title: Are there languages without "null"?
body: <p>There are many people who think that the concept of the special value <code>null</code> (as it is used in lanuages like C, Java, C#, Perl, Javascript, SQL etc.) is a bad idea. There are several questions about this on SO and P.SE, such as <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3989264/best-explanation-for-languages-without-null">Best explanation for languages without null</a> and <a href="https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/12777/are-null-references-really-a-bad-thing">Are null references really a bad thing?</a> .</p>
  <p>However, I could not find any language that does without them. All the languages I'm familiar with have <code>null</code>, or something similar (e.g. &quot;undefined&quot; in Perl).</p>
  <p>I realize that proably every language needs some way to express &quot;absence of a value&quot;. However, instead of having &quot;null&quot; or &quot;undefined&quot;, this can also be made explicit by using something like <a href="https://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Maybe" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>Maybe</code></a> (Haskell) or <a href="http://docs.guava-libraries.googlecode.com/git/javadoc/com/google/common/base/Optional.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><code>Optional</code></a> (Guava). The principal difference to having &quot;null&quot; or &quot;undefined&quot; is that an object can only have &quot;no value&quot; if it has a specific type (Maybe, Optional...). In contrast, &quot;null&quot;/&quot;undefined&quot; is typically a valid value possible for <em>every</em> type.</p>
  <p>Are there any languages that do not have <code>null</code>or a similar concept in this sense?</p>