I understand that when metal gets hot it loses its reflective properties, but does that also mean that the colder the metal is the more it reflects?
When a polished piece of metal (or steel in particular) is heated to incandescence, how do its reflective properties change?  Given a mirror-like surface, would the object temporarily cease to act like a mirror at a certain temperature?  Would the specular reflection of light turn into diffuse reflection; in other words, would the surface temporarily become matte/dull?  I am not asking about permanent changes to the object such as melting, but rather can there be a temporary change in the reflectivity only while the the object is hot, that disappears when the object is cooled down?  Background of the question: I have a laser scanner that usually has trouble scanning shiny surfaces with high specular/ low diffuse reflectivity; and it seems to work a lot better for hot steel pieces than for cold ones. Glowing steel also looks less shiny to me than cold steel, but of course that is hard to tell with all the glowing
How to loop the particle simulation indefinitely? Does an absolutely integrable function tend to $0$ as its argument tends to infinity? Suppose that $f:[0,\infty)\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ is continuous. Is it true that   $$\int_{0}^\infty|f(t)|dt&lt;\infty\Rightarrow \lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}f(t)=0?$$  If so can you provide a proof, otherwise a counter example. Thank you. After upgrading from Ubuntu 13.04 server, the www pages won't display themselves.     Error 403 Forbidden You don't have permission to access / on this server.   I've changed access control saves from apache2.2 to apache2.4, but that didn't work. What else could I do? I was supposed to find all possible Jordan canonical forms of a $5\times 5$ complex matrix with minimal polynomial $(x-2)^2(x-1)$ on a qualifying exam last semester.  I took the polynomial to mean that there were at least two 2's and one 1 on the main diagonal, and that the largest Jordan block with eigenvalue 2 is $2\times 2$ while the largest Jordan block with eigenvalue 1 is $1\times 1$.  Did I miss any matrices or interrupt the minimal polynomial incorrectly?  \begin{pmatrix}   2 &amp;1  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;2  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;2  &amp;1  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;2  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;1 \end{pmatrix}  \begin{pmatrix}   2 &amp;1  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;2  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;2  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;2  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;1 \end{pmatrix}  \begin{pmatrix}   2 &amp;1  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;2  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;2  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;1  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;1 \end{pmatrix}  \begin{pmatrix}   2 &amp;1  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;2  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;1  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;1  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;1 \end{pmatrix}  \begin{pmatrix}   2 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;2  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;1  &amp;0  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;1  &amp;0\\   0 &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;0  &amp;1 \end{pmatrix} Shouldn't the Terms of Service use Stack Overflow, Inc.? The  still uses the term Stack Exchange, Inc. However, I believe that the name is now Stack Overflow, Inc. , so I believe that should be changed to that. It is weird to have the wrong name in a legal document.   Yes, I actually read the Terms of Service. You should also do that. $\Bbb Q$-linear is equivalent to additive Add a duplicate:0|1 search operator I often search for closed questions and sift through the ones that are not duplicates to see if any of them need to be killed. Technically, closure is the first step towards deletion and the only closed posts that are actually useful are duplicates (unless it's a crappy one).  For the rest, if the community hasn't bothered to reopen it after a while or if the OP has made no effort to edit their question, I delete it if it has no redeeming content. For example, the only closed posts seen on  are exact dupes.  But this does become tedious when there are several results for various close reasons with duplicates interspersed between them. I'd like to be able to search as:  closed:1 duplicate:0   so that it gives a list of questions closed as OT/NaRQ/NC/TL. This will be similar in behaviour to migrated:0|1.   This will also be useful for 10k+ users on all sites (2k+ in beta) in the network, especially SO, so that they can search for questions to spend their delete votes on— especially closed, non-dupe questions in the tag they specialize in. More often than not, I hesitate to vote on questions that are outside my area of interest (unless it is crappy). Hide specifics messages in chat Is the word "management" singular or plural? Possible Duplicate:          Which one of the following is correct?     Management gets its ideas from its employees.   Management gets their ideas from their employees. I have 1-band GeoTIFF file. The color interpretation for band is gray. I want a color table in order to transform my Col.tiff to Col.jpeg or Col.png.  I tried putting a color table in this tiff via a .vrt:  gdal_translate -of VRT  Col.tiff Col.vrt   then adding in the .vrt:  &lt;ColorInterp&gt;Palette&lt;/ColorInterp&gt; &lt;ColorTable&gt;    &lt;Entry c1="0" c2="0" c3="255" c4="240"/&gt;    &lt;Entry c1="0" c2="0" c3="254" c4="240"/&gt;    &lt;Entry c1="0" c2="0" c3="253" c4="240"/&gt;    &lt;Entry c1="0" c2="0" c3="252" c4="240"/&gt; &lt;/ColorTable&gt;   And translate again :  gdal_translate Col.vrt Col.tiff   But it answered:  Warning 1: Unable to export color table to GeoTIFF file.  Color tables can only be written to 1 band or 2 bands Byte or UInt16 GeoTIFF files.   How can I do it?  For information, there is gdalinfo for the Band:  Band 1 Block=55x18 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Gray   Description = Something   Metadata:     GRIB_COMMENT=Something[p]     GRIB_ELEMENT=TMP     GRIB_FORECAST_SECONDS=0 sec     GRIB_REF_TIME=1401926400 sec UTC     GRIB_SHORT_NAME=SMTHG     GRIB_UNIT=[p]     GRIB_VALID_TIME=1401926400 sec UTC What I am looking for is to have system wide implementation of sound enhancements like bass boosts, echoes, Fidelity, Stereo enhancement and so on.  Audio Video players have their own equalizer but they enhance only the audio / video files they are playing.  So to enhance sounds playing such as: YouTube, Spotify, System Sound, etc. I need a enhancer software. Back in Windows, I used to use SRS HD audio lab to do the same.  P.S. I have a horrible Speaker set. Does every linearly independent set of n vectors in $R^n$ forms a basis in $R^n$? Basically does a vector set that is linearly independent in $R^n$ automatically span $R^n$?  My initial thought is yes, but is there some counterexample that can disprove this? Too much memory getting used I have been feeling this way for a while, looking at task manager mentally ballparking how much physical memory should be in use, and noticing a large disparity. I finally got around to measuring it. Taking the results of tasklist and adding, gave about 3.87 GB. Task manager told me I was using 4.6 GB of memory. This seems like a large disparity. Where did it go?  EDIT: So its clear, it is not going to prefetch. It has also been suggested that its part of the OS, but not part of any of the system processes. If this is true, please find a way to get the OS to tell me how much memory is getting used. Since I want to find out where the memory went, asking me to look at the difference does nothing for me.  EDIT 2: It is not the following:   The kernel The cache Hardware reserved memory   Picture of resources taken up. Not quite sure what it will do but... Why does casting an ArrayList 's generic to a superclass not work? What does DISPLAY=:0.0 actually mean? Let $(a_n)$ be a sequence of positive terms and suppose that $\sum_\limits{n=0}^{\infty} a_n$ converges. Show that $\sum_\limits{n=0}^{\infty} a_n^2$ converges.   This is in the section on the Comparison Test so that must be what I'm supposed to use.  But I don't see how.  $(a_n)^2$ might be smaller or larger than $a_n$ depending on $a_n$.  And I can't use the Comparison Test with some other series because there's no info here about how fast $\sum a_n$ converges.  Hmm.  Any hints? Maybe I'm searching for the wrong thing, but I can't see how I can do this.  I have two servers:   Server A (has SQL Server 2012 installed) Server B (has SQL Server 2014 installed)   Server A provides an API via IIS. The code both inserts and gets data from the database depending on the API call.  Server B does exactly the same for its local database.  I would like to have it so that the two databases are consistent copies of each other. I do believe this is what HA accomplishes.   So a load balancer, for example, might direct API calls to A sometimes, and B sometimes, but the data needs to be consistent either way.  I found some documentation on HA for SQL Server 2012, but not on how to do this for a mixed environment of 2012 and 2014.  Any help or pointers to documentation would be great! Thanks. Is 'that is' optional? When I write something like this:     I am a man that is doing these things.   Is it correct to shorten it like this?     I am a man doing these things.   And does it require commas? How does Ubuntu flavor iso differ from a desktop package? TL;DR: how does an Ubuntu flavor iso installation ( for example Lubuntu ) differ from installing a desktop package via apt-get ? (for instance sudo apt-get install lubuntu-desktop)  Context for the question:   Some time ago I answered a question on AskUbuntu , where I tested in virtual machine removing unity-desktop and installing ubuntu-gnome-desktop. That makes the boot logo ( plymouth ) change, desktop changes, different packages get installed (gnome-network-manager instead of network-manager , if I am not mistaken). It appeared that in effect I've switched to different Ubuntu flavor, even though I started out with the standard Ubuntu system. Hence the question: what differentiates the pre-made Ubuntu flavor iso from installing a package ? Is it all the same base underneath the hood or does installation from iso have specific configurations ? If it's possible to install a flavor via package manager, why then separate flavor iso's exist ? (obvious answer is user convenience, but I think there has to exist other reasons. Canonical is a business , and it makes not a lot of sense for a business to provide additional flavor iso , if a sysadmin or end-user can get the same thing via package manager by themselves). I know roughly and informally what a confidence interval is.  However, I can't seem to wrap my head around one rather important detail:  According to Wikipedia:     A confidence interval does not predict that the true value of the parameter has a particular probability of being in the confidence interval given the data actually obtained.     I've also seen similar points made in several places on this site.  A more correct definition, also from Wikipedia, is:     if confidence intervals are constructed across many separate data analyses of repeated (and possibly different) experiments, the proportion of such intervals that contain the true value of the parameter will approximately match the confidence level   Again, I've seen similar points made in several places on this site.  I don't get it.  If, under repeated experiments, the fraction of computed confidence intervals that contain the true parameter $\theta$ is $(1 - \alpha)$, then how can the probability that $\theta$ is in the confidence interval computed for the actual experiment be anything other than $(1 - \alpha)$?  I'm looking for the following in an answer:   Clarification of the distinction between the incorrect and correct definitions above. A formal, precise definition of a confidence interval that clearly shows why the first definition is wrong. A concrete example of a case where the first definition is spectacularly wrong, even if the underlying model is correct.