I want to check the type of input on the screen by using   python types module  I have used the type(2) is int for integer. ---->>>working I have used the type("Vivek") is str for string. ---->>>working  but i am confused when I take input using raw_input()  import types  p = raw_input("Enter input ")   if I entered string like "vivek" on console then it is ok   the matter is when int and float entered  so what will be the canonical way to checked whether an input is of boolean,int,char,string,long,byte,double in python.
How do I see the type of a variable whether it is unsigned 32 bit, signed 16 bit, etc.?  How do I view it?
How did the Tesseract come to Earth from Asgard? Show that every monotonic increasing and bounded sequence is Cauchy. More than one 'Open xxxxx here as Administrator' I want the option to open a Command window or Powershell window as Administrator from the drive and directory context menus in Windows.   I can have either by creating and populating the special 'runas' registry keys shown below, but is there a way I can have both listed on the context menu and have both run as Administrator?  [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Drive\shell\runas] ... [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Drive\shell\runas\command] ... [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shell\runas] ... [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\shell\runas\command] ... [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\Background\shell\runas] ... [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Directory\Background\shell\runas\command] ... I wanted to create a WP plugin. So I requested and my request was approved by WordPress.org But I don't want to develop that plugin anymore. How can I delete the repository forever or request its deletion. I need to run IE 10 in 32-bit mode on 64-bit Windows 7 Enterprise N.  When I run IE 10 from "C:\Program Files (x86)\Internet Explorer" I can see in task manager that I have only one process "iexplorer.exe" and no process "iexplorer.exe *32".  I have an application with an ActiveX that is supported only on 32-bit, and the application can't be loaded on 64-bit mode.  Is there a way I can force IE10 to run in 32-bit mode? How to determine best cutoff point and its confidence interval using ROC curve in R? I have the data of a test that could be used to distinguish normal and tumor cells. According to ROC curve it looks good for this purpose (area under curve is 0.9):    My questions are:    How to determine cutoff point for this test and its confidence interval where readings should be judged as ambiguous? What is the best way to visualize this (using ggplot2)?   Graph is rendered using ROCR and ggplot2 packages:  #install.packages("ggplot2","ROCR","verification") #if not installed yet library("ggplot2") library("ROCR") library("verification") d &lt;-read.csv2("data.csv", sep=";") pred &lt;- with(d,prediction(x,test)) perf &lt;- performance(pred,"tpr", "fpr") auc &lt;-performance(pred, measure = "auc")@y.values[[1]] rd &lt;- data.frame(x=perf@x.values[[1]],y=perf@y.values[[1]]) p &lt;- ggplot(rd,aes(x=x,y=y)) + geom_path(size=1) p &lt;- p + geom_segment(aes(x=0,y=0,xend=1,yend=1),colour="black",linetype= 2) p &lt;- p + geom_text(aes(x=1, y= 0, hjust=1, vjust=0, label=paste(sep = "", "AUC = ",round(auc,3) )),colour="black",size=4) p &lt;- p + scale_x_continuous(name= "False positive rate") p &lt;- p + scale_y_continuous(name= "True positive rate") p &lt;- p + opts(             axis.text.x = theme_text(size = 10),             axis.text.y = theme_text(size = 10),             axis.title.x = theme_text(size = 12,face = "italic"),             axis.title.y = theme_text(size = 12,face = "italic",angle=90),             legend.position = "none",             legend.title = theme_blank(),             panel.background = theme_blank(),             panel.grid.minor = theme_blank(),              panel.grid.major = theme_line(colour='grey'),             plot.background = theme_blank()             ) p   data.csv contains the following data:  x;group;order;test 56;Tumor;1;1 55;Tumor;1;1 52;Tumor;1;1 60;Tumor;1;1 54;Tumor;1;1 43;Tumor;1;1 52;Tumor;1;1 57;Tumor;1;1 50;Tumor;1;1 34;Tumor;1;1 24;Normal;2;0 34;Normal;2;0 22;Normal;2;0 32;Normal;2;0 25;Normal;2;0 23;Normal;2;0 23;Normal;2;0 19;Normal;2;0 56;Normal;2;0 44;Normal;2;0 Plotting Complex Quantity Functions I've been writing in English for many years, but there are certain recurring issues that come up in my writing, which I can't seem to resolve permanently. Primarily I have a problem with punctuation. In my native language, commas are very commonly used. One would place a comma to separate any portion of the sentence that serves a specific grammatical role. At least, this is the case according to the rules I was taught in school. I can see when I write in English that there are extraneous commas, but I can't always figure out which ones, and why. When dependent clauses require commas, when do they allow them, and when are they definitely incorrect? Why won't Amanita move in and settle down? I keep getting an alert that Amanita would like to settle down. I have a house ready for them however they still won't move in. Who is this NPC and why won't they settle down? Problem: A lot of the time I downvote something that clearly shows lack of research or effort on OP's part, and when they edit to improve it, I usually find out pretty late, because there are no notifications to help with that.  Proposition: add a Get notified when this post is edited button/checkbox under a post which you have downvoted (per post, not just all posts ever), so that if there is a significant improvement, you could remove your downvote or even change it to an upvote to show you recognize the improvement.  I believe this would improve public thinking about votes, and make people (who choose to participate like this on the SE sites more often) vote more freely and more often, and everybody else would not think of a &lt;0 post score as a death sentence for their contribution.  I'm not asking to enable this on SO (for a number of obvious reasons), and that's why I propose an opt-in subscription. This would be most useful on lower activity sites like the SE, in my opinion, but who knows.    I want to know if someone has improved their post after a downvote to reinforce the positive behavior and I get -4 on my good intentions? What kind of culture are you trying to cultivate? Please, explain why you disagree without silently downvoting. If you think there's a better way, yes, I want to know your thoughts. Why does Maximum Likelihood estimation maximize probability density instead of probability I am trying to understand Maximum likelihood estimation but it looks like I am missing something rather elementary.          suppose we have an iid random sample $X_1, X_2,..., X_n$ for which the probability density function of each $X_i$ is $f(x_i; \theta)$ where $\theta$ is an unknown parameter. Then, the joint probability density function of $X_1, X_2,..., X_n$ is given by:          $f(X_1=x_1,X_2=x_2,\cdots,X_n=x_n)=\prod_{i=1}^{n} f(x_i, \theta)$      In Maximum Likelihood estimation, we try to maximize $f$ as a function of $\theta$.  Question: Why do we maximize probability density instead of probability? In what way does it make sense?  Edit: As explained in the answers, the probability of choosing a finite number of sample points from a continuous probability distribution is zero, so maximizing probability doesn't make sense, but how does maximizing probability density make sense? Why do the measurements of this object seem erroneous? Countries with no visa requirements on its visitors Cannot do a `composer install` even though my minimum stability is listed as dev I am trying to build the master branch in my project after updating to 8.5.0, but am being met with an error from composer (which I did not get on my develop branch):     The requested package drupal/focal_point 1.0.0-beta6 is satisfiable by   drupal/focal_point[1.0.0-beta6] but these conflict with your   requirements or minimum-stability.   In my composer file, I have:  "drupal/focal_point": "^1.0",   as well as:  "minimum-stability": "dev",   How can I fix this so TravisCI gets unstuck? It worked fine for the develop branch, and the master is now updated with it. I have been struggling to install VirtualBox Guest Additions in a Debian Virtual Machine (Debian 7, Debian 8 and Debian 9). Find $ \lim\limits_{ x\to 100 } \dfrac { 10-\sqrt { x } }{ x-100 }$  (without using a calculator and other machines...?) I was using this:    To try and create numbered examples in my document.  However, when I load it and put the example exe in that link in one of the separate Tex files (Introduction.tex) I include in main.tex, I get:  ./Chapters/Introduction.tex:14: TeX capacity exceeded, sorry [parameter stack s ize=10000]. \gb@ifnextchar #1#2#3-&gt;                        \let \reserved@d =#1\def \reserved@a {#2}\def \reserv... l.14 ... and political news \cite{washington_post}                                                   .  More importantly, when ...   Which is not even referring to the exe example I inserted but a couple of blocks of tex above it.  For info, here is my full code before my document begins:  \documentclass{report} % [fontsize=11pt,border=5pt] % standalone for the tree \usepackage{forest} % This overrides warnings like http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/52576/difference-between-bookmark-levels-greater-than-one-what-does-this-mean \usepackage{bookmark} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{subcaption} \usepackage{standalone} \usepackage[round]{natbib} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{lmodern} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} % This is for hyperlinks \usepackage{hyperref} \hypersetup{     colorlinks=true,     linkcolor=blue,     filecolor=magenta,           urlcolor=cyan, }  \urlstyle{same} % Not sure why I need to use this % \usepackage{graphicx} % \graphicspath{ {images/} } % \usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx} % fontsize=11pt,twoside]{scrartcl} % This is for numbered examples \usepackage{gb4e}   Would appreciate some help as I feel like my Latex is very messy here. How do I identify SMD components? (or how do I identify any component) I want to save the list of packages that have installed. I figured it might be the best to list all and diff it with the default set.  Edit: Clarification: I don't want to get the list of installed packages that are installed at the moment. Rather I want to get the list of packages that I added since the default install. How to get number of affected rows in sqlalchemy? I have one question concerning Python and the sqlalchemy module. What is the equivalent for cursor.rowcount in the sqlalchemy Python?