This means that other stages of its life cycle, (i.e., production and processing of materials, vehicle manufacture, maintenance and disposal stages) are relatively insignificant compared to the energy consumed and emissions produced when vehicles are in use.
LCA studies of the environmental impacts of road vehicles showed that a running vehicle consumes 80–90% of total life cycle energy use (IEA, 1993, Teufel et al., 1997). This means that other stages of its life cycle, (i.e., production and processing of materials, vehicle manufacture, maintenance and disposal stages) are relatively insignificant compared to the energy consumed and emissions produced when vehicles are in use. The research is undertaken in two phases: (a) an assessment of the performance of the PT system before and after implementation of real-time control actions (tactics), (b) an evaluation of the environmental impacts of the PT system before and after utilizing real-time control tactics. This study will provide PT agencies with evidence to support sustainable transportation and move towards a green PT system.