You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
#pragma GCC target("avx,avx2,fma")
#pragma GCC optimization("unroll-loops")
using namespace std;
const long long MOD = 1e+9 + 7;
const long long INF = 0x7f7f7f7f7f7f7f7f;
const int INFi = 0x7f7f7f7f;
const long long MAXN = 1e+5 + 7;
vector<long long> adj[MAXN];
long long visit[MAXN] = {};
int dx8[] = {0, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1}, dy8[] = {1, 1, 0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1};
int dx4[] = {0, 1, 0, -1}, dy4[] = {1, 0, -1, 0};
int t = 1;
long long n, m, a, b;
vector<pair<long long, long long> > v;
long long ans[100][100];
void MAIN() {
  cin >> n >> m >> a >> b;
  v.clear();
  if (a * n != m * b) {
    cout << "NO" << endl;
    return;
  }
  for (long long i = 0; i < m; i++) v.push_back({0, i});
  memset(ans, 0, sizeof(ans));
  for (long long i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    sort((v).begin(), (v).end());
    for (long long j = 0; j < a; j++) {
      ans[i][v[j].second] = 1;
      v[j].first++;
    }
  }
  cout << "YES" << endl;
  for (long long i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (long long j = 0; j < m; j++) cout << ans[i][j];
    cout << endl;
  }
}
int main() {
  ios::sync_with_stdio(0);
  cin.tie(0);
  cout.tie(0);
  cout << fixed;
  cout << setprecision(10);
  ;
  mt19937 rnd(chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
  ;
  cin >> t;
  while (t--) {
    MAIN();
  }
}
