You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.io.*;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.*;

public class Main {
    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
    PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out);
    static int MOD = 1000000007;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Main m = new Main();
        m.solve();
        m.close();
    }

    void close() throws IOException {
        pw.flush();
        pw.close();
        br.close();
    }

    int ri() throws IOException {
        return Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
    }

    long rl() throws IOException {
        return Long.parseLong(br.readLine());
    }

    int[] ril() throws IOException {
        String[] tokens = br.readLine().split(" ");
        int[] A = new int[tokens.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < A.length; i++)
            A[i] = Integer.parseInt(tokens[i]);
        return A;
    }

    long[] rll() throws IOException {
        String[] tokens = br.readLine().split(" ");
        long[] A = new long[tokens.length];
        for (int i = 0; i < A.length; i++)
            A[i] = Long.parseLong(tokens[i]);
        return A;
    }

    void solve() throws IOException {
        int t = ri();
        for (int ti = 0; ti < t; ti++) {
            int[] nmab = ril();
            int n = nmab[0];
            int m = nmab[1];
            int a = nmab[2];
            int b = nmab[3];
            int[][] A = new int[n][m];
            if (a * n != b * m) {
                pw.println("NO");
                continue;
            }
            int total = a * n;
            int placed = 0;
            int i = 0;
            int j = 0;
            while (placed < total) {
                while (A[i][j] == 1) j = (j + 1) % m;
                A[i][j] = 1;
                placed++;
                i = (i+1) % n;
                j = (j+1) % m;
            }
            pw.println("YES");
            for (int[] row : A) {
                for (int x : row) {
                    pw.print(x);
                }
                pw.println();
            }
        }
    }
}