endocrine and metabolic disorders
Hyperkalemia
Etiology of Hyperkalemia
A common cause of increased serum potassium concentration is Pseudohyperkalemia Pseudohyperkalemia is most often caused by hemolysis of red blood cells in a blood sample. Pseudohyperkalemia can also occur as a result of prolonged application of a tourniquet or excessive fist clenching when venous blood is drawn. Thrombocytosis can cause pseudohyperkalemia in serum (platelet potassium is released during clotting), as can extreme leukocytosis. Normal kidneys eventually excrete potassium loads, so sustained, nonartifactual hyperkalemia usually implies diminished renal potassium excretion. However, other factors usually contribute. They can include increased potassium intake, increased potassium release from cells, or both (see table). When sufficientpotassium chlorideis rapidly ingested or given parenterally, severe hyperkalemia may result even when renal function is normal, but hyperkalemia is usually temporary. Hyperkalemia due to total body potassium excess is particularly common in oliguric states (especially Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) ) and with 