gynecology and obstetrics
Intrauterine Device (IUDs; IUD)
Adverse effects
Vaginal bleeding is often irregular in the first several months after insertion of alevonorgestrel-releasing IUD. Bleeding then stops completely within 1 year in up to 20% of women; some patients consider this effect a benefit of the IUD. Anintrauterine copper contraceptivemay cause heavier menstrual bleeding and more severe cramping, which can be relieved by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; eg,ibuprofen). Women should be told about these effects before the IUD is inserted because this information may help them decide which type of IUD to choose. 