You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
'''
    Auther: ghoshashis545 Ashis Ghosh
    College: jalpaiguri Govt Enggineerin College
    Date:24/05/2020

'''
import sys
from collections import deque,defaultdict as dd 
from bisect import bisect,bisect_left,bisect_right,insort,insort_left,insort_right
from itertools import permutations
from datetime import datetime
from math import ceil,sqrt,log,gcd
def ii():return int(input())
def si():return input()
def mi():return map(int,input().split())
def li():return list(mi())
abc='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
abd={'a': 0, 'b': 1, 'c': 2, 'd': 3, 'e': 4, 'f': 5, 'g': 6, 'h': 7, 'i': 8, 'j': 9, 'k': 10, 'l': 11, 'm': 12, 'n': 13, 'o': 14, 'p': 15, 'q': 16, 'r': 17, 's': 18, 't': 19, 'u': 20, 'v': 21, 'w': 22, 'x': 23, 'y': 24, 'z': 25}
mod=1000000007
#mod=998244353
inf = float("inf")
vow=['a','e','i','o','u']
dx,dy=[-1,1,0,0],[0,0,1,-1]
def read():
    tc=0
    if tc:
        input=sys.stdin.readline
    else:
        sys.stdin=open('input1.txt', 'r')
        sys.stdout=open('output1.txt','w')

def solve():
    
    
    
    for _ in range(ii()):
        
        n,m,a,b=mi()
        
        
        c=0
        x=[['0' for j in range(m)]for i in range(n)]
        for i in range(n):
            for j in range(c,min(c+a,m)):
                x[i][j]='1'
                    
            for j in range(max(0,(c+a)-m)):
                x[i][j]='1'
            if(c+a>m):
                c=(c+a-m)
            else:
                c+=a
        
        f=1
        for i in range(n):
            if(a!=x[i].count('1')):
                f=0
        for i in range(m):
            p=[]
            for j in range(n):
                p.append(x[j][i])
            if(b!=p.count('1')):
                f=0
        if(f):
            print("YES")
            for i in range(n):
                print("".join(x[i]))
        else:
            print('NO')
        
        

    
    
if __name__ =="__main__":
    # read()
    solve()
    