gynecology and obstetrics
Shoulder Dystocia
Risk Factors of Shoulder Dystocia
Risk factors include Large-for-Gestational-Age (LGA) Infant None Maternal obesity Diabetes Mellitus (DM) None Shoulder dystocia in a previous pregnancy Operative Vaginal Delivery None Rapid labor Protracted Labor None Risk of neonatal morbidity (eg, brachial plexus injury, bone fractures) and mortality is increased. Maternal morbidity may include postpartum hemorrhage, perineal lacerations, sphincter injuries, symphysis pubis separation, and lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy associated with hyperflexion of the legs. Fetopelvic disproportion is suggested by prenatal clinical estimates of Physical Examination , ultrasonography, and protracted labor. 