nutritional disorders
Obesity
Introduction
Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial, relapsing disorder characterized by excess body weight and defined as a body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 30 kg/m2. Complications include cardiovascular disorders (particularly in people with excess abdominal fat), diabetes mellitus, certain cancers, cholelithiasis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, cirrhosis, osteoarthritis, reproductive disorders in men and women, psychologic disorders, and, for people with BMI ≥ 35, premature death. Diagnosis is based on BMI. Treatment includes lifestyle modification (eg, diet, physical activity, behavior), anti-obesity medications, and bariatric (weight-loss) surgery. (See also Obesity in Adolescents .) ) and has nearly doubled since the obesity epidemic began in the late 1970s. In 2017–2018, 42.4% of adults had obesity: prevalence was highest in men and women age 40 to 59 ( References , In the United States, obesity and its complications cause as many as 300,000 premature deaths each year, making it second only to cigarette smoking as a preventable cause of death. Also, obesity is associated with greater job absenteeism, loss of productivity, and higher health care costs. The annual cost of health care in the United States related to obesity is estimated to be $150 billion. TheAmerican Board of Obesity Medicine(ABOM) was established in 2011 to help train clinicians and standardize practices for managing obesity. ABOM diplomates come from a variety of specialties, including internal medicine, family medicine, pediatrics, surgery, and obstetrics and gynecology. Diplomates share a goal of providing compassionate, individualized, and evidence-based care and improving the overall health of the population. The ABOM stresses obesity be considered a chronic disorder that requires lifelong treatment and follow-up. 