69 《公民及政治权利国际公约》，第九条；人权事务委员会，第 35 号一般性意见，第 11 段。70 《日内瓦第三公约》，第五条第(二)款、第二十一条第(一)款和第一一八条；《日内瓦第四公约》，第四十二至第四十三条、第七十八条、第一三二条第(一)款和第一三三条第(一)款；《第一附加议定书》，第七十五条第(三)款。71 www.icrc.org/en/document/internment-armed-conflict-basic-rules-and-challenges。72 CAT/C/USA/CO/3-5，第 14 段；https://minusma.unmissions.org/malgr%C3%A9-la-mise-en-%C5%93uvre-de-l%E2%80%99accord-pour-la-paix-la-situation-des-droits-de-l%E2%80%99homme-demeure; 红十字国际委员会，“Strengthening legal protection”，第 10 页。73 人权事务委员会，第 35 号一般性意见，第 15 段；《日内瓦第四公约》，第七十八条第(一)款。74 A/HRC/37/42，第 17-18 段；CCPR/C/ISR/CO/4，第 10 段；CAT/C/ISR/CO/5，第 22-23 段；A/HRC/39/CRP.4，第 30 段。和酷刑，以及明显的强迫失踪案件。75 这种做法的性质与司法系统的公正廉明公然不符。24. 此外，占领国往往无视国际人权法和国际人道主义法规定的适用的正当程序和公正审判保障。在某些情况下，占领国违反合法性原则，在被占领土内追溯适用其国内刑事立法，76 尽管占领国有义务维持在被占领土有效的刑事立法并在法庭上适用这种立法，禁止因被保护人在占领前犯下的行为或发表的意见，而将其逮捕、起追或定罪。77 被占领国起诉的人还受到压力，不得使用自己选择的独立律师，78 长时间被剥夺与律师见面的权利，并被胁迫提供证明有罪的信息。79 在某些情况下，在逮捕、移送和拘留儿童的过程中发生了侵犯正当程序权利的行为，包括没有充分将儿童的法律权利告诉他们，特别是聘请律师和保持沉默的权利，被迫用他们不懂的语言签署供词，在审讯期间没有父母或律师陪同。80
24. Furthermore, applicable due process and fair trial guarantees prescribed under international human rights law and international humanitarian law have often been disregarded by occupying powers. In some instances, an occupying power applied its own domestic criminal legislation retroactively within an occupied territory,76 in contravention of the principle of legality and despite the obligation to maintain the penal legislation that is in force in the occupied territory and to apply it in court and the prohibition to arrest, prosecute or convict protected persons for acts committed or opinions expressed prior to the occupation.77 Persons prosecuted by the occupying power have also been pressured not to 72 CAT/C/USA/CO/3-5, para. 14; https://minusma.unmissions.org/malgr%C3%A9-la-mise-en- %C5%93uvre-de-l%E2%80%99accord-pour-la-paix-la-situation-des-droits-de-l%E2%80%99homme-demeure; ICRC, “Strengthening legal protection”, p. 10. 73 Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 35, para. 15; Fourth Geneva Convention, art. 78 (1). 74 A/HRC/37/42, paras.17–18; CCPR/C/ISR/CO/4, para. 10; CAT/C/ISR/CO/5, paras. 22–23; A/HRC/39/CRP.4, para. 30. 75 A/HRC/39/CRP.4, paras. 29 and 32–35. 76 Ibid., paras. 18–19; A/HRC/39/CRP.5, para. 109. 77 Fourth Geneva Convention, arts. 64, 67 and 70. use independent legal counsel of their choice,78 been denied access to legal counsel for extended periods and been coerced into providing incriminating information.79 In some contexts, violations of due process rights have occurred during the arrest, transfer and detention of children, including not being adequately notified of their legal rights, in particular the rights to counsel and to remain silent, being forced to sign confessions in a language they did not understand and not being accompanied by a parent or lawyer during their interrogation.80