neurologic disorders
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
Key Points
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder causes demyelination, typically with antibodies to aquaporin-4 or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Typical symptoms include visual loss, muscle spasms, paraparesis or quadriparesis, and incontinence. Diagnose neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder using brain and spinal cord MRI and visual evoked potentials. Treatments include corticosteroids and immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatments (eg,eculizumab,rituximab). 