(Beirão and Sarsfield Cabral, 2007, Hassold and Ceder, 2014, Keirstead et al., 2012, Kimball et al., 2013, Nesheli and Ceder, 2014)
The rise in transport use of energy has resulted primarily from increased use of the private car for personal transport (Potter, 2003). Technological developments such as fuel-efficient vehicles and alternative energy sources provide a means to address this concern, though current efforts fall short of counterbalancing the impacts of this growth (Rode and Burdett, 2011). Therefore, it is desirable to provide travelers with a viable alternative to private cars. Undoubtedly, the use of public transport (PT), being accountable for only a fraction of the total emissions, can help make transportation more economical and efficient in terms of use of resources (Hassold and Ceder, 2014). However, in terms of reliability, efficiency, and environmental impacts, PT itself has great potential for improvement. (Beirão and Sarsfield Cabral, 2007, Hassold and Ceder, 2014, Keirstead et al., 2012, Kimball et al., 2013, Nesheli and Ceder, 2014)