description: You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?
  
  A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.
  
  The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  1 2
  2 8
  4 5
  1 5
  100000 200000
  
  
  Output
  
  
  1
  3
  0
  2
  31072
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.
  
  In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
solution: /**
   * check out my youtube channel sh0rkyboy
   * https://tinyurl.com/zdxe2y4z
   * I do screencasts, solutions, and other fun stuff in the future
   */
  
  import java.util.*;
  import java.io.*;
  import static java.lang.Math.min;
  import static java.lang.Math.abs;
  import static java.lang.Math.max;
  public class EdA {
  	static long[] mods = {1000000007, 998244353, 1000000009};
  	static long mod = mods[0];
  	public static MyScanner sc;
      public static PrintWriter out;
  	public static void main(String[] largewang) throws Exception{
  		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
   		sc = new MyScanner();
   		out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
   		int [][] bits = new int[200001][20];
  		for (int j = 1;j<=200000;j++){
  			int temp = j;
  			for(int i = 0;i<20;i++){
  				bits[j][i] = temp%2;
  				temp/=2;
  			}
  		}
  		int[][] prefixbits = new int[200001][20];
  		for(int j = 1;j<=200000;j++){
  			for(int i = 0;i<20;i++){
  				prefixbits[j][i] = prefixbits[j-1][i] + bits[j][i];
  			}
  		}
   		int t = sc.nextInt();
   		while (t-->0) {
   			int l = sc.nextInt();
   			int r = sc.nextInt();
   			int max = 0;
   			for(int j = 0;j<20;j++){
   				max = max(max, prefixbits[r][j] - prefixbits[l-1][j]);
   			}
   			out.println(r-l+1 - max);
   
   		}
   		out.close();
   		
   	}
  	
  	public static void sort(int[] array){
  		ArrayList<Integer> copy = new ArrayList<>();
  		for (int i : array)
  			copy.add(i);
  		Collections.sort(copy);
  		for(int i = 0;i<array.length;i++)
  			array[i] = copy.get(i);
  	}
  	static String[] readArrayString(int n){
  		String[] array = new String[n];
  		for(int j =0 ;j<n;j++)
  			array[j] = sc.next();
  		return array;
  	}
  	static int[] readArrayInt(int n){
      	int[] array = new int[n];
      	for(int j = 0;j<n;j++)
      		array[j] = sc.nextInt();
      	return array;
      }
  	static int[] readArrayInt1(int n){
  		int[] array = new int[n+1];
  		for(int j = 1;j<=n;j++){
  			array[j] = sc.nextInt();
  		}
  		return array;
  	}
  	static long[] readArrayLong(int n){
  		long[] array = new long[n];
  		for(int j =0 ;j<n;j++)
  			array[j] = sc.nextLong();
  		return array;
  	}
  	static double[] readArrayDouble(int n){
  		double[] array = new double[n];
  		for(int j =0 ;j<n;j++)
  			array[j] = sc.nextDouble();
  		return array;
  	}
  	static int minIndex(int[] array){
  		int minValue = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
  		int minIndex = -1;
  		for(int j = 0;j<array.length;j++){
  			if (array[j] < minValue){
  				minValue = array[j];
  				minIndex = j;
  			}
  		}
  		return minIndex;
  	}
  	static int minIndex(long[] array){
  		long minValue = Long.MAX_VALUE;
  		int minIndex = -1;
  		for(int j = 0;j<array.length;j++){
  			if (array[j] < minValue){
  				minValue = array[j];
  				minIndex = j;
  			}
  		}
  		return minIndex;
  	}
  	static int minIndex(double[] array){
  		double minValue = Double.MAX_VALUE;
  		int minIndex = -1;
  		for(int j = 0;j<array.length;j++){
  			if (array[j] < minValue){
  				minValue = array[j];
  				minIndex = j;
  			}
  		}
  		return minIndex;
  	}
  	public static int power(long x, long y, long mod){
  		long ans = 1;
  		while(y>0){
  			if (y%2==1)
  				ans = (ans*x)%mod;
  			x = (x*x)%mod;
  			y/=2;
  		}
  		return (int)(ans);
  	}
  	static void verdict(boolean a){
          out.println(a ? "YES" : "NO");
      }
      public static class MyScanner {
          BufferedReader br;
          StringTokenizer st;
          public MyScanner() {
              br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
          }
          String next() { 
              while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {
                  try {
                      st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
                  } 
                  catch (IOException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
              }
              return st.nextToken();
          }
          int nextInt() {
              return Integer.parseInt(next());
          }
          long nextLong() {
              return Long.parseLong(next());
          }
          double nextDouble() {
              return Double.parseDouble(next());
          }
          String nextLine() {
              String str = "";
              try{
                  str = br.readLine();
              } 
              catch (IOException e) {
                  e.printStackTrace();
              }
              return str;
          }
          
      }	
  }
  
  //StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(" "); 
  //sj.add(strings)
  //sj.toString() gives string of those stuff w spaces or whatever that sequence is