How can I pass an anonymous type to a function?
How to pass anonymous types as parameters?
Detecting significant predictors out of many independent variables In a dataset of two non-overlapping populations (patients &amp; healthy, total $n=60$) I would like to find (out of $300$ independent variables) significant predictors for a continuous dependent variable. Correlation between predictors is present. I am interested in finding out if any of the predictors are related to the dependent variable "in reality" (rather than predicting the dependent variable as exactly as possible). As I got overwhelmed with the numerous possible approaches, I would like to ask for which approach is most recommended.    From my understanding stepwise inclusion or exclusion of predictors is  E.g. run a linear regression separately for every predictor and correct p-values for multiple comparison using FDR (probably very conservative?) Principal-component regression: difficult to interpret as I won't be able to tell about the predictive power of individual predictors but only about the components.  any other suggestions? When quoting something said by someone else, should I use a comma before the quote? Suppose I quote the definition given in a dictionary. Am I correctly using the the punctuation marks in the following sentences? (I am using them in the way I think correct in American English.)     One of the meanings of cat is, "a small animal with soft fur that people often keep as a pet."        A cadet is, "a young person who is training to become an officer in the police or armed forces."   Should I use a comma only when I explicitly quote somebody?     Groucho Marx once said, "Although it is generally known, I think it's about time to announce that I was born at a very early age."   Should I use a comma in this case too?     As Groucho Marx said,            No one is completely unhappy at the failure of his best friend.      On Comma Sense, A fun-damental guide to punctuation (Richard Lederer and John Shore), I read the following about using the comma:     Use commas to set off complete quotations:           The great general George S. Patton once said, "No, no—the war is this way, you idiots!" Make program first read from pipe, then from keyboard Breadboard Confusion I just received the following breadboard in a electronics starter pack I purchased.    I am a little confused in how I would go about prototyping on this board, all the tutorials I have read state that the breadboard should have a positive and negative  input on it. But it appears this one doesn't.  Could anyone help clear my confusion? Why don't electromagnetic waves require a medium? As I understand it, electromagnetic waves have two components which are the result of each other, i.e., when a moving electric charge creates a changing magnetic field at point X then a changing electric field is created at point Y and this repeating process is what creates EM waves, so therefore, it requires no medium. Is my understanding correct?  One thing that I'm surprised to know is that light is also called an electromagnetic wave.  Does this include light of any kind, for example: light from a bulb, a tube, and also from the Sun? How do they contain electric and magnetic fields? I constantly stay up to date with each new release of Blender, but this means my preferences are wiped clean each time. How do I export/import these preferences to avoid loosing my carefully crafted set up each time? I have a file with the lines like below.  title1:A1 title2:A2 title3:A3 title4:A4 title5:A5  title1:B1 title2:B2 title3:B3 title4:B4 title5:B5  title1:C1 title2:C2 title3:C3 title4:C4 title5:C5  title1:D1 title2:D2 title3:D3 title4:D4 title5:D5  How can I achieve this?   title1    title2     title3    title4 A1         A2         A3         A4 B1         B2         B3         B4 C1         C2         C3         C4 D1         D2         D3         D4 In Random forest algorithm, Breiman (author) constructs similarity matrix as follows:   Send all learning examples down each tree in the forest If two examples land in the same leaf increment corresponding element in similarity matrix by 1 Normalize the matrix with number of trees   He says:     The proximities between cases n and k form a matrix {prox(n,k)}. From their definition, it is easy to show that this matrix is symmetric, positive definite and bounded above by 1, with the diagonal elements equal to 1. It follows that the values 1-prox(n,k) are squared distances in a Euclidean space of dimension not greater than the number of cases.    In his implementation, he uses sqrt(1-prox), where prox is a similarity matrix, to convert it to distance matrix. I guess it has something to do with the "sqaured distances in a Euclidean space"-quoted above.  Can somebody shine a little light on why it follows that 1-prox are squared distances in a Euclidean space and why he uses squared root to get distance matrix? Change the passphrase of an ecryptfs directory Easy way to change apache www location Side-by-side markdown title not so side-by-side In edit revisions where a long enough title has been edited, the side-by-side  markdown view shows a large overlap when the title wraps:    This is a repeat of  specific to the new Meta design. Looks like a line spacing adjustment is needed.  See this . If Z is a square integrable random variable such that $E[Z]&gt;0$, then prove that  $$P(Z\geq k) \geq \frac{(E(Z)-k)^2}{E(Z^2)} \forall k \in [0,E(Z)]. $$  This is a homework question and I don't even understand why the inequality is reversed comparing to Markov/Chebychev inequality. Should Cauchy-Schwartz inequality be used? If yes, then how to begin? Thanks a ton! What is Elrond's position/status, as compared to Galadriel's? In the Lord of the Rings books, Galadriel of Lorien is even more exalted than in the movies.  She is essentially a queen, and the deference shown to her far exceeds that shown to Elrond of Rivendell.  Yet in the films, we see her trying to persuade Elrond to intervene in the battle of Helm's Deep by sending Elf troops to reinforce Theoden's forces.  Eventually, Elrond relents, and orders the Elves into battle.  But the troops in question are Galadriel's, not Elrond's - they are led by Haldir, one of Galadriel's guards; the trip from Rivendell to Helm's Deep (500 miles as the crow flies) is about 2 times longer than the trip from Lorien to Helm's Deep (250 miles as the crow flies), far too long for the reinforcements to arrive in time.  But then Haldir greets Theoden of Rohan by saying he has come bearing a message from Elrond - not Galadriel.     I bring word from Lord Elrond of Rivendell. An Alliance once existed between Elves and Men. Long ago we fought and died together. We come to honor that allegiance.    This seems odd for a few reasons. The troops are Galadriel's, not Elrond's, and they come from Lorien, not Rivendell. She clearly wanted to send them to Helm's Deep - she was cajoling, prodding, and guilt-tripping him into doing just that.  She is also a queen, and could presumably order them into battle regardless of what Elrond says.    So why does she have to talk Elrond into letting her send her own troops into battle, especially when he is too far away to contribute manpower (elfpower) or materiel to the battle of Helm's Deep?  Why not say, "I'm not going to sit here doing nothing while Saruman runs roughshod over Rohan;  you can support me or not, Elrond, but if you aren't willing to help, you can at least get the hell out of the way"?  Why does her aide Haldir "bring word from Elrond" when the troops - and the impetus for sending them - came from Galadriel, and Elrond resisted sending them out for as long as he could?  And again, what is Elrond's official position/status/rank, and why would a queen need his permission to deploy her own troops? If a linear operator has an adjoint operator, it is bounded This is a question I'm struggling with for a while:  Let $H$ be a Hilber space. Let  $T,S: H\rightarrow H$ be linear operators (not neccessarily bounded) such that for every $x,y\in H$: $\langle Tx,y\rangle=\langle x,Sy \rangle$.  Prove $T,S$ are bounded.    What I did so far:  First attempt:  $||Tx||^2=\langle Tx,Tx\rangle=\langle x,STx\rangle\le||x||*||STx||\le||x||*||S||*||Tx||$  I'm not entirly sure I'm allowed to do the last inequallity, since $||S||$ might be $\infty$.  It follows $||Tx||\le ||x||*||S||$  and analogly  $||Sx||\le ||x||*||T||$  From the first I'd get $||T||\le ||S||$ and from the second $||S||\le||T||$. Therefore $||S||=||T||$. I don't know where to go from here.  Second Attempt: assume  $T$ isn't bounded, therefore so is $S$, therefore there are series $(x_n),(y_n)\subset H$ such that $||x_n||=||y_n||=1$ and $\lim ||Tx_n||=\infty,\lim ||Sy_n||=\infty$. I'll keep it going soon, but it didn't go so well..    I'd love some guide. Not neccessarily the whole solution, but something that would tell me what i'm missing.  Thanks :) Technical term for associating a group with the actions of a few Will I lose previous purchases when I change country in iTunes I lived in country A for a few years, and made a number of purchases on the iTunes store for that country. I have now moved to country B, and want to start using the iTunes store from country B. If I change the country in my account settings, will I lose all my previous purchases, or will I still be able to re-download my purchases from country A from iCloud? Derivation of the general forms of partial fractions I recently installed Ubuntu 14.04, then I installed lamp-server and placed my webpages in /var/www directory, but when I opened localhost in the browser there was nothing. I think that happened because Zend updated Apache.  Whatever the reason may be, I want to know where to keep my php files so that I can access them from my browser. How did Lucius Malfoy know Sirius's Animagus form? In Order of the Phoenix, Snape eggs on Sirius at Grimmauld Place:  ‘Tell me, how is Lucius Malfoy these days? I expect he’s delighted his lapdog’s working at Hogwarts, isn’t he?’ [Sirius] ‘Speaking of dogs,’ said Snape softly, ‘did you know that Lucius Malfoy recognised you last time you risked a little jaunt outside? Clever idea, Black, getting yourself seen on a safe station platform ... gave you a cast-iron excuse not to leave your hidey-hole in future, didn’t it?’ Order of the Phoenix - Chapter twenty-four, Occlumency - Page 460 - Bloomsbury  How did Lucius Malfoy know that Sirius was a dog Animagus? How did he know it was Sirius in the train station? Some facts to consider: According to the 's timeline, the characters who are considered to be of the Marauders era (born 1959) were only five years younger than Lucius Malfoy (born 1954), so Sirius and Snape, and the other Marauders-era students, and Lucius Malfoy, would have been at Hogwarts together for two years. Prisoner of Azkaban demonstrates it took Sirius, James, and Peter four to five years to master the Animagus transformation, which would have been at least two years after Lucius Malfoy would have left Hogwarts (Although we don't know when Lucius became a school governor.). A canon-based answer would be great; barring one, a speculative answer in the spirit of canon is welcome. Often I need to recall the different \tracing commands; and a couple of times I stumbled on some webpages that worked fine for me; sadly, I didn't keep them, and my searches don't take me there anymore.   So I thought I'd ask about links to where one can read a list of \tracing commands?   For instance,  mentions:  \tracingall \tracingassigns \tracingcommands \tracinggroups \tracingifs \tracinglostchars \tracingmacros \tracingnesting \tracingonline \tracingoutput \tracingpages \tracingparagraphs \tracingrestores \tracingstats \tracingscantokens   .. but, I'm pretty sure there was something like \tracingboxes (and not so sure if there was something like \tracingglues); yet I cannot find any resources mentioning those.