injuries poisoning
Hepatic Injury
Key Points
The main immediate consequence of hepatic injuries is bleeding, which often stops spontaneously, particularly if injuries are grade 1 or 2, but may require embolization or surgical repair; mortality and morbidity can be significant in high-grade injuries. Complications include formation of biliary fistulas, bilomas, and abscesses. Confirm the diagnosis by CT in stable patients. Treat patients using laparotomy (if unstable), observation (if stable), or sometimes selective angiographic embolization (eg, if stable but requiring ongoing transfusion). 