I updated to Yosemite. I organized my launchpad but when I turned my laptop on after shutting it down, my apps weren't grouped together like I did before.  What do I need to do to keep the layout I defined?
Running Yosemite 10.0 with a clean erase and install, when I reboot, all my launchpad apps are totally disorganised, folders and un-official apps disappears...  After reorganizing the layout twice, I don't want to keep sorting my launchpad every time I restart my Mac.
In ZFC set theory, every element object is a set. We know or feel that if $X$ and $Y$ are sets, their cartesian product $X\times Y$ is a set.  My question is: Why if $X$ and $Y$ are sets, their cartesian product $X\times Y$ is a set? How is Yu-Gi-Oh played with more than two players? Why is AES resistant to known-plaintext attacks? At least it's my understanding that AES isn't affected by known-plaintext. Is it immune to such an attack, or just resistant? Does this vary for chosen-plaintext? What steps can I take to try to recover lost or inaccessible data from any storage device?  Answers:   This applies to any computer storage device, e.g. internal/external hard drives, USB sticks, flash memory. The most important thing is to STOP using it, any type of I/O can ruin your chances of a recovery.     We have separate questions covering common problems with USB flash drives in greater detail: cd to previous directory without echo of directory name This  gave me cd - as shorthand to change to my previous directory in Bash. It does have a major problem: it prints the directory it changes to, wasting my screen space, as that directory is then repeated in the prompt on the next line.  I know I can do cd $OLDPWD, also mentioned in that answer, and cd - &gt;/dev/null but that is much more typing.   In the bash man page it says:     ... or if - is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute path name of the  new  working  directory  is written to the standard output.   How can I make - not to be the first argument? By using any of the cd optional arguments? Any other way to suppress the echo or minimise typing without the need for defining functions/aliases on every machine I work with? Is the universe fundamentally deterministic? I'm not sure if this is the right place to ask this question. I realise that this maybe a borderline philosophical question at this point in time, therefore feel free to close this question if you think that this is a duplicate or inappropriate for this forum. Anyway, I'm an electrical engineer and I have some basic knowledge of quantum mechanics. I know that Schrödinger's equation is deterministic. However, quantum mechanics is much deeper than that and I would like to learn more. If this question is not clearly answerable at this point than can anyone point out some recognized sources that try to answer this question. I would appreciate it if the source is scientific and more specifically, is related to quantum theory. I have two screens on my Windows 8.1 computer (with Classic Shell Start Menu installed). The thing is that I would like to have the taskbar's  (where the clock and all the icons like Skype or Spotify are, at the right) on both of my screens, and not only on the primary one.  Could you help me ? I would like not to install a heavy and paid software like DisplayFusion. Proving that cardinality of the reals = cardinality of $[0,1]$ Homework problem, intro to topology. Here's what I've done so far. Am I on the right track? And, how would you advise me to proceed from here?  I have already established that $\left |[0,1] \right | = \left |[0,1) \right|$. Now I wish to show that $\left |[0,1) \right| = \left |\mathbb{R} \right |$. I will try to do this by constructing a bijection $f: [0,1) \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$.  Given $x \in [0,1)$, consider the following countably infinite subset of $\mathbb{R}$: $x^c = \{x+1, x-1, x+2,x-2,x+3,x-3,\ldots   \}$.  Then we have that $$ \bigcup_{x \in [0,1)} x^c = \mathbb{R}, $$ and if $x_1, x_2 \in [0,1)$ with $x_1 \neq x_2$, then $x_1^c \cap x_2^c = \varnothing$. Is there a word to describe someone who tends to disagree with others only to upset them? What's the word to describe someone who acts arrogantly and always disagrees with others unreasonably in order to upset people around him/her?  [I'm not looking for adjectives like unpleasant, annoying, unfriendly, rude, I'm looking for a more specific term like opinionated, didactic, loquacious, gregarious ]  I think I'd come across it before but I've forgotten what it is.. I know that I can append &amp; to a command to run the process in the background.   I'm SSH'ing into an Ubuntu 12.04 box and running a python program with $python program.py &amp; -- but when I go to close the terminal window I get a message saying that closing the terminal will kill the running process.   Why is this? I am using the ampersand to run the process in the background. How can I get it to run regardless of if I am SSH'ed in? I'm trying to include graphics in my Latex-file, which I compiled with latex+dvipdf on OS X. Latex however returns this error: "Cannot determine size of graphic"  My graphic is exported from PowerPoint, so I have tried both .pdf and .png. I get the same errors for both.  Sample code that doesn't work:  \begin{figure}[htb] \begin{center} \leavevmode \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{graph.png} \end{center} \end{figure}   If I have to manually set some measurements of the image, please tell me how I can find out those measurements. I need the image to take up about 80% of text width and be centered. Thanks. I find that at the end of a long day, I sometimes have a large number of programs running. All which I will need to use tomorrow. Normally, this isn't an issue, I can simply lock the machine and come back tomorrow. My problem arrises when windows update launches in the middle of the night and force restarts my computer. That in turns closes all my open software. I of course save everything regularly so I don't loose anything, but I waste time reopening all of those resources whenever there is a restart.   [EDIT]  I should clarify that I still want to be able to restart my computer when an update comes down. Preventing the restart only delays the problem until later. I should have been more specific in that I want to be able to recover my working environment after a restart for any reason. Things like scheduled maintence, power loss, updates, and software installs.  [EDIT]  I can't simply have them setup to launch at startup becasuse those files change from week to week. So I need something that monitors what I have open, and gives me the option to "recover" those software sessions when I log back in.  Anyone have any suggestions on what I can do? I'd even be willing to purchase software to do this for me if that is the only option.  Thanks I want to give a client access to my server, but I want to limit those users to their home directories. I will bind-mount in any files I want them to be able to see.  I've created a user called bob and added him to a new group called sftponly. They have a home directory at /home/bob. I've changed their shell to /bin/false to stop SSH logins. Here is their /etc/passwd line:  bob:x:1001:1002::/home/bob:/bin/false   I've also changed the /etc/ssh/sshd_config to include the following:  Match Group sftponly         ChrootDirectory /home/%u         ForceCommand internal-sftp         AllowTcpForwarding no   When I try to log in as them, here's what I see   $ sftp bob@server bob@server's password:  Write failed: Broken pipe Couldn't read packet: Connection reset by peer   If I comment out the ChrootDirectory line I can SFTP in but then they have free rein over the server. I have found that ChrootDirectory /home works, but it still gives them access to any home directory. I have explicitly tried ChrootDirectory /home/bob but that doesn't work either.  What am I doing wrong? How can I limit bob to /home/bob/?  ----EDIT-----  Okay so I just had a look at /var/log/auth.log and saw this:  May  9 14:45:48 nj sshd[5074]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user bob by (uid=0) May  9 14:45:48 nj sshd[5091]: fatal: bad ownership or modes for chroot directory component "/home/bob/" May  9 14:45:48 nj sshd[5074]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user bob   I'm not entirely sure what's going on there,  but it suggests something is wrong with the user directory. Here is the ls -h /home output:  drwxr-xr-x 26 oli      oli      4096 2012-01-19 17:19 oli drwxr-xr-x  3 bob      bob      4096 2012-05-09 14:11 bob Can "cattle" be singular? I've grown up on a farm, and my dad and his dad, apparently, always used "cattle" to refer to both the singular and plural forms of the domestic bovine. I've always assumed it's how the word "deer" is.  However, I've heard people say that this is incorrect and the singular is just "cow", but this has always offended us as a cow is a mother cattle, and is incorrect if you're referring to a steer, a bull, or a heifer.  So, is cattle singular as well as plural? If not, is there some general, non-gender-specific word that should be used instead? Does a car use friction to move? How do I alter a message in the message queue independent of site language? I want to programatically alter a message in the message queue. The message I want to alter is set in the message queue by function comment_form_submit() in comment.module, i.e.:  if ($comment-&gt;status == COMMENT_NOT_PUBLISHED) {   if (!user_access('administer comments')) {     drupal_set_message(t('Your comment has been queued for review by site administrators and will be published after approval.'));   } }   Instead of this, I want the call to drupal_set_message() to be this:  drupal_set_message(t('Your comment will be published when you validate your e-mail address.'));   How do I do this?  Postscript: Based on the answer below by Topsitemakers, I got this working for any language by using array_search() inside a custom MYMODULE_comment_submit to search the message array, and then compare the translated strings to identify the key of the string to alter.  This is the working code I ended up with:  $mm = drupal_get_messages('status', TRUE); $key = array_search(t('Your comment has been queued for review by site administrators and will be published after approval.'), $mm['status']); if (FALSE !== $key) {   $mm['status'][$key] = t('Your comment will be published when you validate your e-mail address.'); } foreach ($mm['status'] as $msg) {   drupal_set_message($msg, 'status'); } Are there any rules relevant to involuntary movement and effects other than Opportunity Attacks? PHB p. 195 states that involuntary movement does not provoke :     You also don't provoke an opportunity attack when you teleport or when someone or something moves you without using your movement, action, or reaction.   Is there a general rule somewhere about involuntary movement and how it interacts with other effects?  The question arose at our table about what happens if a creature is dragged via the Thorn Whip spell across an area of Spike Growth.  Does the involuntarily moving creature take the damage from the spikes as if he'd voluntarily moved through them?    Logically, yes, if you're being dragged through spikes, you take damage from them as if you'd walked through them. But logically, if I drag you past my ally, my ally would be able to make an Opportunity Attack, likely more easily than if you were moving under your own power.  Presumably that is not allowed for balance reasons rather than versimilitude reasons, so I wonder if the same should apply to other effects? How to keep application running after closing the terminal? CDN - Content Delivery Networks. How do they work and why would I want to use one? What exactly is a Content Delivery Network (CDN), how does it work, and why would I want to use one for my web site?  Which are the well-known CDNs out there? C: pointer to struct in the struct definition How can I have a pointer to the next struct in the definition of this struct:  typedef struct A {   int a;   int b;   A*  next; } A;   this is how I first wrote it but it does not work.