pediatrics
Congenital Neck and Back Abnormalities
Introduction
Neck and back abnormalities can be caused by soft-tissue or bony injuries or by vertebral anomalies. (See also Introduction to Congenital Craniofacial and Musculoskeletal Abnormalities .) Vertebral anomalies can be singular or part of a syndrome. Imaging tests are typically done. Diagnosis , specific gene tests, or broader gene panel tests should be considered. If the results of these tests are nondiagnostic, whole exome sequencing analysis is recommended. 