geriatrics
Medical Assessment of the Older Driver
Cardiac disorders
The presence of a cardiac disorder may increase driving risk, particularly disorders that may impair consciousness or cause syncope (eg, Overview of Arrhythmias ). Patients who have had cardiac procedures (eg, coronary artery stents or bypass grafts, placement of internal defibrillator/pacemakers) or certain acute events (eg, Patients with severe Heart Failure (HF) (eg, class IV heart failure, dyspnea at rest or while driving) should refrain from driving until they can be evaluated with on-road testing and have the approval of their clinicians. 