These policies were implemented primarily by Christian democrats and social democrats as liberal parties in Europe declined in strength from their peak in the 19th century.
Neid poliitikaid viisid põhiliselt ellu Kristlikud Demokraadid ja Sotsiaaldemokraadid, samas kui Euroopa liberaalsete erakondade tugevuse tipp jäi 19. sajandisse.