large/12904/worldswithinworlds_v1-3_1904_librivox_64kb_mp3/worldswithinworlds_02_asimov_64kb_102
large/12904/worldswithinworlds_v1-3_1904_librivox_64kb_mp3/worldswithinworlds_02_asimov_64kb
English
12904
In that same year, the German physicist Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821 1894) advanced the general notion that a fixed amount of energy in one form was equal to the same amount of energy in any other form. IN THAT SAME YEAR THE GERMAN PHYSICIST HERMANN LUDWIG FERDINAND VON HELMHOLTZ EIGHTEEN TWENTY ONE EIGHTEEN NINETY FOUR ADVANCED THE GENERAL NOTION THAT A FIXED AMOUNT OF ENERGY IN ONE FORM WAS EQUAL TO THE SAME AMOUNT OF ENERGY IN ANY OTHER FORM
From a sketch made by Madame Lavoisier._] [Illustration: _Antoine Lavoisier and his wife._] Naturally, it would occur to scientists to wonder if a similar law might hold for energy. The answer wasn’t easy to get. It wasn’t as simple to measure the quantity of energy as it was to measure the quantity of mass. Nor was it as simple to pen up a quantity of energy and keep it from escaping or from gaining additional quantity from outside, as it was in the case of mass. Beginning in 1840, however, the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) began a series of experiments in which he made use of every form of energy he could think of. In each case he turned it into heat and allowed the heat to raise the temperature of a given quantity of water. He used the rise in temperature as a measure of the energy. By 1847 he was convinced that any form of energy could be turned into fixed and predictable amounts of heat; that a certain amount of work was equivalent to a certain amount of heat. NGE THIS WAS CALLED THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS NATURALLY IT WOULD OCCUR TO SCIENTISTS TO WONDER IF A SIMILAR LAW MIGHT HOLD FOR ENERGY THE ANSWER WASN'T EASY TO GET IT WASN'T AS SIMPLE TO MEASURE THE QUANTITY OF ENERGY AS IT WAS TO MEASURE THE QUANTITY OF MASS NOR WAS IT AS SIMPLE TO PEN UP A QUANTITY OF ENERGY AND KEEP IT FROM ESCAPING OR FROM GAINING ADDITIONAL QUANTITY FROM OUTSIDE AS IT WAS IN THE CASE OF MASS BEGINNING IN EIGHTEEN FORTY HOWEVER THE ENGLISH PHYSICIST JAMES PRESCOTT JEWEL EIGHTEEN EIGHTEEN EIGHTEEN EIGHTY NINE BEGAN A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH HE MADE USE OF EVERY FORM OF ENERGY HE COULD THINK OF IN EACH CASE HE TURNED IT INTO HEAT AND ALLOWED THE HEAT TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF A GIVEN QUANTITY OF WATER HE USED THE RISE IN TEMPERATURE AS A MEASURE OF THE ENERGY BY EIGHTEEN FORTY SEVEN HE WAS CONVINCED THAT ANY FORM OF ENERGY COULD BE TURNED INTO FIXED AND PREDICTABLE AMOUNTS OF HEAT THAT A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF WORK WAS EQUIVALENT TO A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF HEAT
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