You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.math.*;
 
public class Main {
    static PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
    static Reader in = new Reader();
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Main solver = new Main();
        solver.solve();
        out.flush();
        out.close();
 
    }
 
    static int INF = (int)1e9;
    static int maxn = (int)1e5+5;
    static int mod  = 998244353;
    static int n,m,q,k,t;
    
    
    void solve() throws IOException{
        t = in.nextInt();
        
        while (t --> 0) {
            n = in.nextInt();
            m = in.nextInt();
            int a = in.nextInt();
            int b = in.nextInt();
            
            int[][] arr = new int[n][m];
            int cur = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                for (int j = cur; j < cur+a; j++) {
                    arr[i][j%m] = 1;
                }
                cur = (cur+a)%m;
            }
            
            boolean ans = true;
            int tmp = 0;
            for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
                tmp = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) tmp += arr[i][j];
                if (tmp != b) ans = false;
            }
            
            if (!ans) out.println("NO");
            else {
                out.println("YES");
                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) 
                        out.print(arr[i][j]);
                    out.println();
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    //<>
    
    static class Reader {
 
    private InputStream mIs;
    private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
    private int curChar;
    private int numChars;
 
    public Reader() {
        this(System.in);
    }
 
    public Reader(InputStream is) {
        mIs = is;
    }
 
    public int read() {
        if (numChars == -1) {
            throw new InputMismatchException();
 
    }
        if (curChar >= numChars) {
            curChar = 0;
            try {
                numChars = mIs.read(buf);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            }
            if (numChars <= 0) {
                return -1;
            }
        }
        return buf[curChar++];
    }
 
    public String nextLine() {
        int c = read();
        while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
            c = read();
        }
        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
        do {
            res.appendCodePoint(c);
            c = read();
        } while (!isEndOfLine(c));
        return res.toString();
    }
 
    public String next() {
        int c = read();
        while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
            c = read();
        }
        StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
        do {
            res.appendCodePoint(c);
            c = read();
        } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
        return res.toString();
    }
 
    double nextDouble()
    {
        return Double.parseDouble(next());
    }
 
    public long nextLong() {
        int c = read();
        while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
            c = read();
        }
        int sgn = 1;
        if (c == '-') {
            sgn = -1;
            c = read();
        }
        long res = 0;
        do {
            if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            }
            res *= 10;
            res += c - '0';
            c = read();
        } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
        return res * sgn;
    }
 
    public int nextInt() {
        int c = read();
        while (isSpaceChar(c)) {
            c = read();
        }
        int sgn = 1;
        if (c == '-') {
            sgn = -1;
            c = read();
        }
        int res = 0;
        do {
            if (c < '0' || c > '9') {
                throw new InputMismatchException();
            }
            res *= 10;
            res += c - '0';
            c = read();
        } while (!isSpaceChar(c));
        return res * sgn;
    }
 
    public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) {
        return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
    }
 
    public boolean isEndOfLine(int c) {
        return c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == -1;
    }
 
    }
}