You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.text.*;
import java.math.*;
import java.lang.Math.*;

public class a_b_matrix {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {new a_b_matrix().run();}
	public FastIO file = new FastIO();
	public int ntc, ctc;
	public final long MOD = 1000000007L; //998244353L; 
	public final int M0D = 1000000007; //998244353
	public final int N = 200005, dx[] = { 0, 1, 0, -1 }, dy[] = { 1, 0, -1, 0 };
	
	public void run() throws Exception {
		ntc = nextInt();
		for (ctc = 1; ctc <= ntc; ++ctc) solve();
		file.out.flush(); file.out.close();
	}
	
	int n, m, a, b, mat[][];
	// row = a, col = b
	
	void solve() {
		n = nextInt(); m = nextInt();
		a = nextInt(); b = nextInt();
		if (n * a != m * b) {
			println("NO");
			return;
		}
		int c = 0;
		println("YES");
		mat = new int[n][m];
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			for (int j = 0; j < a; j++) {
				mat[i][c] = 1;
				c = (c + 1) % m;
			}
			for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
				print(mat[i][j]);
			}
			println("");
		}
	}
	
	long gcd(long a, long b) { return b == 0 ? a : gcd(b, a % b); }
	long lcm(long x, long y) { return x / gcd(x, y) * y; }
	long mod(long n, long mod) { return (n % mod + mod) % mod; }
	long max(long a, long b) { return Math.max(a, b); }
	int max(int a, int b) { return Math.max(a, b); }
	long min(long a, long b) { return Math.min(a, b); }
	int min(int a, int b) { return Math.min(a, b); }
	long pow(long n, long p, long mod) { long ret = 1L;
	while (p > 0) { if (p % 2 != 0L) ret = mod(ret * n, mod); n = mod(n * n, mod); p >>= 1L; } return ret; }
	long pow(long n, long p) { long ret = 1L;
	while (p > 0) { if (p % 2 != 0L) ret *= n; n *= n; p >>= 1L; } return ret; }
	boolean isPrime(int n) { 
		if (n <= 1) return false; if (n <= 3) return true; if (n % 2 == 0 || n % 3 == 0) return false;
		for (int i = 5; i * i <= n; i = i + 6) if (n % i == 0 || n % (i + 2) == 0) return false; return true; }
	String next() {return file.next();}
	int nextInt() {return file.nextInt();}
	long nextLong() {return file.nextLong();}
	double nextDouble() {return file.nextDouble();}
	String nextLine() {return file.nextLine();}
	void print(Object o) {file.out.print(o);}
	void println(Object o) {file.out.println(o);}
	void printf(String s, Object... o) {file.out.printf(s, o);}
	class FastIO {
		BufferedReader br;
		StringTokenizer st;
		PrintWriter out;
		public FastIO() {br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));out = new PrintWriter(System.out);}
		String next() {while (st == null || !st.hasMoreElements()) {try {st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}return st.nextToken();}
		int nextInt() {return Integer.parseInt(next());}
		long nextLong() {return Long.parseLong(next());}
		double nextDouble() {return Double.parseDouble(next());}
		String nextLine() {String str = "";try {str = br.readLine();} catch (IOException e) {e.printStackTrace();} return str;}
		void print(Object o) {out.print(o);}
		void println(Object o) {out.println(o);}
		void printf(String s, Object... o) {out.printf(s, o);} }
	class Pair<A, B> implements Comparable {
		A fi; B se;
		public Pair(A fi, B se) { this.fi = fi; this.se = se; }
		public boolean equals(Object o) { if (this == o) return true;
		if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
		Pair<?, ?> p = (Pair<?, ?>) o; if (!fi.equals(p.fi)) return false; return se.equals(p.se); }
		public int hashCode() { return 31 * fi.hashCode() + se.hashCode(); }
		public String toString() { return fi.toString() + " " + se.toString(); }
		<A, B> Pair<A, B> of(A a, B b) { return new Pair<A, B>(a, b); }
		public int compareTo(Object o) { Pair<?, ?> p = (Pair<?, ?>) o;
		if (fi.equals(p.fi)) return ((Comparable) se).compareTo(p.se); return ((Comparable) fi).compareTo(p.fi); } } }