endocrine and metabolic disorders
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Symptoms and Signs of Diabetes Mellitus
The most common symptoms of diabetes mellitus are those of hyperglycemia. The mild hyperglycemia of early diabetes is often asymptomatic; therefore, diagnosis may be delayed for many years if routine screening is not done. More significant hyperglycemia causes glycosuria and thus an osmotic diuresis, leading to urinary frequency, polyuria, and polydipsia that may progress to Orthostatic Hypotension and Polyphagia may accompany symptoms of hyperglycemia but is not typically a primary patient concern. Hyperglycemia can also cause weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and blurred vision, and it may predispose to bacterial or fungal infections. typically present with symptomatic hyperglycemia and sometimes with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) (DKA). However, they develop diabetes-related autoantibodies and dysglycemia before becoming symptomatic. Type 1 diabetes mellitus progresses in stages: Stage 1: Presence of≥2 islet autoantibodies with normal blood sugar and no symptoms Stage 2: Glucose intolerance or dysglycemia but no symptoms Stage 3: Clinical symptoms Some patients in stage 3 experience a long but transient phase of near-normal glucose levels after acute onset of the disease (honeymoon phase) due to partial recovery ofinsulinsecretion. may present with symptomatic hyperglycemia but are often asymptomatic, and their condition is detected only during routine testing. In some patients, initial symptoms are those of Complications of Diabetes Mellitus , suggesting that the disease has been present for some time. In some patients, 