eye disorders
Diabetic Retinopathy
Introduction
Manifestations of diabetic retinopathy include microaneurysms, intraretinal hemorrhage, exudates, macular edema, macular ischemia, neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, and traction retinal detachment. Symptoms may not develop until late in the disease. Diagnosis is by funduscopy; further details are elucidated by color fundus photography,fluoresceinangiography, and optical coherence tomography. Treatment includes control of blood glucose and blood pressure (BP). Ocular treatments included retinal laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor drugs (eg,aflibercept,ranibizumab,bevacizumab), intraocular corticosteroids, vitrectomy, or a combination. 