musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Osteoporosis
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic bone disease that decreases bone mineral density (bone mass per unit volume), with deterioration of bone structure. Skeletal weakness leads to fractures with minor or inapparent trauma, particularly in the thoracic and lumbar spine, wrist, and hip (called fragility fractures). Diagnosis is by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA scan) or by confirmation of a fragility fracture. Prevention and treatment involve risk factor modification; calcium andvitamin Dsupplements; exercises to maximize bone and muscle strength, improve balance, and minimize the risk of falls; and pharmacotherapy to preserve bone mass or stimulate new bone formation. 