31. 虽然有大量的新资料，但在这些非目标效应和所观察到的可归因于辐射的健康影响之间的因果关系方面，争论仍然很激烈。委员会认为，现有数据为断定疾病关联的存在提供了一些支持，但并不支持存在因果关系。委员会在得出这一结论时强调指出，关于辐射健康影响的估计是以流行病学和实验观察为基础的，这些观察发现，在疾病发生率方面出现了具有统计意义的随剂量发生的增加。这些关于不良健康后果的直接观察，隐含考虑到不仅与辐照的目标（直接）效应有关而且与 2006 年报告附件 C 中所述非目标效应和延迟效应有关的机械因素。
31. In spite of the large body of new information, there continues to be considerable debate regarding the causal relationship between these non-targeted effects and the observed health effects attributable to radiation. The Committee concludes that at present the available data provide some support for concluding that there are disease associations, but not for causation. In arriving at this conclusion, the Committee stresses that the estimation of the health effects of radiation is based on epidemiological and experimental observations where there is a statistically significant dose-related increase in disease incidence. These direct observations of adverse health outcomes implicitly take account of mechanistic elements relating not only to the targeted (direct) effects of irradiation but also to the non-targeted and delayed effects described in annex C to the 2006 report.