34. 2020 年 3 月 3 日，世界上最大的药物生产国之一限制了 26 种药物成分和药物的出口，包括扑热息痛和各种抗生素。这些限制是对另一个药物成分生产国供应链中断的回应。103 随后，前一个国家对羟氯喹(一种试验性 COVID-19 疗法)实施了出口禁令，尽管该禁令已于 2020 年 4 月 6 日解除。104 2021 年 1 月 3 日，还是这个国家暂时禁止出口在其领土上生产的所有牛津-阿斯利康疫苗，这些疫苗由一个签订了为发展中国家生产 10 亿剂疫苗的组织生产。几周内，一个区域性组织也对其成员国领土内生产的疫苗实施了出口管制。105 这些举措可能导致低99 见 www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/small-group-rich-nations-have-bought-more-half-future-supply-leading-covid-19。100 同上；另见联合国，《共担责任》第 1 页。101 Steve Hendrix and Shira Rubin, “Israel is starting to vaccinate, but Palestinians may have to waitmonths”, The Washington Post, 20 December 2020. 可 查 阅 www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israel-vaccine-palestinians-coronavirus/2020/12/18/f1d8d572-4083-11eb-b58b-1623f6267960_story.html。102 见 www.who.int/intellectualproperty/report/en/。103 Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “India limits medicine exports after supplies hit by coronavirus”, The Guardian,4 March 2020. 可查阅 www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/04/india-limits-medicine-exports-coronavirus-paracetamol-antibiotics。104 Akash Bisht, “India lifts drug export ban after Trump’s ‘retaliation’ threat”, Al Jazeera, 7 April 2020.可查阅 www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/7/india-lifts-drug-export-ban-after-trumps-retaliation-threat。105 见 www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55860540。
34. On 3 March 2020, one of the world’s largest drug producing States restricted the export of 26 pharmaceutical ingredients and drugs, including paracetamol and various antibiotics. The restrictions were in reaction to supply chain disruptions in another State that produces pharmaceutical ingredients.103 Subsequently, the former State imposed an export ban on hydroxychloroquine, an experimental COVID-19 treatment, although that ban was 97 Nicholas Wasonga Orago, “Commonification of food as an approach for the achievement of food security and the realisation of the right to food for all”, Strathmore Law Journal, vol. 4, No. 1. 98 See www.dw.com/en/us-accused-of-seizing-face-mask-shipments-bound-for-europe-canada/a-53010923. 99 See www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/small-group-rich-nations-have-bought-more-half-future-supply-leading-covid-19. 100 Ibid. See also United Nations, “Shared responsibility”, p. 1. 101 Steve Hendrix and Shira Rubin, “Israel is starting to vaccinate, but Palestinians may have to wait months”, The Washington Post, 20 December 2020. Available from www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israel-vaccine-palestinians-coronavirus/2020/12/18/f1d8d572-4083-11eb-b58b-1623f6267960_story.html. 102 See www.who.int/intellectualproperty/report/en/. 103 Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “India limits medicine exports after supplies hit by coronavirus”, The Guardian, 4 March 2020. Available from www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/04/india-limits-medicine-exports-coronavirus-paracetamol-antibiotics. lifted on 6 April 2020.104 On 3 January 2021, the same State temporarily banned, for a three-month period, the export of all the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines manufactured in its territory by an organization that had been contracted to make 1 billion doses for developing nations. Within weeks, a regional organization also enacted export controls regarding vaccines manufactured within the territory of its members. 105 Such moves could lead to low-income