Despite forceful and often violent efforts of established and reactionary powers to keep them down, disruptive ideas gained popularity: democracy, liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, and socialism.
Vaatamata jõulistele ja sageli vägivaldsetele jõupingutustele ja tagurlikele jõududele need maha suruda, saavutasid häirivad ideed populaarsust: demokraatia, liberalism, rahvuslus ja sotsialism.