You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Main {
    static PrintWriter pw;
    static Scanner sc;
    static long ceildiv(long x, long y) { return (x+y-1)/y; }
    static int mod(long x, int m) { return (int)((x%m+m)%m); }
    static void put(TreeMap<Integer, Integer> map, Integer p){if(map.containsKey(p)) map.replace(p, map.get(p)+1); else map.put(p, 1); }
    static void rem(TreeMap<Integer, Integer> map, Integer p){ if(map.get(p)==1) map.remove(p);else map.replace(p, map.get(p)-1); }
    static void printf(double x, int dig){ String s="%."+dig+"f"; pw.printf(s, x); }
    static int Int(boolean x){ return x?1:0; }
    static final int inf=(int)1e9, mod=inf+7;
    static final long infL=inf*1l*inf;
    static final double eps=1e-9;
    public static long gcd(long x, long y) { return y==0? x: gcd(y, x%y); }
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
        sc=new Scanner(System.in);
        pw=new PrintWriter(System.out);
        int t=sc.nextInt();
        while(t-->0)
            testcase();
        pw.close();
    }
    static void testcase() throws IOException{
        int n=sc.nextInt(), m=sc.nextInt(), a=sc.nextInt(), b=sc.nextInt();
        if(n*a!=m*b){
            pw.println("NO");
            return;
        }
        pw.println("YES");
        char[][] ans=new char[n][m];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            Arrays.fill(ans[i], '0');
        int prev=-1;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            int st=prev+1, end=prev+a;
            prev=end;
            for (int j = st; j <= end; j++)
                ans[i][j%m]='1';
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            pw.println(ans[i]);
    }
    static void printArr(int[] arr) {
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length - 1; i++)
            pw.print(arr[i] + " ");
        pw.println(arr[arr.length - 1]);
    }
    static void printArr(long[] arr) {
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length - 1; i++)
            pw.print(arr[i] + " ");
        pw.println(arr[arr.length - 1]);
    }
    static void printArr(double[] arr) {
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length - 1; i++)
            pw.print(arr[i] + " ");
        pw.println(arr[arr.length - 1]);
    }
    static void printArr(Integer[] arr) {
        for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
            pw.print(arr[i] + " ");
        pw.println();
    }
    static void printArr(ArrayList<Integer> list) {
        for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++)
            pw.print(list.get(i)+" ");
        pw.println();
    }
    static void printArr(boolean[] arr) {
        StringBuilder sb=new StringBuilder();
        for(boolean b: arr)
            sb.append(Int(b));
        pw.println(sb);
    }
    static class Scanner {
        StringTokenizer st;
        BufferedReader br;
        public Scanner(InputStream s) {
            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));
        }

        public Scanner(FileReader r) {
            br = new BufferedReader(r);
        }

        public String next() throws IOException {
            while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
                st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
            return st.nextToken();
        }

        public int nextInt() throws IOException {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        public long nextLong() throws IOException {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        public String nextLine() throws IOException {
            return br.readLine();
        }

        public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }
        public int[] nextDigits() throws IOException{
            String s=nextLine();
            int[] arr=new int[s.length()];
            for(int i=0; i<arr.length; i++)
                arr[i]=s.charAt(i)-'0';
            return arr;
        }
        public int[] nextArr(int n) throws IOException {
            int[] arr = new int[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
                arr[i] = nextInt();
            return arr;
        }
        public Integer[] nextsort(int n) throws IOException{
            Integer[] arr=new Integer[n];
            for(int i=0; i<n; i++)
                arr[i]=nextInt();
            return arr;
        }
        public Pair nextPair() throws IOException{
            return new Pair(nextInt(), nextInt());
        }
        public long[] nextLongArr(int n) throws IOException{
            long[] arr=new long[n];
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                arr[i]=sc.nextLong();
            return arr;
        }
        public Pair[] nextPairArr(int n) throws IOException{
            Pair[] arr=new Pair[n];
            for(int i=0; i<n; i++)
                arr[i]=nextPair();
            return arr;
        }
        public boolean ready() throws IOException {
            return br.ready();
        }
    }
    static class Pair implements Comparable<Pair>{
        int x;
        int y;
        public Pair(int x, int y) {
            this.x=x;
            this.y=y;
        }
        public boolean contains(int a){
            return x==a || y==a;
        }
        public int hashCode() {
            return (this.x*1000000000+this.y);
        }
        public int compareTo(Pair p){
            if(x==p.x)
                return y-p.y;
            return x-p.x;
        }
        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
            if (obj == null) {
                return false;
            }
            if (this.getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
                return false;
            }
            Pair p = (Pair) obj;
            return this.x==p.x && this.y==p.y;
        }
        public Pair clone(){
            return new Pair(x, y);
        }
        public String toString(){
            return this.x+" "+this.y;
        }
        public void add(Pair p){
            x+=p.x;
            y+=p.y;
        }
        public Pair negative(){
            return new Pair(-x, -y);
        }
    }
    static class LP implements Comparable<LP>{
        long x, y;
        public LP(long a, long b){
            x=a;
            y=b;
        }
        public void add(LP p){
            x+=p.x;
            y+=p.y;
        }
        public boolean equals(LP p){
            return p.x==x && y==p.y;
        }
        public String toString(){
            return this.x+" "+this.y;
        }
        public int compareTo(LP p){
            int a=Long.compare(x, p.x);
            if(a!=0)
                return a;
            return Long.compare(y, p.y);
        }
    }
    static class Triple implements Comparable<Triple>{
        int x, y, z;
        public Triple(int a, int b, int c){
            x=a;
            y=b;
            z=c;
        }
        public int compareTo(Triple t){
            if(this.y!=t.y)
                return y-t.y;
            return x-t.x;
        }
        public String toString(){
            return x+" "+y+" "+z;
        }
    }
}