All I thought Composer takes care of any external library a contrib module requires automatically. I tried installing one, Composer took care of all its dependency modules, but not so much with the external library.  How do I use Composer to install external libraries that any module depends on?
I've found ,  and  which are releated to my question, but no longer seem to apply since Drupal 8.1 and the deprecation of .  Also popular guides such as  appear to no longer apply as they also mention composer manager.   The other solution opposed to composer manager, alter the core composer.json file feels like too much core hacking and would probably break with every Drush update of Drupal core(?).  More specifically, I am attempting to update  from Drupal 7 to 8. I have created my composer.json file as follows:  {   "name": "drupal/views_vcards",   "description": "Allows creation of vCards using the fields provided by the Views module.",   "type": "drupal-module",   "license": "GPL-2.0+",   "homepage": "https://drupal.org/project/views_vcards",   "require": {     "maennchen/zipstream-php": "0.3.*"   } }   But if I put a composer.json file in my module folder, how do I make Drupal aware that that file is there, and how do I make sure the required zipstream-php library is downloaded?  Simply running composer update from the Drupal root does update a lot of Drupal dependencies, but it does not include the composer.json files that are in the modules folders. I also don't assume I should be calling composer install from inside all modules with dependencies.  How do I make Drupal aware of a module's dependency without using composer manager and/or hacking core?  UPDATE:  The  appears to have support a wildcard path:  {     "require": {         "wikimedia/composer-merge-plugin": "dev-master"     },     "extra": {         "merge-plugin": {             "include": [                 "composer.local.json",                 "extensions/*/composer.json" // &lt; ---- THIS LINE             ],             "require": [                 "submodule/composer.json"             ],             "recurse": true,             "replace": false,             "merge-dev": true,             "merge-extra": false         }     } }   Why doesn't core merge modules/*/composer.json, that would solve everything right?  Update 2:  THe reasoning for not supporting this is covered in  (which also has been quiet for some time now).
Maximum Likelihood Estimator for $\theta$ when $X_1,\dots, X_n \sim U(-\theta,\theta)$ Exercise :     Calculate a Maximum Likelihood Estimator for the model $X_1,\dots, X_n \; \sim U(-\theta,\theta)$.   Solution :  The distribution function $f(x)$ for the given Uniform model is :  $$f(x) = \begin{cases} 1/2\theta, \; \; -\theta \leq x \leq \theta \\ 0 \quad \; \; , \quad\text{elsewhere} \end{cases}$$  Thus, we can calculate the likelihood function as :  $$L(\theta)=\bigg(\frac{1}{2\theta}\bigg)^n\prod_{i=1}^n\mathbb I_{[-\theta,\theta]}(x_i)= \bigg(\frac{1}{2\theta}\bigg)^n\prod_{i=1}^n \mathbb I_{[0,\theta]}(|x_i|) $$  $$=$$  $$\bigg(\frac{1}{2\theta}\bigg)^n\prod_{i=1}^n \mathbb I_{[-\infty,\theta]}(|x_i|)\prod_{i=1}^n \mathbb I_{[0, +\infty]}(|x_i|)$$  $$=$$  $$\boxed{\bigg(\frac{1}{2\theta}\bigg)^n\prod_{i=1}^n \mathbb I_{[-\infty,\theta]}(\max|x_i|)}$$  Question : How does one derive the final expression in the box from the previous one ? I can't seem to comprehend how this is equal to the step before.  Other than that, to find the maximum likelihood estimator you need a $\theta$ sufficiently small but also $\max |x_i| \leq \theta$ which means that the MLE is : $\hat{\theta} = \max |x_i|$. So, I was just assaulted by a trio of fairly well armed thugs while walking out of Riften. Before attacking me, they informed me that they were 'here to teach me a lesson.'  After dispatching them in due course, I found this on the body of what I can only assume to be the leader, given his vastly superior armaments:   Orgnar is the innkeeper in Riverwood. Now, I admit, I've stolen a fair amount, but I pride myself on having never been caught. My total bounty to date is at zero. So, how did he figure out that I stole something, why is he taking the law into his own hands, and if I go back to Riverwood, am I going to get shanked? How do you write a case insensitive query for both MySQL and Postgres? I'm running a MySQL database locally for development, but deploying to Heroku which uses Postgres. Heroku handles almost everything, but my case-insensitive Like statements become case sensitive. I could use iLike statements, but my local MySQL database can't handle that.  What is the best way to write a case insensitive query that is compatible with both MySQL and Postgres? Or do I need to write separate Like and iLike statements depending on the DB my app is talking to? Find examples of two series $\sum a_n$ and $\sum b_n$ both of which diverge but for which $\sum \min(a_n, b_n)$ converges. To make it more challenging, produce examples where $a_n$ and $b_n$ are positive and decreasing.  Edit: This problem is taken verbatim from Exercise 2.7.11 on page 68 of Abbott's Understanding analysis. Stack Exchange doesn't allow me to answer protected questions because I gave away earned rep in bounties This is a  about DNS (Domain Name Service).   If my understanding of the DNS system is correct, the .com registry holds a table that maps domains (www.example.com) to DNS servers.   What is the advantage? Why not map directly to an IP address? If the only record that needs to change when I am configuring a DNS server to point to a different IP address, is located at the DNS server, why isn't the process instant? If the only reason for the delay are DNS caches, is it possible to bypass them, so I can see what is happening in real time? I can't seem to get Python to import a module in a subfolder. I get the error when I try to create an instance of the class from the imported module, but the import itself succeeds. Here is my directory structure:  Server     -server.py     -Models         --user.py   Here's the contents of server.py:  from sys import path from os import getcwd path.append(getcwd() + "\\models") #Yes, i'm on windows print path import user  u=user.User() #error on this line   And user.py:  class User(Entity):     using_options(tablename='users')      username = Field(String(15))     password = Field(String(64))     email    = Field(String(50))     status   = Field(Integer)     created  = Field(DateTime)   The error is: AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'User' How can I randomise the output of a redstone circuit? Why is glass transparent? How can I set the maximum draw type for multiple objects? I noticed that if I transfer a few large files between two hard drives, it's pretty speedy, at around at least 30&nbsp;MB per second, but if I transfer thousands of files less than 5&nbsp;KB, it is pretty damn too slow.. around 1 to 2&nbsp;MB per second.   Is there a way to speed up the copy/paste process with thousands of small files on Windows 7? Necessary and sufficient condition for the matrix $A = I - 2 x x^t$ to be orthogonal Let $x$ be a non zeo (column) vector in $\mathbb{R}^n$. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for the matrix $A = I-2xx^t$ to be orthogonal? If $n\geq m$ then $(x^m+y^m)^{1/m} \ge (x^n+y^n)^{1/n}$ I am comfortable with the different sizes of infinities and Cantor's "diagonal argument" to prove that the set of all subsets of an infinite set has cardinality strictly greater than the set itself. So if we have a set $\Omega$ and $|\Omega| = \aleph_i$, then (assuming continuum hypothesis) the cardinality of $2^{\Omega}$ is $|2^{\Omega}| = \aleph_{i+1} &gt; \aleph_i$ and we have $\aleph_{i+1} = 2^{\aleph_i}$.  I am fine with these argument.  What I don't understand is why should there be a smallest $\infty$? Is there a proof (or) an axiom that there exists a smallest $\infty$ and that this is what we address as "countably infinite"? or to rephrase the question "why can't I find a set whose power set gives us $\mathbb{N}$"?  The reason why I am asking this question is in "some sense" $\aleph_i = \log_2(\aleph_{i+1})$. I do not completely understand why this process should stop when $\aleph_i = \aleph_0$.  (Though coming to think about it I can feel that if I take an infinite set with $\log_2 \aleph_0$ elements I can still put it in one-to-one correspondence with the Natural number set. So Is $\log_2 \aleph_0 = \aleph_0$ (or) am I just confused? If $n \rightarrow \infty$, then $2^n \rightarrow \infty$ faster while $\log (n) \rightarrow \infty$ slower and $\log (\log (n)) \rightarrow \infty$ even slower and $\log(\log(\log (n))) \rightarrow \infty$ even "more" slower and so on).  Is there a clean (and relatively elementary) way to explain this to me?  (I am totally fine if you direct me to some paper (or) webpage. I tried googling but could not find an answer to my question) Seeking Python script for creating .mxd files? pm-hibernate freezes and/or fails to resume on Dell XPS 13, 14.04, 3.19 kernel Do the parent directory's permissions matter when accessing a subdirectory? If I have a root folder with some restrictive permission, let's say 600, and if the child folders/files have 777 permission will everybody be able to read/write/execute the child file even though the root folder has 600? How to find real world Selenium projects Where can I find sample or real Selenium projects. All the material I can find on github and on internet are basic, and never intermediate or advanced.  How does a real Selenium project look in real life? How can I find sample code? Probability question of hats onChange event doesn't trigger