As shown in Ceder, an attractive, advanced PT system that operates reliably and relatively rapidly, with smooth (ease of) synchronized transfers, constitutes part of the door-to-door passenger chain (Ceder, 2007, Ceder, 2016).
Principally, one of the most challenging problems of transportation planning is how to shift a significant amount of car users (who consume the highest percentages of the energy used for transportation) to PT in a sustainable manner. Findings show that in order to increase PT usage, the service should be considered in a way that provides the levels of service required by passengers and by doing so, attract potential users (Beirão and Sarsfield Cabral, 2007). Following Hanaoka and Qadir, the need to attract people from personal automobiles to PT is vital for achieving a sustainable transport system (Hanaoka and Qadir, 2009). Levinson demonstrates that a reliable transit service is essential for attracting and retaining riders, principally in modern societies, which make many transportation options available (Levinson, 2005). As shown in Ceder, an attractive, advanced PT system that operates reliably and relatively rapidly, with smooth (ease of) synchronized transfers, constitutes part of the door-to-door passenger chain (Ceder, 2007, Ceder, 2016).