I was wondering why an  was gaining steam.  I looked at it just now, and lo and behold someone has a bounty on it!    When did that happen?  Why wasn't I ever informed that that a bounty was put on my question?
Can there be a notification for those people that participated in the question in the past (either who asked or answered it) once a bounty is started on it?
Why am I still getting a password prompt with ssh with public key authentication? XIV pages in page counts? Is it possible to make biblatex output page counts for both the regular pages and the roman-numbered pages, for example:     Cook, Theodore Andrea. The Curves of Life : Being an Account of Spiral Formations and Their Application to Growth in Nature, to Science and to Art; with Special Reference to the Manuscripts of Leonardo da Vinci. — London : Constable and Company, 1914. — xxx + 479 p.   Here there are "30 pages + 478 pages" in total. Thanks! Is there a way to block access to or wipe my Google data for a lost/stolen phone What are the basis for co-countable and co-finite topologies This is about that old chestnut, $\newcommand{\d}{\mathrm{d}} \int \sin^2 x\,\d x$.   OK, I know that ordinarily you're supposed to use the identity $\sin^2 x = (1 - \cos 2x)/2$ and integrating that is easy. But just for the heck of it, I tried using the $u$-$v$ substitution method (otherwise known as integration by parts).  $$ \int \sin^2 x\,\d x = \int \sin x \sin x\,\d x $$  We can say $u=\sin x$ and $\d u=\cos x\,\d x$ while $\d v = \sin x\,\d x$ and $v = -\cos x$. When we put it all together:   $$\int \sin^2 x\,\d x = u v - \int v\,\d u = -\sin x \cos x - \int -\cos^2 x\,\d x$$  and doing the same routine with $\cos^2 x$ we get $u = \cos x$, $\d u = -\sin x\,\d x$, $\d v = \cos x\,\d x $ and $v = -\sin x$, leading to:  $$\begin{align}   \int \sin^2 x\,\d x = uv - \int v\,\d u     &amp;= -\sin x \cos x - (-\cos x \sin x - \int -\sin^2 x\,\d x) \\     &amp;= -\sin x \cos x + \sin x \cos x - \int \sin^2 x\,\d x \end{align}$$  which eventually works out to  $$2\int \sin^2 x\,\d x = 0$$  So I wanted to get an idea why this didn't work. Maybe it's higher math and the why will be beyond me (I would think that might be the case), or maybe it's one of those proofs that looks absurdly simple when shown that I am just unaware of. Which is better: ... or ... Duplicate application icons in Ubuntu dock upon launch I'm using Ubuntu 17.10 with GNOME shell and Numix-Circle icon theme.   When I hover over the Numix icon for Nightly Web Browser, which is pinned to the dock I get the title "Nightly Web Browser".      But when I launch the program, another icon pops up at the bottom, with the name "Nightly". Fit mixture of distributions to your time-series data in R I have time-series data containing 1440 observations and the plot of the data is   I want to fit the Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) to the above plot, and for the same I am using Mclust function of  package. Finally, I want a fit somewhat like this:   On using Mclust function, I do get following statistics     mclus_data &lt;- Mclust(givendataseries)    &gt; summary(mclus_data) ---------------------------------------------------- Gaussian finite mixture model fitted by EM algorithm  ----------------------------------------------------  Mclust E (univariate, equal variance) model with 8 components:   log.likelihood    n df      BIC      ICL        9525.438 1440 16 18934.52 18183.67  Clustering table:    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8  1262    0    0    0    0   13  114   51    In the above statistic, I can not understand following:   Significance of log.likelihood, BIC and ICL. I can understand what each of them is, but what their magnitude/value refers to? It shows there are 8 clusters, but why cluster no. 2,3,4,5 has 0 values? What does this mean? From the plot it is clear that there must be two Guassians, but why Mclust function shows there are 8 Guassians?   Update: Actually, I want to do model based clustering of time series data. But currently  I want to fit the distribution to my raw data, as shown in Figure 1 on page no. 3 of  paper. For your quick reference, mentioned figure in said paper is How to prove Euler's formula: $e^{i\varphi}=\cos(\varphi) +i\sin(\varphi)$? I bought a Magic the Gathering display box today with cards from the new edition Innistrad. Unfortunately one of the cards in a booster pack was damaged. It is not just a simple scratch - one corner is bent and a small part of the card is missing. According to different trading platforms this card would be worth about 6 Dollars minimum in mint condition. So it is not really expensive but also not totally worthless.  What can I do about this? Can I obtain a replacement card from the producer (WotC) or from the store I bought it from? How can I prove that the card was damaged when I opened the booster pack? I am sure I am not the first person who got a damaged card from a booster pack. How are such issues usually handled? Outlook, POP and PST handling Essentially I have a client who is on hosted exchange and have decided to use POP3 to download the mail (I don't know why they don't use .OST's but anyway), they rebuilt the machine and backed up their .PST file. Now their Outlook was configured to keep mail downloaded on the server for 14days.  Essentially their current PST is fairly complex, many folders and sub folders and so on. So what is the best way to handle it really - create a new Outlook profile on the rebuilt machine and download the mail via POP into a new .PST then just recreate the folders in the new pst and drag and drop the mail via attaching the backed up .pst, recreating the folders etc?  But is their an easier way to do this, maybe pointing the new account to use the original PST, but then that would download all the mail again from the server to that .PST file.  Any ideas on the best way to handle POP3 account rebuilds from scratch when you have a backed up PST? All rounds of AES (and Rijndael) have a MixColumns step, save the last round which omits it.  DES has a similar feature where the last round differs slightly.  The rationale, if I recall correctly, was to "make the cipher appear similar in reverse as it does in the forward direction."  Why does this make AES$^{-1}$ look similar to AES?  And how does this help in implementing the block cipher? $C^2 $embedded in holder space? I have a question on Holder space.Is the space $C^2(\mathbb{R}^n)$ embedded in $C^{1,\alpha}(\mathbb{R}^n)$? I think in the bounded domain case, this should be true. But what if in the case where the domain is not bounded? Thanks for any hint! How to get the last argument to a /bin/sh function What's a better way to implement print_last_arg?  #!/bin/sh  print_last_arg () {     eval "echo \${$#}"  # this hurts }  print_last_arg foo bar baz # baz   (If this were, say, #!/usr/bin/zsh instead of #!/bin/sh I'd know what to do.  My problem is finding a reasonable way to implement this for #!/bin/sh.)  EDIT: The above is only a silly example.  My goal is not to print the last argument, but rather to have a way to refer to the last argument within a shell function.    EDIT2: I apologize for such an unclearly worded question.  I hope to get it right this time.  If this were /bin/zsh instead of /bin/sh, I could write something like this  #!/bin/zsh  print_last_arg () {     local last_arg=$argv[$#]     echo $last_arg }   The expression $argv[$#] is an example of what I described in my first EDIT as a way to refer to the last argument within a shell function.  Therefore, I really should have written my original example like this:  print_last_arg () {     local last_arg=$(eval "echo \${$#}")   # but this hurts even more     echo $last_arg }   ...to make it clear that what I'm after is a less awful thing to put to the right of the assignment.  Note, however, that in all the examples, the last argument is accessed non-destructively.  IOW, the accessing of the last argument leaves the positional arguments as a whole unaffected. I installed few environments that I wanted to try out on Ubuntu 12.04, but none of them worked at all. It could be that I installed them all at the same time, meaning the OS didn't get a chance to work everything out, but either way, they didn't work. I would now like to remove them.   The one's that I installed are Xubuntu/Xfce, Lubuntu/LXDE, Kubuntu/KDE, Fluxbox, OpenBox, cinnamon, and MATE. I installed them. Everything seemed to have been working properly until I actually tried to use the shells and nothing loaded at all. Except for Fluxbox, I think that one worked. I want to know of any way to repair or perhaps just remove the packages entirely. I might have already removed them because I did the apt-get remove command on all of them, but they were still in the list on the login screen. Is the reason why the time evolution operator is unitary based on purely physical arguments, i.e. that the physical processes that an isolated system undergoes shouldn't depend on any particular instant in time (homogeneity of time); thus two experimenters who conduct the same experiment starting from the same initial state, but at different times, should have the same probability amplitude for that state?! Or is there some mathematical argument as well?  Also, is the reason why the time evolution operator is linear implied by the superposition principle (as an arbitrary state can be expressed as a linear combination of basis states the operator should act linearly as otherwise the state as a whole would evolve differently to the superposition of states that it was initially represented by)?! Hibernate computer with a timeout from command line on Windows 7 I am trying to hibernate my computer from the command. I was using shutdown /s /t 20 to shutdown the the computer. I change /s to /h to hibernate and now it just returns the usage text as if it doesn't recognise what I have entered. In this is does say  /h         Hibernate the local computer.   Is there something else that I need to use with /h to get it to hibernate? /etc/sysctl.conf doesn't persist after reboot Add lines to cron from script Is there a way to add lines to a user's cron via script?  I usually do it using crontab -e, but I would like to automate this task with a shell script. How does one know when to use a gerund or an infinitive? As a native speaker of English, the gerund version of this sentence sounds better:  infinitive:     When used together in chains,   extension methods are an unprecedented   tool to produce extremely concise   code.   gerund:     When used together in chains,   extension methods are an unprecedented   tool for producing extremely concise   code.   But how can I explain to someone learning English how to decide in situations like these whether to use the infinitive or the gerund?