You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
from __future__ import division, print_function


def main():
    # Template 1.0
    import sys, re, math
    from collections import deque, defaultdict, Counter, OrderedDict
    from math import ceil, sqrt, hypot, factorial, pi, sin, cos, radians
    from heapq import heappush, heappop, heapify, nlargest, nsmallest
    import re
    def STR(): return list(input())
    def INT(): return int(input())
    def MAP(): return map(int, input().split())
    def LIST(): return list(map(int, input().split()))
    def list2d(a, b, c): return [[c] * b for i in range(a)]
    def sortListWithIndex(listOfTuples, idx):   return (sorted(listOfTuples, key=lambda x: x[idx]))
    def sortDictWithVal(passedDic):
        temp = sorted(passedDic.items(), key=lambda kv: (kv[1], kv[0]))
        toret = {}
        for tup in temp:
            toret[tup[0]] = tup[1]
        return toret
    def sortDictWithKey(passedDic):
        return dict(OrderedDict(sorted(passedDic.items())))
    
    INF = float('inf')
    mod = 10 ** 9 + 7

    def differ(s1,s2):
        toret = 0
        for idx in range(m):
            if(s1[idx]!=s2[idx]):
                toret+=1
        return toret



    t = INT()

    while(t!=0):
        n,m,a,b = MAP()

        if(n*a!=m*b):
            print("NO")
        else:
            final = list2d(n,m,0)

            colSums = [] #(index, sum)

            for i in range(m):
                colSums.append([i, 0])

            for row in range(n):
                colSums = sortListWithIndex(colSums, 1)

                for col in range(a):
                    colIdx = colSums[col][0]
                    final[row][colIdx] = 1
                    colSums[col][1]+=1
            print("YES")
            for el in final:
                for j in el:
                    print(j, end = "")
                print()

        t-=1

######## Python 2 and 3 footer by Pajenegod and c1729

# Note because cf runs old PyPy3 version which doesn't have the sped up
# unicode strings, PyPy3 strings will many times be slower than pypy2.
# There is a way to get around this by using binary strings in PyPy3
# but its syntax is different which makes it kind of a mess to use.

# So on cf, use PyPy2 for best string performance.

py2 = round(0.5)
if py2:
    from future_builtins import ascii, filter, hex, map, oct, zip

    range = xrange

import os, sys
from io import IOBase, BytesIO

BUFSIZE = 8192


class FastIO(BytesIO):
    newlines = 0

    def __init__(self, file):
        self._file = file
        self._fd = file.fileno()
        self.writable = "x" in file.mode or "w" in file.mode
        self.write = super(FastIO, self).write if self.writable else None

    def _fill(self):
        s = os.read(self._fd, max(os.fstat(self._fd).st_size, BUFSIZE))
        self.seek((self.tell(), self.seek(0, 2), super(FastIO, self).write(s))[0])
        return s

    def read(self):
        while self._fill(): pass
        return super(FastIO, self).read()

    def readline(self):
        while self.newlines == 0:
            s = self._fill();
            self.newlines = s.count(b"\n") + (not s)
        self.newlines -= 1
        return super(FastIO, self).readline()

    def flush(self):
        if self.writable:
            os.write(self._fd, self.getvalue())
            self.truncate(0), self.seek(0)


class IOWrapper(IOBase):
    def __init__(self, file):
        self.buffer = FastIO(file)
        self.flush = self.buffer.flush
        self.writable = self.buffer.writable
        if py2:
            self.write = self.buffer.write
            self.read = self.buffer.read
            self.readline = self.buffer.readline
        else:
            self.write = lambda s: self.buffer.write(s.encode('ascii'))
            self.read = lambda: self.buffer.read().decode('ascii')
            self.readline = lambda: self.buffer.readline().decode('ascii')


sys.stdin, sys.stdout = IOWrapper(sys.stdin), IOWrapper(sys.stdout)
input = lambda: sys.stdin.readline().rstrip('\r\n')

# Cout implemented in Python
import sys


class ostream:
    def __lshift__(self, a):
        sys.stdout.write(str(a))
        return self


cout = ostream()
endl = '\n'


# Read all remaining integers in stdin, type is given by optional argument, this is fast
def readnumbers(zero=0):
    conv = ord if py2 else lambda x: x
    A = [];
    numb = zero;
    sign = 1;
    i = 0;
    s = sys.stdin.buffer.read()
    try:
        while True:
            if s[i] >= b'0'[0]:
                numb = 10 * numb + conv(s[i]) - 48
            elif s[i] == b'-'[0]:
                sign = -1
            elif s[i] != b'\r'[0]:
                A.append(sign * numb)
                numb = zero;
                sign = 1
            i += 1
    except:
        pass
    if s and s[-1] >= b'0'[0]:
        A.append(sign * numb)
    return A


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()