endocrine and metabolic disorders
Hypoparathyroidism
Introduction
Hypoparathyroidism is a deficiency ofparathyroid hormoneoften caused by an autoimmune disorder or by iatrogenic damage or removal of the glands during thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy. Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are due to hypocalcemia and include tingling in the hands or around the mouth and muscle cramps. In severe cases, tetany occurs. Symptoms and signs of the causative disorder may also be present. Measurement of levels ofparathyroid hormoneare needed for diagnosis. Treatment includes calcium andvitamin Dsupplementation. Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by Hypocalcemia and 