pediatrics
Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
Symptoms and Signs of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
 initial manifestations vary from asymptomatic hyperglycemia to life-threatening Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) . However, most commonly, children have symptomatic hyperglycemia without acidosis, with several days to weeks of urinary frequency, polydipsia, and polyuria. Polyuria may manifest as nocturia, bed-wetting, or daytime incontinence; in children who are not toilet-trained, parents may note an increased frequency of wet or heavy diapers. About half of children have weight loss as a result of increased catabolism and also have impaired growth. Fatigue, weakness, candidal rashes, blurry vision (due to the hyperosmolar state of the lens and vitreous humor), and/or nausea and vomiting (due to ketonemia) may also be present initially. Intype 2 diabetes,the manifestation varies widely. Children are often asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, and their condition may be detected only on routine testing. However, some children have a severe manifestation of symptomatic hyperglycemia, HHS, or, despite the common misconception, DKA. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) None are very common among children with diabetes and their families. Up to half of children develop depression, anxiety, or other Overview of Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents . rarely are clinically evident in childhood. However, early pathologic changes and functional abnormalities may be present a few years after disease onset in type 1 diabetes; prolonged poor glycemic control is the greatest long-term risk factor for the development of vascular complications. Microvascular complications include diabetic Diabetic Nephropathy , 