30. 传统上，国际法中规定的赔偿涉及由一国向另一国提供复原或赔偿。86 尽管欧洲殖民列强实行严重种族歧视的侵犯人权行为有很长的历史(包括种族灭绝)，但却是德国在大屠杀期间恣意侵权行为推动国际赔偿发生了重要的转变。虽然国际赔偿的主导性概念几乎完全属于国家之间的范畴，但到 1950 年代初，关于国际赔偿的新概念包含了国家对个人和国家对社会的直接的赔偿。87
30. Traditionally, reparations in international law involved restitution or compensation from one State to another State.86 Notwithstanding the long history of gross racially discriminatory human rights violations by European colonial powers (including genocide), it was the unconscionable acts of Germany during the Holocaust that gave momentum to an important shift in international reparations. Although the dominant conception of international reparations had been almost exclusively inter-State, by the early 1950s the emergent concept of international reparations included direct State-to-individual and State-to-society reparations.87