infectious diseases
Overview of Arbovirus, Arenavirus, and Filovirus Infections
Introduction
Arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) is defined as any virus that is transmitted to humans and/or other vertebrates by certain species of blood-feeding arthropods, mostly insects (flies and mosquitoes) and arachnids (ticks). Arbovirus is a descriptive term based on transmission by vectors with particular characteristics. It is not part of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses classification of viruses (ie, it is not a species, genus, or family), which is based on the nature and structure of the viral genome. Families in the current classification system that havesomearbovirus members include Peribunyaviridae Flaviviridae Orthomyxoviridae(eg, thogotoviruses) Sedorreoviridae(eg, orbiviruses) Togaviridae(alphaviruses) (SeeInternational Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses: Current ICTV Taxonomy Release.) The term arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) describes a virus that is transmitted by certain species of arthropods. It is not a part of viral taxonomy, and members of many different viral families may be arboviruses. . However, some arboviruses, such as some flaviviruses ( Yellow Fever , Arbovirusesnumber>250 and are distributed worldwide; at least 80 cause human disease. Most arboviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, but some are transmitted by ticks, and one (Oropouche virus) is transmitted by midges. Birds are often reservoirs for arboviruses, which are transmitted by mosquitoes to horses, other domestic animals, and humans. Other reservoirs for arboviruses include arthropods and vertebrates (often rodents, monkeys, and humans). These viruses may spread to humans from nonhuman reservoirs, but most arboviral diseases are not transmissible by humans, perhaps because the typical viremia is inadequate to infect the arthropod vector. Exceptions include Dengue , Zika Virus (ZV) Infections can be transmitted during sexual activity, whether the infected individual is asymptomatic or symptomatic. Some infections (eg, West Nile Virus , Colorado tick fever, includes Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis , are not arboviruses. Human-to-human transmission of Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections occurs readily. ). These syndromes include lymphadenopathy, rashes, Viral Meningitis , Laboratory diagnosisoften involves viral cultures, polymerase chain reaction, electron microscopy, and antigen and antibody detection methods where available. 