13. 特别移解引发了广泛而复杂的人权关切，对司法机构的公正廉明产生了明显的影响。特别移解顾名思义，往往是在正常法律程序之外在域外秘密进行的，它挑战司法系统和利用该系统实际享有补救的权利。人权事务委员会和禁止酷刑委员会发现，特别移解后受到域外拘留的人被长期和无限期地剥夺自由，而无法得到普通刑事司法系统审理。45 虽然此类侵犯人权行为的受害者有权获得赔偿和有效补救，46 但通过国内民事和刑事司法程序获得补救的努力受阻，因为关键信息被视为国家机密或因其他原因过于敏感而不能披露。47 根据《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》，只要有理由相信，在其管辖范围内发生了酷刑或虐待行为，各国就必须迅速、独立、有效地进行调查，并有义务起诉或引渡涉嫌从事此类行为的人。48 然而，禁止酷刑委员会表示关切的是，在实践中，对在域外被拘留的人实施酷刑和虐待的指控没有得到充分调查。49 在某些情况下，各国不愿起诉涉嫌在域外拘留过程中犯下侵犯行为的代理人，50 也不愿将自己的代理人移交其他法域进行此类起诉。在其他情况下，只对数量有限的低级别代理人提出了刑事指控。51
13. Extraordinary renditions raise extensive and complex human rights concerns, with clear implications for the integrity of the judiciary. By definition, they are often conducted secretly, extraterritorially and outside normal legal procedures, challenging the judicial system and the practical enjoyment of the right to a remedy through the use of that system. The Human Rights Committee and the Committee against Torture have found that persons subjected to extraterritorial detention following extraordinary renditions endured prolonged and indefinite deprivation of liberty without access to the ordinary criminal justice system.45 While victims of such violations of human rights are entitled to reparations and effective remedy, 46 attempts to obtain remedies through domestic civil and criminal judicial proceedings have been hampered because key information was deemed a State secret or otherwise too sensitive to disclose.47 In accordance with the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, States are required to carry out prompt, independent and effective investigations whenever there is ground to believe that an act of torture or ill-treatment was committed in their jurisdiction and are obliged to prosecute or extradite persons suspected of engaging in such acts. 48 In practice, however, the Committee against Torture has raised concerns that allegations of torture and ill-treatment of persons detained extraterritorially have not been adequately investigated.49 In some cases, States have been reticent to prosecute agents who allegedly perpetrated violations in the course of extraterritorial detention50 or to surrender their own agents for such prosecution in other jurisdictions. On other occasions, criminal charges have been brought against only a limited number of low-level operatives.51