Šarka (zmija)
<s>{{Taksokvir
| boja = pink
| naziv = Riđovka, Vipera berus
| slika = Vipera berus (Marek Szczepanek).jpg
| slika_širina = 240px
| slika_opis = Riđovka
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Chordata
| classis = Reptilia
| ordo = Squamata
| subordo = Serpentes
| familia = Viperinae
| genus = Vipera
| species = V. berus
| dvoimeno = Vipera berus
| dvoimeno_autorstvo = L., 1758.
| sinonimi = <small>
 [Coluber] berus - Linnaeus, 1758
 [Coluber] Chersea - Linnaeus, 1758
 Coluber prester - Linnaeus, 1761
 Coluber vipera Anglorum - Laurenti, 1768
 Coluber Melanis - Pallas, 1771
 Coluber Scytha - Pallas, 1773
 [Coluber].</s><s>Scytha - Bonnaterre, 1790
 Vipera melanis - Sonnini & Latreille, 1801
 Vipera berus - Daudin, 1803
 Vipera chersea - Daudin, 1803
 Vipera prester - Daudin, 1803
 [Coluber] Caeruleus - Sheppard, 1804
 Vipera communis - Leach, 1817
 Coluber chersea var. marasso - Pollini, 1818
 [Pelias] berus - Merrem, 1820
 [Vipera] marasso - Sette, 1821
 Vipera limnaea - Bendiscioli, 1826
 Vipera trilamina - Millet, 1828
 [Pelias] Chersea - Wagler, 1830
 Vipera torva - Lenz, 1832
 Pelias dorsalis - Gray, 1842
 [Vipera].</s><s>Prester var. gagatina - Freyer, 1842
 Echidnoides trilamina - Mauduyt, 1844
 Vipera Pelias - Soubeiran, 1855
 Pelias berus var.</s><s>Prester - Günther, 1858
 Pelias berus var.</s><s>Chersea - Günther, 1858
 [Pelias berus].</s><s>Var. dorsalis - Cope, 1860
 [Pelias berus].</s><s>Var. niger - Cope, 1860
 [Vipera]. (Pelias) berus - Jan, 1863
 [Vipera]. (Pelias) berus var. prester - Jan, 1863
 [Vipera]. (Pelias) berus var. lymnaea - Jan, 1863
 Pelias Chersea - Erber, 1863
 Pelias berus - Erber, 1863
 Vipera berus var. prester - Jan & Sordelli, 1874
 Vipera berus [berus] - Boettger, 1889
 [Vipera berus] var. montana - Méhely, 1893
 Vipera berus - Boulenger, 1896
 Pelias berus lugubris - Kashehenko, 1902
 Vipera berus pelias - Chabanaud, 1923
 [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma brunneomarcata - Reuss, 1923
 [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma luteoalba - Reuss, 1923
 [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma ochracea asymmetrica - Reuss, 1923
 [Vipera (Pelias) berus] rudolphi-marchica - Reuss, 1924
 [Vipera (Pelias) berus] forma bilineata - Reuss, 1924
 Vipera (Pelias) berus forma chersea-splendens - Reuss, 1925
 Vipera (Pelias) berus forma ochracea-splendens - Reuss, 1925
 Vipera (Pelias) berus forma rutila - Reuss, 1925
 Vipera (Pelias) berus forma punctata - Reuss, 1925
 Coluber sachalinensis continentalis - Nikolski, 1927
 [Pelias]. sudetica - Reuss, 1927 (nomen nudum)
 [Vipera]. berus marchici - Reuss, 1927
 Vipera berus rudolphi - Reuss, 1927 (nomen nudum)
 Vipera berus berus - Mertens & Müller, 1928
 [Pelias] elberfeldi - Reuss, 1929
 Pelias rudolphi - Reuss, 1930
 Pelias schöttleri - Reuss, 1930
 [Pelias]. tyrolensis - Reuss, 1930
 Pelias schreiberi - Reuss, 1930
 Pelias flavescens - Reuss, 1930 (nomen nudum)
 Pelias subalpina - Reuss, 1930 (nomen nudum)
 Pelias neglecta - Reuss, 1932
 Vipera berus sphagnosa - Krassawzef, 1932
 Pelias occidentalis - Reuss, 1933
 Pelias occidentalis oldesloensis - Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum)
 Pelias occidentalis orbensis - Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum)
 Pelias sudetica forma steinii - Reuss, 1935 (nomen nudum)
 Vipera marchici - Reuss, 1935
 Pelias sudetica steinii forma emarcata - Reuss, 1937 (nomen illegitimum)
 Vipera (Vipera) berus berus - Obst, 1983
 Vipera berus forma brunneomarcata - Golay et al., 1993
 Vipera berus forma ochracea-asymmetrica - Golay et al., 1993
 Vipera berus forma luteoalba - Golay et al., 1993
 Pelias schoettleri - Golay et al., 1993
 Coluber coeruleus - Golay et al., 1993
 Vipera berus - Golay et al., 1993</small>
}}</s>

<s>Riđovka (lat. Vipera berus) zmija je otrovnica iz porodice ljutica.</s><s>Naraste do 75 cm.</s><s>Najbolje je proučena zmija na svijetu.</s><s>Poznata je još i pod nazivima šarka, šaru(l)ja (u Zagori) i crnostrig.</s>

<s>Rasprostranjenost 
Najrasprostranjenija zmija Europe i najrasprostranjenija zmija uopće.</s><s>Stanište joj se prostire preko čitave Europe, kroz Rusiju sve do obale Tihog oceana.</s><s>Može se naći i u Švedskoj  i u Arktičkom pojasu.</s><s>Nema je u južnoj Španjolskoj, južnoj Italiji na jugu Balkanskog poluotoka i na nekim većim sredozemnim otocima.</s>

<s>Prehrana i otrov 
Kao i ostale ljutice, ne progoni svoj plijen, nego čeka da joj plijen dođe na dohvat i tada ga napada smrtonosnom učinkovitošću.</s><s>U usporedbi sa svojim većim srodnicima, riđovka je rijetko prijetnja čovjeku, no za male je životinje smrtonosna.</s><s>Ima veliku glavu, uski vrat i debelo tijelo koje je manje i elegantnije od poskokovog, s kosom isprekidanom prugom koja služi za prikrivanje.</s><s>Jezik joj je dug i rašljast.</s><s>Njezini otrovni zubi leže preklopljeni u čeljusti, a izbacuju se prema naprijed kad zmija napada.</s><s>Nakon što napadne, riđovka čeka da otrov počne djelovati, jer će plijen pojesti tek kad je mrtav.</s><s>Otrov riđovke je hemotoksičan što znači da se tkivo raspada te djeluje na krvni sustav, a pojedini ga znanstvenici smatraju toksičnijim i od poskokovog, te ga svrstavaju među najtoksičnije u zmijskome svijetu, ali vjeruju da zbog manje količine koju može uštrcati u ranu ne predstavlja niti približnu opasnost  .</s><s>Ipak, kod većine znanstvenika prevladava mišljenje da otrov nije veoma toksičan.</s><s>Brojne statistike upućuju da u većem dijelu Europe ljudi češće umiru od uboda pčela nego od ugriza ove zmije, te da bi zdrava odrasla osoba najvjerojatnije preživjela ugriz i bez medicinske pomoći.</s>

<s>Riđovka se hrani gušterima, žabama, malim sisavcima, ponekad slijepićima i mladim pticama te ptičjim jajima.</s><s>Vrlo rijetko hrani se čak i malim kunama.</s>

<s>Stanište 
Riđovka naseljava surovije predjele i može se sresti i iznad 3000 m/nv.</s><s>Prisutna je i u močvarnim područjima sa šikarom u Slavoniji, ali i u planinama Gorskog kotara.</s><s>Za razliku od poskoka,  ulazi i u vodu.</s><s>Dobro pliva te je aktivna osobito noću i za vlažna vremena.</s><s>Preko dana se sklupča i sunča ili se odmara ispod gomile kamenja, korijenja ili u mišjim rupama.</s>

<s>Riđovke većinom žive u kolonijama i sve zmije jedne kolonije spavaju zimski san (hiberniraju) zajedno na jednom mjestu.</s><s>U proljeće mužjaci prvi izlaze iz mjesta gdje su hibernirali da bi se intenzivno sunčali, a dva do tri tjedna kasnije izlaze ženke i tada započinje ritual parenja.</s>

<s>Razmnožavanje 
Ženke riđovki pare se svake druge godine, potkraj travnja i početkom svibnja, stoga što gravidne ženke zbog razvoja mladunaca koji zauzimaju velik dio trbušne šupljine nemaju mjesta za hranu, pa se tokom graviditeta ne hrane, a na svijet od kolovoza do rujna donose tri do dvadeset mladih, dugih od 14 – 23 cm, koji su odmah sposobni brinuti se sami o sebi.</s><s>Od rođenja su opremljeni otrovnim zubima i žlijezdama.</s><s>Mladunci vjerojatno jedu mlade glodavce i guštere, ali i vodozemce.</s><s>Neki autori tvrde da mladunci jedu kukce i pauke.</s>

<s>Reference</s>

<s>Literatura</s>

<s>Ananjeva NB, Borkin LJ, Ilya Darevsky, Nikolaï Orlov.</s><s>1998. [Amphibians and Reptiles.</s><s>Encyclopedia of Nature of Russia].</s><s>Moscow: ABF. (in Russian).</s><s>Arnold EN, Burton JA.</s><s>1978.</s><s>A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe.</s><s>London: Collins.</s><s>272 pp. . (Vipera berus, pp.</s><s>217–218 + Plate 39 + Map 122).</s><s>George Albert Boulenger.</s><s>1896.</s><s>Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History).</s><s>Volume III., Containing the...</s><s>Viperidæ.</s><s>London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Vipera berus, pp.</s><s>476–481).</s><s>Coleman Jett Goin, Goin OB, Zug GR.</s><s>1978.</s><s>Introduction to Herpetology: Third Edition.</s><s>San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. . (Vipera berus, pp.</s><s>122, 188, 334).</s><s>Giorgio Jan, Ferdinando Sordelli.</s><s>1874.</s><s>Iconographie générale des Ophidiens: Quarante-cinquième Livraison.</s><s>Paris: Baillière.</s><s>Index + Plates I.- VI. (Vipera berus, Plate II, Figure 1; var. prester, Plate II, Figures 2-4; var. concolor, Plate II, Figure 5; var. lymnaea, Plate II, Figure 6).</s><s>Joger U, Lenk P, İbrahim Baran, Böhme W, Ziegler T, Heidrich P, Wink M. 1997.</s><s>The phylogenetic position of Vipera barani and of Vipera nikolskii within the Vipera berus complex.</s><s>Herpetologica Bonnensis 185-194.</s><s>Carl Linnaeus.</s><s>1758.</s><s>Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, diferentiis, synonymis, locis.</s><s>Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata.</s><s>Stockholm: L. Salvius.</s><s>824 pp. (Coluber berus, p. 217).</s><s>Sherman A. Minton 1974.</s><s>Venom Diseases.</s><s>Springfield, Illinois: CC Thomas Publ.</s><s>256 pp. .</s><s>Morris PA.</s><s>1948.</s><s>Boy's Book of Snakes: How to Recognize and Understand Them.</s><s>A volume of the Humanizing Science Series, edited by Jacques Cattell.</s><s>New York: Ronald Press. viii + 185 pp. (The common viper, Vipera berus, pp.</s><s>154–155, 182).</s><s>Wüster W, Allum CSE, Bjargardottir IB, Bailey KL, Dawson KJ, Guenioui J, Lewis J, McGurk J, Moore AG, Niskanen M, Pollard CP.</s><s>2004.</s><s>Do aposematism and Batesian mimicry require bright colours?</s><s>A test, using European viper markings.</s><s>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271: 2495–2499.</s><s>PDF  at Wolfgang Wüster, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor .</s><s>Accessed on 15 August 2006.</s><s>Göran Nilson, Claes Andrén, Wolfgang Völkl: Vipera (Pelias) berus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Kreuzotter.</s><s>In: Ulrich Joger, Nikolaus Stümpel: Schlangen (Serpentes) III Viperidae. in der Reihe Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas Band 3/IIB.</s><s>Aula-Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2005; Seiten 213–292.</s><s>Hans Schiemenz, Hans-Jürgen Biella, Rainer Günther, Wolfgang Völkl: Kreuzotter – Vipera berus (Linnaeus, 1758).</s><s>In: Rainer Günther (Hrsg.): Die Amphibien und Reptilien Deutschlands.</s><s>Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1996; Seiten 710–728.</s><s>David Mallow, David Ludwig, Göran Nilson: True Vipers.</s><s>Natural History and Toxicology of Old World Vipers.</s><s>Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar (Florida) 2003; Seiten 242–252.</s><s>Hans Schiemenz: Die Kreuzotter.</s><s>Neue Brehm-Bücherei Band 332, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 1995.</s><s>Ulrich Joger, Ralf Wollesen (Hrsg.): Verbreitung, Ökologie und Schutz der Kreuzotter (Vipera berus).</s><s>Mertensiella 15, 2004; 
 Ulrich Gruber: Die Schlangen Europas und rund ums Mittelmeer.</s><s>Franckh'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung Stuttgart 1989; Seiten 193–194.</s><s>Falk Ortlieb et al: Bissverletzungen durch Kreuzottern (Vipera berus) auf der Insel Hiddensee (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) in den Jahren 2003–2009.</s><s>In: Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie'' 19 (2012), Seiten 165–174.</s><s>Ананьева Н.</s><s>Б., Мунхбаяр Х., Орлов Н.</s><s>Л., Орлова В.Ф., Семенов Д.В., Тэрбиш Х.</s><s>Земноводные и пресмыкающиеся Монголии. — КМК Лтд., 1997. — .</s><s>Банников, А. Г. (Ред.).</s><s>Жизнь животных в 7-ми т.. — 2-е изд., перераб.. — М.: Просвещение, 1985. — Т.</s><s>5. Земноводные и пресмыкающиеся. — 399 с.</s><s>Банников, А. Г.; Даревский, И.</s><s>С.; Рустамов, А. К.</s><s>Земноводные и пресмыкающиеся СССР. — М.: Мысль, 1971. — 303 с.</s><s>Дунаев, Е. А. Земноводные и пресмыкающиеся Подмосковья. — М.: МосгорСЮН, 1999. — 84 с.</s><s>Лужников, Е. А. (Ред.).</s><s>Медицинская токсикология: национальное руководство. — ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2012. — .</s><s>Arnold, E. Nicholas.</s><s>Reptiles and Amphibians of Europe. — Princeton University Press, 2003. — 388 p. — .</s><s>Barceloux, Donald G. Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. — Wiley, 2008. — 1200 p. — .</s><s>Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert.</s><s>International Wildlife Encyclopedia. — Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002. — 3168 p. — .</s><s>Campbell, Alexander; Chapman, Michael.</s><s>Handbook of Poisoning in Dogs and Cats. — Wiley-Blackwell, 2000. — 284 p. — .</s><s>Murphy, John C. Secrets of the Snake Charmer: Snakes in the 21st Century. — iUniverse, 2010. — 420 p. — .</s><s>Mallow, David; Ludwig, David; Nilson, Goran.</s><s>True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. — Krieger Publishing Company, 2010. — 410 p. — .</s>

<s>Vanjske veze</s>

<s>herp.it
 arkive.org 
 herpetofauna.co.uk
 club100.net 
 Predators 
 Vipera berus  at Surrey Amphibian and Reptile Group (SARG)
 Vipera berus  European Field Herping Community
 Vipera berus at Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe.</s><s>Accessed on 16 August 2006.</s><s>Adder or Viper – Vipera berus at Reptiles and Amphibians of the UK.</s><s>Accessed 9 October 2006.</s><s>Vipera berus  at Club100.</s><s>Accessed 9 October 2006.</s><s>Viper berus – Adder  at First Nature.</s><s>Accessed 9 October 2006.</s><s>Adder (Vipera berus)  at Warwickshire Amphibian and Reptile Team .</s><s>Accessed 11 February 2010 .</s><s>Adder, Vipera berus at Reptiles & Amphibians of France.</s><s>Accessed 6 June 2008.</s><s>Vipera berus images  at Hribi.net .</s><s>Accessed 7 February 2010.</s><s>Snakes at Froglife, UK (now part of Amphibian & reptile conservation Trust).</s><s>Dead site archived by www.archive.org.</s><s>Accessed  11 February 2010.</s><s>Add an Adder (UK Herpetological Conservation Trust).</s><s>Accessed 31 December 2007.</s><s>James Stroud Research and Contact Details  (University of Hull, UK)
 Die Kreuzotter in Österreich auf www.herpetofauna.at: Artbeschreibung, Verbreitung und Bilder 
 Kreuzotter im Animal Diversity Web (engl.)
 Bericht über die internationale Tagung „Ökologie und Schutz der Kreuzotter“ 2002 in Darmstadt
 Seite zur Kreuzotter bei reptilien-brauchen-freunde.de
 Seite zur Kreuzotter bei der KARCH (Koordinationsstelle für Amphibien- und Reptilienschutz in der Schweiz) 
 Giftzentrale (hat auch Bilder)
 Fotos der Kreuzotter auf www.herp.it
 Kreuzotter-Verbreitung in Europa (pdf)  (386 kB)</s>

<s>Ljutice</s>

