When I type  aptitude dist-upgrade   I get for example:  Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done Reading extended state information       Initializing package states... Done The following NEW packages will be installed:   bc{a} linux-image-2.6.32-24-virtual linux-image-2.6.32-308-ec2  The following packages will be upgraded:   apt apt-transport-https apt-utils base-files bijk-node binutils cloud-init grub-common grub-pc icedtea-6-jre-cacao ifupdown landscape-client landscape-common    libfreetype6 libfreetype6-dev libgssapi-krb5-2 libk5crypto3 libkrb5-3 libkrb5support0 libldap-2.4-2 libmysqlclient16 libpcsclite1 libsmbclient libudev0    libusb-0.1-4 libwbclient0 libwww-perl lintian linux-ec2 linux-image-ec2 linux-image-virtual linux-libc-dev linux-virtual mountall mysql-client-5.1    mysql-client-core-5.1 mysql-common mysql-server mysql-server-5.1 mysql-server-core-5.1 openjdk-6-jre openjdk-6-jre-headless openjdk-6-jre-lib python-apt    python-lazr.restfulclient sudo tzdata tzdata-java udev update-manager-core upstart ureadahead w3m wget  54 packages upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 2 not upgraded. Need to get 103MB of archives. After unpacking 89.4MB will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?]   What I would like to know is what changed in each upgrade candidate. Is there a way I can see a list of all the changes in those packages?  I know I can do  aptitude changelog mysql-server   And I could probably grep &amp; awk the candidates and pipe them to the changelog command, but executing that takes a long time.  Is there a better way to get a full changelog of a dist-upgrade?
describes how to get the changelog for a given package. However, it's the whole changelog.  What I'd like is a way to see what will be changed in whatever I'm about to upgrade. For example, I was imagining something like:  $ sudo apt-get upgrade --show-changelogs Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree        Reading state information... Done Calculating upgrade... Done The following packages will be upgraded:   foo     -- adds the bar feature for better snazziness     -- removes the deprecated baz feature  1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. Need to get 8,864 kB of archives. After this operation, 285 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue [Y/n]?    Unfortunately, I don't see anything like that in the man pages for apt-get. Does this or something similar exist?  UPDATE: I've written a  talking about apt-listchanges and Debian changelogs in a little more depth that incorporates some of the feedback in this question.
PHP function overloading What is the proper way to explain the twin paradox? The paradox in the  is that the situation appears symmetrical so each twin should think the other has aged less, which is of course impossible.  There are a thousand explanations out there for why this doesn't happen, but they all end up saying something vague like it's because one twin is accelerating or you need general relativity to understand it.  Please will someone give a simple and definitive explanation for why both twins agree on which twin is younger when they meet for the second time? l, ls & la -- what are the differences, and are there more of these commands? Prove that the multiplicative inverse of $a$ modulo $m$ exists if and only if $a$ and $m$ are coprime.  Can someone help me with this? What to do when witches appear early in the game? A long time ago I played an older version of Minecraft. Back then witches didn't spawn naturally, so you couldn't find them unless you found a hut. Now I'm playing again, but sometimes when I go down a cave I find one or two witches, and it's really hard to find them back.   So, what is the best you can do to kill witches, specially when two spawn at the same time and you don't have milk? SED: insert text after the last line? This  inserts a tag to the beginning of a file:  sed -i "1s/^/&lt;?php /" file   How can I insert something to the end of each file with sed? I'm practicing proofs and given the following statement:  Let $\Sigma$ be an alphabet, $\epsilon$ the empty word and $\sigma:\Sigma^{*}\rightarrow\Sigma^{*}$ an operation which for $a\in\Sigma$ and $w\in\Sigma^{*}$ is defined as $$\sigma(\epsilon)=\epsilon,\\\sigma(wa)=a\sigma(w).$$  I would like to prove through induction that $\sigma$ is equal to the word reversal operation $rev$ meaning that $\sigma(w)=rev(w)=w_{n}...w_{1}$ for every $w=w_{1}...w_{n}\in\Sigma^{*}$.  My suggestion is as follows:  For $w=\epsilon$ we have $$\sigma(w)=\sigma(\epsilon)=\epsilon=rev(\epsilon)=rev(w).$$  Let $w=xa$ with $x\in\Sigma^{*}$ and $a\in\Sigma$, then $$\sigma(x)=x_{n}...x_{1}=rev(x).$$  Thus we also have $$\sigma(w)=\sigma(xa)=\sigma(x_{1}...x_{n}a)=a\sigma(x_{1}...x_{n})=ax_{n}\sigma(x_{1}...x_{n-1})=...=ax_n...x_{1}=rev(x_{1}...x_{n}a)=rev(xa)=rev(w).$$  Does that constitute a correct and sufficient proof? If not, I would very much appreciate your feedback. Is the uncertainty principle a property of elementary particles or a result of our measurement tools? In many physics divulgation books I've read, this seems to be a commonly accepted point of view (I'm making this quote up, as I don't remember the exact words, but this should give you an idea):      is not a result of our lack of proper measurement tools. The fact that we can't precisely know both the position and momentum of an elementary particle is, indeed, a property of the particle itself. It is an intrinsic property of the Universe we live in.   Then this video came out:  (skip to , if you're already familiar with the uncertainty principle).  So, correct me if I'm wrong, what we may claim according to the video is:     the only way to measure an elementary particle is to make it interact with another elementary particle: it is therefore incorrect to say that an elementary particle doesn't have a well defined momentum/position before we make our measurement. We cannot access this data (momentum/position) without changing it, therefore it is correct to say that our ignorance about this data is not an intrinsic property of the Universe (but, rather, an important limit of how we can measure it).   Please tell me how can both of the highlighted paragraphs be true or how they should be corrected. Gaussian integral evaluation Asked a question to evaluate the Gaussian Integral,  $$\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^\infty x^2 \exp(-x^2/2) dx  $$  using the the following approximation,  $J=\Bbb E[X^2] \sim J_N = 1/N \sum_1^NX_n^2 $  where $x_n \sim N(0, 1)$  Examin $J_N$ for different values of $N$ and plot an error graph (difference between exact and numerical values)  I can simulate and generate the approximations but I am stuck at getting the exact value to compare to. As far as I am aware there are no analytical solutions for gaussian integrals. The other way I can generate comparable numbers is to go use numerical integration techniques but those are approximate values too.  Any help will be greatly appreciated! Does it give higher quality to shoot in low-res mode in-camera, or to downsize high-res photos later? Suppose you want to store your photos at some lower resolution, let's say about ~1 MB large.  You own a camera able to make photos at 5 MPix and more.  And, you want to have the maximum quality at the smaller size.  Would it be better to make a photo at highest resolution and then resize it with PC software (with a good filter of course), or to directly set the camera to make photos at 2 MPix only? Suppose $u\in W^{1,1}$ and $\partial u$ is $C^1$. I want to prove the following: $$\int_{\partial\Omega}|u-\bar u|\leq A\int_{\Omega}|\nabla u|$$ where $\bar u=\frac{1}{|\Omega|}\int_{\Omega}u$ and $A&gt;0$. Note that unlike Poincar&eacute; inequality, the left integral is over $\partial\Omega$ and not $\Omega$. How can I do that?  I tried to prove in a similar way to Poincare inequality proof (arguing by contradiction), but with no success. I think I am missing something because of the  $\partial\Omega$ issue. postfix doesn't work after iptables set up What is the maximum length of a URL in different browsers? What is the maximum length of a URL in different browsers? Does it differ among browsers? Is a maximum URL length part of the HTTP specification? Extract float/double value How do I extract a double value from a string using regex.  import re  pattr = re.compile(???)     x = pattr.match("4.5") Evolutionary chronology - if any, which species have evolved in the last 100 years I heared somewhere, I cannot remember where, that there has not been an evolution observed in our lifetime. In life science class, right at the start, we was doing the usual MRSGREN (how to tell if something is a living organism), and the tutor said that you can also tell something is a living organism if it evolves. So I asked if there has been an observed evolution in our lifetime. She said that there had been many but could not recite any off the top of her head, so the next week she handed me a piece of paper with 8 or so websites that aparrently corroborated her claim. I have not got the paper anymore but I recall there been on there the peppered moth or something. So I set out to look for a chronological list of evolution but could not find an authoritative one. I could only find something on wikipedia that indicated that species have been dying out for the past thousand years, but nothing saying that any have evolved. 8 bits representing the number 7 look like this:  00000111   Three bits are set.     What are algorithms to determine the number of set bits in a 32-bit integer? How to get to the GRUB menu at boot-time? I'm trying to work out what value resistor to use in a LED circuit. The equation I'd use to do this is:  $$ R = \frac{V_{cc} - V_f}{I_f} $$  Seems logical, and makes complete sense. The answers to the question  confirm this too.  I have the following LEDs:   \$ V_f = 3.3V \$ \$ I_{f_{typ}} = 20mA \$   Using a 5V power supply:   \$ V_{cc} = 5V \$   Plugging these into the above equation gives:  $$ \begin{eqnarray} R &amp; = &amp; \frac{V_{cc} - V_f}{I_f} \\   &amp; = &amp; \frac{5V - 3.3V}{20mA} \\   &amp; = &amp; 85\Omega \end{eqnarray} $$  All good so far.  However, if I use the calculator at , that gives me 100&Omega;. If I use the ElectroDroid app on my phone, that gives me 85&Omega;.  So, I assume that the linear1 calculator is using a different method of calculating this resistor value; is there some better way of doing this? A field that is conservative must have a curl of zero everywhere. However, I was wondering whether the opposite holds for functions continuous everywhere: if the curl is zero, is the field conservative? Can someone please give me an intuitive explanation and insight into this, and if it is true, why? Also, please try to not be too rigorous (only in grade 9). What should I do if I lost money in a scam? I live in New Jersey and my son wanted to order some toys from this guy who said he makes them in his house and he could give him the best deal, but before he could send these toys he needed my 16 year old son to put $200 into his bank account. The guy then gave my son his wells Fargo bank account info and told him as soon he deposits the money he will ship his toys. Well, that never happened.  My son called the guy up and he told my son, “I’m only the middle guy, and my boss is in Nigeria and you need to put another $200 in my account because now I have to ship the toys from elsewhere.” So my son deposited another 200 dollars into this guys bank account.  My son has sent these jerks a total of $650. Is there anything I can do to these individuals? At this point even if I don’t get the money back it’s okay but I don’t want this happening to other kids and I want to teach these guys a lesson that you’re not above the law. The guy is still calling my son up saying that he is pissed off that he didn’t get more money.  What can I do now?