pulmonary disorders
Pulmonary Hypertension
Etiology of Pulmonary Hypertension
Many conditions and drugs cause pulmonary hypertension. The most common overall causes of pulmonary hypertension are LV failure , including Parenchymal lung disease with Oxygen Desaturation None Several other causes of pulmonary hypertension include Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) , Pulmonary hypertension is currently classified into 5 groups (see table Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension ) based on a number of pathologic, physiologic, and clinical factors. In the first group (pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH]), the primary disorder affects the small pulmonary arterioles. A small number of cases of AH occur sporadically, unrelated to any identifiable disorder; these cases are termed idiopathic PAH. Hereditary forms of PAH (autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance) have been identified; mutations of the following genes have been found: Activin-like kinase type 1 receptor (ALK-1) Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) Caveolin 1 (CAV1) Endoglin (ENG) Growth differentiation factor 2 (GDF2) Potassium channel subfamily K member 3 (KCNK3) Mothers against decapentaplegic homologue 9 (SMAD9) T-box transcription factor 4 (TBX4) Mutations inBMPR2cause 75% of cases. The other mutations are much less common, occurring in about 1% of cases. In about 20% of cases of hereditary PAH, the causative mutations are unidentified. ) has been linked to pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, a form of PAH Group 1' ( Etiology references ). . Similarly, other protein kinase inhibitors have also been linked to drug-induced pulmonary hypertension ( Etiology references ). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors taken by pregnant women are a risk for development of Patients with hereditary causes of Overview of Hemolytic Anemia , such as 