27. 正如促进和保护意见和表达自由权特别报告员所指出，当前的一些办法(其特点是在法律上对禁止哪些内容措辞模糊，对中介机构进行严厉惩罚)可能会产生很大的反作用，导致寒蝉效应。55 特别报告员回顾，不能单纯因可能批评政府或政府支持的政治或社会制度，56 或信奉宗教信仰或不持有政府认可的宗教信仰，而禁止网站或信息传播系统发布相关材料。根据人权机制以及《关于禁止构成煽动歧视、敌意或暴力的鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨言论的拉巴特行动计划》57 的建议，确定构成未完成罪的标准应当是有关言论具备成功煽动恐怖主义行为的合理可能性，据此可确定发生被禁止事件的因果关系或实际风险。58 这类罪行必须
27. As noted by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, some of the current approaches, characterized by vaguely worded laws on what is proscribed and draconian intermediary penalties, are likely to be highly counterproductive and to have a chilling effect.55 The Special Rapporteur recalls that no site or information dissemination system should be prohibited from publishing material solely on the basis that it may be critical of the Government, or the political or social system espoused thereby,56 or the religious beliefs or lack thereof adopted by the Government. In line with the recommendations of human rights mechanisms and the Rabat Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence,57 the threshold for those inchoate crimes should be the reasonable probability that the expression in question would succeed in inciting a terrorist act, thereby establishing a causal link or actual risk of the proscribed result occurring.58 Such 51 Jude McCulloch and Sharon Pickering, “Pre-crime and counter-terrorism: imagining future crimes in the ‘War on Terror’”, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 49, No. 5. 52 A/HRC/28/66. 53 A/HRC/40/52, para. 37; and A/HRC/31/65, para. 39. See also Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 34 (2011) on the freedoms of opinion and expression, para. 46; and A/63/337, para. 61. 54 See https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile? gId=24234. 55 A/HRC/40/58, para. 53. 56 Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 34, para. 43. 57 A/HRC/22/17/Add.4. 58 Rabat Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence (A/HRC/22/17/Add.4), para. 29; and A/HRC/16/51, para. 30 and practice 8.