4. 在武装冲突以外的执法、情报收集和反恐行动中，一些国家有时采取在境外拘留人员的手段。4 经验表明，各国在域外采取行动时，可能更倾向于以不符合其根据国际人权法承担的义务(包括必要的司法保障和程序保障)的方式进行拘留。虽然一些国家质疑国际人权条约在域外的适用性，5 并认为国内宪法规定的人权保护不一定适用于国外，6 但国际法院和人权条约机构申明，国际人权文书适用于一国在其域外行使管辖权的行为。7 由于在国外进行的拘留使被拘
4. In the course of law enforcement, intelligence gathering and counter-terrorism operations outside of armed conflict, some States have sometimes resorted to detaining individuals outside their territory.4 Experience has shown that, in cases in which they act extraterritorially, States can be more prone to detain in a manner that falls short of their obligations under international human rights law, including requisite judicial guarantees and procedural safeguards. While some States have disputed the extraterritorial applicability of international human rights treaties 5 and opined that human rights protections established in domestic constitutional law are not necessarily applicable abroad, 6 the International Court of Justice and human rights treaty bodies have affirmed that international human rights instruments apply to acts by a State in the exercise of its