geriatrics
Physical Changes With Aging
Introduction
Most age-related biologic functions peak before age 30 and gradually decline linearly thereafter (see table Selected Physiologic Age-Related Changes ); the decline may be critical during stress, but it usually has little or no effect on daily activities. Therefore, disorders, rather than normal aging, are the primary cause of functional loss during old age. In many cases, the declines that occur with aging may be due at least partly to lifestyle, behavior, diet, and environment and thus can be modified. For example, aerobic exercise can prevent or partially reverse a decline in maximal exercise capacity (oxygen consumption per unit time, or VO2 max), muscle strength, and glucose tolerance in healthy but sedentary older people. Only about 10% of older adults participate in regular physical activity for>30 minutes 5 times/week (a common recommendation). About 35 to 45% participate in minimal activity. Older adults tend to be less active than other age groups for many reasons, most commonly because disorders limit their physical activity. The benefits of physical activity for older adults are many and far exceed its risks (eg, falls, torn ligaments, pulled muscles). Benefits include Reduced mortality rates, even for smokers and the obese Preservation of skeletal muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and bone density, contributing to greater mobility and independence Reduced risk of obesity Prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders (including rehabilitation after myocardial infarction), diabetes, osteoporosis, colon cancer, and psychiatric disorders (especially mood disorders) Prevention of falls and fall-related injuries by improving muscle strength, balance, coordination, joint function, and endurance ( General reference ) Improved functional ability Opportunities for social interaction Enhanced sense of well-being Possibly improved sleep quality Physical activity is one of the few interventions that can restore physiologic capacity after it has been lost. The unmodifiable effects of aging may be less dramatic than thought, and healthier, more vigorous aging may be possible for many people. Today, people>65 are in better health than their ancestors and remain healthier longer. 