You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;

/**
 * Built using CHelper plug-in
 * Actual solution is at the top
 *
 * @author sumit
 */
public class Main {
      public static void main(String[] args) {
            InputStream inputStream = System.in;
            OutputStream outputStream = System.out;
            InputReader in = new InputReader(inputStream);
            OutputWriter out = new OutputWriter(outputStream);
            GABMatrix solver = new GABMatrix();
            solver.solve(1, in, out);
            out.close();
      }

      static class GABMatrix {
            public void solve(int testNumber, InputReader in, OutputWriter out) {
                  int t = in.nextInt();
                  while (t-- > 0) {
                        int n = in.nextInt();
                        int m = in.nextInt();
                        int a = in.nextInt();
                        int b = in.nextInt();
                        int[][] mat = new int[n][m];
                        if (n * a != m * b) {
                              out.printLine("NO");
                              continue;
                        }
                        int cc = 0;
                        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                              for (int j = 0; j < a; j++) {
                                    mat[i][cc % m] = 1;
                                    cc++;
                              }
                        }
                        out.printLine("YES");
                        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                              for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
                                    out.print(mat[i][j]);
                              }
                              out.printLine();
                        }


                  }
            }

      }

      static class OutputWriter {
            private final PrintWriter writer;

            public OutputWriter(OutputStream outputStream) {
                  writer = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(outputStream)));
            }

            public OutputWriter(Writer writer) {
                  this.writer = new PrintWriter(writer);
            }

            public void print(Object... objects) {
                  for (int i = 0; i < objects.length; i++) {
                        if (i != 0) {
                              writer.print(' ');
                        }
                        writer.print(objects[i]);
                  }
            }

            public void printLine() {
                  writer.println();
            }

            public void printLine(Object... objects) {
                  print(objects);
                  writer.println();
            }

            public void close() {
                  writer.close();
            }

            public void print(int i) {
                  writer.print(i);
            }

      }

      static class InputReader {
            private InputStream stream;
            private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
            private int curChar;
            private int numChars;

            public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
                  this.stream = stream;
            }

            public int read() {
                  if (numChars == -1)
                        throw new InputMismatchException();

                  if (curChar >= numChars) {
                        curChar = 0;
                        try {
                              numChars = stream.read(buf);
                        } catch (IOException e) {
                              throw new InputMismatchException();
                        }
                        if (numChars <= 0)
                              return -1;
                  }

                  return buf[curChar++];
            }

            public int nextInt() {
                  int c = read();

                  while (isSpaceChar(c))
                        c = read();

                  int sgn = 1;

                  if (c == '-') {
                        sgn = -1;
                        c = read();
                  }

                  int res = 0;

                  do {
                        if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                              throw new InputMismatchException();

                        res *= 10;
                        res += c & 15;

                        c = read();
                  } while (!isSpaceChar(c));

                  return res * sgn;
            }

            public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
                  return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
            }

      }
}

