12. 此外，这种做法的治外和法外性质有利于强制审讯，在许多情况下构成酷刑和虐待。34 这种侵犯行为可由移解国的代理人或此人被移送至的第三国代理人直接实施，不经过任何适当的风险评估程序。人权事务委员会和禁止酷刑委员会发现，特别移解往往伴随着酷刑风险，35并牵涉到不推回原则。36 根据这一原则，如果有充分理由相信，确实存在会造成不可弥补伤害的风险，例如遭受酷刑27 https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1249&context=faculty_articles ；www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Report-on-Terrorism-Counter-terrorism-and-Human-Rights-Eminent-Jurists-Panel-on-Terrorism-series-2009.pdf，第 80 页；A/HRC/13/42，第 36 段。28 欧洲人权法院，《Husayn (Abu Zubaydah)诉波兰》(申请号 7511/13)，2014 年 7 月 24 日，第 452 段。29 同上，《Savriddin Dzhurayev 诉俄罗斯》(申请号 71386/10)，2013 年 4 月 25 日，第 205 段。30 A/HRC/4/40/Add.1，第 13、17 和 22 段；《公民及政治权利国际公约》，第九条第一款和第四款；Silvia Borelli 著，“Extraordinary rendition, counter-terrorism and international law” in ResearchHandbook on International Law and Terrorism, Ben Saul, ed. (Edward Elgar, 2014)，第 361 和
12. Additionally, the extraterritorial and extrajudicial nature of such practices is conducive to coercive interrogations, in many instances amounting to torture and ill-treatment.34 Such violations may be perpetrated directly by agents of the rendering State or of third States to which the person is transferred without any adequate risk assessment procedure. The Human Rights Committee and the Committee against Torture have found that extraordinary rendition is often accompanied by a risk of torture35 and implicates the principle of non-refoulement. 36 According to this principle, a State detaining persons extraterritorially may not transfer them to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that there is a real risk of irreparable harm, such as being subjected to torture or ill-treatment, 37 that their right to life would be violated38 or that their liberty and security of person would be violated in a manner amounting to inhuman treatment. 39 The principle also prohibits the transfer of a person to a State when it is foreseen that that State will in turn transfer the person to a third State where there are substantial grounds for believing that there is a real risk of irreparable harm. 40 In evaluating this risk, States should consider a 27 https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1249&context=faculty_articles; www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Report-on-Terrorism-Counter-terrorism-and-Human-Rights-Eminent-Jurists-Panel-on-Terrorism-series-2009.pdf, p. 80; A/HRC/13/42, para. 36. 28 European Court of Human Rights, Husayn (Abu Zubaydah) v. Poland (application No. 7511/13), 24 July 2014, para. 452. 29 Ibid., Savriddin Dzhurayev v. Russia (application No. 71386/10), 25 April 2013, para. 205. 30 A/HRC/4/40/Add.1, paras. 13, 17 and 22; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 9 (1) and (4); Silvia Borelli, “Extraordinary rendition, counter-terrorism and international law” in