22. 然而，特别报告员发现，总体来看，方案、政策和措施并没有借鉴上述研究结论。尽管研究否定了贫困或恶劣经济环境本身是助长恐怖主义的条件这一观点，43但许多措施和方案往往狭隘地针对底层社会经济背景的个人，没有认识到相对匮乏可能存在于社会各个阶层，造成社会成员的希望与现实脱节；44 或者强调教育，尽管有证据表明，青年人不论是否受过教育，都可能受到暴力极端主义的影响，易受激进化影响乃是社会大环境所致。45 同样，尽管最近的研究表明，关于暴力极端主义宣扬的讯息、迷思、承诺、目标、荣耀和其他诱惑可以被一套替代性宣传所取代或破除的假设仍然未经证实，46但不少防止和打击暴力极端主义的国家和国际措施都把重点放在反宣传工作上。特别报告员强调，没有可靠的数据表明，在不切实承诺改变实地物资条件并兑现承诺的情况下，这种办法可以奏效。47如果做不到这一点，反宣传就无异于夸大其词，其目标社区也会形成这样的看法。问题在于，联合国也在通过其反击恐怖主义宣传的综合性国际框架、安全理事会第
22. The Special Rapporteur generally finds however that programmes, policies and measures do not draw from those findings. Just as studies disprove the idea that poverty or poor economic circumstances in themselves are conditions conducive to terrorism,43 many measures and programmes tend to place a narrow emphasis on individuals from dire socioeconomic backgrounds, at the expense of recognizing that the effects of relative 38 Anneli Botha, “Radicalization to terrorism in Kenya and Uganda: a political socialization perspective”, Perspectives on Terrorism, vol. 9, No. 5. 39 UNDP, “Root causes of radicalization in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States”, discussion paper, July 2015. 40 See www.politicalsettlements.org. 41 International Alert, “If victims become perpetrators”, 2018; UNDP, “Root causes of radicalization”; and UNDP, “Journey to extremism in Africa”. 42 UNDP, “Preventing violent extremism through promoting inclusive development, tolerance and respect for diversity: a development response to addressing radicalization and violent extremism”, 2016. 43 Anneli Botha, “Radicalization to terrorism”. deprivation can be felt at all levels of society, creating a disconnect between thehopes and realities of those in a society,44 or an emphasis on education, despite evidence that both educated and non-educated young people are potentially vulnerable to violent extremism and that it is the broad societal environment that creates vulnerability to radicalization. 45 Similarly, despite recent research indicating that it remains an unproven assumption that messages, myths, promises, objectives, glamour and other enticements propagated through violent extremism can be replaced with, or dismantled by, an alternative set of communications,46 many national and international measures to prevent and counter violent extremism are focused on counter-narratives. The Special Rapporteur underscores that there is no robust data showing that that approach works,47 absent a meaningful commitment to and the delivery of transformed material conditions on the ground. Without that, counter-narratives are little more than exaggerations and are perceptively recognized as such by their target communities. Problematically, the counter-narrative approach is also being pushed by the United Nations, through its comprehensive international framework to counter terrorist