pediatrics
Dyslexia
Introduction
Dyslexia is a general term for primary reading disorder. Diagnosis is based on intellectual, educational, speech and language, medical, and psychologic evaluations. Treatment is primarily educational management, consisting of instruction in word recognition and component skills. Dyslexia is a specific type of Overview of Learning Disorders . Learning disorders involve problems in reading, mathematics, spelling, written expression or handwriting, and understanding or using verbal and nonverbal language ( No definition of dyslexia is universally accepted; thus, incidence is undetermined. An estimated 15% of public school children receive special instruction for reading; about half of these children may have persistent reading difficulties. Dyslexia is identified more often in boys than girls, but sex is not a proven risk factor for developing dyslexia. The inability to learn derivational rules of printed language is often considered part of dyslexia. Affected children may have difficulty determining root words or word stems and determining which letters in words follow others. Reading problems other than dyslexia are usually caused by difficulties in language comprehension or low cognitive ability. Visual-perceptual problems and abnormal eye movements are not dyslexia. However, these problems can interfere further with word learning. 