infectious diseases
Overview of Viruses
Prevention of Viral Infections
 Overview of Immunization work by stimulating immunity. Viral vaccines in general use include vaccines for COVID-19 Vaccine None Hepatitis A (HepA) Vaccine None Hepatitis B (HepB) Vaccine None Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine None Influenza Vaccine None Japanese encephalitis Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine None Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine None Poliomyelitis Vaccine None Prevention None Rotavirus Vaccine None Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine None Tick-borne encephalitis Varicella Vaccine None Prevention None Adenovirus, Prevention , and Multiple COVID-19 Vaccine , caused by SARS-CoV-2, have been developed, including mRNA and other types of vaccines. Viral diseases can be eradicated by effective vaccines. Smallpox was eradicated in 1978, and the cattle plague rinderpest (caused by a virus closely related to human measles virus) was eradicated in 2011. Extensive vaccination has almost eradicated Poliomyelitis Vaccine worldwide, but cases still occur in areas with incomplete immunization, such as sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia. Measles has been almost eradicated from some parts of the world, notably the Americas, but because measles is highly contagious and vaccination coverage is incomplete, even in regions where it is considered eradicated, final eradication is not imminent. The prospects for development of vaccines and eradication of other more intractable virus infections (such as HIV) are presently uncertain. Passive Immunization are available for passive immune prophylaxis in limited situations. They can be used preexposure (eg, for hepatitis A), postexposure (eg, for rabies, varicella, respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis), and for treating disease (eg, eczema vaccinatum). Many viral infections can be prevented by routine protective measures (which vary depending on the transmission mode of a given agent). Important measures include Hand washing Appropriate food preparation and water treatment Avoidance of contact with sick people Safer-sex practices Mask wearing Physical distancing when appropriate (eg, for COVID-19 prevention) For infections with an insect vector (eg, mosquitoes, ticks), personal protection against vector bites is important, such as repellents, proper clothing. For infections such as Ebola Vaccine , avoiding contact with blood and body fluids (such as urine, feces, saliva, sweat, vomit, breast milk, amniotic fluid, semen, and vaginal fluids) of people who are sick is an important protective measure. Contact with semen from a man who has recovered from Ebola virus infection should be avoided until testing shows that the virus is gone from his semen. 