33. 如果域外拘留是由非国家代理人的第三方在其似乎没有管辖权的地方实施的，但如果国家协助拘留方使被拘留者受到任意或非法拘留或虐待，则国家仍可能要承担责任。有人提出，这种责任直接源于国际人权法，这不仅发生在一国违反不推回原则将某一被拘留者移送出其管辖范围时，而且也发生在有充分理由相信存在被拘留者的权利普遍受到或将会受到侵犯的实际风险时，而该国仍向拘留当局提供与随后的侵犯人权行为有关的技术或财政支持、情报、设备或其他援助，从而大大助长了这种情况。108 事实上，提供这种援助可能违反国家的以下义务：即确保在其管辖范围内开展的活动，如对其境外的被拘留者的权利有直接和合理可预见的影响，均符合国际人权法。109
33. When extraterritorial detention is carried out by third parties that are not agents of the State and in locations where it does not appear to have jurisdiction, the State may nevertheless bear responsibility if it assists the detaining party in subjecting detainees to arbitrary or unlawful detention or ill-treatment. It has been advanced that such responsibility arises directly from international human rights law, not only when a State transfers a specific detainee from its jurisdiction in breach of non-refoulement, but also when there are substantial grounds for believing that there is a real risk that the rights of detainees generally are being or will be violated, and the State nevertheless provides a detaining authority with technical or financial support, intelligence, equipment or other assistance that is connected to the subsequent violation, thereby contributing substantially to it.108 Indeed, the provision of such assistance may constitute a violation of the State’s obligation to ensure that activities undertaken in its jurisdiction that have a direct and reasonably foreseeable impact on the rights of detainees located outside its territory will be consistent with international human rights law. 109