large/12904/worldswithinworlds_v1-3_1904_librivox_64kb_mp3/worldswithinworlds_01_asimov_64kb_109
large/12904/worldswithinworlds_v1-3_1904_librivox_64kb_mp3/worldswithinworlds_01_asimov_64kb
English
12904
Further investigations yielded results not compatible with the raisins in the pound cake notion. In 1906 Rutherford began to study what happened when massive subatomic particles, such as alpha particles, passed through matter. FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS YIELDED RESULTS NOT COMPATIBLE WITH THE RAISINS IN THE POUND CAKE NOTION IN NINETEEN O SIX RUFFORD BEGAN TO STUDY WHAT HAPPENED WHEN MASSIVE SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES SUCH AS ALPHA PARTICLES PASSED THROUGH MATTER
In 1884 the Swedish chemist Svante August Arrhenius (1859-1927) had first worked out a detailed theory based on the suggestion that these ions were atoms or groups of atoms that carried an electric charge. [Illustration: _Svante A. Arrhenius_] By the close of the 19th century, then, Arrhenius’s suggestion seemed correct. There were positive ions made up of atoms or groups of atoms, from which one or more of the electrons within the atoms had been removed. There were negative ions made up of single atoms or of groups of atoms, to which one or more extra electrons had been added. [Illustration: ] Neutral atom Each unit of positive charge is balanced by a unit of negative charge In this case, total charge = +2 -2 = 0 Ionized atom: If an electron is removed, the balance is destroyed In this case, total charge = +2 -1 = +1 Although Thomson’s model of the atom explained the existence of ions and the fact that atoms could give off electrons or absorb them, it was not satisfactory in all ways. CH METALS AND GASES APPEARED AT THE CATHODE AND ANNOED IT WAS HE WHO FIRST USED THE TERM ION FROM A GREEK WORD MEANING TRAVELER THE WORD HAD BEEN SUGGESTED TO HIM BY THE ENGLISH SCHOLAR WILLIAM WHEWELL SEVENTEEN NINETY FOUR EIGHTEEN SIXTY SIX IN EIGHTEEN EIGHTY FOUR THE SWEDISH CHEMIST SVANTA AUGUST ARINIUS EIGHTEEN FIFTY NINE NINETEEN TWENTY SEVEN HAD FIRST WORKED OUT A DETAILED THEORY BASED ON THE SUGGESTION THAT THESE IONS WERE ATOMS OR GROUPS OF ATOMS THAT CARRIED AN ELECTRIC CHARGE BY THE CLOSE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY THEN ERRHEUMOUS SUGGESTION SEEMED CORRECT THERE WERE POSITIVE IONS MADE UP OF ATOMS OR GROUPS OF ATOMS FROM WHICH ONE OR MORE OF THE ELECTRONS WITHIN THE ATOMS HAD BEEN REMOVED THERE WERE NEGATIVE IONS MADE UP OF SINGLE ATOMS OR OF GROUPS OF ATOMS TO WHICH ONE OR MORE EXTRA ELECTRONS HAD BEEN ADDED ALTHOUGH THOMPSON'S MODEL OF THE ATOM EXPLAINED THE EXISTENCE OF IONS AND THE FACT THAT ADAMS COULD GIVE OFF ELECTRONS OR ABSORB THEM IT WAS NOT SATISFACTORY IN ALL WAYS
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