You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Q3 {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        InputReader in = new InputReader();
        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        int t = in.nextInt();

        while (t-- > 0) {
            int n = in.nextInt(), m = in.nextInt(), a = in.nextInt(), b = in.nextInt();
            if (n * a != m * b) {
                out.println("NO");
            } else {
                int ptr = 0;
                int arr[][] = new int[n][m];
                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                    for (int k = 0; k < a; k++, ptr = (ptr + 1) % m) {
                        arr[i][ptr] = 1;
                    }
                }
                out.println("YES");
                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < m; j++)
                        out.print(arr[i][j]);
                    out.println();
                }
            }
        }
        out.close();
    }

    static class InputReader {
        public BufferedReader reader;
        public StringTokenizer tokenizer;

        static long gcd(long a, long b) {
            return b == 0 ? a : gcd(b, a % b);
        }

        static int[][] packU(int n, int[] from, int[] to) {
            int[][] g = new int[n][];
            int[] p = new int[n];
            for (int f : from)
                p[f]++;
            for (int t : to)
                p[t]++;
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
                g[i] = new int[p[i]];
            for (int i = 0; i < from.length; i++) {
                g[from[i]][--p[from[i]]] = to[i];
                g[to[i]][--p[to[i]]] = from[i];
            }
            return g;
        }

        public int[] shuffle(int[] arr) {
            Random r = new Random();
            for (int i = 1, j; i < arr.length; i++) {
                j = r.nextInt(i);
                arr[i] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
                arr[j] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
                arr[i] = arr[i] ^ arr[j];
            }
            return arr;
        }

        public InputReader() {
            reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in), 32768);
            tokenizer = null;
        }

        public InputReader(InputStream stream) {
            reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in), 32768);
            tokenizer = null;
        }

        public String next() {
            while (tokenizer == null || !tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
                try {
                    tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(reader.readLine());
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
            }
            return tokenizer.nextToken();
        }

        public char nextChar() {
            return next().charAt(0);
        }

        public int nextInt() {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        public long nextLong() {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }

        public double nextDouble() {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }


    }

}
