I'm learning java I/O for a couple days. I've seen a lot of examples, and some of them are unclear to me. So, I know InputStream is a superclass for its subclasses (FileInputStream, etc), but I don't know how to use its subclasses properly. Usually I use subclasses like: FileInputStream FIS = new FileInputStream(&quot;path&quot;);  But the unclear thing is many times people use subclasses like: InputStream IS = new FileInputStream(&quot;path&quot;);  Can anybody explain me what's the difference between using subclasses like this?
I have seen this mentioned a few times and I am not clear on what it means. When and why would you do this?   I know what interfaces do, but the fact I am not clear on this makes me think I am missing out on using them correctly.   Is it just so if you were to do:  IInterface classRef = new ObjectWhatever()   You could use any class that implements IInterface? When would you need to do that? The only thing I can think of is if you have a method and you are unsure of what object will be passed except for it implementing IInterface. I cannot think how often you would need to do that.   Also, how could you write a method that takes in an object that implements an interface? Is that possible?
SQLiteException while inserting values in the database in Android Possible Duplicate:          I've added myself back into the admin's group I think, by following   But I still can't do commands like:  sudo aptitude update   I get the message  oshirowanen is not in the sudoers file.  This incident will be reported.   How do I add myself into the sudoers group now that I am in the admin group? How to track the number of tag wikis I edited? I want to see the number of tag wiki that I edited till now. Also I want to see which are accepted and which are rejected with the detail of all those tags. How can I know that? Also I want to know the progress for Research Assisstant badge. Approximating $\pi$ with least digits Do you a digit efficient way to approximate $\pi$? I mean representing many digits of $\pi$ using only a few numeric digits and some sort of equation. Maybe mathematical operations also count as penalty.  For example the well known $\frac{355}{113}$ is an approximation, but it gives only 7 correct digits by using 6 digits (113355) in the approximation itself. Can you make a better digit ratio?  EDIT: to clarify the "game" let's assume that each mathematical operation (+, sqrt, power, ...) also counts as one digit. Otherwise one could of course make artifical infinitely nested structures of operations only. And preferably let's stick to basic arithmetics and powers/roots only.  EDIT: true. logarithm of imaginary numbers provides an easy way. let's not use complex numbers since that's what I had in mind. something you can present to non-mathematicians :) xslt, javascript and unescaped html entities i have a tiny little problem with xslt, js and html entities, eg. within a template:  &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;     &lt;xsl:value-of select="/some/node"/&gt;     for (var i = 0; i &amp;lt; 5; i++) {         //            ^^^ js error     } &lt;/script&gt;  &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;     &lt;xsl:value-of select="/some/node"/&gt;     for (var i = 0; i &lt; 5; i++) {         //            ^ xslt error     } &lt;/script&gt;  &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;     &lt;xsl:value-of select="/some/node"/&gt;     // &lt;![CDATA[     for (var i = 0; i &lt; 5; i++) {         //            ^ becomes &amp;lt;     }     // ]]&gt; &lt;/script&gt;   &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;     &lt;xsl:value-of select="/some/node"/&gt;     for (var i = 0; i &lt;xsl:value-of disable-output-escaping="yes" select="string('&amp;lt;')"/&gt; 5; i++) {         // works of course     } &lt;/script&gt;   does anyone have an idea where my problem could come from? i always thought the xslt processor would leave the content of a &lt;script/&gt; element unescaped when using the html output method ...  i run libxslt2 version 1.1.24 on OSX which was installed using macportsports ... I just want to know if my proof to this question is correct. First, I proved it was true for $n = 4$. $$4!&gt;2^4$$ $$24&gt;16$$ Then, I assumed that it was true for $n=k$. $$k!&gt;2^k$$ Afterwards, I tried to prove it for $n=k+1$. $$(k+1)!&gt;2^{k+1}$$ $$(k+1)k!&gt;(2)(2^k)$$ Since $k!&gt;2^k$, am I allowed to simply do $$(k+1)(2^k)&gt;(2)(2^k)$$ $$(k+1)&gt;2$$ and this is true for all $k\geq3$. Would the last two steps be illegal because I only assumed that $k!&gt;2^k$ is true? Why do high resolution cameras shoot stills at high resolutions, but only typically shoot video at 1080p which is about 2 megapixels?  For example I have a Sony-NEX 6 which can shoot stills at 16 megapixels but only 1080p by 1920p video.  Also how do digital cameras separate the frames in video if the lens shutter never closes?  And if you can shoot video at 30 fps or 60 fps then why can't cameras have a continuous drives at 30 to 60 fps? Spatial reference for dummies? Can anyone recommend a good reference or tutorial that explains the principles of spatial references, projections, and coordinate systems?   We are a small team of programmers working with GIS technology, and we often get snagged when working with data in different SRS/CS because we don't understand the concepts. Evaluating $\int P(\sin x, \cos x) \text{d}x$ Suppose $\displaystyle P(x,y)$ a polynomial in the variables $x,y$.   For example, $\displaystyle x^4$ or $\displaystyle x^3y^2 + 3xy + 1$.  Is there a general method which allows us to evaluate the indefinite integral     $$ \int P(\sin x, \cos x) \text{d} x$$   What about the case when $\displaystyle P(x,y)$ is a rational function (i.e. a ratio of two polynomials)?   Example of a rational function: $\displaystyle \frac{x^2y + y^3}{x+y}$.    This is being asked in an effort to cut down on duplicates, see here:   and here: Soundness of a rule of a proof system with respect to the truth tables? I have the following question: "Explain the concept of the soundness of a rule of a proof system with respect to the truth tables"  Would it be correct to state the following:  "A rule of a proof system is sound with respect to the truth tables iff the conditions of the rules (requirements of the rule) ensure that the final formula will behave according to it's intended truth table."?  This is a question in a practice exam, and I can not find a specific mentioning so far, by scanning Google and Proof Wiki.  What would the correct answer be?  Thank you. Why would parametric statistics ever be preferred over nonparametric? Can someone explain to me why would anyone choose a parametric over a nonparametric statistical method for hypothesis testing or regression analysis?   In my mind, it's like going for rafting and choosing a non-water resistant watch, because you may not get it wet. Why not use the tool that works on every occasion? What does $\lim\limits_{x \to \infty} f(x) = 1$ say about $\lim\limits_{x \to \infty} f'(x)$? Given that $f$ is differentiable, what does $\lim\limits_{x \to \infty} f(x) = 1$ say about $\lim\limits_{x \to \infty} f^\prime(x)$ ? Intuitively I feel that it's $0$.  I attempted to solve this by trying to evaluate $$\lim_{x \to \infty} \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x + h) - f(x)}{h} $$ by trying to interchange the limits after showing that $\frac{f(x + h) - f(x)}{h}$ converges uniformly as $x \to \infty$. But I couldn't proceed further.  Trying to work backwards, as a specific example, $f(x) = \arctan(x)$ came to my mind. It's derivative certainly goes to $0$ as $x \to \infty$. Doesn't this show that $\frac{f(x + h) - f(x)}{h}$ converges uniformly to $0$ as $x \to \infty$ ?  I'm totally confused! I would really appreciate if anyone told me what I am doing wrong. I recently made my pen-drive bootable with Ubuntu 14.04. But I need to unboot my pen-drive now. I formatted my pen-drive once,But the size of the pen-drive still shows 2.25 MB. Whereas,this is an 8GB pen-drive. How can I get rid of this problem. I'm still using Windows 7. If nonnegative $f: [0,1] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ has a continuous $f''$, then $\int_0^1 \Big| \frac{f''(x)}{f(x)} \Big| \,dx >4$ What if robots.txt disallows itself? Is it true that $||a|^p - |b|^p| \le C_p|a - b|^p$ for $1 < p < \infty$? If $a, b \in \mathbb{C}$, then we have the standard triangle inequality for the difference:  $$||a| - |b|| \le |a - b|.$$  I am wondering if this inequality generalizes to exponents greater that one.     My question is, for $1 &lt; p &lt; \infty$, does there exists a constant $C_p$ such that $||a|^p - |b|^p| \le C_p|a - b|^p$ for all $a, b \in \mathbb{C}$?   I am aware of the "standard" triangle inequality for $p &gt; 1$:  $$|a +b|^p \le 2^{p}(|a|^p + |b|^p),$$  and that $2^p$ may not be sharpest constant possible. If I try to use this estimate to prove, say, that $|a|^p - |b|^p \le C_p |a - b|^p$, I get stuck with an extra term that I'm not sure what to do with.  $$|a|^p - |b|^p \le 2^p|a -b|^p + (2^p -1)|b|^p.$$  A resolution on this matter is greatly appreciated. $x^y+y^x>1$ for all $(x, y)\in \mathbb{R_+^2}$ Prove that $x^y+y^x&gt;1$ for all $(x, y)\in \mathbb{R_+^2}$. QM without complex numbers I am trying to understand how complex numbers made their way into QM. Can we have a theory of the same physics without complex numbers? If so, is the theory using complex numbers easier? The pigeonhole principle - how to solve questions like that? We have two sequences , $(a_i)_{i=1}^{2n}$ and $(b_i)_{i=1}^{2n}$ such that  $1\leq a_i, b_i\leq n$ for every $i$.  Show that there are two sets of indexes $I, J \subseteq \left \{ 1,2, ... 2n \right \}$ such what $\sum_{i\in I}a_i=\sum_{j\in J}b_j$.  Well, the question didn't say anything about those sets being empty but I believe that's not what they meant. I don't know that to do with questions like these. There are obviously much more subsets that possible sums ($2^{2n}-1$ compared to $2n^2$) but it doesn't really help.  I'd be glad to hear ideas, hints or solutions. Which profile details does an account merge preserve? When one has to merge two accounts, they're prompted by something like this with input fields for each account link:     Account 1:  Account 1 link.       Account 2:  Account 2 link.    When the merge completes, which account details are preserved, like the display name, or the profile description? Account 1, or account 2?