 of mass in terms of the number of troops in uniform. We know there are shortcomings in some specific capability areas, for example, intelligence and surveillance, long range fires, strategic airlift in some cases. But upgrades are expensive and it was a decade long grind to get some allies to fulfill the pledge they made in 2014 to spend at least 2% of their GDP on their own militaries by this year. NATO leaders will be prominently highlighting at the summit