You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.io.*;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.*;

// written by luchy0120

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        new Main().run();
    }


    long sum(long r,long a,long b){

        long bb = r/b;
        // [ 0, bb]
        if(bb%a!=0){
            return r +1 - (bb/a+1)*(b);
        }else{
            return r - ((bb)/a)*b  - r%b;
        }

    }

    int gcd(int a,int b){
        return b==0?a:gcd(b,a%b);
    }




    void solve() {

       // println(1<<30);

//it
       int t = ni();

       ot : for(int i=0;i<t;++i){
           int n  = ni();
           int m  = ni();
           int a = ni();
           int b = ni();

           if(a*n!=b*m){
               println("NO"); continue ;
           }

           int f[][] = new int[n][m];

           int v[] = new int[n];
           Arrays.fill(v,a);
           PriorityQueue<int[]> q = new PriorityQueue<>((x,y)->{
               if(y[0]!=x[0]) {
                   return y[0] - x[0];
               }
               return y[1]-x[1];
           });
           for(int j=0;j<n;++j) q.offer(new int[]{a,j});
           for(int j=0;j<m;++j){
               for(int k=0;k<b;++k){
                   int cur[] = q.poll();
                   f[cur[1]][j] = 1;
                   cur[0]--;
                   if(cur[0]>0){
                       q.offer(cur);
                   }else if(cur[0]<0){
                       println("NO");continue ot;
                   }
               }
           }
           println("YES");
           for(int j=0;j<n;++j){
               for(int k=0;k<m;++k){
                   print(f[j][k]);
               }
               println();
           }



       }








    }

    double dis(long x,long y,long a,long b){
        long v = (x-a)*(x-a)+(y-b)*(y-b);
        return Math.sqrt(v);
    }







    InputStream is;
    PrintWriter out;

    void run() throws Exception {
        //is = new FileInputStream(new File("C:\\Users\\Luqi\\Downloads\\P3387_9.in"));
        is = System.in;
        out = new PrintWriter(System.out);

        solve();
        out.flush();
    }

    private byte[] inbuf = new byte[1024];
    public int lenbuf = 0, ptrbuf = 0;

    private int readByte() {
        if (lenbuf == -1) throw new InputMismatchException();
        if (ptrbuf >= lenbuf) {
            ptrbuf = 0;
            try {
                lenbuf = is.read(inbuf);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            }
            if (lenbuf <= 0) return -1;
        }
        return inbuf[ptrbuf++];
    }

    private boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
        return !(c >= 33 && c <= 126);
    }

    private int skip() {
        int b;
        while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && isSpaceChar(b)) ;
        return b;
    }

    private double nd() {
        return Double.parseDouble(ns());
    }

    private char nc() {
        return (char) skip();
    }

    private char ncc() {
        int b = readByte();
        return (char) b;
    }

    private String ns() {
        int b = skip();
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        while (!(isSpaceChar(b))) { // when nextLine, (isSpaceChar(b) && b != ' ')
            sb.appendCodePoint(b);
            b = readByte();
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

    private char[] ns(int n) {
        char[] buf = new char[n];
        int b = skip(), p = 0;
        while (p < n && !(isSpaceChar(b))) {
            buf[p++] = (char) b;
            b = readByte();
        }
        return n == p ? buf : Arrays.copyOf(buf, p);
    }

    private String nline() {
        int b = skip();
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        while (!isSpaceChar(b) || b == ' ') {
            sb.appendCodePoint(b);
            b = readByte();
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

    private char[][] nm(int n, int m) {
        char[][] a = new char[n][];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = ns(m);
        return a;
    }

    private int[] na(int n) {
        int[] a = new int[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = ni();
        return a;
    }

    private long[] nal(int n) {
        long[] a = new long[n];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) a[i] = nl();
        return a;
    }

    private int ni() {
        int num = 0, b;
        boolean minus = false;
        while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-')) {
        }
        ;
        if (b == '-') {
            minus = true;
            b = readByte();
        }
        while (true) {
            if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') num = (num << 3) + (num << 1) + (b - '0');
            else return minus ? -num : num;
            b = readByte();
        }
    }

    private long nl() {
        long num = 0;
        int b;
        boolean minus = false;
        while ((b = readByte()) != -1 && !((b >= '0' && b <= '9') || b == '-')) {
        }
        ;
        if (b == '-') {
            minus = true;
            b = readByte();
        }
        while (true) {
            if (b >= '0' && b <= '9') num = num * 10 + (b - '0');
            else return minus ? -num : num;
            b = readByte();
        }
    }

    void print(Object obj) {
        out.print(obj);
    }

    void println(Object obj) {
        out.println(obj);
    }

    void println() {
        out.println();
    }

    void printArray(int a[],int from){
        int l = a.length;
        for(int i=from;i<l;++i){
            print(a[i]);
            if(i!=l-1){
                print(" ");
            }
        }
        println();
    }

    void printArray(long a[],int from){
        int l = a.length;
        for(int i=from;i<l;++i){
            print(a[i]);
            if(i!=l-1){
                print(" ");
            }
        }
        println();
    }
}