title: Immutable object pattern in C# - what do you think?
body: <p>I have over the course of a few projects developed a pattern for creating immutable (readonly) objects and immutable object graphs. Immutable objects carry the benefit of being 100% thread safe and can therefore be reused across threads. In my work I very often use this pattern in Web applications for configuration settings and other objects that I load and cache in memory. Cached objects should always be immutable as you want to guarantee they are not unexpectedly changed.</p>
  
  <p>Now, you can of course easily design immutable objects as in the following example:</p>
  
  <pre><code>public class SampleElement
  {
    private Guid id;
    private string name;
  
    public SampleElement(Guid id, string name)
    {
      this.id = id;
      this.name = name;
    }
  
    public Guid Id
    {
      get { return id; }
    }
  
    public string Name
    {
      get { return name; }
    }
  }
  </code></pre>
  
  <p>This is fine for simple classes - but for more complex classes I do not fancy the concept of passing all values through a constructor. Having setters on the properties is more desirable and your code constructing a new object gets easier to read. </p>
  
  <p>So how do you create immutable objects with setters?</p>
  
  <p>Well, in my pattern objects start out as being fully mutable until you freeze them with a single method call. Once an object is frozen it will stay immutable forever - it cannot be turned into a mutable object again. If you need a mutable version of the object, you simply clone it.</p>
  
  <p>Ok, now on to some code. I have in the following code snippets tried to boil the pattern down to its simplest form. The IElement is the base interface that all immutable objects must ultimately implement. </p>
  
  <pre><code>public interface IElement : ICloneable
  {
    bool IsReadOnly { get; }
    void MakeReadOnly();
  }
  </code></pre>
  
  <p>The Element class is the default implementation of the IElement interface:</p>
  
  <pre><code>public abstract class Element : IElement
  {
    private bool immutable;
  
    public bool IsReadOnly
    {
      get { return immutable; }
    }
  
    public virtual void MakeReadOnly()
    {
      immutable = true;
    }
  
    protected virtual void FailIfImmutable()
    {
      if (immutable) throw new ImmutableElementException(this);
    }
  
    ...
  }
  </code></pre>
  
  <p>Let's refactor the SampleElement class above to implement the immutable object pattern:</p>
  
  <pre><code>public class SampleElement : Element
  {
    private Guid id;
    private string name;
  
    public SampleElement() {}
  
    public Guid Id
    {
      get 
      { 
        return id; 
      }
      set
      {
        FailIfImmutable();
        id = value;
      }
    }
  
    public string Name
    {
      get 
      { 
        return name; 
      }
      set
      {
        FailIfImmutable();
        name = value;
      }
    }
  }
  </code></pre>
  
  <p>You can now change the Id property and the Name property as long as the object has not been marked as immutable by calling the MakeReadOnly() method. Once it is immutable, calling a setter will yield an ImmutableElementException.</p>
  
  <p>Final note:
  The full pattern is more complex than the code snippets shown here. It also contains support for collections of immutable objects and complete object graphs of immutable object graphs. The full pattern enables you to turn an entire object graph immutable by calling the MakeReadOnly() method on the outermost object. Once you start creating larger object models using this pattern the risk of leaky objects increases. A leaky object is an object that fails to call the FailIfImmutable() method before making a change to the object. To test for leaks I have also developed a generic leak detector class for use in unit tests. It uses reflection to test if all properties and methods throw the ImmutableElementException in the immutable state. 
  In other words TDD is used here.</p>
  
  <p>I have grown to like this pattern a lot and find great benefits in it. So what I would like to know is if any of you are using similar patterns? If yes, do you know of any good resources that document it? I am essentially looking for potential improvements and for any standards that might already exist on this topic.</p>