description: You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?
  
  A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.
  
  The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  1 2
  2 8
  4 5
  1 5
  100000 200000
  
  
  Output
  
  
  1
  3
  0
  2
  31072
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.
  
  In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
solution: import java.io.*;
  import java.util.*;
  
  public class a {
  
      public static void main(String[] args){
  
          int arr[][] = new int[200001][20];
  
          int count = 2;
          for(int i=1; i<200001; i++){
              int num = i;
              for(int j=0; j<20; j++){
                  arr[i][j] = arr[i-1][j] + num%2;
                  num /= 2;
              }
          }
  
          // for(int i=0; i<=8; i++){
          //     for(int j=4; j>=0; j--){
          //         System.out.print(arr[i][j] + " ");
          //     }
          //     System.out.println();
          // }
  
          FastScanner sc = new FastScanner();
          int t = sc.nextInt();
          while(t-- > 0){
  
              int l = sc.nextInt();
              int r = sc.nextInt();
  
              int minval = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
              for(int i=0; i<20; i++){
                  if(r/(1<<(i)) != 0){
                      //System.out.println("magic: " + (1<<i));
                      minval = Math.min(minval, r-l+1-arr[r][i]+arr[l-1][i]);
                  }
              }
  
              System.out.println(minval);
  
          }
  
      }
  
  }
  
  class FastScanner
  {
      //I don't understand how this works lmao
      private int BS = 1 << 16;
      private char NC = (char) 0;
      private byte[] buf = new byte[BS];
      private int bId = 0, size = 0;
      private char c = NC;
      private double cnt = 1;
      private BufferedInputStream in;
  
      public FastScanner() {
          in = new BufferedInputStream(System.in, BS);
      }
  
      public FastScanner(String s) {
          try {
              in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(new File(s)), BS);
          } catch (Exception e) {
              in = new BufferedInputStream(System.in, BS);
          }
      }
  
      private char getChar() {
          while (bId == size) {
              try {
                  size = in.read(buf);
              } catch (Exception e) {
                  return NC;
              }
              if (size == -1) return NC;
              bId = 0;
          }
          return (char) buf[bId++];
      }
  
      public int nextInt() {
          return (int) nextLong();
      }
  
      public int[] nextInts(int N) {
          int[] res = new int[N];
          for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
              res[i] = (int) nextLong();
          }
          return res;
      }
  
      public long[] nextLongs(int N) {
          long[] res = new long[N];
          for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
              res[i] = nextLong();
          }
          return res;
      }
  
      public long nextLong() {
          cnt = 1;
          boolean neg = false;
          if (c == NC) c = getChar();
          for (; (c < '0' || c > '9'); c = getChar()) {
              if (c == '-') neg = true;
          }
          long res = 0;
          for (; c >= '0' && c <= '9'; c = getChar()) {
              res = (res << 3) + (res << 1) + c - '0';
              cnt *= 10;
          }
          return neg ? -res : res;
      }
  
      public double nextDouble() {
          double cur = nextLong();
          return c != '.' ? cur : cur + nextLong() / cnt;
      }
  
      public double[] nextDoubles(int N) {
          double[] res = new double[N];
          for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
              res[i] = nextDouble();
          }
          return res;
      }
  
      public String next() {
          StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
          while (c <= 32) c = getChar();
          while (c > 32) {
              res.append(c);
              c = getChar();
          }
          return res.toString();
      }
  
      public String nextLine() {
          StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
          while (c <= 32) c = getChar();
          while (c != '\n') {
              res.append(c);
              c = getChar();
          }
          return res.toString();
      }
  
      public boolean hasNext() {
          if (c > 32) return true;
          while (true) {
              c = getChar();
              if (c == NC) return false;
              else if (c > 32) return true;
          }
      }
  }
  
  