31. 信仰自由的绝对权利是一项普遍权利，也是人性本质的固有方面，这项权利使每个人都可以从事自己的宗教活动或信奉信仰，无论是单独还是与他人一道，无论是私下还是公开。旨在防止和打击暴力极端主义的立法看似无害，却对这项权利构成了日渐严重的歧视性影响，特别报告员对此表示关切。严格约束宗教活动的立法，包括规定繁复或无法达到的宗教团体登记要求的措施，将未经登记的宗教习俗和仪式定为犯罪的措施，限制宗教文献进口可能性的措施，或针对被判犯有“极端主义”罪的个人的额外制裁措施，如禁止前往礼拜场所、大声祈祷、食用宗教认可的食物或向他人宣传信仰，所有这些都直接侵犯了宗教自由权。这些立法对某些宗教团体和个人行使思想、良心和宗教自由造成了尤为严重的影响。特别报告员回顾说，这项权利独立存在，无需行政批准。68 限制措施不能针对信仰本身，根据《公民及政治权利国际公约》第十八条第三款，限制必须是由法律
31. The Special Rapporteur views with concern legislation aimed at preventing and countering violent extremism, which appears innocuous, but poses a serious cumulative 59 A/73/362; Sahar F. Aziz, “Losing the ‘War of Ideas’: a critique of countering violent extremism programmes”, Texas International Law Journal, vol. 52, No. 2; and Faiza Patel and Meghan Koushik, “Countering violent extremism”, Brennan Center for Justice, 2017. 60 Department of State of the United States of America and USAID, joint strategy on countering violent extremism, May 2016, p. 4; and A/70/674, para. 2. 61 Institute for Economics and Peace, Global Terrorism Index 2019. Available at http://visionof humanity.org/app/uploads/2019/11/GTI-2019web.pdf. 62 UNDP, “Report on Oslo II”, p. 20. 63 UNDP, “Preventing violent extremism through promoting inclusive development”. 64 See www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Terrorism/SR/OL_CHN_18_2019.pdf. 65 A/HRC/40/58, para. 33. 66 A/HRC/31/65, para. 38. 67 A/HRC/43/46/Add.1. discriminatory impact on the absolute right to freedom of belief, a universal right and an intrinsic aspect of a person’s humanity, which allows everyone to practice their religion or belief, individually and in community with others, in private or in public. Legislation tightly regulating religious exercise, including measures placing burdensome or unattainable requirements on the registration of religious groups, measures criminalizing religious practices and rituals absent registration, measures limiting the possibility of importing religious literature or added sanctions for individuals convicted of “extremism”, such as bans on visiting places of worship, praying aloud, consuming religiously sanctioned food or sharing their faith with others, all directly impinge on the right to freedom of religion. They have a disproportionate impact on certain religious groups and individuals exercising their freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The Special Rapporteur recalls that that right exists independently of administrative approval.68 Limitations do not apply to belief per se