genitourinary disorders
Evaluation of the Urologic Patient
Testing of the Urologic Patient
 Urinalysis is critical for evaluating urologic disorders. Imaging tests (eg, ultrasonography, CT, MRI) are frequently required. For semen testing, see Bladder tumor antigen testing for transitional cell cancer of the urinary tract is more sensitive than urinary cytology in detecting low-grade cancer; it is not sensitive enough to replace endoscopic examination. Urine cytology is the best test to detect high-grade cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein with unknown function produced by prostatic epithelial cells. Levels can be elevated in prostate cancer and in some common noncancerous disorders (eg, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) , infection, trauma). PSA is measured to detect recurrence of cancer after treatment; its widespread use for 