genitourinary disorders
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Introduction
Acute kidney injury is a rapid decrease in renal function over days to weeks, causing an accumulation of nitrogenous products in the blood (azotemia) with or without reduction in amount of urine output. It often results from inadequate renal perfusion due to severe trauma, illness, or surgery but is sometimes caused by a rapidly progressive, intrinsic renal disease. Symptoms may include anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Seizures and coma may occur if the condition is untreated. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders develop quickly. Diagnosis is based on laboratory tests of renal function, including serum creatinine. Urinary indices, urinary sediment examination, and often imaging and other tests (including sometimes a kidney biopsy) are needed to determine the cause. Treatment is directed at the cause but also includes fluid and electrolyte management and sometimes dialysis. build up in the blood over several days, and fluid and electrolyte disorders develop. The most serious of these disorders are Hyperkalemia and 