Is there some introspection method allowing to reliably obtain the underlying data structure of an object instance, that is unaffected by any customizations? In Python 3 an object's low-level implementation can be deeply obscured: Attribute lookup can be customized, and even the __dict__ and __slots__ attributes may not give a full picture, as they are writeable. dir() is explicitly meant to show &quot;interesting&quot; attributes rather than actual attributes, and even the inspect module doesn't seem to provide such functionality. Not a duplicate. This question has been flagged as duplicate of . However, that other question only talks about the standard ways of introspecting classes, which here are explicitly listed as not reliable on a lower level. As an example consider the following script with an intentionally obscured class. import inspect  actual_members = None  # &lt;- For showing the actual contents later.  class ObscuredClass:     def __init__(self):         global actual_members         actual_members = dict()         self.__dict__ = actual_members         self.actual_field = &quot;actual_value&quot;     def __getattribute__(self, name):         if name == &quot;__dict__&quot;:             return { &quot;fake_field&quot;: &quot;fake value - shown in __dict__&quot; }         else:             return &quot;fake_value - shown in inspect.getmembers()&quot;  obj = ObscuredClass() print(f&quot;{actual_members          = }&quot;) print(f&quot;{dir(obj)                = }&quot;) print(f&quot;{obj.__dict__            = }&quot;) print(f&quot;{inspect.getmembers(obj) = }&quot;)  which produces the output actual_members          = {'actual_field': 'actual_value'} dir(obj)                = ['fake_field'] obj.__dict__            = {'fake_field': 'fake value - shown in __dict__'} inspect.getmembers(obj) = [('fake_field', 'fake_value - shown in inspect.getmembers()')]
So what I'm looking for here is something like PHP's  function.  This is so I can debug my scripts by seeing what's the state of the object in question.
How to read a line from the console in C? What is the simplest way to read a full line in a C console program The text entered might have a variable length and we can't make any assumption about its content. I have created a model which requires some faces to be dual sided.  I intend to import this model into Unity. Reading about this, it seems that the recommendation is to duplicate the polygons and then flip the normals.  What I have done so far is simply to duplicate the all of the relevant faces using Shift+D and then flip the normals. I don't like this method though as it hampers any future alterations to the model itself.  What is the best way of doing this? Some examples include:     We fear the damned.   He honored our fallen.   This is a given.   You are the chosen.   The lost were among us.   They obey the venerated.   My beloved kissed me. (TIL “beloved” is a verb thanks to RegDwight АΑA)   Is there a word to describe the past participle used as a noun? I’m hesitant to refer to it as a gerund, since it doesn’t end in -ing. Another possibility is adjectival noun, if you originally treat the word as a participle (e.g. “the damned man”) that has given up its modified noun.  Also, why does English tend to preface such nouns with the? I'm writing a script which shows the git log for a directory when I cd into it. Such a log can be overwhelming, containing hundreds of lines. So far I have been limiting that to a hard-coded 20 lines (... | head -n 20), which is fine on the screen at work, but too much on the smaller MacBook screen at home.  I would prefer the log to take up about half the (vertical) screen on either terminal. And "terminal" also changes: it's Gnome terminal at work, but iTerm2 at home. And I do not use screen or tmux.  How do I find the number of vertical lines available in a terminal from command line? QGIS Align Rasters how to retain pixel values? I am attempting to align and then merge a number of rasters of the same resolution and extent, but where the pixels are slightly misaligned (creating small gaps when merged). This works fine using the Align Rasters tool, except that the pixel values are not retained and instead given a value of something like -3.23879e+8. I mostly want to keep the nodata pixels. Is this possible? How to order files by last modified time in ruby? How to determine when Settings change on iOS How do I write this matrix as a product of elementary row matrices. \begin{pmatrix}3&amp;-1&amp;3\\ -2&amp;3&amp;2\\ 1&amp;-3&amp;1\end{pmatrix}  Any help would be greatly appreciated!  I have done this before with other matrices, yet this one is bringing me trouble. I have spent too long on this as I believe it should be easy and yet my answers are always wrong. What Do you do after you get the identity matrix?  What I am doing: So I first row reduce it to the identity matrix:   I first switch $R_1$ and $R_3$ Then $R_3-3R_1$ then $R_2+2R_1$ then $-1/3R_2$ then $R_3-8R_2$ then $R_2-2R_1$ then $3/32R_3$ then $R_1+3R_3$ and finally $R_2+4/3R_3$   I know there is many possible ways to get this too the identity matrix but this worked for me. I then apply all of the above steps to identity matrices and multiply them together to check my work but it never works out to be the original matrix so I am forced to believe something is wrong. Trigger an event with Prototype I was getting the usual 4-8mbps in 12.04 when copying files via usb sticks. However after upgrading to 12.10, I only get 200-300kbps when I try to perform the same operation.   I have tried different usb sticks (which work flawlessly on Windows 7) and still experience the same issue. I experienced the same issue sometime ago on 11.10 but everything was normal when I upgraded to 12.04 so it might be a kernel issue.  Here's the output of dmseg |tail:      mysterio@mysterio-HP-Pavilion-dv6700-Notebook-PC:~$ dmesg |tail   [  871.023093] sdb: sdb1  [  871.026909] sd 5:0:0:0: [sdb] No Caching mode page present  [  871.026920] sd 5:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through  [  871.026927] sd 5:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk  [ 1036.226206] ISO 9660 Extensions: Microsoft Joliet Level 3  [ 1036.233561] ISO 9660 Extensions: RRIP_1991A  [ 1086.342973] ISO 9660 Extensions: Microsoft Joliet Level 3  [ 1086.343010] ISO 9660 Extensions: RRIP_1991A  [ 1173.971357] ISO 9660 Extensions: Microsoft Joliet Level 3  [ 1173.971441] ISO 9660 Extensions: RRIP_1991A   I have updated my system with the latest updates. What could be wrong? How do I add the kernel PPA? Can't use my sprint key and jump at the same time Ok, so I do a lot of sprint jumping in minecraft because I pvp a ton everyday and every once in a while it won't allow me to do both at the same time. I set ctrl to my sprint key so when I want to sprint I hold ctrl. If I hold ctrl and space it won't let me jump. If I double tap w I can sprint and jump at the same time. Does anybody know why it does this? It's not something to do with my keyboard because it's just fine. It's done this a couple of times and it's quite annoying. I want to shrink my second (LVM) partition, in order to create a new partition in the newly freed space. I am using the Live CD to do so, because I know I can't resize/move this partition while it is in use. When I opened GParted in the Live CD, I realized that I could not resize the partition, because when I right-click it, the option "resize/move" is disabled.  I tried to unmount it, to "lazy" unmount it (umount -l /dev/sda2) but it didn't work.  A screenshot from GParted: Could anyone explain when to use a noun or a gerund?  Are these sentences correct? What is the difference between usage of gerund and noun there?        I worked on the improvement of the article.   I worked on the article improving.   I worked on the improving of the article.                The investment idea was published.   Investing idea was published. How do I implement a retro-style password-based "savegame" system? Movie: Creature crawls out of its current hosts mouth into next hosts mouth How can the contact point of rolling body have zero velocity? They say that for a rolling body, the velocity of the contact point is zero. I'm not getting this. How can it be zero when it's in continuous motion? I'm getting these errors ramdomly, and I don't know if its normal or not.   [39441.061856] ata3.00: failed to read SCR 1 (Emask=0x40) [39441.061866] ata3.01: failed to read SCR 1 (Emask=0x40) [39441.061892] ata3.15: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x280100 action 0x6 frozen [39441.061897] ata3.15: irq_stat 0x08000000, interface fatal error [39441.061904] ata3.15: SError: { UnrecovData 10B8B BadCRC } [39441.061910] ata3.00: exception Emask 0x100 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x0 action 0x6 frozen [39441.061917] ata3.01: exception Emask 0x100 SAct 0xe SErr 0x0 action 0x6 frozen [39441.061923] ata3.01: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED [39441.061933] ata3.01: cmd 60/a8:08:b0:48:62/00:00:00:00:00/40 tag 1 ncq 86016 in [39441.061940] ata3.01: status: { DRDY } [39441.061944] ata3.01: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED [39441.061953] ata3.01: cmd 60/a8:10:b0:49:62/00:00:00:00:00/40 tag 2 ncq 86016 in [39441.061959] ata3.01: status: { DRDY } [39441.061963] ata3.01: failed command: READ FPDMA QUEUED [39441.061972] ata3.01: cmd 60/58:18:58:4a:62/00:00:00:00:00/40 tag 3 ncq 45056 in [39441.061978] ata3.01: status: { DRDY } [39441.061987] ata3.15: hard resetting link [39441.608302] ata3.15: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 300) [39441.609090] ata3.00: hard resetting link [39441.929246] ata3.00: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 320) [39441.929333] ata3.01: hard resetting link [39442.249184] ata3.01: SATA link up 3.0 Gbps (SStatus 123 SControl 320) [39442.263242] ata3.00: configured for UDMA/133 [39442.277570] ata3.01: configured for UDMA/133 [39442.277725] ata3: EH complete   I'm also pasting smartctl -a for ,  and .  Thanks in advance for your help. How to pad zeroes to a string? Title page line spacing I have a simple problem but I didn't manage to find any answer for it. In my title page, I just used  \title{Name of the title}   then  \hrule height 0,1cm \leavevmode \\[0,5cm]     {\Huge{\textbf{\@title}}}\\[0,5cm] \hrule height 0,1cm \leavevmode \\[0,5cm]   to print the title of my document. But it takes more than 3 lines on the PDF file, and I have a different spacing between the 1st and 2nd line compared to the 2nd and 3rd, which is a bit frustrating.   Anyone got an idea of why ?