hematology and oncology
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes
The endocrine system is often affected by paraneoplastic syndromes. Cushing Syndrome None including Hyponatremia , may result from production of Hypoglycemia None Refractoryhyperglycemiamay be due toglucagon-producing pancreatic tumors. Hypertension None Other ectopically produced hormonesincludeparathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHRP—from squamous cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer),calcitonin(from breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, and medullary thyroid carcinoma), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (from gestational choriocarcinoma). PTHRP causes hypercalcemia and its associated symptoms (polyuria, dehydration, constipation, muscle weakness);calcitonincauses a fall in the serum calcium level, leading to muscle twitching and cardiac arrhythmias. 