和审讯。27 欧洲人权法院指出，由于此类行动故意规避正当程序保障措施，而且不诉诸引渡、递解出境或驱逐所使用的法律程序，这些行动违背了法治和国际人权法寻求保护的价值观。28 欧洲法院也同样批评了其他一些做法，即各国绕过普通法律程序，在境外拘留或绑架人员，并在法律程序范围之外将其移送至其他地方受审。29 任意拘留问题工作组认为，发生在任何法律程序范围之外、并且没有让个人接触律师或任何司法机构对移送提出异议的每一起逮捕和移送个人的案件，即违反了禁止任意和非法拘留的规定。30 如果某人随后在接受国的正常法律框架之外被拘留，那么，人身自由权和禁止任意拘留的规定也必然受到侵犯。31 事实上，人权事务委员会和禁止酷刑委员会表示关切的是，长期和无限期的法外拘留还会侵犯被拘留者获得公正审判、得到人道待遇、尊重人的固有尊严以及被承认在法律前的人格的权利，并会违反禁止酷刑和其他虐待的规定。32 欧洲法院认为，如果通过特别移解秘密进行域外拘留，也可能构成强迫失踪或秘密拘留，这些做法还可能带来相关的侵犯行为。33
and interrogation.27 Since such actions deliberately circumvent due process safeguards and are conducted without recourse to the legal procedures used in extraditions, deportations or expulsions, the European Court of Human Rights has stated that they are anathema to the rule of law and to the values that international human rights law seeks to protect.28 Other practices whereby States bypass ordinary legal procedures by detaining or abducting persons outside their territory and extrajudicially transferring them to face trial elsewhere have been similarly criticized by the European Court.29 According to the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, every case of apprehension and transfer of individuals occurring outside the confines of any legal procedure and without providing the individual access to counsel or to any judicial body to contest the transfer amounts to a violation of the prohibition of arbitrary and unlawful detention. 30 To the extent that an individual is subsequently detained outside the normal legal framework in the receiving State, the right to liberty and the prohibition of arbitrary detention are also necessarily violated.31 Indeed, the Human Rights Committee and the Committee against Torture have expressed concern that protracted and indefinite extrajudicial detention further entails a violation of the detainee’s rights to a fair trial, to be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person and to the recognition as a person before the law, and a violation of the prohibition on torture and other ill-treatment.32 When conducted in secrecy, extraterritorial detention in the context of extraordinary renditions may, in the view of the European Court, also amount to an enforced disappearance or secret detention, with the associated violations that these practices entail.33