genitourinary disorders
Prostate Cancer
Introduction
Prostate cancer is usually adenocarcinoma. Symptoms are typically absent until tumor growth causes hematuria and/or obstruction with pain. Diagnosis is suggested by digital rectal examination (DRE) or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement and confirmed by transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy. Screening is controversial and should involve shared decision-making. Prognosis for most patients with prostate cancer, especially when it is localized or regional (usually before symptoms develop), is very good; more men die with prostate cancer than of it. Treatment is with prostatectomy, radiation therapy, palliative measures (eg, hormonal therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy), or, for many older patients and even carefully selected younger patients, active surveillance. 50 in the United States. In the United States, it is estimated that about 288,300 new cases and about 34,700 deaths will occur in 2023 ( General references ). Incidence increases with each decade of life; autopsy studies show prostate cancer in 15 to 60% of men aged 60 to 90 years old, with incidence increasing with age. The lifetime risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer is 1 in 6. Median age at diagnosis is 72, and Sarcoma of the prostate is rare, occurring primarily in children. Undifferentiated prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, and ductal transitional carcinoma also occur infrequently. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is considered a possible premalignant histologic change. supplements for treatment of symptomatic hypogonadism do not increase the risk of prostate cancer ( General references ). 