The study used mathematical models that analysed sea surface temperature (SST) from 1870 to 2019 to observe ENSO and make predictions.
El Niño and La Niña are atmospheric patterns that influence warming and cooling of sea surface temperatures in the Central and Equatorial Pacific. The two opposing patterns occur in an irregular cycle called the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. The study used mathematical models that analysed sea surface temperature (SST) from 1870 to 2019 to observe ENSO and make predictions.