brain, spinal cord, and nerve disorders
Overview of Pain
Introduction
Pain is an unpleasant sensation signaling actual or possible injury. Pain is the most common reason people seek medical care. Pain may be sharp or dull, intermittent or constant, or throbbing or steady. Sometimes pain is very difficult to describe. Pain may be felt at a single site or over a large area. The intensity of pain can vary from mild to intolerable. People differ remarkably in their ability to tolerate pain. One person has difficulty tolerating the pain of a small cut or bruise, but another person can tolerate pain caused by a major accident or knife wound. The ability to withstand pain varies according to mood, personality, and circumstance. In a moment of excitement during an athletic match, an athlete may not notice a severe bruise but is likely to be very aware of the pain after the match, particularly if the team lost. Conditions that cause pain are common among older people. However, as people age, they complain less of pain. The reason may be a decrease in the body’s sensitivity to pain or a more stoical attitude toward pain. Some older people mistakenly think that pain is an unavoidable part of aging and thus minimize it or do not report it. Themost common causeof pain is a musculoskeletal disorder. However, many older people have chronic pain, which may have many causes. Effects of painmay be more serious for older people: Chronic pain can make them less able to function and more dependent on other people. They may lose sleep and become exhausted. They may lose their appetite, resulting in undernutrition. Pain may prevent people from interacting with others and from going out. As a result, they can become isolated and depressed. Pain can make people less active. Lack of activity can lead to loss of muscle strength and flexibility, making activity even more difficult and increasing the risk of falls. Older People and Pain Relievers Older people are more likely than younger people to have side effects from pain relievers (analgesics), and some side effects are more likely to be severe. Analgesics may stay in the body longer, and older people may be more sensitive to them. Many older people take several drugs, increasing the chances that a drug will interact with the analgesic. Such interactions may reduce the effectiveness of one of the drugs or increase the risk of side effects. Older people are more likely to have health problems that increase the risk of side effects from analgesics. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such asibuprofenornaproxen, can have side effects. Risk of several of side effects is higher in older people, particularly if they have several other disorders or are taking NSAIDs in high doses. For example, older people are more likely to have a heart or blood vessel (cardiovascular) disorder or risk factors for cardiovascular disorders. For people with these disorders or risk factors for them, taking NSAIDs increases their risk of having a heart attack or stroke and of developing blood clots in the legs or heart failure. NSAIDs can damage the kidneys. This risk is higher for older people because the kidneys tend to function less well as people age. This risk of kidney damage is also higher in people with a Overview of Urinary Tract Symptoms , Older people are more likely to develop ulcers or bleeding in the digestive tract when they take NSAIDs. Doctors may prescribe a drug that helps protect the digestive tract from such damage. These drugs include Proton Pump Inhibitors (such as When older people take NSAIDs, they should tell their doctor, who then evaluates them periodically for side effects. Doctors also recommend the following for older people if possible: Taking low doses of NSAIDs Taking them for only a short time Taking breaks from using NSAIDs Opioid Pain Relievers None Opioids also increase the risk of falls, and taking opioids for a long time can increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Opioids cause constipation and urinary retention, which tend to cause more problems in older people. Older people are more likely to have conditions or take drugs that can make them more likely to have side effects from opioids, such as the following: Impaired mental function (dementia): Opioids can make already impaired mental function worse. Respiratory disorders (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or obstructive sleep apnea): Opioids can cause people to breathe more slowly (called respiratory depression) or even stop breathing (called respiratory arrest). Respiratory arrest is often the cause of death in overdoses. Having a respiratory disorder increases the risk of respiratory depression, respiratory arrest, and death due to opioids. Liver or kidney disorders: In people with a liver or kidney disorder, the body cannot process and eliminate opioids normally. As a result, the drugs may accumulate, increasing the risk of an overdose. Use of other sedatives: Sedatives, including benzodiazepines (such asdiazepam,lorazepam, andclonazepam), can interact with opioids and make people extremely drowsy and dizzy. Both opioids and sedatives slow breathing, and taking both slows breathing even more. Opioids may also cause dependence and addiction. Doctors usually treat pain with analgesics less likely to have side effects in older people. For example, Acetaminophen is usually preferred to NSAIDs for treating chronic mild to moderate pain without inflammation. Certain NSAIDs ( Nondrug treatments and support from caregivers and family members can sometimes help older people manage pain and reduce the need for analgesics. 