hormonal and metabolic disorders
Hyponatremia (Low Level of Sodium in the Blood)
Causes of Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia occurs when the body contains too little Overview of Sodium's Role in the Body for the amount of fluid it contains. The body may have too much, too little, or a normal amount of fluid. In all cases, however, sodium is diluted. For example, people with severe vomiting or diarrhea lose sodium. If they replace their fluid losses with just water, sodium is diluted. Disorders, such as kidney disorders (for example, Glomerulonephritis ) and other disorders (for example, Certain conditions may cause people to drink too much water (polydipsia), which can contribute to the development of hyponatremia. Thiazide diuretics (sometimes called water pills) are a common cause of hyponatremia. These medications increase sodium excretion, which increases water excretion. Thiazide diuretics are usually well-tolerated but can cause hyponatremia in people prone to low sodium, particularly older adults. Vasopressin(also called antidiuretic hormone) is a substance naturally produced in the body that helps regulate the amount of water in the body by controlling how much water is excreted by the kidneys.Vasopressindecreases water excretion by the kidneys, which retains more water in the body and dilutes the sodium. The pituitary gland produces and releasesvasopressinwhen the blood volume (amount of fluid in the blood vessels) or blood pressure goes down or when levels of electrolytes (such as sodium) become too high. Pain, stress, exercise, a low blood sugar level, and certain disorders of the heart, thyroid gland, kidneys, or adrenal glands can stimulate the release ofvasopressinfrom the pituitary gland. The following are some of the medications that stimulate the release ofvasopressinor enhance its action at the kidney: Antipsychotic and antidepressant medications Aspirin,ibuprofen, and many other nonprescription pain relievers Carbamazepine(an antiseizure medication) Chlorpropamide (which lowers the blood sugar level) Oxytocin(used to induce labor) Vasopressin(synthetic antidiuretic hormone) Vincristine(a chemotherapy drug) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; also called ecstasy), a drug that causes excitement and disinhibition (a loosening of control over behaviors), causes people to drink excess water or other beverages and increasesvasopressinsecretion, causing hyponatremia. A frequent cause of hyponatremia is the Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) (SIADH), in which Other causes of hyponatremia include Adrenal Insufficiency (underactive adrenal glands) Blockage of the small intestine Brain disorders such as Overview of Head Injuries , bleeding, Burns , if severe Cirrhosis of the Liver (formation of scar tissue in the liver) Consumption of too much water, as occurs in some mental health disorders Diarrhea Heart Failure (HF) None Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland) Kidney disorders Medications such as barbiturates,carbamazepine, chlorpropamide, diuretics (most common), opioids,tolbutamide, andvincristine Overview of Pancreatitis None Peritonitis (inflammation of the abdominal cavity) Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) (SIADH) Vomiting 