2018 年，现有衡量工作显示，各国不仅在投入创新的资源数额和这些资源能带来多少创新方面有很大差别，而且在将创新投入(即支出)转划为创新产出(即新产品和服务)的成效方面也有很大差别。
In 2018, it emerged from existing measurement efforts that countries differ significantly, not only in the level of resources they invest in innovation and how much innovation they are able to generate, but also in how effective they are in translating innovation inputs (i.e. spending) into innovation outputs (i.e. new products and services). Challenge and response