15. 虽然在和平时期，拘留通常由国家执法机构实施，并由民事法院监督，但武装冲突中，拘禁通常由国家武装部队实施，有时也由情报机构实施。在这种情况下，执法和常规司法系统可能不复存在，或者法律能力或实际能力有限，无法处理所有剥夺自由案件。如果有监督，往往也是由军事法庭或行政机构进行的。这使司法系统更有可能偏离正常运作，并让人担心程序保障可能遭到破坏，随之可能发生侵犯人权行为。
15. While detention in peacetime is generally implemented by State law enforcement agencies and overseen by civilian courts, detention in the context of armed conflict is often carried out by State armed forces or, on occasion, intelligence agencies. In such contexts, law enforcement and regular judicial systems may not be available or have limited legal or practical capacity to address all cases of deprivation of liberty. Oversight, where it takes place, is often exercised by military justice or administrative bodies. This renders it more likely that the ordinary operation of the judicial system will be deviated from and raises concerns that procedural safeguards may be breached and that rights violations may ensue.