Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh karet alam siklik terhadap rongga aspal modifikasi. Tahapan peneltian meliputi pembuatan aspal modifikasi dengan menyampur aspal murni dengan karet alam siklik, pengujian persyaratan fisik aspal, pembuatan benda uji dan pengujian marshall. Berdasarkan pengujian sifat fisik aspal diperoleh data bahwa keseluruhan aspal modifikasi memenuhi ... [Show full abstract] persyaratan fisik aspal. Setelah pembuatan benda uji, dilakukan pengujian marshall untuk memperoleh rongga aspal meliputi VIM, VMA dan VFA. Nilai VIM pada penambahan 0 phr, 1 phr, 2 phr, 3 phr, dan 4 phr adalah 3,65%, 5,41%, 4,27%, 3,84%, dan 2,88%. Nilai VMA sebesar 15,52%, 17,26%, 16,07%, 15,80%, dan 15,17%. Nilai VFA sebesar 76,48%, 68,72%, 73,54%, 75,76%, dan 81,34%. Diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa karet alam siklik bisa dijadikan sebagai bahan memodifikasi aspal dan berpengaruh terhadap rongga aspal.This research aimed to determine the effect of cyclic natural rubber (CNR) to cavity of modified bitumen. The steps of the research were mixing the pure bitumen with CNR, testing bitumen physical requirement, making the specimen, and testing the cavity of modified bitumen with marshall method. Testing showed that all the modified bitumen met the physical requirement. After making specimen, marshall method was used to determine the cavity of bitumen, including VIM, VMA, and VFA. VIM in addition of 0 phr, 1 phr, 2 phr, 3 phr, and 4 phr was 3,65%, 5,41%, 4,27%, 3,84%, and 2,88%. The value of VMA was 15.52%, 17.26%, 16.07%, 15.80% and 15.17%. The value of VFA was 76.48%, 68.72%, 73.54%, 75.76% and 81.34%. The conclusion of this study was CNR could be used as material for bitumen modified and had the effect on bitumen cavity.
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# La momification dans l'Egypte ancienne:le bitume et les autres ingrédients des baumes de momies ou les ingrédients des baumes de momies égyptiennes : bitume, cire d'abeille, résines, poix, graisse, huile, vin, etc.

- January 2005

- In book: Encyclopédie religieuse de L'Univers végétal Croaynces phytoreligieuses de L'Egypte ancienne (ERUV) III (pp.163-211)

- Publisher: OrMondp XVI

Authors:



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## Abstract

Chemical analysis of balms of mummies, identification of bitumen in most funerary artefacts and balms of mummies. significance of the occurrence of bitumen in balms and funerary coatings

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## Supplementary resources (4)

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## Citations (4)

## References (0)

... Longiborneol is naturally present in conifer but longiborneyl palmitates and stearates are unknown as natural products. They were also detected in several embalming materials (Connan et al., 2003;Connan, 2005) but no precise structure was proposed so far. Therefore, as proposed for mixed esters of fatty acids and lupeol (Dudd and Evershed, 1999), the sesquiterpene fatty acyl esters are presumably secondary productsformed during the preparation of the organic material, for instance during heating of animal fat with a conifer oil. ...

... The closest sources would have been the eastern Mediterranean coastline but this is not exclusive. There are indications that conifer products were imported from Asia Minor, Palestine, Lebanon (Connan, 2005). This is illustrated, for instance, by the ''best oil of pine'', the sixth of the canonical oils, which is known since the Old Kingdom where it appears among the traditional list of offerings. ...

... Thus, for instance, bitumen could not be identified as constituent of the mixture although it has widely been used for making embalming substances. Apparently dedicated to the area of the Dead, it was used for mummies (Connan, 2005) or to darken sarcofagi, Osiris or Anubis statues and chests for canopic jars in a funerary context. Use in a ritual context was also reported (jar inventory n 181 from furniture of Tutankhamen's tomb,Reeves, 2003). ...

Article

Four blue-glazed faience jars, on exhibition in the Louvre Museum, are referred to as the canopic jars of Rameses II. Their recent typological re-examination rendered this original assignment questionable. In order to clearly determine their use, a study of two successive organic residues from the canopic jars, using molecular biomarkers analysed by GC-MS and LC-MS and absolute dating by 14C, was initiated. The results revealed that these two materials were not contemporary to the reign of Rameses II. The first one, scraped from the interior face of one jar, was identified as an unguent made of coniferous oil and animal fat and dated from the Third Intermediate Period. The second one, originally stored with glued linen inside one jar, is likely an embalming substance, made of pure vegetable resin (Pistacia) and dated from the Ptolemaic Period. These results clarify a controversy which has been lasting over a century. The famous blue-glazed faience jars are not the canopic jars of Rameses II but are confirmed as situlae which were reused at least two times: first to store unguents during the Intermediate Period and later to store embalming packages of an unknown person during the Ptolemaic period.

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... As references for the Dead Sea bitumen, present-day specimens of pure bitumen floating on the Dead Sea surface, and archaeological bitumen, unearthed from the Tel Yarmouth site in Israel were used. To complete the references for a comparison, data were also added on bitumen identified as Dead Sea bitumen in balms of Egyptian mummies (Connan, 2005;Macke et al., 2002). ...

Article

Twenty three samples of Egyptian organic materials, spanning from the Old Kingdom to the Copto-Byzantine Period, were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The sample set was comprised of ten balm samples from human mummies, three balms from shrews, and ten samples of residues scraped from jars and amphora from storehouses.
This research program was undertaken with two main goals:
Firstly to provide complementary data on the mummification balms from both humans and animals with an emphasis on the occurrence of bitumen in mummification mixtures.
Secondly to explore whether the jar residues were mixtures that were used for mummification purposes or whether they were pure ingredients stored for various uses including ritual practices.
The analysis highlighted that the most abundant constituents of the mummification balms were: fats or oils, beeswax, conifer resin, pitch, mastic resin, castor oil, and bitumen. Balms from animal mummies were not found to be significantly different from the balms from human mummies. Residues from potsherds appeared to belong to two categories: pure products (fats and castor oil) and mixtures containing fats, Pinaceae resin and pitch, mastic resin, and castor oil, i.e. the constituents also identified in mummification balms. The mixtures were thus residues of preparations for ritual practices and embalming.

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Article

Full-text available

The asphalt from the Dead Sea was an important item of trade in antiquity. Among its many uses,
the most widespread was its export to Egypt for use in the mummification process, albeit at
a relatively late date; that is, post 1000 BC. Its use became particularly important in the
Ptolemaic–Roman period, as demonstrated by a war in the fourth century BC specifically to gain
commercial control of this product. Although the reasons why the Egyptians wanted Dead
Sea asphalt at this specific time are nowhere specified, the answer may lie in its increasing
availability as a (partial) replacement for the plant resins used previously. A review of the
historical literature shows that Dead Sea asphalt was used for at least two millennia as a
biocidal agent in agricultural practices. It is proposed that the reasons for using Dead Sea
asphalt in the mummification process are due to its dual role; first, as an external mechanical
shield, when smeared on the exterior of mummy wrapping, to prevent ingress by insects, fungi,
bacteria and moisture; and, second, as a biocidal agent (perhaps due to its high sulphur
content), which prevented the flesh from decaying, the prime concern for the ancient Egyptians.

Show abstract

Article

The aim of the paper is to summarise the present state of knowledge concerning bitumen trade in the Near East from the Palaeolithic (70,000 BP) to the Early Islamic period. During the Palaeolithic and Early Neolithic period, bitumen utilisation was mostly concentrated in settlements close to oil seeps. From the Ubaid 3 period, bitumen from the Mosul area became more important and was traded as far as the southern Persian Gulf. The Uruk period is a turning point for Mesopotamian history as settlements evolved into city-states. These cities had a great need for raw materials, and this marks the beginning of large-scale exploitation of Hit bitumen. This bitumen was traded at settlements along the Euphrates, where a large trade network was established. Hit bitumen entered the Persian Gulf at the turn of the second millennium (Dilmun period). Bitumen from Iraq (Mosul and Hit) became predominantly used in most settlements along the southern coast of the Gulf. During this period Iranian bitumen was also exported and this supply tended to increase, especially during the Partho-Sasanian period. Dead Sea bitumen had its own exchange network, which was concentrated across present-day Israel and Egypt where it was extensively used for mummification.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh karet alam siklik terhadap rongga aspal modifikasi. Tahapan peneltian meliputi pembuatan aspal modifikasi dengan menyampur aspal murni dengan karet alam siklik, pengujian persyaratan fisik aspal, pembuatan benda uji dan pengujian marshall. Berdasarkan pengujian sifat fisik aspal diperoleh data bahwa keseluruhan aspal modifikasi memenuhi ... [Show full abstract] persyaratan fisik aspal. Setelah pembuatan benda uji, dilakukan pengujian marshall untuk memperoleh rongga aspal meliputi VIM, VMA dan VFA. Nilai VIM pada penambahan 0 phr, 1 phr, 2 phr, 3 phr, dan 4 phr adalah 3,65%, 5,41%, 4,27%, 3,84%, dan 2,88%. Nilai VMA sebesar 15,52%, 17,26%, 16,07%, 15,80%, dan 15,17%. Nilai VFA sebesar 76,48%, 68,72%, 73,54%, 75,76%, dan 81,34%. Diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa karet alam siklik bisa dijadikan sebagai bahan memodifikasi aspal dan berpengaruh terhadap rongga aspal.This research aimed to determine the effect of cyclic natural rubber (CNR) to cavity of modified bitumen. The steps of the research were mixing the pure bitumen with CNR, testing bitumen physical requirement, making the specimen, and testing the cavity of modified bitumen with marshall method. Testing showed that all the modified bitumen met the physical requirement. After making specimen, marshall method was used to determine the cavity of bitumen, including VIM, VMA, and VFA. VIM in addition of 0 phr, 1 phr, 2 phr, 3 phr, and 4 phr was 3,65%, 5,41%, 4,27%, 3,84%, and 2,88%. The value of VMA was 15.52%, 17.26%, 16.07%, 15.80% and 15.17%. The value of VFA was 76.48%, 68.72%, 73.54%, 75.76% and 81.34%. The conclusion of this study was CNR could be used as material for bitumen modified and had the effect on bitumen cavity.

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