eye disorders
Inflammatory Orbital Disease
Introduction
Inflammatory orbital disease is a benign space-occupying inflammation involving orbital tissues. Inflammatory orbital disease, also called orbital pseudotumor, is inflammation that can affect any or all structures within the orbit. The inflammatory response can be nonspecific, granulomatous, or vasculitic or due to reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. The inflammation can be part of an underlying medical disorder (eg, IgG4-related orbital disease or Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) ) or can exist in isolation. Patients of all ages can be affected. The process can be acute or chronic and can recur. The most common etiology of noninfectious inflammatory orbital disease is thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves ophthalmopathy. The pathogenesis of TED is poorly understood but may result from immunoglobulins directed against the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors on orbital fibroblasts and fat, resulting in release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammation, and accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. Inflammation of orbital tissues can be caused by infections. Other causes of noninfectious, noninflammatory orbital disease include tumor, vascular malformations, and trauma. 