18. 种族歧视也是欧洲殖民主义的核心。特别报告员曾经指出，30 欧洲人先对美洲、然后在亚洲和非洲的殖民统治最终将种族构设为“所谓生物学上不同的体系结构，它将某些种族放置在低于其他种族的自然状况之中”。31 殖民主义将“种族和种族身份”整合为“基本社会分类的工具”，32 其中种族被定为“将世界人口按等级、地位和角色在新[殖民]的社会权力结构中的基本分配标准”。33 几个世纪以来，殖民主义维护并依赖了残酷的奴隶制和契约奴役制度，以建立和维持跨国的剥削采掘工序和定居者殖民地。34 殖民主义、包括通过使用国内和国际法律实施的殖民主义，也依据种族来分配人权；殖民列强利用现已声名狼藉的“科学”生物种族理论，为禁止非白人享受最基本人权的法律辩护。在殖民主义制度下，国际法等法律在巩固和促进种族统治和歧视的全球结构方面发挥了核心作用。35
18. Racial discrimination was also at the core of European colonialism. As the Special Rapporteur has previously noted, 30 European colonial domination, first in the Americas and then in Asia and Africa, eventually constructed race as “a supposedly different biological structure that placed some in a natural situation of inferiority to the others”.31 Colonialism consolidated “race and racial identity” as “instruments of basic social classification” 32 and made the former “the fundamental criterion for the distribution of the world population into ranks, places, and roles in the new [colonial] society’s structure of power”.33 For centuries, colonialism justified and relied upon brutal regimes of slavery and indentured servitude to establish and sustain transnational extractivist processes in exploitation and settler colonies.34 Colonialism, including through its use of national and international law, also allocated human rights on a racial basis; colonial powers used the now-discredited “scientific” theories of biological races to justify laws prohibiting non-whites from enjoying the most fundamental of human rights. Under colonialism, law, including international law, played a central role in consolidating and furthering global structures of racial domination and discrimination. 35