集体行动应对危机局势；以及国际合作。16 独立专家承认，国际团结不是以国家为中心的现象，国家和非国家行为者都可以展现、拒绝或违反国际团结。17
The Independent Expert recognizes that international solidarity is not a State-centric phenomenon and can be expressed, withheld or violated by State and non-State actors alike.17