endocrine and metabolic disorders
Hyperparathyroidism
Symptoms and Signs of Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is often asymptomatic. In asymptomatic patients, the disorder is typically identified by an incidental elevated calcium level. Symptoms, when they occur, are due to Hypercalcemia and include chronic fatigue, constipation, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, poor concentration, confusion, and depression. Hypercalcemia frequently causes hypercalciuria with resultant Urinary Calculi , and patients with hypercalcemia can present with pain due to passage of a kidney stone. Chronic hypercalcemia may also cause proximal weakness and muscle atrophy. Excessparathyroid hormonestimulates osteoclastic activity, which over time can cause osteitis fibrosa cystica. In osteitis fibrosa cystica, increased osteoclastic activity causes rarefaction of bone with fibrous degeneration and cyst and fibrous nodule formation. 