cardiovascular disorders
Heart Failure (HF)
Classification of Heart Failure
The most common classification of heart failure currently in use stratifies patients into Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) ("systolic HF") Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) ("diastolic HF") Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined as heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40%. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is defined as heart failure with LVEF ≥ 50%. Patients with LVEF between 41% and 49% are in an intermediate zone, and have recently been categorized as HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF— Classification reference ). The traditional distinction between left and right ventricular failure is somewhat misleading because the heart is an integrated pump, and changes in one chamber ultimately affect the whole heart. However, these terms indicate the major site of pathology leading to heart failure and can be useful for initial evaluation and treatment. Other common descriptive terms for heart failure include acute or chronic; high output or low output; dilated or nondilated; and ischemic, hypertensive, or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Treatment differs based on whether the presentation is acute or chronic HF. characteristically develops in ischemic heart disease, Hypertension , is most commonly caused by previous LV failure (which increases pulmonary venous pressure and leads to Pulmonary Hypertension , thus overloading the RV) or by a severe lung disorder (in which case it is called results from disorders that affect the whole myocardium (eg, viral myocarditis, Amyloidosis , results from a persistently high cardiac output, which may eventually result in an inability of a normal heart to maintain adequate output. Conditions that may increase CO (cardiac output) include severe anemia, end-stage liver disease, Thiamin Deficiency , Overview of Cardiomyopathies None 1.Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al: 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Circulation145:e876–e894, 2022, doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 