Given are simple undirected graphs X, Y, Z, with N vertices each and M_1, M_2, M_3 edges, respectively. The vertices in X, Y, Z are respectively called x_1, x_2, \dots, x_N, y_1, y_2, \dots, y_N, z_1, z_2, \dots, z_N. The edges in X, Y, Z are respectively (x_{a_i}, x_{b_i}), (y_{c_i}, y_{d_i}), (z_{e_i}, z_{f_i}).

Based on X, Y, Z, we will build another undirected graph W with N^3 vertices. There are N^3 ways to choose a vertex from each of the graphs X, Y, Z. Each of these choices corresponds to the vertices in W one-to-one. Let (x_i, y_j, z_k) denote the vertex in W corresponding to the choice of x_i, y_j, z_k.

We will span edges in W as follows:

* For each edge (x_u, x_v) in X and each w, l, span an edge between (x_u, y_w, z_l) and (x_v, y_w, z_l).
* For each edge (y_u, y_v) in Y and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_u, z_l) and (x_w, y_v, z_l).
* For each edge (z_u, z_v) in Z and each w, l, span an edge between (x_w, y_l, z_u) and (x_w, y_l, z_v).



Then, let the weight of the vertex (x_i, y_j, z_k) in W be 1,000,000,000,000,000,000^{(i +j + k)} = 10^{18(i + j + k)}. Find the maximum possible total weight of the vertices in an independent set in W, and print that total weight modulo 998,244,353.

Constraints

* 2 \leq N \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq M_1, M_2, M_3 \leq 100,000
* 1 \leq a_i, b_i, c_i, d_i, e_i, f_i \leq N
* X, Y, and Z are simple, that is, they have no self-loops and no multiple edges.

Input

Input is given from Standard Input in the following format:


N
M_1
a_1 b_1
a_2 b_2
\vdots
a_{M_1} b_{M_1}
M_2
c_1 d_1
c_2 d_2
\vdots
c_{M_2} d_{M_2}
M_3
e_1 f_1
e_2 f_2
\vdots
e_{M_3} f_{M_3}


Output

Print the maximum possible total weight of an independent set in W, modulo 998,244,353.

Examples

Input

2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2


Output

46494701


Input

3
3
1 3
1 2
3 2
2
2 1
2 3
1
2 1


Output

883188316


Input

100000
1
1 2
1
99999 100000
1
1 100000


Output

318525248
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
typedef long long ll;
#define mod 998244353
ll gi(){
	ll x=0,f=1;
	char ch=getchar();
	while(!isdigit(ch))f^=ch=='-',ch=getchar();
	while(isdigit(ch))x=x*10+ch-'0',ch=getchar();
	return f?x:-x;
}
std::mt19937 rnd(time(NULL));
#define rand rnd
#define pr std::pair<int,int>
#define all(x) (x).begin(),(x).end()
#define fi first
#define se second
template<class T>void cxk(T&a,T b){a=a>b?a:b;}
template<class T>void cnk(T&a,T b){a=a<b?a:b;}
#ifdef mod
int pow(int x,int y){
	int ret=1;
	while(y){
		if(y&1)ret=1ll*ret*x%mod;
		x=1ll*x*x%mod;y>>=1;
	}
	return ret;
}
template<class Ta,class Tb>void inc(Ta&a,Tb b){a=a+b>=mod?a+b-mod:a+b;}
template<class Ta,class Tb>void dec(Ta&a,Tb b){a=a>=b?a-b:a+mod-b;}
#endif
int n,lim;
struct qaq{
	int SG[100010],yes[100010],cnt[1020];
	int fir[100010],dis[100010],nxt[100010],id;
	void input(){
		int m=gi(),a,b;
		while(m--){
			a=gi(),b=gi();if(a>b)std::swap(a,b);
			nxt[++id]=fir[a],fir[a]=id,dis[id]=b;
		}
		for(int i=n;i;--i){
			for(int j=fir[i];j;j=nxt[j])yes[SG[dis[j]]]=1;
			while(yes[SG[i]])++SG[i];
			for(int j=fir[i];j;j=nxt[j])yes[SG[dis[j]]]=0;
		}
		for(int i=1,p=716070898;i<=n;++i,p=716070898ll*p%mod)inc(cnt[SG[i]],p),cxk(lim,SG[i]);
	}
}A,B,C;
int main(){
#ifdef LOCAL
	freopen("in.in","r",stdin);
	//freopen("out.out","w",stdout);
#endif
	n=gi();
	A.input();B.input();C.input();
	int ans=0;
	for(int i=0;i<=lim;++i)
		for(int j=0;j<=lim;++j)
			inc(ans,1ll*A.cnt[i]*B.cnt[j]%mod*C.cnt[i^j]%mod);
	printf("%d\n",ans);
	return 0;
}
