You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
 
public class Main {
 
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException,InterruptedException{
        Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
        int t=sc.nextInt();
        while(t-->0) {
        	int n=sc.nextInt();
        	int m=sc.nextInt();
        	int a=sc.nextInt();
        	int b=sc.nextInt();
        	if (n*a==m*b) {
				pw.println("YES");
				LinkedList<Integer> ll=new LinkedList<>();
				for (int i = 0; i < a; i++) {
					ll.add(1);
				}
				for (int i = 0; i < m-a; i++) {
					ll.add(0);
				}
				for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
					for (int j : ll) {
						pw.print(j);
					}
					pw.println();
					for (int j = 0; j < a; j++) {
						int k=ll.pollLast();
						ll.addFirst(k);
					}
				}
			}else pw.println("NO");
        }
        pw.close();
    }

	static PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter(System.out);
	
	static class pair implements Comparable<pair> {
		int x;
		int y;
 
		public pair(int x, int y) {
			this.x = x;
			this.y = y;
		}
 
		public String toString() {
			return x + " " + y;
		}
		public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (o instanceof pair) {
                pair p = (pair)o;
                return p.x == x && p.y == y;
            }
            return false;
        }
        public int hashCode() {
            return new Double(x).hashCode() * 31 + new Double(y).hashCode();
        }
        public int compareTo(pair other) {
        	if(this.x==other.x) {
        		return Long.compare(this.y, other.y);
        	}
			return Long.compare(other.x, this.x);
		}
	}
 	static class Scanner {
		StringTokenizer st;
		BufferedReader br;
 
		public Scanner(InputStream s) {
			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(s));
		}
 
		public boolean hasNext() {
			// TODO Auto-generated method stub
			return false;
		}
 
		public String next() throws IOException {
			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens())
				st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
			return st.nextToken();
		}
 
		public int nextInt() throws IOException {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}
 
		public long nextLong() throws IOException {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}
 
		public String nextLine() throws IOException {
			return br.readLine();
		}
 
		public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
			String x = next();
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("0");
			double res = 0, f = 1;
			boolean dec = false, neg = false;
			int start = 0;
			if (x.charAt(0) == '-') {
				neg = true;
				start++;
			}
			for (int i = start; i < x.length(); i++)
				if (x.charAt(i) == '.') {
					res = Long.parseLong(sb.toString());
					sb = new StringBuilder("0");
					dec = true;
				} else {
					sb.append(x.charAt(i));
					if (dec)
						f *= 10;
				}
			res += Long.parseLong(sb.toString()) / f;
			return res * (neg ? -1 : 1);
		}
 
		public boolean ready() throws IOException {
			return br.ready();
		}
 
	}
 
}