endocrine and metabolic disorders
Hypoglycemia
Introduction
Hypoglycemia, or low plasma glucose level can result in sympathetic nervous system stimulation and central nervous system dysfunction. In patients with diabetes who takeinsulinor antihyperglycemic treatment, hypoglycemia is common and is defined as a glucose level of ≤ 70 mg/dL. In contrast, hypoglycemia unrelated to exogenousinsulintherapy is an uncommon clinical syndrome caused by various disorders or medications. it. Diagnosis requires blood tests done at the time of symptoms or during a 72-hour fast. Treatment of hypoglycemia is provision of glucose combined with treatment of the underlying disorder. Most commonly, symptomatic hypoglycemia is a complication of Medications for Diabetes Mellitus Treatment with oral antihyperglycemics (especially sulfonylureas) and Symptomatic hypoglycemia unrelated to treatment of diabetes mellitus is relatively rare, in part because the body has extensive counter-regulatory mechanisms to compensate for low blood glucose levels.Glucagonandepinephrinelevels surge in response to acute hypoglycemia and appear to be the first line of defense.Cortisoland growth hormone levels also increase acutely and are important in the recovery from prolonged hypoglycemia. The threshold for release of these hormones is usually above that for hypoglycemic symptoms. Hereditary or congenital syndromes that cause hypoglycemia in infancy and childhood are not discussed here. 