24. 巴西是殖民主义和奴隶制的当代种族歧视余毒的另一个例子。被运送到美洲的非洲人奴隶确切人数已无法确定。当代的研究估计大约有 1 200 万人，其中 46%被带到巴西，68 经历了最严重形式的侵犯人权行为。奴隶制废除之后，种族隔离、“白化”政策和对非洲裔巴西人的其他形式的体制化歧视保留了奴隶制造成的种族等级制度。69 虽然巴西政府试图解决针对非洲裔巴西人的结构性种族主义问题，但奴隶制和殖民化的阴影依然挥之不去、无法补救，仍然充斥巴西社会。虽然非洲裔巴西人占人口的多数，但他们继承的从属性社会地位剥夺了他们的政治权力。70 非洲裔巴西人面临着持续的种族歧视和体制性排斥，并且仍然处于社会经济阶梯的底层。71 与欧洲裔巴西人相比，非洲裔巴西人的社会和经济条件较差，包括平均收入较低，预期寿命较短，教育和住房缺乏，失业率较高，粮食不安全较为严重。72 此外，由于根深蒂固的、国家支撑的歧视，国家继续将非洲裔巴西人认定为刑事犯罪，并超常地经常监禁和野蛮暴力对待他们，包括实行法外处决。73
24. Brazil offers another example of the contemporary racially discriminatory legacies of colonialism and slavery. It is not possible to determine the exact number of enslaved Africans that were transported to the Americas. Contemporary research places the estimate at about 12 million, 46 per cent of whom were taken to Brazil 68 and experienced the grossest forms of human rights violations. After the abolition of slavery, racial segregation, “whitening” policies and other forms of institutionalized discrimination against Brazilians of African descent preserved the racial hierarchies created by slavery.69 Although the Government of Brazil has attempted to address the issue of structural racism against Brazilians of African descent, the lingering unremedied effects of slavery and colonialization still permeate Brazilian society. Although Brazilians of African descent constitute a demographic majority, their inherited subordinate social status has deprived them of political power. 70 Brazilians of African descent face ongoing racial discrimination and institutional exclusion, and remain at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder. 71 Compared with Brazilians of European descent, Brazilians of African descent endure poorer social and economic conditions, including lower average income, lower life expectancy, inadequate education and housing, higher rates of unemployment and greater food insecurity.72 Furthermore, as a result of entrenched and State-sponsored discrimination, the State continues to criminalize and disproportionately subject Brazilians of African descent to imprisonment and brutal violence, including extrajudicial executions.73