You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.util.List;

public class Main {

	private static final int MAXN = 5000;
	private static final String NO = "NO";
	private static final String YES = "YES";
	InputStream is;
	PrintWriter out;
	String INPUT = "";

	private static final long MOD = 1000000007L;

	long sum1[];
	long sum2[][];

	void solve() {
		int q = ni();
		while (q-- > 0) {
			int n = ni();
			int m = ni();
			int a = ni();
			int b = ni();
			if (m * b != a * n)
				out.println(NO);
			else {
				out.println(YES);
				int[][] ans = new int[n][m];
				
				int c = 0;
				for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
					for (int j = 0; j < a; j++) {
						ans[i][c++] = 1; c %= m;
					}

				for (int r = 0; r < n; r++) {
					for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
						out.print(ans[r][c]);
					out.println();
				}
			}
		}
	}

	long power(long a, long b) {
		long x = 1, y = a;
		while (b > 0) {
			if (b % 2 != 0) {
				x = (x * y) % MOD;
			}
			y = (y * y) % MOD;
			b /= 2;
		}
		return x % MOD;
	}

	private long gcd(long a, long b) {
		while (a != 0) {
			long tmp = b % a;
			b = a;
			a = tmp;
		}
		return b;
	}

	void run() throws Exception {
		is = INPUT.isEmpty() ? System.in : new ByteArrayInputStream(INPUT.getBytes());
		out = new PrintWriter(System.out);

		long s = System.currentTimeMillis();
		solve();
		out.flush();
		if (!INPUT.isEmpty())
			tr(System.currentTimeMillis() - s + "ms");
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
		new Main().run();
	}

	private byte[] inbuf = new byte[1024];
	public int lenbuf = 0, ptrbuf = 0;
	private boolean vis[];

	private int readByte() {
		if (lenbuf == -1)
			throw new InputMismatchException();
		if (ptrbuf >= lenbuf) {
			ptrbuf = 0;
			try {
				lenbuf = is.read(inbuf);
			} catch (IOException e) {
				throw new InputMismatchException();
			}
			if (lenbuf <= 0)
				return -1;
		}
		return inbuf[ptrbuf++];
	}

	private boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
		return !(c >= 33 && c <= 126);
	}

	private int skip() {
		int b;
		while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && isSpaceChar(b))
			;
		return b;
	}

	private double nd() {
		return Double.parseDouble(ns());
	}

	private char nc() {
		return (char) skip();
	}

	private String ns() {
		int b = skip();
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
		while (!(isSpaceChar(b))) { // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != '
									// ')
			sb.appendCodePoint(b);
			b = readByte();
		}
		return sb.toString();
	}

	private char[] ns(int n) {
		char[] buf = new char[n];
		int b = skip(), p = 0;
		while (p < n) {
			if (!(isSpaceChar(b)))
				buf[p++] = (char) b;
			b = readByte();
		}
		return n == p ? buf : Arrays.copyOf(buf, p);
	}

	private char[][] nm(int n, int m) {
		char[][] map = new char[n][];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			map[i] = ns(m);
		return map;
	}

	private int[] na(int n) {
		int[] a = new int[n];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			a[i] = ni();
		return a;
	}

	private List<Integer> na2(int n) {
		List<Integer> a = new ArrayList<Integer>();
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			a.add(ni());
		return a;
	}

	private int[][] na(int n, int m) {
		int[][] a = new int[n][];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			a[i] = na(m);
		return a;
	}

	private int ni() {
		int num = 0, b;
		boolean minus = false;
		while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'))
			;
		if (b == '-') {
			minus = true;
			b = readByte();
		}

		while (true) {
			if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') {
				num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
			} else {
				return minus ? -num : num;
			}
			b = readByte();
		}
	}

	private long[] nl(int n) {
		long[] a = new long[n];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			a[i] = nl();
		return a;
	}

	private long[][] nl(int n, int m) {
		long[][] a = new long[n][];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
			a[i] = nl(m);
		return a;
	}

	private long nl() {
		long num = 0;
		int b;
		boolean minus = false;
		while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-'))
			;
		if (b == '-') {
			minus = true;
			b = readByte();
		}

		while (true) {
			if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') {
				num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
			} else {
				return minus ? -num : num;
			}
			b = readByte();
		}
	}

	private static void tr(Object... o) {
		System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(o));
	}

	public class Pair<K, V> {

		/**
		 * Key of this <code>Pair</code>.
		 */
		private K key;

		/**
		 * Gets the key for this pair.
		 * 
		 * @return key for this pair
		 */
		public K getKey() {
			return key;
		}

		/**
		 * Value of this this <code>Pair</code>.
		 */
		private V value;

		/**
		 * Gets the value for this pair.
		 * 
		 * @return value for this pair
		 */
		public V getValue() {
			return value;
		}

		/**
		 * Creates a new pair
		 * 
		 * @param key   The key for this pair
		 * @param value The value to use for this pair
		 */
		public Pair(K key, V value) {
			this.key = key;
			this.value = value;
		}

		/**
		 * <p>
		 * <code>String</code> representation of this <code>Pair</code>.
		 * </p>
		 *
		 * <p>
		 * The default name/value delimiter '=' is always used.
		 * </p>
		 *
		 * @return <code>String</code> representation of this <code>Pair</code>
		 */
		@Override
		public String toString() {
			return key + "=" + value;
		}

		/**
		 * <p>
		 * Generate a hash code for this <code>Pair</code>.
		 * </p>
		 *
		 * <p>
		 * The hash code is calculated using both the name and the value of the
		 * <code>Pair</code>.
		 * </p>
		 *
		 * @return hash code for this <code>Pair</code>
		 */
		@Override
		public int hashCode() {
			// name's hashCode is multiplied by an arbitrary prime number (13)
			// in order to make sure there is a difference in the hashCode between
			// these two parameters:
			// name: a value: aa
			// name: aa value: a
			return key.hashCode() * 13 + (value == null ? 0 : value.hashCode());
		}

		/**
		 * <p>
		 * Test this <code>Pair</code> for equality with another <code>Object</code>.
		 * </p>
		 *
		 * <p>
		 * If the <code>Object</code> to be tested is not a <code>Pair</code> or is
		 * <code>null</code>, then this method returns <code>false</code>.
		 * </p>
		 *
		 * <p>
		 * Two <code>Pair</code>s are considered equal if and only if both the names and
		 * values are equal.
		 * </p>
		 *
		 * @param o the <code>Object</code> to test for equality with this
		 *          <code>Pair</code>
		 * @return <code>true</code> if the given <code>Object</code> is equal to this
		 *         <code>Pair</code> else <code>false</code>
		 */
		@Override
		public boolean equals(Object o) {
			if (this == o)
				return true;
			if (o instanceof Pair) {
				Pair pair = (Pair) o;
				if (key != null ? !key.equals(pair.key) : pair.key != null)
					return false;
				if (value != null ? !value.equals(pair.value) : pair.value != null)
					return false;
				return true;
			}
			return false;
		}
	}

}