;&gt; /etc/apt/sources.list   The problem is that fetching packages from the backports repository now  fails with the following error (this used to work previously):  W: Failed to fetch http://ftp.debian.org/debian/dists/jessie-backports/main/binary-amd64/Packages 404  Not Found  W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/jessie-updates/main/binary-amd64/Packages  404  Not Found   I looked on that server, and those paths are indeed not present there.  I tried to figure out on the Debian backports site whether this particular repository should still be available, and I didn't find any indication that this was deprecated or something like that.  Is this a temporary issue with the repository, or is the jessie-backports repository not available anymore? And if this is not a temporary issue, what options do I have to use this or an equivalent repository without upgrading to the newer Debian stable version? Subcaption defaulting to capital letter labels? I seem to be having a unique problem. There are many questions asking about how to change subcaption to a label with capital letters but for me my program is defaulting to capital letters when I would prefer lowercase.  My preamble  \documentclass[12pt,reqno]{amsart} \setlength\parindent{0pt} %no auto indentation for new paragraphs \usepackage{geometry}  \geometry{a4paper}  \usepackage{natbib}  \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} \usepackage{amsmath, amsthm, amssymb, calc, dsfont}    \usepackage{enumerate} \usepackage{subcaption, caption, graphicx} %figure packages \usepackage{authblk} %author affiliations \usepackage{setspace, lineno} %double spaced etc. options, line numbering  \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{shapes,arrows,chains,automata,positioning}   My figure  \begin{figure}[h!]   \centering   \begin{subfigure}[]{0.48\textwidth}           \includegraphics{Figure1.pdf}           \caption{}           \label{FigPractice}    \end{subfigure}    \begin{subfigure}[]{0.48\textwidth}           \includegraphics{Figure2.pdf}           \caption{}           \label{PracticeAge}   \end{subfigure}   \caption{a caption} \end{figure}   I've also tried \renewcommand{\thesubfigure}{\alph{subfigure}} I see questions come up quite often that have this underlying issue, but they're all caught up in the particulars of a given feature or tool. Here's an attempt to create a canonical answer we can refer users to when this comes up - with lots of animated examples! :)    Let's say we're making a first-person camera. The basic idea is it should yaw to look left &amp; right, and pitch to look up &amp; down. So we write a bit of code like this (using Unity as an example):  void Update() {     float speed = lookSpeed * Time.deltaTime;      // Yaw around the y axis using the player's horizontal input.             transform.Rotate(0f, Input.GetAxis("Horizontal") * speed, 0f);      // Pitch around the x axis using the player's vertical input.     transform.Rotate(-Input.GetAxis("Vertical") * speed,  0f, 0f); }   or maybe  // Construct a quaternion or a matrix representing incremental camera rotation. Quaternion rotation = Quaternion.Euler(                         -Input.GetAxis("Vertical") * speed,                          Input.GetAxis("Horizontal") * speed,                          0);  // Fold this change into the camera's current rotation. transform.rotation *= rotation;   And it mostly works, but over time the view starts to get crooked. The camera seems to be turning on its roll axis (z) even though we only told it to rotate on the x and y!    This can also happen if we're trying to manipulate an object in front of the camera - say it's a globe we want to turn to look around:    The same problem - after a while the North pole starts to wander away to the left or right. We're giving input on two axes but we're getting this confusing rotation on a third. And it happens whether we apply all our rotations around the object's local axes or the world's global axes.  In many engines you'll also see this in the inspector - rotate the object in the world, and suddenly numbers change on an axis we didn't even touch!    So, is this an engine bug? How do we tell the program we don't want it adding extra rotation?  Does it have something to do with Euler angles? Should I use Quaternions or Rotation Matrices or Basis Vectors instead? Bookmark panel in Chrome/Chromium like in Firefox I'm developing a site using Drupal 8 beta-14. I've created a view block of different terms and now I want to display it using code. How can I display it programatically?  I used to do it in Drupal 7 using this code but I'm confused about Drupal 8.  $block = module_invoke('block', 'block_view', '4'); $text_block = render($block['content']); How to use the Alt + Right click in edit mode in Linux Club filter of $\kappa$ is $\kappa$-complete I'm trying to show that club filter of $\kappa$ is $\kappa$-complete for uncountable regular cardinal $\kappa$:  Let $\kappa$ be uncountable regular cardinal, let $C(\kappa)$ be the club filter generated by $\kappa$.  To show that $C(\kappa)$ is $\kappa$-complete it is enough to show that for every sequence $\langle \alpha_i\mid i&lt;\gamma\rangle$ with $\gamma&lt;\kappa$ and $\alpha_i$ club of $\kappa$ the set $\alpha=\bigcap_{i&lt;\gamma}\alpha_i$ is a club of $\kappa$.  Showing that $\alpha$ is close is easy:     If $\beta_n$ is a sequence in $\alpha$ then for every $i$ we that $\beta_n$ is a sequence in $\alpha_i$, because $\alpha_i$ is a club it is close hence $\lim \beta_n$ is in $\alpha_i$ for every $i$ so it is also in $\alpha$   But I have a problem with unboundedness, my guess will be for each $\lambda&lt;\kappa$ to find a sequence for each $\alpha_i$ such that all of the sequences converge to some $\mu&gt;\lambda$, that way $\beta&lt;\mu\in\alpha$. I think I'll have to use the fact $\kappa$ is regular, but I don't know how to proceed and prove my idea.  So, is my idea correct, and if yes how can I proceed? I have a LAMP server with following configuration.  CPU : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU   RAM : 32 GB  HDD : 80 GB  Running on virtual environment.  All the things in the server are running smoothly. But I have noticed that the RAM usage is the server is increasing each day without any reason.   This is the current memory usage on my server.  # free -g              total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached Mem:            31         13         17          0          0         10 -/+ buffers/cache:          1         29 Swap:            2          0          2   And you can see the last 8 weeks memory usage below.   And i have executed the following command to find how much memory each process is consuming.  # ps -eo size,pid,user,command --sort -size | awk '{ hr=$1/1024 ; printf("%13.2f Mb ",hr) } { for ( x=4 ; x&lt;=NF ; x++ ) { printf("%s ",$x) } print "" }'          0.00 Mb COMMAND        2253.62 Mb /usr/libexec/mysqld --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --user=mysql --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid --skip-external-locking --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock        1171.66 Mb java -jar /etc/vmagent/bin/VMAgent.jar         138.27 Mb /sbin/audispd         127.75 Mb /usr/sbin/named -u named -c /etc/named.conf -u named -t /var/named/run-root          74.29 Mb auditd          73.03 Mb automount          43.14 Mb /usr/bin/spamd --username=popuser --daemonize --nouser-config --helper-home-dir=/var/qmail --max-children 5 --create-prefs --virtual-config-dir=/var/qmail/mailnames/%d/%l/.spamassassin --pidfile=/var/run/spamd/spamd_full.pid --socketpath=/tmp/spamd_full.sock          43.14 Mb spamd child          43.14 Mb spamd child          37.13 Mb /usr/sbin/httpd          37.02 Mb /usr/sbin/httpd          36.52 Mb /usr/sbin/httpd          36.46 Mb /usr/sbin/httpd          36.23 Mb /usr/sbin/httpd ................   For troubleshooting , i have restarted the MySQL and APACHE servers. But the result was same. Restarting the entire server will fix the issue, but i want to know what is the real issue.  Let me know if you have any idea about this issue.  Thanks,  Arun S The class of cardinal numbers is well ordered I'm looking for a proof that the class of cardinal numbers is well ordered under the order relation $|A|\leq |B| \Leftrightarrow$ exists an injection $f:A \to B$.  In fact, I've found a very beautiful proof in an article, but I think it's not the standard one. Image UriSource and Data Binding