这些规约是一些在财产契约上写明不得向黑人出售的协议。61掠夺性贷款行为也剥夺了黑人拥有住房的裨益。62克服了经济歧视而过上富裕生活的黑人社区面临暴力，从而破坏了他们获得经济提升和稳定的机会。1921 年的塔尔萨种族大屠杀就是一个极好的例子：白人暴徒闯入俄克拉何马州塔尔萨的格林伍德区，这是当时美国最富有的黑人社区之一，被称为“黑人华尔街”。63 800 多人受伤，多达 300人被杀，同时 35 个街区的商业和住宅财产被毁。64 黑人在种族上的从属地位在动产奴隶制盛行时期得到巩固并持续了几代人，直到今天仍产生着效应。在美国，约有 21%的黑人生活在贫困中，是白人(8.8%)的两倍多。65 按照目前黑人家庭财富的增长速度，估计黑人家庭需要近 230 年的时间才能获得与白人家庭目前相同数量的财富。66 研究人员指出，“这些贫富差距起源于历史性的不公正，并通过未扭转不公平趋势的做法和政策而得以延续”。67
23. Even after freedom from enslavement, black people continued to face economic exploitation and were forced into debt peonage through sharecropping. 60 After emancipation, many worked on the same plantations on which they had previously been enslaved, and were crippled by debts to former slave masters. In addition, black people were prevented from obtaining wealth through property ownership. Those fleeing the southern United States in search of better opportunities in the north were forced into segregated communities by way of racially restrictive covenants, which were agreements written into property deeds prohibiting sale to black people. 61 Predatory lending practices also robbed black people of the benefits of home ownership. 62 Black communities that thrived in spite of economic discrimination faced violence that devastated their opportunities for economic uplift and stability. The Tulsa race massacre of 1921 is a prime example: white mobs descended upon the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma, which was one of the wealthiest black communities in the United States at the time and known as “Black Wall Street”.63 Over 800 people were injured, and as many as 300 people were killed, while 35 square blocks of commercial and residential property were destroyed. 64 The racial subordination of black people, consolidated during the peak of chattel slavery, persisted for generations, and remains in effect today. Around 21 per cent of black people live in poverty in the United States, which is more than double the rate for white people (8.8 per cent).65 Given the current pace of growth in wealth among black families, it is estimated that it will take nearly 230 years for black families to obtai n the same amount of wealth that white families currently have. 66 As researchers have noted, “these wealth disparities are rooted in historic injustices and carried forward by practices and policies that fail to reverse inequitable trends”.67