You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
/*
    Author: Anthony Ngene
    Created: 05/08/2020 - 07:34
*/

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class G {
    // If you look at what you have in life, you'll always have more. If you look at what you don't have in life, you'll never have enough. - Oprah Winfrey
    static int rowLen;
    static int colLen;
    static int maxRow;
    static int maxCol;
    static int[][] grid;
    static int[] rows;
    static int[] cols;
    static boolean found;
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        in = new FastScanner();

        int cases = in.intNext();
        for (int t = 1; t <= cases; t++) {
            rowLen = in.intNext(); colLen = in.intNext();
            maxRow = in.intNext(); maxCol = in.intNext();
            rows = new int[rowLen];
            cols = new int[colLen];
            grid = new int[rowLen][colLen];
            found = false;
            greedy();
            if (found) {
                out.println("YES");
                for (int[] r: grid) {
                    for (int c: r) out.p(c);
                    out.println("");
                }
            } else {
                out.println("NO");
            }

        }

        out.close();
    }

    static void greedy() {
        if (rowLen * maxRow != colLen * maxCol) return;
        TreeSet<Tuple> cols = new TreeSet<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < colLen; i++) cols.add(new Tuple(maxCol, i));
        for (int i = 0; i < rowLen; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < maxRow; j++) {
                Tuple tuple = cols.pollLast();
                grid[i][tuple.b] = 1;
                tuple.a -= 1;
                if (tuple.a > 0) cols.add(tuple);
            }
        }
        found = true;
    }



private static final FastWriter out = new FastWriter();
private static FastScanner in;
static ArrayList<Integer>[] adj;
private static long e97 = (long)1e9 + 7;
static class FastWriter {
    private static final int IO_BUFFERS = 128 * 1024;
    private final StringBuilder out;
    public FastWriter() {
        out = new StringBuilder(IO_BUFFERS);
    }
    public FastWriter p(Object object) {
        out.append(object);
        return this;
    }
    public FastWriter p(String format, Object... args) {
        out.append(String.format(format, args));
        return this;
    }
    public FastWriter pp(Object... args) {
        for (Object ob : args) {
            out.append(ob).append(" ");
        }
        out.append("\n");
        return this;
    }
    public FastWriter println(Object object) {
        out.append(object).append("\n");
        return this;
    }
    public void toFile(String fileName) throws IOException {
        BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(fileName));
        writer.write(out.toString());
        writer.close();
    }
    public void close() throws IOException {
        System.out.print(out);
    }
}
static class FastScanner {
    private InputStream sin = System.in;
    private final byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
    private int ptr = 0;
    private int buflen = 0;
    public FastScanner(){}
    public FastScanner(String filename) throws FileNotFoundException {
        File file = new File(filename);
        sin = new FileInputStream(file);
    }
    private boolean hasNextByte() {
        if (ptr < buflen) {
            return true;
        }else{
            ptr = 0;
            try {
                buflen = sin.read(buffer);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            if (buflen <= 0) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
    private int readByte() { if (hasNextByte()) return buffer[ptr++]; else return -1;}
    private static boolean isPrintableChar(int c) { return 33 <= c && c <= 126;}
    public boolean hasNext() { while(hasNextByte() && !isPrintableChar(buffer[ptr])) ptr++; return hasNextByte();}
    public String next() {
        if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException();
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        int b = readByte();
        while(isPrintableChar(b)) {
            sb.appendCodePoint(b);
            b = readByte();
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }
    public long longNext() {
        if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException();
        long n = 0;
        boolean minus = false;
        int b = readByte();
        if (b == '-') {
            minus = true;
            b = readByte();
        }
        if (b < '0' || '9' < b) {
            throw new NumberFormatException();
        }
        while(true){
            if ('0' <= b && b <= '9') {
                n *= 10;
                n += b - '0';
            }else if(b == -1 || !isPrintableChar(b) || b == ':'){
                return minus ? -n : n;
            }else{
                throw new NumberFormatException();
            }
            b = readByte();
        }
    }
    public int intNext() {
        long nl = longNext();
        if (nl < Integer.MIN_VALUE || nl > Integer.MAX_VALUE) throw new NumberFormatException();
        return (int) nl;
    }
    public double doubleNext() { return Double.parseDouble(next());}
    public long[] nextLongArray(final int n){
        final long[] a = new long[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            a[i] = longNext();
        return a;
    }
    public int[] nextIntArray(final int n){
        final int[] a = new int[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            a[i] = intNext();
        return a;
    }
    public ArrayList<Integer>[] getAdj(int n) {
        ArrayList<Integer>[] adj = new ArrayList[n + 1];
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) adj[i] = new ArrayList<>();
        return adj;
    }

    public ArrayList<Integer>[] adjacencyList(int n, int m) throws IOException {
        adj = getAdj(n);
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
            int a = intNext(), b = intNext();
            adj[a].add(b);
            adj[b].add(a);
        }
        return adj;
    }
}
static class Tuple implements Comparable<Tuple> {
    int a;
    int b;
    public Tuple(int a, int b) {
        this.a = a;
        this.b = b;
    }
    public int getA() { return a; }
    public int getB() { return b; }
    public int compareTo(Tuple other) {
        if (this.a == other.a) return Integer.compare(this.b, other.b);
        return Integer.compare(this.a, other.a);
    }
    @Override
    public int hashCode() { return Arrays.deepHashCode(new Integer[]{a, b}); }
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (!(o instanceof Tuple)) return false;
        Tuple pairo = (Tuple) o;
        return (this.a == pairo.a && this.b == pairo.b);
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() { return String.format("%d,%d  ", this.a, this.b); }
}
}
