I have been a Windows user all my life but want to move to Linux.  I have downloaded the ISO file for Ubuntu Late..now what?  please help  thanks alot   Craig
I would like to see a full how-to guide on how to install Ubuntu.
How to prove that $L=${$a^p$: p is prime} isn't regular? I tried using pumping lemma or finding infinite equivalence classes, but I didn't succeed.  It's clear to me that there is no automata that accepts this language, but I just can't formally prove that this language isn't regular.  How can you prove it? I followed the official step-by-step "Visual Studio Code and Unity" guide, but it seems I messed up something, because Intellisense doesn't see any Unity related stuff.  Like the MonoBehaviour class and its members (like .transform), or the Unity callbacks, like Start or Update. What are the advantages of a custom ROM over rooted stock? I am making a fudge recipe that calls for 1cup whole milk and 5 cups sugar. It also uses 2 sticks of butter and 25 marshmallows. I'm wondering if I can omit the milk and cut back on the sugar by using sweetened condensed milk. The comment pop-up is too far away When you click the add a comment button when you don't have enough rep, you get a pop-up saying that you need more rep in able to comment. Except, it is too far away and users might be confused for a while before realizing the pop-up is on the other side of the page:     Clearly, that is very inconvenient for a lot of people, like me. Can we move the pop-up to be right next to the add a comment button? How do I migrate my Keychain's "Local Items" to a new Mac? After preforming a Mavericks-Mavericks migration using Migration Assistant, I have a "Local Items" Keychain on my new machine in which many (perhaps most) items are out of date (using old passwords), and some are missing altogether. While I have access to a copy of the entire contents of the ~/Library/Keychains/ directory from my old machine, which presumably contains all the information I'm missing, I see no way of importing that information into my new machine.  How can I import the "Local Items" from my old Keychain into the Keychain on my new machine? How can I disable the 2nd hard drive in my 27" iMac? Atheros AR9462 WiFI very unstable & package loss I'm having severe issues w/ package-loss and a generally bad connection w/in a WiFi-network at my uni. I'm usually encountering a package loss of ~50% and aborting connections which makes working w/ SaaS impossible.  I'm using Ubuntu 13.04 and my network-adapter is an Atheros AR9462.  Applying the nohwcrypt=1-option doesn't change anything.  Also very noticable: The connection works as intended in other networks; the problematic network uses WPA2 w/ MSCHAPv2.  Anyone can help my out here?  $ sudo lshw -class network  *-network UNCLAIMED             description: Ethernet controller        product: NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe        vendor: Broadcom Corporation        physical id: 0        bus info: pci@0000:04:00.0        version: 01        width: 64 bits        clock: 33MHz        capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list        configuration: latency=0        resources: memory:d3500000-d350ffff   *-network        description: Wireless interface        product: AR9462 Wireless Network Adapter        vendor: Atheros Communications Inc.        physical id: 0        bus info: pci@0000:09:00.0        logical name: wlan0        version: 01        serial: e0:06:e6:76:ba:89        width: 64 bits        clock: 33MHz        capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical wireless        configuration: broadcast=yes driver=ath9k driverversion=3.8.0-22-generic firmware=N/A ip=131.173.74.130 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes wireless=IEEE 802.11abgn        resources: irq:19 memory:d3400000-d347ffff memory:9fb00000-9fb0ffff Both apt-get update and upgrade hang:  sudo apt-get update [sudo] password for xxx:  0% [Connecting to archive.ubuntu.com (2001:67c:1360:8001::17)]   I'm able to ping archive.ubuntu.com:  ping archive.ubuntu.com PING archive.ubuntu.com (91.189.88.162) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from yukinko.canonical.com (91.189.88.162): icmp_seq=1 ttl=50 time=42.2 ms 64 bytes from yukinko.canonical.com (91.189.88.162): icmp_seq=2 ttl=50 time=42.1 ms 64 bytes from yukinko.canonical.com (91.189.88.162): icmp_seq=3 ttl=50 time=42.1 ms ^C --- archive.ubuntu.com ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 42.169/42.206/42.265/0.240 ms   I checked , and I don't think its the same issue.  Any tips for investigating this further? I am Peruvian, and will study in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus for two years.  As a South American, what problems may I have if I decide to study in the TRNC, as it is recognized only by Turkey?  What if, having been in the TRNC, I decide to travel to the EU (Amsterdam) for summer vacations? Would I encounter any problem entering The Netherlands, a member of EU, after having been in the TRNC?  I have read that many tourists (Russians and Asians for now) are deported mostly because they go from Northern Cyprus to the Republic of Cyprus. Cyprus, a member of the EU, believes that those entering the country from the north are illegal immigrants. Does this rule apply to Cypriot internal issues only, or does it extend throughout the EU? Will it cause problems for my intended travel to Amsterdam? Language specific settings for field formatters I've created a custom field formatter widget for numeric fields. The formatter has A LOT of settings to customize the visual output of that number, to whatever designers/marketing wants (adding a lot of HTML markup, with[out] leading/trailing zeros, zeros as dash, one or two fractions, rounding, prefixes/infixes/suffixes,... ).  Some of those settings are language-dependant though, so I'd like to enter different formatter settings in  /en/admin/structure/types/manage/MY_CONTENT_TYPE/display /de/admin/structure/types/manage/MY_CONTENT_TYPE/display /fr/admin/structure/types/manage/MY_CONTENT_TYPE/display  I've noticed that there is a $langcode parameter in   but I don't know how to make  language-aware.  Is it possible at all to have language-specific settings in a field formatter? If yes, how to I store and retrieve those settings in the correct language? Bluetooth headset never gives me sound options I see the  on the user page.  It seems to edit posts sometimes.  What is it? And why has it downvoted over 1800 times? See also: How to build a dmg Mac OS X file (on a non-Mac platform)? Is it possible to build a .dmg file (for distributing apps) from a non-Mac platform? And if yes, how? I have cobbled together a command to return the process ID of a running daemon:  ps aux | grep daemon_name | awk "{ print \$2 }"   It works perfectly and returns the PID, but it also returns a second PID which is presumably the process I'm running now. Is there a way I can exclude my command from the list of returned PIDs?  I've tested it a few times and it appears my command is always the second PID in the list, but I don't want to grab just the first PID in case it's inaccurate. In statistical learning, implicitly or explicitly, one always assumes that the training set $\mathcal{D} = \{ \bf {X}, \bf{y} \}$ is composed of $N$ input/response tuples $({\bf{X}}_i,y_i)$ that are independently drawn from the same joint distribution $\mathbb{P}({\bf{X}},y)$ with  $$ p({\bf{X}},y) = p( y \vert {\bf{X}}) p({\bf{X}}) $$  and $p( y \vert {\bf{X}})$ the relationship we are trying to capture through a particular learning algorithm. Mathematically, this i.i.d. assumption writes:  \begin{gather} ({\bf{X}}_i,y_i) \sim \mathbb{P}({\bf{X}},y), \forall i=1,...,N \\ ({\bf{X}}_i,y_i) \text{ independent of } ({\bf{X}}_j,y_j), \forall i \ne j \in \{1,...,N\} \end{gather}  I think we can all agree that this assumption is rarely satisfied in practice, see this related  and the wise comments of @Glen_b and @Luca.  My question is therefore:      Where exactly does the i.i.d. assumption becomes critical in practice?    [Context]   I'm asking this because I can think of many situations where such a stringent assumption is not needed to train a certain model (e.g. linear regression methods), or at least one can work around the i.i.d. assumption and obtain robust results. Actually the results will usually stay the same, it is rather the inferences that one can draw that will change (e.g. heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent HAC estimators in linear regression: the idea is to re-use the good old OLS regression weights but to adapt the finite-sample behaviour of the OLS estimator to account for the violation of the Gauss-Markov assumptions).   My guess is therefore that the i.i.d. assumption is required not to be able to train a particular learning algorithm, but rather to guarantee that techniques such as cross-validation can indeed be used to infer a reliable measure of the model's capability of generalising well, which is the only thing we are interested in at the end of the day in statistical learning because it shows that we can indeed learn from the data. Intuitively, I can indeed understand that using cross-validation on dependent data could be optimistically biased (as illustrated/explained in ).   For me i.i.d. has thus nothing to do with training a particular model but everything to do with that model's generalisability. This seems to agree with a paper I found by Huan Xu et al, see "Robustness and Generalizability for Markovian Samples" .   Would you agree with that?  [Example]   If this can help the discussion, consider the problem of using the LASSO algorithm to perform a smart selection amongst $P$ features given $N$ training samples $({\bf{X}}_i,y_i)$ with $\forall i=1,...,N$ $$ {\bf{X}}_i=[X_{i1},...,X_{iP}] $$ We can further assume that:   The inputs ${\bf{X}}_i$ are dependent hence leading to a violation of the i.i.d. assumption (e.g. for each feature $j=1,..,P$ we observe a $N$ point time series, hence introducing temporal auto-correlation) The conditional responses $y_i \vert {\bf{X}}_i$ are independent. We have $P \gg N$.    In what way(s) does the violation of the i.i.d. assumption can pose problem in that case assuming we plan to determine the LASSO penalisation coefficient $\lambda$ using a cross-validation approach (on the full data set) + use a nested cross-validation to get a feel for the generalisation error of this learning strategy (we can leave the discussion concerning the inherent pros/cons of the LASSO aside, except if it is useful). error: file '/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod' not found. grub rescue&gt;   What can I do? I just sit and stare at it.   I found my old netbook (Dell Inspiron 1010) which I have not used for about four years. I replaced Windows XP with Ubuntu 12.10. I used my bootable USB drive. I installed and rebooted. I got the message that normal.mod is not found.   What should I do? Type exit, reboot, or quit? Should I re-install? Conditional typesetting / build Let's say I have .tex file which is a set of problems and solutions, of which I want to make two pdf files, one which includes the solutions and one which doesn't. so I need to build the .tex file under two different modes, and specify that parts of the document be ignored under one of the modes.  This is something common in programming context. e.g. in C++ i can code  #ifdef DEBUG   // do this additional stuff ... #endif   How can I do something equivalent in latex? Why double-headed arrows when the direction of node is specified? I am quite puzzled when drawing the connection of nodes.  \usepackage{xcolor} \definecolor{darkblue}{HTML}{1F4E79} \definecolor{salmon}{HTML}{FF9C6B} \tikzstyle{cell} = [rectangle, minimum width=1cm, minimum height=0.5cm,text centered, draw=black, fill=salmon] \tikzstyle{state} = [rectangle, minimum width=1cm, minimum height=0.5cm,text centered, draw=black, fill=darkblue] \tikzstyle{arrow} = [thick,-&gt;,&gt;=stealth]  \begin{tikzpicture}[thick,scale=0.8, every node/.style={scale=0.8},node distance=1.5cm]     \node (0) [state] {\textcolor{white}{feature extraction}};     \node (1) [cell, below of=0] {invertBotConE2\_f48\_k1\_b4\_noskip};     \node (2) [cell, below of=1] {invertBotConE2\_f16\_k3\_b4\_noskip};     \draw [arrow] (0) -- (1);     \draw [arrow] (1) -- (2);     \draw  (0.east)  [arrow]  edge [out=0, in=0, out looseness=4, in looseness=4]  (2.north); \end{tikzpicture}   0,2 are my nodes. When east is specified, it creates an arrow on node 0. If removed, it disappears. What if I would like to put 0.south as the start of the edge? With the following circuits as examples :    and    How will the current I know how much to flow? Would any other wave travel first in the circuit and then come back and say so much current should flow?