You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

public final class abmatrix{
    public static void main(String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception{
        Reader r = new Reader();
        r.init(System.in);
        int t = r.nextInt();
        while(t-->0){
            int n = r.nextInt();
            int m = r.nextInt();
            int a = r.nextInt();
            int b = r.nextInt();
            char [][] res = new char[n][m];
            for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
                for(int j=0;j<m;j++)
                    res[i][j] = '0';
            int[] rsum = new int[n];
            int[] csum = new int[m];
            if(n*a!=m*b){
                System.out.println("NO");
                continue;
            }

            int start = 0;
            for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
                for(int j=0;j<a;j++){
                    res[i][(j+start)%m]='1';
                }
                start=(start+a)%m;
            }

            System.out.println("YES");
            for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
                System.out.println(new String(res[i]));
            }
        }

    
    }

    static int gcd(int a, int b){
        if(a==0) return b;
        return gcd(b%a, a);
    }

    /** Class for buffered reading int and double values */
    static class Reader {
        static BufferedReader reader;
        static StringTokenizer tokenizer;
    
        /** call this method to initialize reader for InputStream */
        static void init(InputStream input) {
            reader = new BufferedReader(
                        new InputStreamReader(input) );
            tokenizer = new StringTokenizer("");
        }
    
        /** get next word */
        static String next() throws IOException {
            while ( ! tokenizer.hasMoreTokens() ) {
                //TODO add check for eof if necessary
                tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(
                    reader.readLine() );
            }
            return tokenizer.nextToken();
        }
    
        static int nextInt() throws IOException {
            return Integer.parseInt( next() );
        }
    
        static double nextDouble() throws IOException {
            return Double.parseDouble( next() );
        }
    }
}