description: You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?
  
  A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.
  
  The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  1 2
  2 8
  4 5
  1 5
  100000 200000
  
  
  Output
  
  
  1
  3
  0
  2
  31072
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.
  
  In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
solution: 
  import java.io.*;
  import java.util.*;
  
  public class B {
  	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
  		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
  		PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
  		int t = sc.nextInt();
  		int[][] a = new int[300000][18];
  		for (int i = 1; i < 200010; i++) {
  			String s = Integer.toBinaryString(i);
  			int j = s.length() - 1;
  			int idx = 17;
  			while (j >= 0 && idx >= 0) {
  				if (s.charAt(j) == '1') {
  					a[i][idx]++;
  				}
  				a[i][idx] += a[i - 1][idx];
  				idx--;
  				j--;
  			}
  			while (idx >= 0) {
  				a[i][idx] += a[i - 1][idx];
  				idx--;
  			}
  		}
  		while (t-- > 0) {
  			int l = sc.nextInt();
  			int r = sc.nextInt();
  			String s2 = Integer.toBinaryString(l);
  			int j = s2.length() - 1;
  			int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
  			for (int i = 17; i >= 0; i--) {
  				int c = 0;
  				if (j >= 0) {
  					if (s2.charAt(j) == '1')
  						c = 1;
  				}
  				min = Math.min(min, (r - l + 1) - Math.abs(c + a[r][i] - a[l][i]));
  				j--;
  			}
  			pw.println(Math.max(0, min));
  		}
  		pw.close();
  	}
  
  	// --------------------sTufF ----------------------
  	static class Scanner {
  		StringTokenizer st;
  		BufferedReader br;
  
  		public Scanner(InputStream s) {
  			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));
  		}
  
  		public Scanner(FileReader r) {
  			br = new BufferedReader(r);
  		}
  
  		public String next() throws IOException {
  			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
  				st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
  			return st.nextToken();
  		}
  
  		public int nextInt() throws IOException {
  			return Integer.parseInt(next());
  		}
  
  		public long nextLong() throws IOException {
  			return Long.parseLong(next());
  		}
  
  		public String nextLine() throws IOException {
  			return br.readLine();
  		}
  
  		public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
  			String x = next();
  			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("0");
  			double res = 0, f = 1;
  			boolean dec = false, neg = false;
  			int start = 0;
  			if (x.charAt(0) == '-') {
  				neg = true;
  				start++;
  			}
  			for (int i = start; i < x.length(); i++)
  				if (x.charAt(i) == '.') {
  					res = Long.parseLong(sb.toString());
  					sb = new StringBuilder("0");
  					dec = true;
  				} else {
  					sb.append(x.charAt(i));
  					if (dec)
  						f *= 10;
  				}
  			res += Long.parseLong(sb.toString()) / f;
  			return res * (neg ? -1 : 1);
  		}
  
  		public long[] nextlongArray(int n) throws IOException {
  			long[] a = new long[n];
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
  				a[i] = nextLong();
  			return a;
  		}
  
  		public Long[] nextLongArray(int n) throws IOException {
  			Long[] a = new Long[n];
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
  				a[i] = nextLong();
  			return a;
  		}
  
  		public int[] nextIntArray(int n) throws IOException {
  			int[] a = new int[n];
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
  				a[i] = nextInt();
  			return a;
  		}
  
  		public Integer[] nextIntegerArray(int n) throws IOException {
  			Integer[] a = new Integer[n];
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
  				a[i] = nextInt();
  			return a;
  		}
  
  		public boolean ready() throws IOException {
  			return br.ready();
  		}
  	}
  
  }
  