pediatrics
Adolescent Development
Intellectual and Behavioral Development in Adolescents
In early adolescence, children begin to develop the capacity for abstract, logical thought. This increased sophistication leads to an enhanced awareness of self and the ability to reflect on one’s own being. Because of the many noticeable physical changes of adolescence, this self-awareness often turns into self-consciousness, with an accompanying feeling of awkwardness. The adolescent also has a preoccupation with physical appearance and attractiveness and a heightened sensitivity to differences from peers. Adolescents also apply their new reflective capabilities to moral issues. Preadolescents understand right and wrong as fixed and absolute. Older adolescents often question standards of behavior and may reject traditions—to the consternation of parents. Ideally, this reflection culminates in the development and internalization of the adolescent’s own moral code. As adolescents encounter schoolwork that is more complex, they begin to identify areas of interest as well as relative strengths and weaknesses. Adolescence is a period during which young people may begin to consider career options, although most do not have a clearly defined goal. Parents and clinicians must be aware of the adolescent’s capabilities, help the adolescent formulate realistic expectations, and be prepared to identify impediments to learning that need remediation, such as Overview of Learning Disorders , Many adolescents begin to engage in risky behaviors, such as fast driving. Many adolescents begin to experiment sexually, and some may engage in risky sexual practices. Some adolescents may engage in illegal activities, such as theft and Drug and Substance Use in Adolescents . Experts speculate that these behaviors occur in part because adolescents tend to overestimate their own abilities in preparation for leaving their home. Studies of the nervous system also have shown that the parts of the brain that suppress impulses are not fully mature until early adulthood. 