description: You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?
  
  A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.
  
  The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  1 2
  2 8
  4 5
  1 5
  100000 200000
  
  
  Output
  
  
  1
  3
  0
  2
  31072
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.
  
  In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
solution: // हर हर महादेव
  import java.util.*;
  import java.lang.*;
  import java.io.*;
  import java.math.BigInteger;
  import java.text.DecimalFormat;
  
  public final class Solution {
  
      static int inf = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
      static long mod = 1000000000 + 7;
      static int[][] dp= new int[200001][25];
   static void ne(Scanner sc, BufferedWriter op) throws Exception {
      int l=sc.nextInt();
      int r=sc.nextInt();
      int count=0;
      int max=-inf;
      for(int i=0;i<25;i++){
        max=Math.max(dp[r][i]-dp[l-1][i],max);     
      }
      count=((r-l+1)-max);
       
      
      op.write(count+"\n");
  
   }
   static void solve(){
       for(int i=0;i<25;i++){
           dp[0][i]=0;
       }
       for(int i=1;i<200001;i++){
           int curr=1;
         for(int j=24;j>=0;j--){
              if(isKthSet(i,j)){
                  dp[i][j]++;
              }
              dp[i][j]+=dp[i-1][j];
          //   if(i%2==0){
          //       dp[i][j]=i/curr;
          //   }else{
          //       dp[i][j]=(i+1)/curr;
          //   }
          //   curr*=2;
         }
         
       }
   }
  
    
       public static boolean isKthSet(int n, int k)
      {
          if ((n & (1 << (k - 1))) > 0)
             return true;
          else
              return false;
      }
    
  
      public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
          BufferedWriter op = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out));
          // Reader sc = new Reader();
          solve();
          Scanner sc= new Scanner(System.in);
          int t = sc.nextInt();
          while (t-->0){ ne(sc, op); }
          
          // ne(sc,op);
             
                     
          op.flush();
      }
  
      static void print(Object o) {
          System.out.println(String.valueOf(o));
      }
      static int[] toIntArr(String s){
          int[] val= new int[s.length()];
          for(int i=0;i<s.length();i++){
              val[i]=s.charAt(i)-'a';
          }
          return val;
      }
  
      static void  sort(int[] arr){
          ArrayList<Integer> list= new ArrayList<>();
          for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
              list.add(arr[i]);
  
          }
          Collections.sort(list);
          for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
              arr[i]=list.get(i);
          }
      }
         static void  sort(long[] arr){
          ArrayList<Long> list= new ArrayList<>();
          for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
              list.add(arr[i]);
  
          }
          Collections.sort(list);
          for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
              arr[i]=list.get(i);
          }
      }
  
  }
  
  
  
  // return -1 to put no ahed in array
  class pair {
      int  xx;
      int yy;
      pair(int xx, int yy ) {
          this.xx = xx;
          this.yy = yy;
      }
  }
  
  
  class sortY implements Comparator<pair> {
      public int compare(pair p1, pair p2) {
          if (p1.yy > p2.yy) {
              return 1;
          } else if (p1.yy == p2.yy) {
              if (p1.xx > p2.xx) {
                  return 1;
              } else if (p1.xx < p2.xx) {
                  return -1;
              }
              return 0;
  
          }
          return -1;
      }
  }
  
  class sortX implements Comparator<pair> {
      public int compare(pair p1, pair p2) {
          if (p1.xx > p2.xx) {
              return 1;
          } else if (p1.xx == p2.xx) {
              if (p1.yy > p2.yy) {
                  return 1;
              } else if (p1.yy < p2.yy) {
                  return -1;
              }
              return 0;
  
          }
          return -1;
      }
  }
  
  class debug {
  
      static void print1d(long[] arr) {
          System.out.println();
          for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
              System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");
          }
  
      }
  
      static void print1d(int[] arr) {
          System.out.println();
          for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
              System.out.println(i+" = "+arr[i]);
          }
  
      }
  
      static void print1d(boolean[] arr) {
          System.out.println();
          for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
              System.out.println(i + "= " + arr[i]);
          }
  
      }
  
      static void print2d(int[][] arr) {
          System.out.println();
          int n = arr.length;
          int n2 = arr[0].length;
          for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
              for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
                  System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
              }
              System.out.println();
          }
  
      }
         static void print2d(boolean[][] arr) {
          System.out.println();
          int n = arr.length;
          int n2 = arr[0].length;
          for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
              for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
                  System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
              }
              System.out.println();
          }
  
      }
  
      static void print2d(long[][] arr) {
          System.out.println();
          int n = arr.length;
          int n2 = arr[0].length;
          for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
              for (int j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
                  System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
              }
              System.out.println();
          }
  
      }
       static void printPair(ArrayList<pair> list) {
          if(list.size()==0){
              System.out.println("empty list");
              return;
          }
         System.out.println();
         for(int i=0;i<list.size();i++){
            System.out.println(list.get(i).xx+"-"+list.get(i).yy);
         }
      }
  
  }
  
  class Reader {
      final private int BUFFER_SIZE = 1 << 16;
      private DataInputStream din;
      private byte[] buffer;
      private int bufferPointer, bytesRead;
  
      public Reader() {
          din = new DataInputStream(System.in);
          buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
          bufferPointer = bytesRead = 0;
      }
  
      public Reader(String file_name) throws IOException {
          din = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file_name));
          buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
          bufferPointer = bytesRead = 0;
      }
  
      public String readLine() throws IOException {
          byte[] buf = new byte[64]; // line length
          int cnt = 0, c;
          while ((c = read()) != -1) {
              if (c == '\n') {
                  if (cnt != 0) {
                      break;
                  } else {
                      continue;
                  }
              }
              buf[cnt++] = (byte) c;
          }
          return new String(buf, 0, cnt);
      }
  
      public int nextInt() throws IOException {
          int ret = 0;
          byte c = read();
          while (c <= ' ') {
              c = read();
          }
          boolean neg = (c == '-');
          if (neg)
              c = read();
          do {
              ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
          } while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');
  
          if (neg)
              return -ret;
          return ret;
      }
  
      public long nextLong() throws IOException {
          long ret = 0;
          byte c = read();
          while (c <= ' ')
              c = read();
          boolean neg = (c == '-');
          if (neg)
              c = read();
          do {
              ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
          } while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');
          if (neg)
              return -ret;
          return ret;
      }
  
      public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
          double ret = 0, div = 1;
          byte c = read();
          while (c <= ' ')
              c = read();
          boolean neg = (c == '-');
          if (neg)
              c = read();
  
          do {
              ret = ret * 10 + c - '0';
          } while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9');
  
          if (c == '.') {
              while ((c = read()) >= '0' && c <= '9') {
                  ret += (c - '0') / (div *= 10);
              }
          }
  
          if (neg)
              return -ret;
          return ret;
      }
  
      private void fillBuffer() throws IOException {
          bytesRead = din.read(buffer, bufferPointer = 0, BUFFER_SIZE);
          if (bytesRead == -1)
              buffer[0] = -1;
      }
  
      private byte read() throws IOException {
          if (bufferPointer == bytesRead)
              fillBuffer();
          return buffer[bufferPointer++];
      }
  
      public void close() throws IOException {
          if (din == null)
              return;
          din.close();
      }
  }
   class MultiTreeSet<E> {
  	TreeMap<E, Integer> freqTreeMap = new TreeMap<E, Integer>();
  	int size;
   
  	public MultiTreeSet() {}
   
  	public MultiTreeSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
  		for(E element : c)
  			add(element);
  	}
   
  	public int size() {
  		return size;
  	}
   
  	public void add(E element) {
  		Integer freq = freqTreeMap.get(element);
  		if(freq==null)
  			freqTreeMap.put(element, 1);
  		else
  			freqTreeMap.put(element,freq+1);
  		++size;
  	}
   
  	public void remove(E element) {
  		Integer freq = freqTreeMap.get(element);
  		if(freq!=null) {
  			if(freq==1)
  				freqTreeMap.remove(element);
  			else
  				freqTreeMap.put(element, freq-1);
  			--size;
  		}
  	}
   
  	public int get(E element) {
  		Integer freq = freqTreeMap.get(element);
  		if(freq==null)
  			return 0;
  		return freq;
  	}
   
  	public boolean contains(E element) {
  		return get(element)>0;
  	}
   
  	public boolean isEmpty() {
  		return size==0;
  	}
   
  	public E first() {
  		return freqTreeMap.firstKey();
  	}
   
  	public E last() {
  		return freqTreeMap.lastKey();
  	}
   
  	public E ceiling(E element) {
  		return freqTreeMap.ceilingKey(element);
  	}
   
  	public E floor(E element) {
  		return freqTreeMap.floorKey(element);
  	}
   
  	public E higher(E element) {
  		return freqTreeMap.higherKey(element);
  	}
   
  	public E lower(E element) {
  		return freqTreeMap.lowerKey(element);
  	}
  }
   