28. 大多数防止和打击暴力极端主义的战略都明确指出，暴力极端主义并不独属于任何区域、国籍或信仰体系，但特别报告员清楚地看到，正如宗教或信仰自由特别报告员在彻底审查后所指出，许多这类方案和政策在执行过程中歧视性地针对特定群体和社区，特别是基于宗教理由。59 多个国家在政策中广泛提及伊黎伊斯兰国、基地组织和“博科圣地”组织等特定恐怖主义团体，极大地影响了辩论，60 尽管有多种来源的有力证据表明，全球范围内增长最快的恐怖主义威胁来自极右翼暴力极端主义。61 在一些国家，防止和打击暴力极端主义的议程专门针对暴力伊斯兰极端主义，掩盖了其他形式的极端主义，导致污名化和两级分化。62 只关注伊斯兰极端主义的做法低估了其他团体构成的严重危害。63 与此同时，特别报告员感到不安的是，对于曾经从事恐怖主义暴力活动的人员的改造和重返社会问题，缺乏更广泛的、基于科学的认识，取而代之的是神学标准。
28. Most strategies for preventing and countering violent extremism clearly state that violent extremism is not exclusive to any region, nationality or system of belief, but it is clear to the Special Rapporteur that, in their implementation, many of those programmes and policies have discriminately targeted certain groups and communities, particularly based on religious grounds, as thoroughly examined by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief.59 The widespread references across multiple countries to specific terrorist groups, including ISIL, Al-Qaida and Boko Haram, in policies have gone a long way towards colouring the debate,60 notwithstanding the robust evidence from multiple sources that the fastest accelerating terrorism threat globally stems from far right-wing violent extremism.61 In certain countries, the agenda for preventing and countering violent extremism is focused exclusively on violent Islamist extremism, obscuring other forms of extremism and leading to stigmatization and polarization.62 An exclusive focus on Islamic extremism belittles the severity of the danger posed by other groups.63 In parallel, the Special Rapporteur voices unease at theological criteria being used as a stand-in for a broader and scientifically based understanding of the rehabilitation and reintegration of individuals previously engaged in terrorist violence.