description: You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?
  
  A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.
  
  The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  1 2
  2 8
  4 5
  1 5
  100000 200000
  
  
  Output
  
  
  1
  3
  0
  2
  31072
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.
  
  In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
solution:  //package eround101;
  
  import java.util.*;
  import java.io.*;
  import java.lang.*;
  import java.util.StringTokenizer;
  
  public class Solution {
  
      static HritikScanner sc = new HritikScanner();
      static PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out, true);
      final static int MOD = 1000000007;
  
      
      static int[][] arr;
      public static void main(String[] args) {
  
          int t = ni();
          arr = new int[200002][25];
          for(int i = 1; i <= 200000; i++)
          {
              String bin = Integer.toBinaryString(i);
              for(int j = bin.length()-1, k = 0; j >= 0; k++, j--)
              {
                  if(bin.charAt(j) == '1')
                  {
                      arr[i][k]++;
                  }
              }
              for(int j = 0; j < 25; j++)
              {
                  arr[i][j] += arr[i-1][j];
              }
          }
  //        for(int i = 0; i <= 5; i++)
  //        {
  //            pl(Arrays.toString(arr[i]));
  //        }
          while (t-- > 0) {
              solve();
          }
      }
  
      static void solve() {
          int l = ni();
          int r = ni();
          
          int max = 0;
          int[] temp = arr[r];
          int[] temp1 = arr[l-1];
  //        pl(Arrays.toString(temp));
  //        pl(Arrays.toString(temp1));
          for(int i = 0; i < 25; i++)
          {
              //temp[i] -=temp1[i];
              max = Math.max(max, temp[i]-temp1[i]);
          }
          pl((r-l)+1-max);
      }
      /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
      static class FenwickTree { // Binary Index Tree
  
          int[] tree;
          static int size;
  
          public FenwickTree(int size) {
              this.size = size;
              tree = new int[size + 5];
          }
  
          public void add(int i, int val) {
              while (i <= size) {
                  tree[i] += val;
                  i += i & -i;  // adding the decimal value of the last set bit.
              }
          }
  
          public int sum(int i) {
              int res = 0;
              while (i >= 1) {
                  res += tree[i];
                  i -= i & -i; // deleting the last set bit
              }
              return res;
          }
  
          public int sum(int l, int r) {
              return sum(r) - sum(l - 1);
          }
      }
  
      /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      static int[] nextIntArray(int n) {
          int[] arr = new int[n];
          int i = 0;
          while (i < n) {
              arr[i++] = ni();
          }
          return arr;
      }
  
      static long[] nextLongArray(int n) {
          long[] arr = new long[n];
          int i = 0;
          while (i < n) {
              arr[i++] = nl();
          }
          return arr;
      }
  
      static int[] nextIntArray1(int n) {
          int[] arr = new int[n + 1];
          int i = 1;
          while (i <= n) {
              arr[i++] = ni();
          }
          return arr;
      }
  
      /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      static int ni() {
          return sc.nextInt();
      }
  
      static long nl() {
          return sc.nextLong();
      }
  
      static double nd() {
          return sc.nextDouble();
      }
  
      /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      static void pl() {
          pw.println();
      }
  
      static void p(Object o) {
          pw.print(o + " ");
      }
  
      static void pl(Object o) {
          pw.println(o);
      }
  
  /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      static void print(Object s) {
          System.out.println(s);
      }
  
      /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      //Arrays.sort(arr(type int)) uses quick sort whose worst case time complexity is O(N^2) in case of sorted array.
      // we can either use Object (Integer, Long)[Here it will use merge sort] array or suffle the array before sorting
      // or we can use Collections.sort(list))
      public static long[] sort(long arr[]){
              List<Long> list = new ArrayList<>();
              for(long n : arr){list.add(n);}
              Collections.sort(list);
              for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
                  arr[i] = list.get(i);
              }
              return arr;
          }
   
          public static int[] sort(int arr[]){
              List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
              for(int n : arr){list.add(n);}
              Collections.sort(list);
              for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++){
                  arr[i] = list.get(i);
              }
              return arr;
          }
      /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      //-----------HritikScanner class for faster input----------//
      static class HritikScanner {
  
          BufferedReader br;
          StringTokenizer st;
  
          public HritikScanner() {
              br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
          }
  
          String next() {
              while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
                  try {
                      st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                  } catch (IOException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
              }
              return st.nextToken();
          }
  
          int nextInt() {
              return Integer.parseInt(next());
          }
  
          long nextLong() {
              return Long.parseLong(next());
          }
  
          double nextDouble() {
              return Double.parseDouble(next());
          }
  
          String nextLine() {
              String str = "";
              try {
                  str = br.readLine();
              } catch (IOException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
              return str;
          }
      }
  
      //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      public static class Pair implements Comparable<Pair> {
  
          int num, row, col;
  
          Pair(int num, int row, int col) {
              this.num = num;
              this.row = row;
              this.col = col;
          }
  
          public int get1() {
              return num;
          }
  
          public int get2() {
              return row;
          }
  
          public int compareTo(Pair A) {
              return this.num - A.num;
          }
  
          public String toString() {
              return num + " " + row + " " + col;
          }
      }
  
      //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      // Function to return gcd of a and b time complexity O(log(a+b))
      static long gcd(long a, long b) {
          if (a == 0) {
              return b;
          }
          return gcd(b % a, a);
      }
  
      // method to return LCM of two numbers 
      static long lcm(long a, long b) {
          return (a / gcd(a, b)) * b;
      }
  
      //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      static boolean isPrime(long n) {
          // Corner cases 
          if (n <= 1) {
              return false;
          }
          if (n <= 3) {
              return true;
          }
  
          // This is checked so that we can skip  
          // middle five numbers in below loop 
          if (n % 2 == 0 || n % 3 == 0) {
              return false;
          }
  
          for (long i = 5; i * i <= n; i = i + 6) {
              if (n % i == 0 || n % (i + 2) == 0) {
                  return false;
              }
          }
  
          return true;
      }
      //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
      static boolean isPowerOfTwo(long n) {
          if (n == 0) {
              return false;
          }
  
          return (long) (Math.ceil((Math.log(n) / Math.log(2))))
                  == (long) (Math.floor(((Math.log(n) / Math.log(2)))));
      }
  
      public static long getFact(int n) {
          long ans = 1;
          while (n > 0) {
              ans *= n;
              ans %= MOD;
              n--;
          }
          return ans;
      }
  
      public static long pow(long n, int pow) {
          if (pow == 0) {
              return 1;
          }
          long temp = pow(n, pow / 2) % MOD;
          temp *= temp;
          temp %= MOD;
          if (pow % 2 == 1) {
              temp *= n;
          }
          temp %= MOD;
          return temp;
  
      }
  
      public static long nCr(int n, int r) {
          long ans = 1;
          int temp = n - r;
          while (n > temp) {
              ans *= n;
              ans %= MOD;
              n--;
          }
          ans *= pow(getFact(r) % MOD, MOD - 2) % MOD;
          ans %= MOD;
          return ans;
      }
  
      //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
      // method returns Nth power of A 
      static double nthRoot(int A, int N) {
  
          // intially guessing a random number between 
          // 0 and 9 
          double xPre = Math.random() % 10;
  
          // smaller eps, denotes more accuracy 
          double eps = 0.001;
  
          // initializing difference between two 
          // roots by INT_MAX 
          double delX = 2147483647;
  
          // xK denotes current value of x 
          double xK = 0.0;
  
          // loop untill we reach desired accuracy 
          while (delX > eps) {
              // calculating current value from previous 
              // value by newton's method 
              xK = ((N - 1.0) * xPre
                      + (double) A / Math.pow(xPre, N - 1)) / (double) N;
              delX = Math.abs(xK - xPre);
              xPre = xK;
          }
  
          return xK;
      }
  
  }
  