description: Petya has an array of integers a_1, a_2, …, a_n. He only likes sorted arrays. Unfortunately, the given array could be arbitrary, so Petya wants to sort it.
  
  Petya likes to challenge himself, so he wants to sort array using only 3-cycles. More formally, in one operation he can pick 3 pairwise distinct indices i, j, and k (1 ≤ i, j, k ≤ n) and apply i → j → k → i cycle to the array a. It simultaneously places a_i on position j, a_j on position k, and a_k on position i, without changing any other element.
  
  For example, if a is [10, 50, 20, 30, 40, 60] and he chooses i = 2, j = 1, k = 5, then the array becomes [\underline{50}, \underline{40}, 20, 30, \underline{10}, 60].
  
  Petya can apply arbitrary number of 3-cycles (possibly, zero). You are to determine if Petya can sort his array a, i. e. make it non-decreasing.
  
  Input
  
  Each test contains multiple test cases. The first line contains the number of test cases t (1 ≤ t ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^5). Description of the test cases follows.
  
  The first line of each test case contains a single integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 5 ⋅ 10^5) — the length of the array a.
  
  The second line of each test case contains n integers a_1, a_2, …, a_n (1 ≤ a_i ≤ n).
  
  It is guaranteed that the sum of n over all test cases does not exceed 5 ⋅ 10^5.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, print "YES" (without quotes) if Petya can sort the array a using 3-cycles, and "NO" (without quotes) otherwise. You can print each letter in any case (upper or lower).
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  7
  1
  1
  2
  2 2
  2
  2 1
  3
  1 2 3
  3
  2 1 3
  3
  3 1 2
  4
  2 1 4 3
  
  
  Output
  
  
  YES
  YES
  NO
  YES
  NO
  YES
  YES
  
  Note
  
  In the 6-th test case Petya can use the 3-cycle 1 → 3 → 2 → 1 to sort the array.
  
  In the 7-th test case Petya can apply 1 → 3 → 2 → 1 and make a = [1, 4, 2, 3]. Then he can apply 2 → 4 → 3 → 2 and finally sort the array.
solution: #include <bits/stdc++.h>
  using namespace std;
  template <typename A, typename B>
  ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const pair<A, B> &p) {
    return os << '(' << p.first << ", " << p.second << ')';
  }
  template <typename T_container, typename T = typename enable_if<
                                      !is_same<T_container, string>::value,
                                      typename T_container::value_type>::type>
  ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const T_container &v) {
    os << '{';
    string sep;
    for (const T &x : v) os << sep << x, sep = ", ";
    return os << '}';
  }
  void dbg_out() { cerr << endl; }
  template <typename Head, typename... Tail>
  void dbg_out(Head H, Tail... T) {
    cerr << ' ' << H;
    dbg_out(T...);
  }
  using ll = long long;
  using ull = unsigned long long;
  mt19937 rng(
      (unsigned int)chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
  const int mod = 998244353;
  const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;
  const int maxn = 2e5 + 10;
  int main() {
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(nullptr);
    int _;
    cin >> _;
    while (_--) {
      int n;
      cin >> n;
      vector<int> a(n + 1), pos(n + 1);
      bool f = false;
      for (int i = int(1); i <= (int)(n); i++) {
        int x;
        cin >> x;
        if (pos[x] != 0) f = true;
        pos[x] = i;
        a[i] = x;
      }
      if (f) {
        cout << "YES" << '\n';
        continue;
      }
      int ans = 0;
      for (int i = int(1); i <= (int)(n); i++) {
        if (a[i] == i) continue;
        ans++;
        swap(pos[a[i]], pos[i]);
        swap(a[pos[a[i]]], a[pos[i]]);
      }
      if (ans % 2 == 0)
        cout << "YES" << '\n';
      else
        cout << "NO" << '\n';
    }
    return 0;
  }
  