immunology allergic disorders
Immunotherapeutics
Cellular therapies
Immune system cells are harvested (eg, by leukapheresis) and activated in vitro before they are returned to the patient. The aim is to amplify the normally inadequate natural immune response to cancer. Methods of activating immune cells include using cytokines to stimulate and increase numbers of antitumor cytotoxic T cells and using pulsed exposure to antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells with tumor antigens. Before being returned to the patient, T cells can be genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) or T cell receptors (TCR) capable of recognizing tumor antigens, an approach that has shown efficacy in patients with Overview of Leukemia and 