which african american led the back to africa movement during the early 20th century
Back-to-Africa movement The eventual disillusionment of those who migrated to the North and frustrations of struggling to cope with urban life set the scene for the back-to-Africa movement of the 1920s, established by Marcus Garvey[18] although there were earlier attempts at resettlement such as that by Chief Alfred Sam in 1913-15.[19] Those who migrated to the Northern States from the South found that, although they were financially better off, they remained at the bottom both economically and socially.[20]