hematology and oncology
Immunotherapy of Cancer
Passive Cellular Immunotherapy
In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells are directly infused and are not induced within the patient. Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cellsare produced from the patient’s T cells which are extracted from the tumor and grown in a cell culture system with the lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2). The LAK cells produced are then returned to the patient’s bloodstream. Animal studies have shown that LAK cells are more effective against cancer cells than are the original endogenous T cells, presumably because of their greater number. Clinical trials of LAK cells in humans are ongoing but this approach has not gained widespread use and is generally considered less effective than other cell therapies. (TILs) may have greater tumoricidal activity than LAK cells. These cells are grown in culture in a manner similar to LAK cells. However, the progenitor cells consist of T cells isolated from resected tumor tissue. This process theoretically provides a line of T cells with greater tumor specificity than those obtained from the blood. Clinical studies have shown promise ( Passive cellular immunotherapy references ). Genetically modified T cellscan express (TCR) recognize Tumor Antigens (TAAs) with high specificity to tumor cells. This approach has generally given way to CAR-T cell (see below) (CAR) recognize specific proteins on the surface of tumor cells. CAR T cells are used for patients with B-cell Overview of Lymphoma , In contrast to TCR T cells, CAR T cells recognize only relatively large proteins on the surface of tumor cells. Therefore CAR T cells and TCR T cells may represent complementary approaches to cancer therapy. Concomitant use of interferon enhances the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and TAAs on tumor cells, thereby augmenting the killing of tumor cells by the infused effector cells. 1.Wang S, Sun J, Chen K, et al: Perspectives of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte treatment in solid tumors.BMC Med19, 140 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02006-4 2.June CH, O'Connor RS, Kawalekar OU, et al: CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer.Science359(6382):1361-1365, 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aar6711 3.Sadelain M, Brentjens R, Rivière I: The basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor design.Cancer Discov3(4):388-398, 2013. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-12-0548 