The age also saw the rise of ethnocentrism, which evolved later into modern civic nationalisms in most of Europe, the ascent of the great Italian city-states and the rise and fall of the Muslim civilization of Al-Andalus.
U tom dobu došlo je do porasta u etnocentrizmu, koji se kasnije razvio u moderni građanski nacionalizam u većini Evrope, uspona velikih italijanskih gradova-država, i uspona i pada islamske civilizacije u Al-Andalusu.