19. 开发署关于非洲极端主义的研究显示，尽管有 51%的受访者表示出于宗教原因加入暴力极端主义团体，但多达 57%的人也承认对宗教经文一知半解或一无所知。相反，实证数据显示，治理问题才是极端主义的主要驱动因素。值得一提的是，71%的受访者表示，国家对暴力极端主义起到推手作用，这些人认为“政府行动”是最终促使他们加入暴力极端主义团体的关键事件。研究结果还显示，招募流程高度本地化，通往极端主义的路径因人而异。其他研究也证实，个人心理是投身极端主义的关键要素，对政治家、政治制度和安全机构的压迫做法丧失信任也是关键要素。38 值得注意的是，无力在境内施展权力、维护权威的弱小和脆弱国家也可能成为导致暴力极端主义泛滥的因素，因为它们制造了可为暴力极端主义团体利用的无政府空间。39 特别报告员注意到有不少研究脆弱国家政策和做法的文献，但在防止和打击暴力极端主义的大背景下推出的各项分析和政策没有利用这些文献。40
19. In its study on extremism in Africa, UNDP showed that, whereas 51 per cent of people interviewed cited religious grounds as a reason for joining violent extremist groups, as many as 57 per cent also admitted to having limited or no understanding of religious texts. Instead, the empirical data revealed that governance challenges were key drivers of extremism. In particular, the role of the State as a push factor to violent extremism was noted by 71 per cent of respondents, who identified “government action” as being the critical event that finally pushed them to join a violent extremist group. The results also revealed that recruitment was a highly localized process and that the path to extremism was highly personal. Other studies also confirm the significance of individual psychology as an essential component in the turn to extremism, as is a loss of trust in politicians and the political system and security agencies’ repressive approaches.38 Notably, weak and fragile States, incapable of projecting power and asserting authority within their own borders, can also be factors leading to the proliferation of violent extremism, creating ungoverned spaces exploited by violent extremist groups.39 The Special Rapporteur notes the extensive literature on policy and practice on fragile States and the lack of the application thereof to the analysis and policy being rolled out in the context of preventing and countering violent extremism.40