pediatrics
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD, ADHD)
Key Points
ADHD involves inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, or a combination; it typically appears before age 12, including in preschoolers. Cause is unknown, but there are numerous suspected risk factors. Diagnose using clinical criteria, and be alert for other disorders that may initially manifest similarly (eg, autism spectrum disorders, certain learning or behavioral disorders, anxiety, depression). Manifestations tend to diminish with age, but adolescents and adults may have residual difficulties. Treat with stimulant drugs and cognitive-behavioral therapy; behavioral therapy alone may be appropriate for preschool-aged children. 