In fact, the biological effects of any DES are often found to be significantly different from those of its individual components.
In line with current requirements of Green Analytical Chemistry, new alternative solvents (switchable hydrophilicity solvents, SHS (Lasarte-Aragonés et al., 2014), switchable ionic liquids, S-IL (Tang and Ho Row, 2020), and deep eutectic solvents, DES (Tang and Ho Row, 2020; Tang and Row, 2020) have been introduced to analytical chemistry as a replacement for common organic solvents in sample pretreatment step. Deep eutectic solvents is a new class of compounds (Abbott et al., 2004) formed by the mixture of variety hydrogen bond donors (HBD) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA). They physical properties are tunable by selection of their individual constituents and HBD:HBA ratio (Rodríguez et al., 2015). However, in general, this eutectic mixture is characterized by simple preparation, low volatilization at high temperature, selectivity, strong dissolving ability and adjustable polarity (Rodríguez et al., 2015). The use of DESs in analytical chemistry for extraction but not only for this has been recently discussed (Shishov et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2021). However, recent studies have presented that potential toxicity and cytotoxicity may be imparted by various DES (Halder and Cordeiro, 2019). In fact, the biological effects of any DES are often found to be significantly different from those of its individual components. The group of DESs called natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) which are composed of neutral, acidic or basic components that are obtained from nature, have been better evaluated in the range of toxicity and also been tried to replace organic solvents in the fields of separation science, biomedical science, electrochemistry, with excellent biodegradability (Dai et al., 2013).