description: You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?
  
  A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.
  
  The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  1 2
  2 8
  4 5
  1 5
  100000 200000
  
  
  Output
  
  
  1
  3
  0
  2
  31072
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.
  
  In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
solution: import java.io.OutputStream;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  import java.io.PrintWriter;
  import java.util.InputMismatchException;
  import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  
  /**
   * Built using CHelper plug-in
   * Actual solution is at the top
   *
   * @author Pranay
   */
  public class Main {
      public static void main(String[] args) {
          InputStream inputStream = System.in;
          OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
          FastReader in = new FastReader(inputStream);
          PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
          BAndItsNonZero solver = new BAndItsNonZero();
          solver.solve(1, in, out);
          out.close();
      }
  
      static class BAndItsNonZero {
          public void solve(int testNumber, FastReader in, PrintWriter out) {
              int t = in.nextInt();
              int mx = (int) 2e5 + 1;
              int[][] a = new int[mx][32];
  
              for (int i = 0; i < mx; ++i) {
                  int num = i;
                  int j = 0;
                  while (num > 0) {
                      a[i][j] = num % 2;
                      num >>= 1;
                      j++;
                  }
              }
  
              for (int j = 0; j < 32; ++j) {
                  for (int i = 1; i < mx; ++i) {
                      a[i][j] += a[i - 1][j];
                  }
              }
  
              while (t-- > 0) {
                  int l = in.nextInt(), r = in.nextInt();
                  int maxSetBits = 0;
                  for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) {
                      maxSetBits = Math.max(maxSetBits, a[r][i] - a[l - 1][i]);
                  }
                  out.println(r - l + 1 - maxSetBits);
              }
          }
  
      }
  
      static class FastReader {
          private InputStream stream;
          private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
          private int curChar;
          private int numChars;
          private FastReader.SpaceCharFilter filter;
  
          public FastReader(InputStream stream) {
              this.stream = stream;
          }
  
          public int read() {
              if (numChars == -1) throw new InputMismatchException();
              if (curChar >= numChars) {
                  curChar = 0;
                  try {
                      numChars = stream.read(buf);
                  } catch (IOException e) {
                      throw new InputMismatchException();
                  }
                  if (numChars <= 0) return -1;
              }
              return buf[curChar++];
          }
  
          public int nextInt() {
              int c = read();
              while (isSpaceChar(c)) c = read();
              int sgn = 1;
              if (c == '-') {
                  sgn = -1;
                  c = read();
              }
              int res = 0;
              do {
                  if (c < '0' || c > '9') throw new InputMismatchException();
                  res *= 10;
                  res += c - '0';
                  c = read();
              }
              while (!isSpaceChar(c));
              return res * sgn;
          }
  
          public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
              if (filter != null) return filter.isSpaceChar(c);
              return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
          }
  
          public interface SpaceCharFilter {
              public boolean isSpaceChar(int ch);
  
          }
  
      }
  }
  
  