The study and practice of the punishment of crimes, particularly as it applies to imprisonment, is called penology, or, often in modern texts, corrections; in this context, the punishment process is euphemistically called "correctional process".
Kuritegude uurimist ja praktikat, eriti seda, mis kehtib vangistuse kohta, nimetatakse penoloogiaks või sageli tänapäeva tekstides parandusteks; selles kontekstis nimetatakse karistusprotsessi eufemistiliselt "parandusprotsessiks".