description: You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?
  
  A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.
  
  The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  1 2
  2 8
  4 5
  1 5
  100000 200000
  
  
  Output
  
  
  1
  3
  0
  2
  31072
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.
  
  In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
solution: import java.io.IOException;
  import java.io.InputStream;
  import java.io.OutputStream;
  import java.io.PrintWriter;
  import java.math.BigInteger;
  import java.util.*;
  
  /**
   * @author Mubtasim Shahriar
   */
  
  public class Cgr18A {
  
      static final int maxN = (int) 2e5 + 100;
      static final int bitL = 21;
      static int[][] bitcnt = new int[maxN][bitL];
  
      public static void main(String[] args) {
  
          for(int i = 1; i < maxN; i++) {
              for(int bit = 0; bit < bitL; bit++) {
                  bitcnt[i][bit] = bitcnt[i-1][bit];
                  if(((1<<bit)&i)!=0) bitcnt[i][bit]++;
              }
          }
  
          InputStream inputStream = System.in;
          OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
          InputReader sc = new InputReader(inputStream);
          PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
          Solver solver = new Solver();
          int t = sc.nextInt();
  //        int t = 1;
          while (t-- != 0) {
              solver.solve(sc, out);
          }
          out.close();
  
      }
  
      static class Solver {
          public void solve(InputReader sc, PrintWriter out) {
              int l = sc.nextInt();
              int r = sc.nextInt();
              int total = r-l+1;
              int ans = total;
              for(int bit = 0; bit < bitL; bit++) {
                  int nowHaveBit = bitcnt[r][bit]-bitcnt[l-1][bit];
                  int zero = total-nowHaveBit;
                  ans = Math.min(ans,zero);
              }
              out.println(ans);
          }
      }
  
      static void sort(int[] arr) {
          ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList();
          for (int i : arr) al.add(i);
          Collections.sort(al);
          int idx = 0;
          for (int i : al) arr[idx++] = i;
      }
  
      static void sort(long[] arr) {
          ArrayList<Long> al = new ArrayList();
          for (long i : arr) al.add(i);
          Collections.sort(al);
          int idx = 0;
          for (long i : al) arr[idx++] = i;
      }
  
      static void sortDec(int[] arr) {
          ArrayList<Integer> al = new ArrayList();
          for (int i : arr) al.add(i);
          Collections.sort(al, Collections.reverseOrder());
          int idx = 0;
          for (int i : al) arr[idx++] = i;
      }
  
      static void sortDec(long[] arr) {
          ArrayList<Long> al = new ArrayList();
          for (long i : arr) al.add(i);
          Collections.sort(al, Collections.reverseOrder());
          int idx = 0;
          for (long i : al) arr[idx++] = i;
      }
  
      static class InputReader {
          private boolean finished = false;
  
          private InputStream stream;
          private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
          private int curChar;
          private int numChars;
          private SpaceCharFilter filter;
  
          public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
              this.stream = stream;
          }
  
          public int read() {
              if (numChars == -1) {
                  throw new InputMismatchException();
              }
              if (curChar >= numChars) {
                  curChar = 0;
                  try {
                      numChars = stream.read(buf);
                  } catch (IOException e) {
                      throw new InputMismatchException();
                  }
                  if (numChars <= 0) {
                      return -1;
                  }
              }
              return buf[curChar++];
          }
  
          public int peek() {
              if (numChars == -1) {
                  return -1;
              }
              if (curChar >= numChars) {
                  curChar = 0;
                  try {
                      numChars = stream.read(buf);
                  } catch (IOException e) {
                      return -1;
                  }
                  if (numChars <= 0) {
                      return -1;
                  }
              }
              return buf[curChar];
          }
  
          public int nextInt() {
              int c = read();
              while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                  c = read();
              }
              int sgn = 1;
              if (c == '-') {
                  sgn = -1;
                  c = read();
              }
              int res = 0;
              do {
                  if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                      throw new InputMismatchException();
                  }
                  res *= 10;
                  res += c - '0';
                  c = read();
              } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
              return res * sgn;
          }
  
          public long nextLong() {
              int c = read();
              while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                  c = read();
              }
              int sgn = 1;
              if (c == '-') {
                  sgn = -1;
                  c = read();
              }
              long res = 0;
              do {
                  if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                      throw new InputMismatchException();
                  }
                  res *= 10;
                  res += c - '0';
                  c = read();
              } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
              return res * sgn;
          }
  
          public String nextString() {
              int c = read();
              while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                  c = read();
              }
              StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
              do {
                  if (Character.isValidCodePoint(c)) {
                      res.appendCodePoint(c);
                  }
                  c = read();
              } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
              return res.toString();
          }
  
          public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
              if (filter != null) {
                  return filter.isSpaceChar(c);
              }
              return isWhitespace(c);
          }
  
          public static boolean isWhitespace(int c) {
              return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
          }
  
          private String readLine0() {
              StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
              int c = read();
              while (c != '\n' && c != -1) {
                  if (c != '\r') {
                      buf.appendCodePoint(c);
                  }
                  c = read();
              }
              return buf.toString();
          }
  
          public String readLine() {
              String s = readLine0();
              while (s.trim().length() == 0) {
                  s = readLine0();
              }
              return s;
          }
  
          public String readLine(boolean ignoreEmptyLines) {
              if (ignoreEmptyLines) {
                  return readLine();
              } else {
                  return readLine0();
              }
          }
  
          public BigInteger readBigInteger() {
              try {
                  return new BigInteger(nextString());
              } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
                  throw new InputMismatchException();
              }
          }
  
          public char nextCharacter() {
              int c = read();
              while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                  c = read();
              }
              return (char) c;
          }
  
          public double nextDouble() {
              int c = read();
              while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
                  c = read();
              }
              int sgn = 1;
              if (c == '-') {
                  sgn = -1;
                  c = read();
              }
              double res = 0;
              while (!isSpaceChar(c) && c != '.') {
                  if (c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
                      return res * Math.pow(10, nextInt());
                  }
                  if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                      throw new InputMismatchException();
                  }
                  res *= 10;
                  res += c - '0';
                  c = read();
              }
              if (c == '.') {
                  c = read();
                  double m = 1;
                  while (!isSpaceChar(c)) {
                      if (c == 'e' || c == 'E') {
                          return res * Math.pow(10, nextInt());
                      }
                      if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                          throw new InputMismatchException();
                      }
                      m /= 10;
                      res += (c - '0') * m;
                      c = read();
                  }
              }
              return res * sgn;
          }
  
          public boolean isExhausted() {
              int value;
              while (isSpaceChar(value = peek()) && value != -1) {
                  read();
              }
              return value == -1;
          }
  
          public String next() {
              return nextString();
          }
  
          public SpaceCharFilter getFilter() {
              return filter;
          }
  
          public void setFilter(SpaceCharFilter filter) {
              this.filter = filter;
          }
  
          public interface SpaceCharFilter {
              public boolean isSpaceChar(int ch);
          }
  
          public int[] nextIntArray(int n) {
              int[] array = new int[n];
              for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) array[i] = nextInt();
              return array;
          }
  
          public int[] nextSortedIntArray(int n) {
              int array[] = nextIntArray(n);
              Arrays.sort(array);
              return array;
          }
  
          public int[] nextSumIntArray(int n) {
              int[] array = new int[n];
              array[0] = nextInt();
              for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) array[i] = array[i - 1] + nextInt();
              return array;
          }
  
          public long[] nextLongArray(int n) {
              long[] array = new long[n];
              for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) array[i] = nextLong();
              return array;
          }
  
          public long[] nextSumLongArray(int n) {
              long[] array = new long[n];
              array[0] = nextInt();
              for (int i = 1; i < n; ++i) array[i] = array[i - 1] + nextInt();
              return array;
          }
  
          public long[] nextSortedLongArray(int n) {
              long array[] = nextLongArray(n);
              Arrays.sort(array);
              return array;
          }
      }
  
  
  }
  