injuries poisoning
Sports Related Concussion
Repeat injury
Unlike with other causes of concussion (eg, vehicular crashes, falls), which are usually isolated events, sports participants are continually exposed to risk of concussion. Thus, repeat injury is common. Athletes are particularly vulnerable if the repeat injury occurs before they have fully recovered from a previous concussion, but even after recovery, athletes who have suffered one concussion are 2 to 4 times more likely to suffer another concussion at some point. Also, repeat concussions may occur after a less severe impact. Furthermore, although most athletes eventually recover fully from a single concussion, about 3% of those who had multiple (even apparently minor) concussions develop Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) (CTE, initially described in boxers and termed dementia pugilistica). In CTE, patients have structural neurodegenerative changes, including cortical atrophy, somewhat similar to changes present in patients with Dementia-like symptoms (eg, disturbances in memory, cognition, mood, or behavior) Impaired judgment and decision making Personality changes (eg, irascibility, volatility) Secondary and Atypical Parkinsonism None Several prominent retired athletes who had sustained recurrent TBI have committed suicide. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports an average of 1.5 deaths a year from sports-related concussions. In most cases, a concussion, usually undiagnosed, had occurred before the fatal one. 