large/12904/worldswithinworlds_v1-3_1904_librivox_64kb_mp3/worldswithinworlds_01_asimov_64kb_224
large/12904/worldswithinworlds_v1-3_1904_librivox_64kb_mp3/worldswithinworlds_01_asimov_64kb
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12904
The answer came through a line of research that began with the English physicist Charles Glover Barkla (1877 1944). THE ANSWER CAME THROUGH A LINE OF RESEARCH THAT BEGAN WITH THE ENGLISH PHYSICIST CHARLES GLOVER BARCLAY EIGHTEEN
ording to Rutherford’s notion, the atom consisted of a single tiny positively charged lead shot at the center of a foam of electrons. It was Thomson’s notion in reverse. Still, the nucleus carried a positive charge of a particular size and was balanced by negatively charged electrons. Rutherford’s model of the atom explained the existence of ions just as easily as Thomson’s did and it explained more besides. For instance, if all the electrons are removed so that only the nucleus remains, this nucleus is as massive as an atom but is so tiny in size that it can penetrate matter. The alpha particle would be a bare atomic nucleus from this point of view. Rutherford’s model of the “nuclear atom” is still accepted today. Atomic Numbers Since the atom consisted of a positively charged nucleus at the center, and a number of negatively charged electrons outside, the next step was to find the exact size of the nuclear charge and the exact number of electrons for the different varieties of atoms.  ELECTRONS ACCORDING TO RUTHERFORD'S NOTION THE ATOM CONSISTED OF A SINGLE TINY POSITIVELY CHARGED LEAD SHOT AT THE CENTRE OF A FOAM OF ELECTRONS IT WAS THOMSON'S NOTION IN REVERSE STILL THE NUCLEUS CARRIED A POSITIVE CHARGE OF A PARTICULAR SIZE AND WAS BALANCED BY NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS RUTHERFORD'S MODEL OF THE ATOM EXPLAINED THE EXISTENCE OF IONS JUST AS EASILY AS THOMPSON'S DID AND IT EXPLAINED MORE BESIDES FOR INSTANCE IF ALL THE ELECTRONS ARE REMOVED SO THAT ONLY THE NUCLEUS REMAINS THIS NUCLEUS IS AS MASSIVE AS AN ATOM BUT IS SO TINY IN SIZE THAT IT CAN PENETRATE MATTER THE ALPHA PARTICLE WOULD BE A BARE ATOMIC NUCLEUS FROM THIS POINT OF VIEW RUTHERFORD'S MODEL OF THE NUCLEAR ATOM IS STILL ACCEPTED TO DAY ATOMIC NUMBERS SINCE THE ATOM CONSISTED OF A POSITIVELY CHARGED NUCLEUS AT THE CENTRE AND A NUMBER OF NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS OUTSIDE THE NEXT STEP WAS TO FIND THE EXACT SIZE OF THE NUCLEAR CHARGE AND THE EXACT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS FOR THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF ATOMS
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