Should I use dd or similar before I use testdisk? I reformatted an ntfs partition and would like to recover some of the data. I am using live ubuntu. Also is testdisk good for this type of job? Thank you in advance.  My question is different from  because that doesn't say if you should clone the drive before using testdisk.
I have a Toshiba satellite A-200 laptop with a Vista OS on it with 4 NTFS partitions  (C:) Vista  (D:) Entertainment  (E:) Work  (F:) Sources   and I wanted to start using Ubuntu instead. So I tried it first from the live CD and everything was OK and all the partitions were shown and working and so I decided to install Ubuntu to replace Vista on the (C:) drive. After I did that I can no longer find my folders and files on the (D:), (E:), (F:) partitions and the only file system that is shown is one 198 GB although my HDD is 320 GB.  I can't access the lost data on the remaining 120 GB which I hope is still there and not totally lost  I am now working from the live CD but I am unable to install testdisk. Can I recover the Vista partitions by the product recovery CD to get my laptop back to the factory settings? Can I recover the NTFS partitions using a recovery program for Windows or will that make the problem worse?   I need these data badly as I don't have a backup for them.
What is difference between the options "autoclean", "autoremove" and "clean"? I'm looking for a term for audio in form of the word visual.  Visual is defined as      of or relating to the sense of sight   What could you call the sense of hearing? Also, what do you call this form of a word? (i.e verb, noun...)  It should fit the x in the following sentence:     Is it possible to fall in love with someone without visual or x contact?   I'm not a native English speaker, so I couldn't find the terms for searching this. Defender of the Realm hat broken, or just badly worded? Description of the hat unlock requirement:     at least 5 flags dismissed as helpful and at most 20% of non-disputed flags declined   Does "dismissed" mean something unusual here, or is this hat not unlocking properly? I'm not sure if that means "since winter bash started" or "since your account was created": if the former, I've flagged 8 items so far today, of which 6 were marked "helpful" (the other two are still active; none have been disputed or declined). If the latter, the flag page indicates I've flagged 391 items (plus 6 for spam), of which 1 was declined (which incidentally, I assume that was by accident, given that the question was closed soon after for the reason I flagged it for), 1 was disputed (that one was legitimate), and 21 are still open. That is definitely way under 20%.  So what's up with that unlock?  edit: it appears to be the case (further edit: this has now been confirmed first-hand) that this hat unlock disregards any flags that are the flag equivalent of voting to close. I put forth that if this is intended behavior, well, it shouldn't be (if it's to equalize the playing field for over-3k-rep people, it should just also count votes-to-close. Though granted, I suppose in the scheme of things it really doesn't matter much, as it'll all go away in a couple weeks anyway. But dang it, I want to show off all the flagging I do! :p) I have installed Ubuntu on my laptop and now I want to remove it and the Grub Loader. How I can do it without the Windows installation disk (I cannot use the Recovery Console). What is $48\div2(9+3)$? There is a huge debate on the internet on the value of $48\div2(9+3)$. I believe the answer $2$ as I believe it is part of the bracket operation in BEDMAS.  yields the same answer. I also believe that if $48\div2\times(9+3)$ was asked it would be $288$ which Mathway agrees with as well. However,  says it is $288$ either way. A friend of mine (who is better at math) told me that there is no such thing as 'implicit multiplication', only shorthand so that is in fact done after the division (going left to right, not necessarily because division occurs before multiplication. But he didn't explicitly give a reason) What is the answer and why? How to prevent RGB composite flatten to 1 band after raster calculation I have a series of landsat wanting to process in raster calculator, but after doing the tool it happened these output images only contain one single band. They used to be RGB 3-band images.  It is on arcmap 10.3. I was using raster calculator to remove a certain value in my 3-band landsat image. After I type in the conditional statement to remove all 0 value from the inpur RGB image, it only returns an image of 1band, black and white. How can I preserve the RGB value in output. What is the icon next to Spotlight in menu bar, and how to remove it? What is this icon   in OS X menu bar and how do you remove it? Can Blender render pngs with the background transparent? Package pgfplots Error: CRITICAL: shader=interp: got unsupported pdf shading type '0' For the set of data , the following code can't compile showing the error     Package pgfplots Error: CRITICAL: shader=interp: got unsupported pdf   shading type '0'. This may corrupt your pdf!.   \documentclass[border= 5mm]{standalone} \usepackage{pgfplots} \pgfplotsset{compat=newest} \begin{document}     \begin{tikzpicture}     \begin{axis}[unbounded coords=jump, view={70}{40}]     \addplot3 [surf,shader=interp]      table [x index={0}, y index={1}, col sep=tab] {mySurfaceData.txt};     \end{axis}     \end{tikzpicture} \end{document}    So, what went wrong to cause this?  P.S. the original data without NaN is available , where I would like to skip plotting those points of z=1. How/when to become independent in research as a graduate student? I am in the last months of my MSc and I have done my thesis. I have published some conference papers but most of them were literature reviews.  My MSc thesis is about solving wave equations by means of method of potentials and boundary elements. I am interested in pursuing research in another field (differential equations) but I have no idea how to start any topic that may lead to a journal publication.    By asking this question, I want to understand how a research student, whether a recently graduated MSc student or a PhD student, can start searching for a new research topic and develop some researches based on his own interests. Specially, I would like to know:   To what extent should a graduate student be dependent on faculty members? How can he be more independent and start his own research activities? Is it a good idea that the graduate work on another topic with the faculty member or work independently on a more recent research topic? If the person is in a research group or at the university, is it a good idea or is it ethical that he develop his own research interests, besides to the topics which are being developed in that institute? How should a graduate student manage this and make some progress in the research fields of his own interest? (In particular, sometimes the faculty members are not interested in the topics you are interested in and the person has to start his own research activity.)      And also, if this research is part of his independent research, at the time of publishing what affiliation should be used in the publications. Should it be "Independent Scholar" as mentioned in  or something else? This is important in academic publications, because sometimes, the person is in a research group, but he is publishing a paper as part of his own researches not the things he is doing in that institute; in this case, has he mention that institute's affiliation or use his own one? So please make it clear that how the affiliation would be when the person does research independently in the cases like when he is not working in a research group or he is working with a professor or research group but his publication is output of his own research activities? It is a little unclear. I recently saw a question titled "" (10k+ users only). I thought, "surely someone has asked this question before", and began looking for a duplicate.  is a question with the exact same title, just with a little different punctuation and casing. It was "Jquery vs Javascript" and "jQuery vs. Javascript?". The only difference being the ., ?, and the casing.  Since we now , I propose that when checking for questions with duplicate names, certain punctuation be striped out to prevent the duplicate from occurring in the first place.  As pointed out in the comments, if isn't already, white-space and non-printable characters may want to be removed for duplicate detection as well. Why does no physical energy-momentum tensor exist for the gravitational field? Starting  with the Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian  $$ L_{EH} = -\frac{1}{2}(R + 2\Lambda)$$  one can formally calculate a gravitational energy-momentum tensor   $$ T_{EH}^{\mu\nu} = -2 \frac{\delta L_{EH}}{\delta g_{\mu\nu}}$$  leading to  $$ T_{EH}^{\mu\nu} = -G_{\mu\nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu\nu} = -(R_{\mu\nu} - \frac{1}{2}g_{\mu\nu}R) + \Lambda g_{\mu\nu}. $$  But then, in the paragraph below Eq. (228) on page 62 of  paper, it is said that this quantity is not a physical quantity and that it is well known that for the gravitational field no (physical) energy-momentum tensor exists.  To me personally, this fact is rather surprising than well known. So can somebody explain to me (mathematically and/or "intuitively") why there is no energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field? $M$ finitely generated if submodule and quotient are finitely generated. I know this must be easy. I'm new to modules, so perhaps I must be missing  something important.     Let $M$ be an $R$-module. Show that if there exists a submodule $N$ such that $N$ and $M/N$ are finitely generated, then $M$ is finitely generated.   If the exact sequence $0 \longrightarrow N \longrightarrow M \longrightarrow M/N \longrightarrow 0 $ (where the second and third arrows are inclusion and projection respectively) splits then $M$ would be isomorphic to the direct sum of $M$ and $M/N$ and the conclusion would follow (I think). But I can't show that it splits.  Thank you. IMAP: how to move a message from one folder to another (using the IMAP commands, not with the assistance of any other mail package) I would like to run a script from the main ubuntu shell as a different user that has no password.  I have full sudo privileges, so I tried this:  sudo su -c "Your command right here" -s /bin/sh otheruser   Then I have to enter my password, but I am not sure if that script is now really running under that user.  How can I confirm that the script is really running under that user now? Different batteries connected in parallel If we have 2 batteries one of emf x and the other is of emf y and we connect them in series we get an effective emf of x+y.  But what if we connect them in parallel, how to calculate the emf now? How to boot from iso with Grub2/Burg boot loader I'm using Ubuntu as my primary OS and alternative is Windows 7 for gaming, and another stuffs. I want to have menu to boot some live CD ISO. Is there anyway to make menu entry in Grub2/Burg to boot ISO file like the CD way?  I see there are some ways to make it possible but almost method need specified boot arguments (kernel parameters). But I have mixed kind of Live OS wan to boot up using boot loader included: Linux, Unix, DOS (for recovery purpose)...   I'm looking for more generic way to make it easy to discover and add to the menu config file. A secant inequality for convex functions I'm looking for a word that can describe a person who does nice things for other people (e.g holding the door open, carrying someone's things) but only for self gain; this person only does nice things to make themselves look good in the eyes of others, but doesn't actually care about the well-being of the people they're helping. Using the Fitch system, how do I prove $((p \implies q) \implies p)\implies p$? I started with the hypotheses $(p \implies q) \implies p$ and $\sim p$. However, from these hypotheses I did not get the desired contradiction to solve the question.  Thanks sb45