genitourinary disorders
Cystoscopy
Introduction
Cystoscopy is insertion of a rigid or flexible fiberoptic instrument into the bladder. Indications include the following: Helping diagnose urologic disorders (eg, Bladder Cancer , Treating Urethral Stricture None Accessing the bladder for ureteral x-rays or placement of JJ ("double J") stents (stents with coiled ends placed in the renal pelvis and bladder) The main contraindication is active Introduction to Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) (UTI). Cystoscopy is usually done in an outpatient setting with use of local anesthesia (urethral application of 2%lidocainegel) or, when necessary, conscious sedation or general anesthesia. Complications include UTI, bleeding, and bladder and/or urethral trauma. 