You are given four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50). Find any such rectangular matrix of size n × m that satisfies all of the following conditions:

  * each row of the matrix contains exactly a ones; 
  * each column of the matrix contains exactly b ones; 
  * all other elements are zeros. 



If the desired matrix does not exist, indicate this.

For example, for n=3, m=6, a=2, b=1, there exists a matrix satisfying the conditions above:

$$$ \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{vmatrix} $$$

Input

The first line contains an integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 1000) — the number of test cases. Then t test cases follow.

Each test case is described by four positive integers n, m, a, b (1 ≤ b ≤ n ≤ 50; 1 ≤ a ≤ m ≤ 50), where n and m are the sizes of the matrix, and a and b are the number of ones for rows and columns, respectively.

Output

For each test case print:

  * "YES" (without quotes) and the required matrix (if there are several answers, print any) if it exists, or 
  * "NO" (without quotes) if it does not exist. 



To print the matrix n × m, print n rows, each of which consists of m numbers 0 or 1 describing a row of the matrix. Numbers must be printed without spaces.

Example

Input


5
3 6 2 1
2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 2
2 1 1 2


Output


YES
010001
100100
001010
NO
YES
11
11
YES
1100
1100
0011
0011
YES
1
1
import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class Round644G {

	public static void solve() {
		int t = s.nextInt();
		while(t-- > 0) {
			int n = s.nextInt();
			int m = s.nextInt();
			int a = s.nextInt();
			int b = s.nextInt();
			if(a * n != b * m) {
				out.println("NO");
				continue;
			}
			int[][] ans = new int[n][m];
			int start = 0;
			for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
				for(int j = 0; j < a; j++) {
					ans[i][start] = 1;
					start ++;
					start %= m;
				}
			}
			out.println("YES");
			for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
				for(int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
					out.print(ans[i][j]);
				}
				out.println();
			}
		}
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		out = new PrintWriter(new BufferedOutputStream(System.out));
		s = new FastReader();
		solve();
		out.close();
	}

	public static FastReader s;
	public static PrintWriter out;

	public static class FastReader {
		BufferedReader br;
		StringTokenizer st;

		public FastReader() {
			br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
		}

		String next() {
			while (st == null || !st.hasMoreTokens()) {
				try {
					st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
				} catch (Exception e) {
					e.printStackTrace();
				}
			}
			return st.nextToken();
		}

		int nextInt() {
			return Integer.parseInt(next());
		}

		double nextDouble() {
			return Double.parseDouble(next());
		}

		long nextLong() {
			return Long.parseLong(next());
		}

		String nextLine() {
			String str = "";
			try {
				str = br.readLine();
			} catch (Exception e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
			return str;
		}
	}

	
}
