You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
template <typename T>
inline void read(T &x) {
  char c;
  bool nega = 0;
  while ((!isdigit(c = getchar())) && (c != '-'))
    ;
  if (c == '-') {
    nega = 1;
    c = getchar();
  }
  x = c - 48;
  while (isdigit(c = getchar())) x = x * 10 + c - 48;
  if (nega) x = -x;
}
template <typename T>
inline void writep(T x) {
  if (x > 9) writep(x / 10);
  putchar(x % 10 + 48);
}
template <typename T>
inline void write(T x) {
  if (x < 0) {
    putchar('-');
    x = -x;
  }
  writep(x);
  putchar(' ');
}
template <typename T>
inline void writeln(T x) {
  write(x);
  putchar('\n');
}
using namespace std;
int cases, n, m, a, b;
void setup() { cin >> cases; }
void work() {
  while (cases--) {
    cin >> n >> m >> a >> b;
    if (n * a != m * b) {
      cout << "NO\n";
      continue;
    } else {
      cout << "YES\n";
      vector<vector<int> > v(n, vector<int>(m, 0));
      int jump;
      int x = 0;
      for (int i = (0); i <= (n - 1); i++)
        for (int j = (1); j <= (a); j++) {
          v[i][x] = 1;
          x++;
          x %= m;
        }
      for (int i = (0); i <= (n - 1); i++) {
        for (int j = (0); j <= (m - 1); j++) cout << v[i][j];
        cout << '\n';
      }
    }
  }
}
int main() {
  ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
  cin.tie(0);
  cout.tie(0);
  setup();
  work();
  return 0;
}
