infectious diseases
Penicillins
Resistance
Some bacteria produce beta-lactamases, which inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics; this effect can be blocked by adding a beta-lactamase inhibitor. However, traditional beta-lactamase inhibitors (eg, clavulanate, sulbactam, tazobactam) do not reliably inhibit the following: AmpC beta-lactamases, commonly produced byEnterobacter,Serratia,Citrobacter,Providencia, andMorganellaspecies or byPseudomonas aeruginosa Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) produced by someKlebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli, and other Enterobacterales (formerly Enterobacteriaceae) Carbapenemases species and other Enterobacterales. However, there are no currently available beta-lactamase inhibitors active against metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs), such as NDM-1 (New Delhi MBL-1), VIMs (Verona integron–encoded MBLs), and IMP (imipenem)-types, which can inactivate all beta-lactam antibiotics except for Monobactams . However, many strains that produce MBLs also produce other beta-lactamases that can hydrolyze 