With advances in ancient DNA technology, we can actually now start to begin to sequence the genomes of those other extinct mammoth forms that I mentioned, and I just wanted to talk about two of them, the woolly and the Columbian mammoth, both of which were living very close to each other during glacial peaks, so when the glaciers were massive in North America, the woollies were pushed into these subglacial ecotones, and came into contact with the relatives living to the south, and there they shared refugia, and a little bit more than the refugia, it turns out.
Med fremskridt indenfor gammel DNA teknologi, kan vi faktisk nu begynde at sekventere genomerne af de andre uddøde mammut  former som jeg nævnte, og jeg ville bare tale med to af dem, den uldne og den colombianske mammut, som begge levede meget tæt på hinanden under glaciale højdepunkter, når gletscherne var massive i Nordamerika, blev de uldne skubbet ind i disse underglaciale økotoner, og kom i kontakt med de slægtninge der levede i syden, og de delte et tilflugtssted, og en lille smule mere end et tilflugtssted, viser det sig.