description: You are given an array consisting of all integers from [l, r] inclusive. For example, if l = 2 and r = 5, the array would be [2, 3, 4, 5]. What's the minimum number of elements you can delete to make the [bitwise AND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#AND) of the array non-zero?
  
  A bitwise AND is a binary operation that takes two equal-length binary representations and performs the AND operation on each pair of the corresponding bits.
  
  Input
  
  The first line contains one integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^4) — the number of test cases. Then t cases follow.
  
  The first line of each test case contains two integers l and r (1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ 2 ⋅ 10^5) — the description of the array.
  
  Output
  
  For each test case, output a single integer — the answer to the problem.
  
  Example
  
  Input
  
  
  5
  1 2
  2 8
  4 5
  1 5
  100000 200000
  
  
  Output
  
  
  1
  3
  0
  2
  31072
  
  Note
  
  In the first test case, the array is [1, 2]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0, as 1\ \& \ 2 = 0. However, after deleting 1 (or 2), the array becomes [2] (or [1]), and the bitwise AND becomes 2 (or 1). This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 1.
  
  In the second test case, the array is [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Currently, the bitwise AND is 0. However, after deleting 4, 5, and 8, the array becomes [2, 3, 6, 7], and the bitwise AND becomes 2. This can be proven to be the optimal, so the answer is 3. Note that there may be other ways to delete 3 elements.
solution: import java.util.*;
  import java.io.*;
  
  public class codeforces {
  	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
  		int t=sc.nextInt();
  		int max=(int)2e5+9;
  		int bit=20;
  		int[][]pre=new int[bit][max];
  		for(int i=0;i<max;i++) {
  			for(int j=0;j<bit;j++) {
  				pre[j][i]=(i&(1<<j))==0?1:0;
  			}
  		}
  		for(int j=0;j<bit;j++) {
  			for(int i=1;i<max;i++) {
  				pre[j][i]+=pre[j][i-1];
  			}
  		}
  		
  		while(t-->0) {
  			int l=sc.nextInt();
  			int r=sc.nextInt();
  			int ans=Integer.MAX_VALUE;
  			
  			for(int i=0;i<20;i++) {
  				ans=Math.min(ans, pre[i][r]-pre[i][l-1]);
  			}
  			pw.println(ans);
  		}
  		pw.close();
  	}
  
  	static class Scanner {
  		StringTokenizer st;
  		BufferedReader br;
  
  		public Scanner(InputStream s) {
  			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));
  		}
  
  		public Scanner(FileReader r) {
  			br = new BufferedReader(r);
  		}
  
  		public String next() throws IOException {
  			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
  				st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
  			return st.nextToken();
  		}
  
  		public int nextInt() throws IOException {
  			return Integer.parseInt(next());
  		}
  
  		public long nextLong() throws IOException {
  			return Long.parseLong(next());
  		}
  
  		public String nextLine() throws IOException {
  			return br.readLine();
  		}
  
  		public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
  			String x = next();
  			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("0");
  			double res = 0, f = 1;
  			boolean dec = false, neg = false;
  			int start = 0;
  			if (x.charAt(0) == '-') {
  				neg = true;
  				start++;
  			}
  			for (int i = start; i < x.length(); i++)
  				if (x.charAt(i) == '.') {
  					res = Long.parseLong(sb.toString());
  					sb = new StringBuilder("0");
  					dec = true;
  				} else {
  					sb.append(x.charAt(i));
  					if (dec)
  						f *= 10;
  				}
  			res += Long.parseLong(sb.toString()) / f;
  			return res * (neg ? -1 : 1);
  		}
  
  		public long[] nextlongArray(int n) throws IOException {
  			long[] a = new long[n];
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
  				a[i] = nextLong();
  			return a;
  		}
  
  		public Long[] nextLongArray(int n) throws IOException {
  			Long[] a = new Long[n];
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
  				a[i] = nextLong();
  			return a;
  		}
  
  		public int[] nextIntArray(int n) throws IOException {
  			int[] a = new int[n];
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
  				a[i] = nextInt();
  			return a;
  		}
  
  		public Integer[] nextIntegerArray(int n) throws IOException {
  			Integer[] a = new Integer[n];
  			for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
  				a[i] = nextInt();
  			return a;
  		}
  
  		public boolean ready() throws IOException {
  			return br.ready();
  		}
  
  	}
  
  	static class pair implements Comparable<pair> {
  		long x;
  		long y;
  
  		public pair(long x, long y) {
  			this.x = x;
  			this.y = y;
  		}
  
  		public String toString() {
  			return x + " " + y;
  		}
  
  		public boolean equals(Object o) {
  			if (o instanceof pair) {
  				pair p = (pair) o;
  				return p.x == x && p.y == y;
  			}
  			return false;
  		}
  
  		public int hashCode() {
  			return new Long(x).hashCode() * 31 + new Long(y).hashCode();
  		}
  
  		public int compareTo(pair other) {
  			if (this.x == other.x) {
  				return Long.compare(this.y, other.y);
  			}
  			return Long.compare(this.x, other.x);
  		}
  	}
  
  	static class tuble implements Comparable<tuble> {
  		int x;
  		int y;
  		int z;
  
  		public tuble(int x, int y, int z) {
  			this.x = x;
  			this.y = y;
  			this.z = z;
  		}
  
  		public String toString() {
  			return x + " " + y + " " + z;
  		}
  
  		public int compareTo(tuble other) {
  			if (this.x == other.x) {
  				if (this.y == other.y) {
  					return this.z - other.z;
  				}
  				return this.y - other.y;
  			} else {
  				return this.x - other.x;
  			}
  		}
  	}
  
  	static long mod = 1000000007;
  	static Random rn = new Random();
  	static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
  	static PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
  }