pediatrics
Ureteral Anomalies
Ureter duplication anomalies
Incomplete (partial) or complete duplication of one or both ureters may occur with duplication of the ipsilateral renal pelvis. In complete duplication, the ureter from the upper pole of the kidney opens at a more caudal location than the orifice of the lower pole ureter. As a result, the lower pole tends to reflux and the upper pole tends to obstruct when pathology is present. Ectopia or stenosis of one or both orifices, vesicoureteral reflux into the lower ureter or both ureters, and Ureterocele may occur. Surgery may be necessary if there is obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, or urinary incontinence. Incomplete duplication is rarely of clinical significance. 