large/12904/worldswithinworlds_v1-3_1904_librivox_64kb_mp3/worldswithinworlds_02_asimov_64kb_69
large/12904/worldswithinworlds_v1-3_1904_librivox_64kb_mp3/worldswithinworlds_02_asimov_64kb
English
12904
This sharing could only take place if the atoms remained close neighbors, and it would take energy to pull them apart and break up the shared pool, just as it would take energy to pull 2 ions apart against the attraction of opposite charges. THIS SHARING COULD ONLY TAKE PLACE IF THE ATOMS REMAINED CLOSE NEIGHBORS AND IT WOULD TAKE ENERGY TO PULL THEM APART AND BREAK UP THE SHARED POOL JUST AS IT WOULD TAKE ENERGY TO PULL TWO IONS APART AGAINST THE ATTRACTION OF OPPOSITE CHARGES
as 18 electrons—2, 8, and 8—and it too is very stable. But what if an atom did not have its electron shell so neatly filled. The sodium atom has 11 electrons—2, 8, and 1—while the fluorine atom has 9 electrons—2 and 7. If the sodium atom passed one of its electrons to a fluorine atom, both would have the stable configuration of neon—2 and 8. This, therefore, ought to have a great tendency to happen. If it did happen, though, the sodium atom, minus 1 electron, would have a unit positive charge and would be Na⁺, a positively charged ion. Fluorine with 1 electron in excess would become F⁻, a negatively charged ion. The 2 ions, with opposite charges, would cling together, since opposite charges attract, and thus the molecule of sodium fluoride (NaF) would be formed. In 1916 the American chemist Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-1946) carried this notion farther. Atoms could cling together not only as a result of the outright transfer of 1 or more electrons, but through sharing pairs of electrons. AT IF AN ATOM DID NOT HAVE ITS ELECTRON SHELL SO NEATLY FILLED THE SODIOM ATOM HAS ELEVEN ELECTRONS TWO EIGHT AND ONE WHILE THE FLORIN ATOM HAS NINE ELECTRONS TWO AND SEVEN IF THE SODIUM ATOM PASSED ONE OF ITS ELECTRONS TO A FLORINE ATOM BOTH WOULD HAVE THE STABLE CONFIGURATION OF NEEON TWO AND EIGHT THIS THEREFORE OUGHT TO HAVE A GREAT TENDENCY TO HAPPEN IF IT DID HAPPEN THOUGH THE SODIUM ATOM MINUS ONE ELECTRON WOULD HAVE A UNIT POSITIVE CHARGE AND WOULD BE SODIUM PLUS A POSITIVELY CHARGED ION FLORINE WITH ONE ELECTRON IN EXCESS WOULD BECOME FLORIN MINUS A NEGATIVELY CHARGED ION THE TWO IONS WITH OPPOSITE CHARGES WOULD CLING TOGETHER SINCE OPPOSITE CHARGES ATTRACT AND THUS THE MOLECULE OF SODIUM FLORIDE WOULD BE FORMED IN NINETEEN SIXTEEN THE AMERICAN CHEMIST GILBERT NEWTON LEWIS EIGHTEEN SEVENTY FIVE NINETEEN FORTY SIX CARRIED THIS NOTION FARTHER ADAMS COULD CLING TOGETHER NOT ONLY AS A RESULT OF THE OUTRIGHT TRANSFER OF ONE OR MORE ELECTRODES BUT THROUGH SHARING PAIRS OF ELECTRODES
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