Advantages include high throughput and retention of heterogeneity.
Three dimensional (3D) culture is a promising model for tumor research, replicating solid tumor characteristics. Advantages include high throughput and retention of heterogeneity. Traditional matrigel-submerged organoid culture requires exogenous cells to study the tumor microenvironment (TME). A holistic approach using patient-derived tumor fragments (PDTFs), air-liquid interface (ALI), suspension 3D culture, and microfluidic tumor-on-chip (ToC) models better mimic the tumor structure and composition. Organoid co-culture models are useful for studying the TME, immunotherapy, biomarkers, drug screening, and infections. These 3D systems aim to improve therapeutic approaches and patient outcomes.