39. 寻求真相、正义、赔偿和保证不再发生问题特别报告员的工作对于了解各国履行赔偿的人权义务的情况而言至关重要。在 2014 年的一份报告中，特别报告员讨论了各国普遍未能确保对严重侵犯人权和人道主义法的行为作出赔偿。126 除其他几个议题外，特别报告员：(a) 强调了对于确保赔偿方案的规模与侵权行为的严重程度具有相称性的义务；127 (b) 解释了为什么综合的(即同时提供个人和集体形式的物质赔偿和象征性措施)赔偿方案可能更适合受害者的需要；128 (c) 阐明了设置得当的赔偿方案所产生的积极后果可能对非受害者产生重要的溢出效应；129(d) 探讨了仅仅对某些侵权行为作出赔偿而不追究其他行为会如何损害到边缘群体，并确保了各国面对作出赔偿的持续呼吁；130 (e) 解释了为什么应将发展方案和赔偿方案分别看待；131 (f) 点评了各国不愿承认侵权行为的情况；132 (g) 质疑了各国关于无法负担起赔偿方案的说法，指出政治制约因素往往比社会经济动态更严重地阻碍着赔偿努力；133 (h) 呼吁国际社会在支持赔偿举措方面具有更大的作用，应作出更积极的反应。134
39. The work of the Special Rapporteurs on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence has been critical to understanding implementation by States of their human rights obligations to provide repar ations. In a report from 2014, the Special Rapporteur discussed widespread failures by States to ensure reparations for gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law. 126 Among several other topics, the Special Rapporteur: (a) stressed the obligation to ensure that the magnitude of reparation programmes is commensurate with the gravity of the violations; 127 (b) explained why complex reparation programmes (those providing both individual and collective forms of material reparation and symbolic measures) may better suit the needs of victims; 128 (c) articulated that the positive consequences of well-designed reparation programmes may have important spillover effects for non-victims;129 (d) discussed how providing reparations for certain violations and not others harms marginalized groups and ensures that States will face ongoing calls to make reparations; 130 (e) explained the reason why development and reparation programmes should be viewed as distinct; 131 (f) critiqued State reluctance to acknowledge violations;132 (g) challenged State claims that reparation programmes are unaffordable, noting that political constraints often hinder reparation efforts to a greater degree than socioeconomic development;133 and (h) called on the international community to play a larger role and be more responsive in supporting reparation initiatives. 134