description: You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?
  
  A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.
  
  The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  1 2
  2 8
  4 5
  1 5
  100000 200000
  
  
  Output
  
  
  1
  3
  0
  2
  31072
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.
  
  In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
solution: import java.io.OutputStream;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  import java.io.OutputStream;
  import java.io.PrintWriter;
  import java.io.BufferedWriter;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStreamReader;
  import java.util.StringTokenizer;
  import java.io.Writer;
  import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
  import java.io.BufferedReader;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  
  /**
   * Built using CHelper plug-in
   * Actual solution is at the top
   */
  public class Main {
      public static void main(String[] args) {
          InputStream inputStream = System.in;
          OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
          InputReader in = new InputReader(inputStream);
          OutputWriter out = new OutputWriter(outputStream);
          BAndItsNonZero solver = new BAndItsNonZero();
          solver.solve(1, in, out);
          out.close();
      }
  
      static class BAndItsNonZero {
          public void solve(int testNumber, InputReader in, OutputWriter out) {
  
              int[][] f = new int[35][200005];
              for (int i = 0; i <= 30; i++) {
                  for (int j = 1; j <= 200000; j++) {
                      if ((j & (1 << i)) != 0) {
                          f[i][j]++;
                      }
                  }
              }
              for (int j = 0; j <= 30; j++) {
                  for (int i = 1; i <= 200000; i++) {
                      f[j][i] += f[j][i - 1];
                  }
              }
              int t = in.nextInt();
              while (t-- > 0) {
                  int l = in.nextInt(), r = in.nextInt();
                  int ans = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                  int s = r - l + 1;
                  for (int i = 0; i <= 30; i++) {
                      int val = s - (f[i][r] - f[i][l - 1]);
                      ans = Math.min(ans, val);
                  }
                  out.println(ans);
              }
          }
  
      }
  
      static class InputReader {
          BufferedReader reader;
          StringTokenizer tokenizer;
  
          public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
              reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream), 32768);
              tokenizer = null;
          }
  
          public String next() {
              while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
                  try {
                      tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
                  } catch (IOException e) {
                      throw new RuntimeException(e);
                  }
              }
              return tokenizer.nextToken();
          }
  
          public int nextInt() {
              return Integer.parseInt(next());
          }
  
      }
  
      static class OutputWriter {
          private final PrintWriter writer;
  
          public OutputWriter(OutputStream outputStream) {
              writer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream)));
          }
  
          public OutputWriter(Writer writer) {
              this.writer = new PrintWriter(writer);
          }
  
          public void close() {
              writer.close();
          }
  
          public void println(int i) {
              writer.println(i);
          }
  
      }
  }
  
  