You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.io.*; 
import java.util.*; 
import java.math.*; 

public class Main {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException 
	{ 
		FastScanner f = new FastScanner(); 
		int t=1;
		t=f.nextInt();
		PrintWriter out=new PrintWriter(System.out);
		
		while(t>0) {
			t--;
//			System.out.println(t);
			int n=f.nextInt();
			int m=f.nextInt();
			int a=f.nextInt();
			int b=f.nextInt();
			if(a*n!=b*m) {
				out.println("NO");
			}
			else {
				int d=-1;
				for(int i=1;i<m+1;i++) {
					if((i*n)%m==0) {
						d=i;
						break;
					}
				}
//				System.out.println(d);
				int[][] grid=new int[n][m];
//				System.out.println(grid);
				for(int i=0;i<n;i++) {
					for(int j=d*i;j<d*i+a;j++) {
//						System.out.println(i+" "+j);
						grid[i][j%m]=1;
					}
				}
//				System.out.println("yiophln");
				out.println("YES");
				for(int i=0;i<n;i++) {
					for(int j=0;j<m;j++) {
						out.print(grid[i][j]);
					}
					out.println();
				}
			}
			
		}
		out.close();
	} 
	static void sort(long [] a) {
        ArrayList<Long> q = new ArrayList<>();
        for (long i: a) q.add(i);
        Collections.sort(q);
        for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) a[i] = q.get(i);
    }
    
	static class FastScanner {
		BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
		StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("");
		String next() {
			while (!st.hasMoreTokens())
				try {
					st=new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
				} catch (IOException e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
			return st.nextToken();
		}
		
		int nextInt() {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}
		int[] readArray(int n) {
			int[] a=new int[n];
			for (int i=0; i<n; i++) a[i]=nextInt();
			return a;
		}
		long nextLong() {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}
		double nextDouble() {
			return Double.parseDouble(next());
		}
		long[] readLongArray(int n) {
			long[] a=new long[n];
			for (int i=0; i<n; i++) a[i]=nextLong();
			return a;
		}
	}
} 	