Allogeneic radiation chimeras. Long-term studies. Lethally irradiated mice protected with allogeneic fetal liver cells or with syngeneic or allogeneic marrow and spleen cells treated with antisera to mouse immunoglobulins or to the T cell-associated theta antigen and their controls were observed for up to 750 days. The best survival rates were found in the large groups given syngeneic marrow and spleen or allogeneic fetal liver cells (70-85% 700-day survival); in contrast, 43% of the group injected with allogeneic cells treated with anti-theta serum and 19% of those given antiimmunoglobulin-treated cells were alive 700 days postradiation. Pulmonary infection was the most frequent cause of death of long-term survivors in all groups. Tumor incidence was increased in recipients of allogeneic cells (13% versus 4% among syngeneic chimeras), but the renal pathology seen in these groups was no greater than that noted in the syngeneic controls. Beginning 600 days after irradiation, mice from experimental and control groups were killed and their spleens were cultured with thymus-dependent antigens and the mitogens concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli. The most frequent finding in all groups was mild to moderate impairment of T cell-dependent responses.


Ir-associated murine alloantigens. Serological and chemical definition of Ia specificities associated with the H-2-b haplotype. Strains bearing recombinant H-2 haplotypes with known positions of recombination have been used to demonstrate antibodies reacting with Ia antigens associated with the H-2-b haplotype in several H-2 antisera. Two new Ia specificities, Ia.8 and Ia.9, both determined by genes in the Ir-1A subregion, have thus been defined, and the strain distribution of these specificities has been determined. Immunoprecipitation of radio-labeled membrane antigens has been used to characterize Ia.9 and to distinguish it chemically from Ia.7 in a membrane preparation from a strain possessing both specificities.


Pathological studies on the intracerebral and retinal arteries in cerebrovascular and noncerebrovascular diseases. Histological examinations of the intracerebral and retinal arteries were preformed in patients who had cerebrovascular disease and in those cases who did nott. Fibrinoid degeneration, fibrous nodule, and splitting, which are most frequently found in putamen, thalamus and pons, are thought to be the main changes in cerebral hemorrhage and infarction. Fibrous and fibro-hyalinoid thickenings of the retinal arteries were found mainly in the neighboring region of the optic disk, which reflects the changes of the intracerebral arteries. Hyalinoid thickening was found in the ora serrata, which does not reflect the changes of the intracerebral arteries. Our results suggest that patients with these retinal artery changes in the region near the optic disk if moderate to severe have an increased risk of having or incurring cerebral hemorrhage and infarction, but the arterial changes in the ora serrata do not always indicate risk of cerebral hemorrhage and infarction.


Donor HL-A incompatibility and lymphocytotoxic antibody response in human renal allotransplantation. When 81 recipients of primary renal allografts were examined for the influence of donor HL-A incompatibilities (DIC) on the survival of allografts, an association was found between greater DIC and not only an increased loss of allografts in the 1st year, but also a decreased survival of transplants in the subsequent years. However, three allografts with no DIC were rejected, whereas nine others with three to four imcompatibilities have functioned well for 1-5 years. A surprisingly high proportion (52%) of 81 renal allograft recipients produced lymphocytotoxic antibodies which lack HL-A specificity but apparently detect a polymorphic antigenic system on normal human lymphocytes. Only three patients who rejected the allografts made detectable circulating antibodies specific to DIC. However, when patients received grafts with fewer DIC, there was a greater number of no antibody or low frequency antibody producers, whereas with a greater number of DIC there was an increased occurrence of high frequency antibody producers. These results suggest that HL-A as well as non-HL-A systems may play a significant role in the success of allotransplantation. Although the presence of non-HL-A antibodies was not always associated with allograft loss, further characterization of these antibodies may reveal a new genetic system(s).


[Electron microscopic study of chromatin in maturing lymphocyte nuclei using ammoniacal silver]. By means of the ammoniacal silver reaction, cytochemical properties of the chromatin in white rat lymph node lymphocytes were investigated at different stages of their maturation. Electron dense granules of the reaction product are shown to be localized over the compact chromatin region. The number of granules increases as the amount of compact chromatin enlarges. A possible role of arginine histones in the process of chromatin condensation is suggested, this suggestion being based on the assumption that ammoniacal silver binds with active arginine groups of histones.


[Morphology of the clinical stage O of the prostatic carcinoma (incidental carcinoma) (author's transl)]. 141 prostatic carcinomas of the clinical stage O (incidental carcinoma) have been analyzed morphologically. The tumors were highly differentiated carcinomas in 41.8% of the cases as compared to only 11.8% in the whole material of 989 carcinomas of all clinical stages in our prostatic carcinoma registry. In 42 cases (29.8%) the tumor involved less than 10% of the surgical material examined and here we find especially the highly differentiated carcinomas. In 22 cases (15.6%) the whole material was completely invaded by carcinomas and here the less differentiated carcinoma types are dominating. In 27 cases (19.2%) the carcinoma has spread to the periprostatic tissue and from here to perivascular and perineural lymphatics. Short-term follow-up was available in 117 cases. In only 17 cases no carcinoma therapy was initiated after the histological diagnosis. The morphological analysis shows that the clinical stage O of prostatic carcinoma includes completely different degrees of differentiation and extension. In planning the course of therapy the morphological findings have to be taken into consideration. The morphological analysis shows that the clinical stage O of prostatic carcinoma includes completely different degrees of differentiation and extension. In planning the course of therapy the morphological findings have to be taken into consideration.


[Early and late results after cryosurgical treatment of bladder neck obstructions (author's transl)]. We report on late results of 100 risk patients, who were operated by cryosurgical technique because of bladder neck obstructions. Detailed representation of complications. The primary mortality was 5%. Controls after one year showed good functional results on 80% of the patients. 60% of the patients had sterile urine, whereas only 17% of the male patients had no infection before the operation. As to the anatomical results we could talk of a cryoprostatectomy in 25% of the cases. Because of a 20% failure cryosurgery remains a palliative operation, which can only be carried out on risk patients. Because of little hemorrhagic diathesis and the possibility to perform this operation under local anesthesia cryosurgical operations on the other hand are suitable for patients, who cannot be anesthetised. Otherwise these patients had needed a permanent catheter. We prefer shorter freezing times of 3--4 min. Essentially we could show the same functional results as other authors, who preferred longer freezing times, until they reached a certain temperature in the prostatic capsule. By shorter freezing times on the contrary we could avoid secondary transurethral resections of larger necroses. New disturbed micturition after cryosurgical treatment of the prostate is unusual. The question of a later recidivation is of secondary importance because of the primary high morbidity rate of the selected number of cases.


[Corpora amylacea in the human brain (author's transl)]. 130.5 mg of almost pure corpora amylacea was isolated from lyophilized tissue of 35 human brains obtained by autopsy. Staining shaved this material to be homogenous. The greater part of this material is composed of carbohydrates, whereas the protein- and lipid content is small. With regard to composition, one can take for granted that this material is different from amyloid and from the corpora amylacea of the prostatic gland. It may be assumed that corpora amylacea of the brain are caused by the glucose requirement of the brain being reduced, while the supply of glucose for the brain is normal.


Argyrophil cell carcinomas (apudomas) of the uterine cervix. Light and electron microscopic observations of 5 cases. Of a series of 97 invasive carcinomas of the cervix, 5 were found to have argyrophil tumor cells, and 3 of these 5 tumors were studied by electron microscopy. The ages of the 5 patients ranged from 36 to 49 years, with a mean age of 42.4 years. The morphologic features of these five tumors were well consistent with those described on a variety of endocrine polypeptide neoplasms such as thyroid medullary carcinomas, carcinoids, pancreatic islet-cell tumors, and oat cell carcinomas of the lung. Microscopically, the 5 tumors were characterized by the formation of solid-sheets, ribbons, streams, and rosettes. They were characterized electron microscopically by the presence of neurosecretory-type granules, the abundance of intracytoplasmic microfilaments, the absence of tonofibrils, and the paucity of desmosomal attachments. On the basis of the microscopic, electron microscopic and cytochemical characteristics, it is suggested that the tumors are a specific type of cervical carcinoma derived from the argyrophil cells, normally found among the linings of the endocervical glands and the cervical squamous epithelium. We believe these 5 tumors should be regarded as an endocrine tumor, another member of apudomas.


[The normal range for total protein and protein fractions in the cerebrospinal fluid of children (author's transl)]. In order to establish normal values, samples of cerebrospinal fluid from 109 healthy children between the ages of 0 and 13 years were analyzed for total protein, different protein fractions after electrophoretic separation, and IgG. Total protein was determined by the biuret method after precipitation with trichloroacetic acid. For the determination of the different protein fractions, the fluid was concentrated by high pressure filtration; the fractions were separated by microzone elektrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes, then assayed photometrically after staining with amido black B. IgG was determined by radial immunodiffusion.


[Tendovaginitis or paratenonitis of the Achilles tendon due to strain]. A rare case of tendovaginitis or paratenonitis of the Achilles tendon due to strain is reported. The acute clinical symptoms and signs and calcification of the soft parts were successfully treated by rest and irradiation.


[Palliative surgery of metastatic bone tumors]. 76 operated metastatic tumors of bone are reviewed. In the past 10 years modern methods (such as endoprothesis and the use of acrylic cement in the replacement of excised bone or for stabilisation of the spine) gave new possibilities to palliative surgery. Operative indication so that toleration of material are discussed.


[Does lead contribute to the pathogenesis of spine disease?]. Statistical data of a public  insurance office of West Germany show a drastic increase  of the carriage impairments in juveniles. A plausible explanation of this phenomenon is presented by the lead quantities in auto exhaust. Present levels of environmentall lead produce a measurable biochemical alteration in the population of industrialized countries (inhibition of the activity of the enzyme ALAD). By disturbing the synthesis of nucleics acids and porteins lead impairs fundamental processes of life. Epidemiological and biochemical evidence for an influence of lead on the vertebral column and its diseases are brought forward.


[Effect of a high-protein diet on clinical and some biochemical indices of patients with torpid and latent courses of recurrent rheumatic heart disease]. The effect of a protein-rich diet containing 141 g of protein on the clinical and some biochemical findings in 145 patients with a torpidly, and latently running recurrent rheumatic heart disease was studied. Pertinent observations have shown the protein-rich diet to have a very beneficial effect on the clinico-biochemical and immunological indices that are pathognomic of rheumatism with low activity and torpid course.


Unit structures of macromolecular layer in the cell wall of Bacillus aneurinolyticus. In order to clarify the morphological details of the unit structures in the macromolecular layer (MML) of the bacterial cell wall, ghost cells of Bacillus aneurinolyticus were observed with the electron microscope in the negatively stained specimens. The unit structures usually showed a ring image with the central dot of PTA-deposit or an image of paired rodlets sandwiching a stripe of PTA-deposit between them even in the same wall. The author concluded from these images that an unit structure must be a cylindrical body with a central canal. Then, a new name "unit cylinder" was given to it. Rough measurements of the unit cylinder were also performed. Rigidity and elasticity of the cell wall were considered as based upon the morphological features and the array pattern of the unit cylinders. Therefore, the MML was regarded as a skeleton structure of the cell body. Besides, the MML consisting of the unit cylinders with central canals was considered to be an ultra-micro-filter from the viewpoint of metabolism in bacterial physiology.


[Vital fluorochromasia of mikroorganisms using fluorescein-3',6'-diacetate (FDA). II; Communication: The influences of humoral and cellular defence-mechanisms on vitality of Toxoplasma gondii (author's transl)]. Fluorochromization by using the non-fluorescent, but fluorogenic substrate fluorescein-3',6'-diacetate indicates vitality and metabolic activity of extra- and intracellular Toxoplasma gondii. Specific humoral antibody diminishes the metabolism and, therefore, also the fluorochromization of these parasites; Because toxoplasms invade host cells mainly by active penetration, they are found not only in phagocytes but also in lymphocytes and in hepatocytes. In these cells, a further multiplication of parasites occurs. Only well functioning phagocytes are able to destroy the parasites; This process is supported by humoral antibody. Using IFT, the binding of humoral antibody to vital and killed toxoplasms in phagocytes of peritoneal exudate and spleen can be demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. The destroying effect of humoral antibody is limited by the rapid penetration of toxoplasms into the host cells. After infection, only an early administration of a high dose of antiserum will achieve a sufficient binding of antibodies to be able to influence the metabolism of toxoplasms. Due to this fact and according to the risk of a repression of humoral defence mechanisms in the host by IgG-antibodies the value of passive immunisation is limited.


[Treatment and prevention of experimental pneumonias, caused by L forms of bacteria]. On a model of experimental pneumonia in mice caused by the L-forms of bacteria against the background of diminished immunity a study was made of the therapeutic efficacy of penicillin, lincomycin, lysozyme and gamma-globulin. Lincomycin, particularly in combination with biologically-active preparations, proved to be expedience for the treatment and prophylaxis of pneumonia caused by the mentioned bacteria; a rapid arrest of pneumonic process occurred and more animals survived. In the greater percentage of cases the use of penicillin was accompanied by generalization of the process.


[Results of a controlled epidemiological trial of the application of placental gamma globulin in foci of meningococcal infection]. Controlled epidemiological trial was applied to the study of the use of placental gamma-globulin for prophylaxis of generalized forms of meningococcus infection in the foci (creches and kindergartens). A group of the vaccinated children (16 140) and control group (16 080) were the same age and sex. Gamma-globulin was administered in a dose of 3 ml to every other child attending creches and kindergartens not later than the 10th day after the patient's isolation. It was shown that the efficacy coefficient of gamma-globulin in the foci of meningococcus infection constituted 68% (the efficacy index was 3.2) for one month after the administration.


[Effect of gamma globulin on reactivity of the organism. V. Types of biological activity of gamma globulin preparations]. Biological activity of 110 series of commercial gamma-globulin preparations was studied; they were found to contain placental antigens, group-specific blood substances, gonadotropic hormones and antibodies to them. Placental antigens were found in 12% of placental and abortive gamma-globulin batches in titres of 1 : 2--1 : 16; no placental protein was revealed in donor gamma-globulin. There were group-specific blood substances in all the batches of placental and abortive gamma-globulin studied (in titres of 1 : 138--A, 1 : 112 B in the placental gamma-globulin and in titres of 1 : 48.9--A, 1 : 32--B in the abortive gamma-globulin). In the preparations from the venous blood group-specific substances were either absent or present in lowe titres only (1 : 2). The value of gonadotropic hormones in the placental gamma-globulin batches constituted 873+/-157, and in the abortive--991.4+/-147 IU/l; no gonadotropins were revealed in donor gamma-globulin. The mean titres of antibodies to gonadotropin hormone in the gamma-globulin preparations made of placental blood constituted 1 : 236+/-32, of abortive--1 : 131+/-16.6, and of the venous blood--1 : 46+/-24.7. The presence of biologically-active substances in the gamma-globulin preparations pointed to the necessity of increased requirement of their quality; additional requirements to its standardization proved to be also necessary.


[Immunochemical study of the antigenic structure of bacteria of genus Bordetella. IV. Fractionation of B. pertussis extracts and study of the immunochemical and biological properties of the isolated fractions]. Fractionation of an extract of pertussis microbes was carried out with the aid of gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and preparative electrophoresis. Fractions differing in serological, immunogenic activity and the content of antigenic components were isolated. In using the method of gel-filtration of sefadex G-100 the greatest serological, immunogenic and histamine-sensitizing activity was possessed by the high-molecular fraction containing 8 of 11 antigenic components detected in the initial extract. The antigenic components were distributed into 5 fractions by the ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The greatest serological activity was possessed by fractions exiting from the column at the 0.01--0.04M interval of the phosphate buffer concentration. A method of preparative electrophoresis from the pertussis microbes extract was applied and two fractions were isolated from the anode and the cathode zones, each containing 4 antigenic components only, but possessing serological and immunogenic activity and having no histamine-sensitizing properties.


Embryology of the epidermis: ultrastructural aspects. 1. Formation and early development in the mouse with mammalian comparisons. A detailed light and electron microscopic study of the cellular morphology of developing epidermis in the 7  to 12 day mouse embryo reveals that a single layer of ectoderm is not present until day 8. The 8-day embryonic epithelium is characterized by the presence of microvilli, apical attachment specializations, developing desmosomes and a thin, immature basal lamina. The 9-day embryonic epithelium is flatter and has both an increased number of microvilli on the surface and an increased number of microtubules in association with developing desmosomes. On day 10, numerous developing desmosomes are associated with fine filaments in the regions of the attachment plaques. Occasional peridermal cells are present on day 11. Numerous granules are associated with the inferior cell membranes of the superficial or uppermost cell processes. In the 12-day embryo, the periderm forms a complete layer.  A skein of fine filaments is present just inside the basal cell membrane of the germinative cells and microtubules are more abundant in the basal cell cytoplasm.


Cellular changes in the psoriatic epidermis. X. Microplanimetric studies on epidermal cell size during treatment. Results of microplanimetric measurements of cells in the pronounced macrocytic psoriatic epidermis during treatment with flubenisolon 17 alpha-valerate are reported. The size of cytoplasm, nucleus and nucleolus has been estimated weekly in biopsies until complete regression. No significant differences in the ratios nucleus/cytoplasm and nucleolus/nucleus could be demonstrated. When the lesions are clinically healed, the epidermal cells are still slightly enlarged.


3H-thymidine labelling of epidermis and dermal infiltrate in psoriatic erythroderma. The comparative pattern of 3H-thymidine (3H-T) pulse labelling in lesions of psoriatic erythroderma (3 cases) and of psoriasis vulgaris (20 cases) has been studied by means of radioautography. In the epidermis, no difference was noted between the two types of lesions concerning the epidermal 3H-T labelling index (L.I.) and the localization of labelled cells. The 3H-T L.I. of "round" cells infiltrating the dermis was much higher in lesions of psoriatic erythroderma (4.03 +/- 0.56%) than in lesions of psoriasis vulgaris (0.62 +/- 0.21%), and the difference is highly significant (p less than 0.0001). The findings indicate that most of these labelled cells could well be lymphoblasts, suggesting that an immunological process is possibly involved in the pathogenesis of psoriatic erythroderma.


Deposition of fibrinogen (FR-antigen) in skin diseases. I. Psoriasis vulgaris and Psoriasis arthropathica (with special reference to heparin-precipitable fraction). Twenty-five in-patients with psoriasis arthropathica (ps.a.) and 18 in-patients with psoriasis vulgaris (ps.v.) were examined for cryofibrinogen as heparin-precipitable fraction (HPF), for total fibrinogen in plasma and by immuno-fluorescence (IF) technique for FR-antigen in tissue sections of affected and unaffected skin. A control group of 14 in-patients with various non-psoriatic dermatoses were examined with if for FR-antigen in unaffected skin. Pathological quantities of HPF were found in 6% in ps.v. and in 48% in ps.a. Total fibrinogen in plasma was normal in ps.v. (365 mg%), and moderately elevated in ps.a. (471 mg%). In psoriatics, FR-antigen was found in unaffected skin ps.v. in 50%, in ps.a. in 72%. In affected skin, the figures were 67% and 84% respectively. No direct relationship could be found between the incidence and the degree of HPF, and depositions of FR-antigen in the tissue sections in the skin at the time of the examination. In the control group, no FR-antigen could be found in unaffected skin, except in one case of acne cystica, with traces of FR-antigen in a few areas of the tissue section.


An in vivo and in vitro study of cell-mediated immunity in atopic dermatitis. Cell-mediated immunity was studied in patients with atopic dermatitis. Tuberculin skin tests were performed on 70 patients and on 18 controls. The patients with "severe dermatitis" and those with high IgE levels were hyporeactive. Lymphocyte transformation tests were carried out in 33 patients and 21 controls. This showed that the patients were hyporeactive to PPD and herpes simplex antigen and this was most prominent in the patients having high IgE values. However, there was no clear, statistically significant difference between patients and controls with regard to their in vitro response to PHA.


Lymphocyte transformation, IgE and T-cells in eczema vaccinatum treated with transfer factor. A case report. Transfer factor (TF) was given to intensify the cell-mediated immune reactions in an atopic patient with generalized vaccinia. The patient showed marked reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen, but also in nonstimulated cultures. However, later tests with mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes indicated a defective cellular defence mechanism. The addition of autologous plasma to lymphocyte cultures depressed the reactivity of PHA-stimulation considerably. Initially, the patient also showed a normal T-lymphocyte count in peripheral blood, but six months after her vaccinia, extremely high serum IgE levels and a decreased percentage of T-lymphocytes was observed. Although an evaluation of the clinical effect of transfer factor injection is difficult, it should be noted that the patient's temperature immediately fell to normal, and her general health improved following treatment.


Skin reactions to primary irritants in men and women. The skin reactions to skin provocation tests with 11 primary irritants were compared in 21 pairs of men and women with hand eczema, matched for age, and in 21 pairs of non-eczematous subjects. With a few exceptions, no statistically significant differences were demonstrated in the intensities of the skin reactions between the sexes. The general skin reactivity in tests with irritants seems to be the same in men and women.


DNA-antibodies in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. DNA-antibody determinations using the Farr technique and LE cell tests were performed on single serum samples from 55 patients with SLE according to well defined criteria. It was found that the DNA-antibody test was just as sensitive as the LE cell test, and studies of sera from patients with questionable SLE, discoid LE, other connective-tissue diseases, psoriasis, and from healthy persons, indicated that the DNA-antibody test is highly specific for SLE. Neither the DNA-antibody test nor the LE cell test could discriminate between SLE patients with active and inactive disease as estimated by clinical criteria or by the serum concentrations of complement C3 and C4.


Circinate erosive balanitis and HL-A 27. The HL-A phenotype of 17 patients with a typical clinical picture of circinate erosive balanitis was determined. Eight of the patients had other signs of Reiter's disease and 9 had balanitis alone. HL-A 27 was found to be present in 15 of the 17 cases. One patient of each group lacked this antigen. The frequency of the other histocompatibility antigens did not significantly differ from that of a Finnish control population.


Gastrointestinal investigations in dermatitis herpetiformis. Thirty-seven patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) have been investigated for gastric and small intestinal abnormalities. Evidence of an enteropathy was found in 86% of the patients who had IgA deposits in uninvolved skin. Villous atrophy of the small intestine was found in 29 patients. About one-half of the patients had reduced absorption of xylose and vitamin A. The Schilling test value was lowered in one-third. Serum B12 was too low in 5/28 patients whereas folic acid in serum and whole blood was too low in 14/29 and 5/19, respectively. Atrophic gastritis occurred in 14/28 patients and only about one-third of the whole patient material had normal gastric mucosal structure and secretion.


Suction blister transplantation for leg ulcers. Application of suction blister transplants to leg ulcers is an alternative symptomatic treatment to split-skin grafting, i.e. "pinch-grafting". Blisters are produced by the suction device Dermovac at a suction pressure of 250-300 mmHg for 1-2 hours. The blister-roofs are cut off at the periphery and placed on the granulation tissue of the ulcer. The healing time for leg ulcers was 10-14 days. Excellent epithelialization was seen in 10 out of 12 ulcers. The advantages of the method are, that it is easy to perform, no scarring is produced, and the procedure is painless.


An explanation fro chloracne -- an industrial hazard. Patients with chloracne were investigated and the results compared with data matched for age and site from patients with acne vulgaris. The ultrastructural appearances of pilo-sebaceous ducts in both groups were similar. The industrial group had significantly fewer C. acnes than the patients with ordinary acne. They also showed a significant increase in the surface lipid percentage composition of squalene, wax ester and cholesterol and this was associated with a significant decrease in the triglyceride free fatty acids and total triglyceride pool. We suggest that the acnegenic agent has produced its effect by modifying the metabolism of the pilo-sebaceous fluid.


Trichosporosis (white piedra). A case report from Finald. A 25-year-old Finnish male had had brownish-black nodules along the shafts of his scrotal hair for a period of 1 1/2 years. From the clinical appearance, piedra was suspected. Fungal culture demonstrated Trichosporum cutanum (T. Beigelii) and a diagnosis of white piedra was made. The patient has never been outside the boundaries of Finland.


Mixed (lichenoid and macular) cutaneous amyloidoses. Between October 1972 and Paril 1974 a total of four patients suffering from lichen amyloidosus were admitted to the wards of the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Valladolid. All these patients also showed a macular amyloidosis associated with the lichenoid eruption. The authors emphasize that macular amyloidosis is quite commonly found as an associated and closely related condition in lichen amyloidosus.


Warty dyskeratoma.

Warty dyskeratoma. A case is reported of a 53-year-old woman, who had had for one year a wart-like papillomatus lesion on the alveolar process in the region corresponding to m The remaining mucosa exhibited a normal clinical picture. The patient's general health was satisfactory and no skin manifestations of interest were apparent. The lesion was extirpated and examined histologically and microradiographically and was found to have histopathological characteristic of the same kind as in warty dyskeratoma. The discussion is concerned with aetiological factors and with problems of differential diagnosis.


A case of the Klippel-Trenaunay-Parkes Weber syndrome. An extreme case of Klippel-Trenaunay-Parkes Weber syndrome is presented. The patient had extensive cutaneous naevus involving the left side of the body and consisting of naevus flammeus, hemangioma cavernosum, and naevus verrucosus. The left extremities were longer and there were multiple arteriovenous connections between a and v subclavia and a and v radialis. Secondary symptoms were sciatica, varicosity and osteoporosis.


Incontinentia pigmenti achromians (Ito). A case of incontinentia pigmenti achromians syndrome with associated abnormalities occurring in a 21-year-old woman is reported. Since birth she has had whorling macular, hypopigmented areas on the skin of the lateral, anterior, and posterior aspects of the trunk. Histopathological picture: the melanocytes in the depigmented areas are slightly reduced in number. Some of the associated abnormalities that she exhibits, such as coarse curly hair on her scalp, and pigmented spots in her left iris, have never before been described. Other of her symptoms--thick lips and myopia--have been reported earlier. The patient's mother, 15-year-old sister and 9-year-old brother showed, from birth, brown hyperpigmented maculae on the left halves of their bodies.


Presence of "receptors" for growth hormone on membranes of rat thymocytes. Growth hormone conjugated to Sepharose-4 B was found to mimic the action of the free hormone in the stimulation of the uptake and incorporation of radioactive uridine into RNA in thymocytes in vitro.  The integrity of the cellular structure was essential for the stimulating effect of the hormone.  The bonding of the immunologically reactive determinants of the hormone on membranes of thymocytes was demonstrated by electron micrographs of preparations incubated sequentially with rabbit antigrowth hormone globulins and monospecific sheep anti-rabbit globulins tagged with horse-radish peroxidase.


The ultrastructure of the accessory sex organs of the male rat 10. Effect of chlormadinon. The present paper describes the fine structure of the accessory sex organs of the male rat as seen after administration of the anti-androgenic compound chlormadinon acetate for 20 days. There was a general involution of the organs with macroscopic atrophy and reduced amount of secretory material. Ultrastructurally the cells contained less organelles as compared with the controls, loss of cytoplasm and reduction both of cell height and width. The major changes also included reduction of the Golgi areas and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Within the dorsal lobe prominent nuclear changes were found. The alterations observed in the present study are similar to the changes which were found in rats treated with another anti-androgenic compound, Cyp A. It is concluded that these two antiandrogenic compounds exert their effects through similar mechanisms with a specific influence on the prostate and the seminal vesicles.


Production of anaphylactic antibodies to drugs in experimental animals. I. Benzylpenicillin. Studies were undertaken to determine if animals exposed to benzylpenicillin could produce anaphylactic antibodies to the drug moiety. For this purpose, Albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Two groups of animals were immunized with benzylpenicillin using either the intraperitoneal or the subcutaneous route. The remaining two groups were used for feeding experiments. The animals were bled upon termination of the experiments; their sera were collected and pooled per group. The pooled sera were tested for the presence of anaphylactic antibodies. Histamine release from rat mast cells under the appropriate conditions was used as an indicator of antibody production. Penicilloylpolylysine and benzylpenicillin were both employed to determine antibody specificity. It was found that sera from all groups of animals contained anaphylactic antibodies with specificity towards the penicilloyl group and "benzylpenicillin".


Leukocyte migration in agarose, a study on multiple sclerosis. The effect of low concentrations of bovine encephalitogenic protein on the migration of human peripheral leukocytes in agarose was studied. A concentration of 0.3 mug/ml of the protein stimulated the migration of cells from many donors, including some healthy subjects. An indirect technique suggested that the migration enhancement is due to the production of soluble factor, possibly corresponding to the leukocyte migration enhancement factor described by others. The frequency of subjects whose cells could be stimulated and the recorded degree of stimulation tended to be higher in a group of patients with multiple sclerosis than in a group of healthy subjects. When the effect of some of the main peptide fragments of the protein was studied on cells that were stimulated by the intact protein, one or more of these peptides sometimes induced the opposite effect: a migration inhibition. There is, apparently, a complex balance between enhancing and inhibiting factors acting on leukocyte migration in vitro; and the character of the antigen seems to be one important factor.


[The biomechanics of hyaline cartilage under distension stress]. The mechanical properties of costal cartilage specimens from cattle were tested under periodical compressive loads. The specimens were put between the compression plates of an electronic materials testing machine and were exposed to defined deformations and deformation rates. On the basis of these induced periodical deformation-time curves as input functions we obtained force-time curves as output functions. (1) The cyclic force-time curves generated by deformation-time input functions with constant amplitudes initially showed a general decrease of force peaks until a force-time curve with constant amplitudes gradually arose. (2) If periodically loaded after a constant deformation had taken place the force peaks increased, at first pronouncedly but later diminishing. We named this the 'peak increase phenomenon'. (3) The mechanorheological curves of hyaline cartilage can be explained approximately by the viscoelastic behaviour of microfibrils in a parallel arrangement with the elastoviscous properties of cartilaginous ground substance.


Tinctorial behavior of the cell types in the adenohypophysis of Swiss albino mice. The cytological features of the pituitary of normal male inbred Swiss albino mice were studied. On the basis of 4 staining methods (CW, MTS, PAS-OG-MB, AT-PAS-OG), 5 types of chromophil cells have been identified: 2 types of acidophils--red and orange--and 3 types of basophils--angular to polyhedral dark-staining large cells, dark-staining small round cells and oval light-staining large cells.


Demonstration of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G IN Guillain-Barré syndrome. Elevated concentrations in CSF of the immunoglobulins G, A, and M, when expressed as a percentage of the total protein concentration of CSF, were demonstrated during the initial phase of the course of the disease in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). A slight elevation of the relative concentrations of IgG and IGM in CSF were also registered later in the course of the disease, at the time when the patient's neurological symptoms were in regression. Multiple discrete IgG bands were demonstrated by agarose electrophoresis in serum and in CSF during the first 2 weeks after onset of the neurological symptoms, and also after week 2 and still during week 12 after onset. The finding of transient oligoclonal IgG in a parient with GBS may suggest stimulation with e.g. viral antigen.


A myopathy associated with myotonia in the dog. The pathology of two cases of canine myopathy associated with myotonia are presented. The changes were interpreted as dystrophic. The most obvious features were a rounding on cross section and variation in fibre size with numerous internal nuclei, many of which formed chains. Degeneration and regeneration were seen and there was a slight increase in perimysial and endomysial connective tissue. Only one ringed fibre was seen, but no sarcoplasmic masses. Enzyme histochemistry failed to demonstrate any selective Type I fibre atrophy. The peripheral and central nervous systems were normal in both cases.


Classification of malignant lymphomas by means of membrane markers. In the majority of patients with lympho- and reticulum cell sarcomas, high numbers of B-lymphocytes were found in affected lymph nodes, but were rarely observed in the peripheral blood. In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia receptor properties of B-lymphocytes were defective in several aspects. In patients with Hodgkin's disease the relative number of both lymphocyte populations in the blood were within the normal range and in lymph node suspensions marked alterations were unusual. A preferential proliferation of T-lymphocytes, perhaps accompanied by a reduced life span, was however suggested by double labelling experiments.


Studies on lymphocyte sensitization to encephalitogenic protein in tumor patients. The specific lymphocyte sensitization of patients with malignant diseases against a basic protein, isolated from human brain, was studied by the lymphocyte migration inhibition technique. A sensitization of lymphocytes of cancer patients against this encephalitogenic factor (EF) was first reported by FIELD and CASPARY in 1970. Their test system was the Macrophage-Electrophoretic-Mobility-Test (MEMT). In 17 out of 18 patients with malignant disease we found a specific inhibition or enhancement of the migration area of lymphocytes more than 15%.


Studies on maturity in newborn infants. VIII. Alpha-foetoprotein and albumin. Cord blood of 125 newborn infants of various gestational ages has been analysed for the amounts of alpha-foetoprotein and albumin using an electroimmunoassay. The quotient alpha-foetoprotein/birth weight was recorded as well. All the three measureements correlate fairly well with the gestational age of newborn infants. Measuring alpha-foetoprotein is not of the same value, however, in estimating gestational age as is the simple scoring of external characteristics.


Experimental rheumatoid arthritis-like features induced by prolonged sensitization with focal antigens. Prolonged sensitization with emulsion of an autologous or isologous subcutaneous abscess of Arthus type induced by injection of hen egg-white was performed in 34 rabbits which were divided into (high responder and intermediate responder groups (H- and M-groups) according to individual difference of immune responses. The development of a rheumatoid factor-like substance (RFLS) was demonstrated after 30 experimental days and subsequently observed in 21 out of 33 rabbits. There was no significant difference in the incidence of RFLS between both groups. As to the relation between the development of RFLS and types of focal antigens, the group of the autologous W-substance showed a higher incidence of RFLS than the N-substance. Acute and/or chronic synovitis was demonstrated in 13 of 33 rabbits and inflammatory changes were more intensive and extensive in the later period of experiment. Presence of RFLS in the affected synovial tissues, chiefly in the cytoplasm of plasma cells and mononuclear cells, occasionally in a free state was revealed by immunofluorescent study, and depositions positive for IgG and beta 1C were observed in the wall of blood vessels and fibrinous thrombi in the affected synovial tissues.


Alcoholic hyalin-like bodies found in the pancreatic acinar cells and nerve cells of the brain. The presence of hyalinoid body as an eosinophilic, dendriform to irregularly shaped mass was noted in the cytoplasm of pancreatic acinar cells of 13 among a series of approximately 150 autopsy cases of alcoholism examined.  Similar subcellular structures were also demonstrable in nerve cells of the brain in 2 of these cases.  The hyalinoid body stained scarlet in phloxine methylene blue preparations and orange-brown in preparations with the Masson staining method (modified procedure of Gomori), and was revealed to be a fibrillar filamentous mass by electron microscopy.  These characteristics suggest its marked resemblance to alcoholic hyalin in liver cells.


Effect of long-term administration of different hard liquors and red wine on the rat liver. A histological and biochemical study. Male rats were given 50 per cent of calories as ethanol, whisky, brandy, gin and red wine for 8-9 months together with moderate or low protein and vitamin supply. Histological studies at sacrifice failed to detect signs of hepatotoxicity, but biochemical studies indicated that at least red wine and whisky produced more undesirable effects on the liver than ethanol.


The ultrastructure of cultivable treponemes. Cells of Treponema genitalis were studied in the electron microscope by means of negative staining and ultrathin sectioning techniques. All cells were covered by a regularly structured surface layer. This layer appeared to consist of pairs of thin fibrils attached to an amorphous layer. This amorphous layer in turn is probably identical with the exterior part of the outer membrane of the organism. The pairs of thin fibrils located on this surface were interconnected by polygons. The treponemes were regularly coiled and had somewhat tapered ends with 2-4 flagella inserted at each end. The two bundles of flagella were entwined around the cytoplasmic body of the cell and interdigitated in the middle region of the organism. Treatment of cells of T. genitalis with Myxobacter AL-1 protease 1, or with deoxycholate did not reveal intracytoplasmic tubules. This is in contrast to the results obtained with similar treatments of all other strains of species of Treponema hitherto examined.


Studies on polysaccharide C of staphylococcus epidermidis. 2. Antigenic properties. The antigenic properties of polysaccharide C (poly C) of S. epidermidis strongly support the analytical indications that it is an N-acetylglucosaminylglycerol teichoic acid with 1:3-phosphodiester linkages. The major antigenic determinant is N-acetyglucosamine, predominantly present in the beta-configuration. Also anti-glycerophosphate antibodies are produced, apparently dependent on the degree of glycosylation. Purified poly C was unable to sensitize either normal or tanned sheep erythrocytes for agglutination in antisera.


A new virus specified determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen. One hundred and three samples from hepatitis B surface antigen (HB(s)Ag) positive Californian blood donors were subtyped in immunodiffusion with respect to d/y, w/r and a21, a23, a3. Spur formation with a human antiserum indicated a previously unrecognized determinant q, which was detected in 96 sera (4 a21yw, 15 a23yw, 69 a21dw and 8 adr). Out of 8 sera which by spur formation were demonstrated to lack q, 7 were further subtyped (2 a21dw and 5 a3dw). Hence all 5 a3 dw specimens were demonstrated to lack q, thus indicating that q is specified by the virus. The possible relation of q to x with further implications for the specification of x is discussed.


On the structure of putidaredoxin and cytochrome P-450  cam and their mode of interaction. Structural and immunochemical experiments with putidaredoxin, cytochrome P-450cam, and their 1:1 complex have led us to the following conclusions: Despite the remarkable sequence homology between putidaredoxin and adrenodoxin which permits a tentative assignment of cysteines binding to the (Fe-S)2 prosthetic group, these redox proteins cannot replace each other in reconstitution experiments because putidaredoxin contains a disulfide loop close to its P-450cam binding site. This feature may also be responsible for the complete lack of immunochemical cross reactivity between these proteins. The stability of putidaredoxin can be enhanced significantly by cross linkage with glutaraldehyde without change in spectral, catalytic, or immunochemical properties, Putidaredoxin also gains stability by binding to the P-450-camphor complex in a 1:1 ratio. Precipitation of this complex with anti-P-450cam antibodies gives access to site specific antibodies directed against the putidaredoxin binding site of P-450cam. A series of putidaredoxin-cytochrome P-450cam-substrate complexes with ratios of 1 to 6 molecules of redoxin per molecule of cytochrome have been obtained by migration of excess redoxin across prefocused P-450cam in electrofocusing. Complete inhibition of camphor hydroxylation was achieved by anti-P-450cam antibodies, their Fab fragments, anti-putidaredoxin-trimer antibodies, and antibodies directed against the putidaredoxin-P-450cam complex. Five major antigenic sites were tentatively established for P-450cam, two of which seem to be associated with the BrCN hemepeptide while one each relates to the putidaredoxin binding site, the Trp-Arg site close to the C-terminus, and the site surrounding the most reactive SH group which gives rise to dimer formation. Iodination, of P-450cam at tyrosyl residues only permitted use of a sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure for testing of cross reacting material (CRM) remaining after degradation of P-450cam with BrCN and enzymes, denaturation with acetone, and complex formation with the redoxin. The BrCN hemepeptide still has a Soret maximum at 390 nm and reacts with CO yielding a P-420 spectrum. All 6 half-cystines of P-450cam are present as free sulfhydryls and can be titrated after denaturation but only 4 of them are available in the P-450-camphor complex. Three of these are close to each other and the heme, and work in concert; their alkylation with N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) leads to shifts of the Soret from 391 to 417 nm and concomitant changes in redox potential, EPR-signals and DPNH-reactivity. The fifth SH group is protected by camphor while the 6th SH group, still present in the BrCN heme-peptide, is implicated in chelation to the heme iron by a drastic change in EPR spectra, reflecting pure axial symmetry at the heme after complete alkylation by NEM.


Effects of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) on rat mast cells: influence on anaphylactic and compound 48/80-induced histamine release. Anaphylactic histamine release from mast cells isolated from actively sensitized rats was inhibited by pre-incubation with micromolar concentrations of ATP. The inhibition was reversible under various experimental conditions and was counteracted by the presence of calcium in the incubation medium. Histamine release induced by compound 48/80 was similarly affected. Mast cells exposed to antigen under conditions when histamine release was inhibited by ATP became desensitized. The results indicate that ATP inhibits the release mechanism at a step which occurs after the binding of antigen to IgE.


Use of polyethylene glycol-treated calf serum for cell cultures in virus and interferon studies. Immunoglobulins and lipoproteins can be efficiently removed from calf serum by precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 under sterile conditions. The PEG-treated serum is suitable for cell cultures used for virus growth and assays. Moreover, PEG was found to slow down the growth of L cells and to enhance the production and activity of mouse interferon.


Localization of tropomyosin in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Antiserum to chick skeletal muscle tropomyosin was used to localize tropomyosin in mouse embryo fibroblasts by the indirect fluorescein labeled antibody technique. Specific staining was observed cytoplasmic fibers, which extended out into the cell processes. The staining pattern in these cells is similar to that previously described by others for actin. This observation suggests that in fibroblasts tropomyosin, like actin, is localized in fibers in the cytoplasm.


Light dependence of osmium reactivity in mouse photoreceptor cells. Mouse photoreceptor cells exhibit local accumulations of osmium deposits after prolonged osmic staining at slightly elevated temperatures. Deposits were evident along the membranes of outer segment lamellae, Golgi cisternae and vesicles, nuclear envelopes, and synaptic vesicles. Other membranes within the photoreceptor cells were unreactive. No osmium reactivity was seen in other cells of the retina except for osmiophilic outer segment material which had been phagocytized by the pigment epithelium. In the outer segments, inner segments, and synaptic regions of the photoreceptor cells, the amount of osmium reactivity was increased by light stimulation and decreased following extended dark adaptation. The possible significance of the localized osmium reactivity is discussed.


Microhemagglutination test for the detection of nucleoprotein antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus. A simple and practical microhemagglutination test that detects two antibodies, one showing reactivity to the DNA moiety of soluble nucleoprotein (sNP) and the other to the DNA-histone complex of sNP, is described. The method incorporates human erythrocytes formalinized at 30 C., tanned, and coated with sNP at 37 C. Antibody specificity was determined by inhibition experiments performed on sera with added DNA or sNP antigen. With the indirect LE cell technic, evidence that the anti-sNP antibody detected in this work is related to the serum LE factor commonly associated with the LE cell phenomenon was obtained. The hemagglutination test is helpful in establishing the specific diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and may be used to follow the course of the disease and response to therapy in SLE patients, as this is a semiquantitative technic and rise or fall in titer or antibody can be determined.


Neoplastic Paneth cells. Occurrence in an Adenocarcinoma of a Meckel's diverticulum. Neoplasia is the least common complication of Meckel's diverticulum. A case of partial obstruction of the small intestine due to adenocarcinoma arising in a Meckel's diverticulum is presented. The noteworthy feature of this case is the presence of neoplastic Paneth cells in the tumor.


Antigenic activity in monkey and human of purified low molecular weight fractions of Timothy pollen. Small molecular weight fractions obtained from dialysis of crude Timothy pollen extract were shown to carry immunogenic activity in monkeys. Three fractions were sequentially purified through gel filtration with Siphadex G-10 and C-M cellulose 52. Monkeys immunized with these fractions produced almost exclusively skin-sensitizing antibodies which were shown to be of the IgE class and differing in antigenic specificity. The analysis of sugars and amino acids contained in two of these fractions showed large qualitative and quantitative differences. It is assumed that these fractions might represent oligomeric subunits of larger antigenic molecules. Challenge of patients allergic to Timothy pollen by means of skin tests and nasal provocation tests further confirms the absence of cross-antigenicity among the 3 active fractions. These results seem to indicate heterogenicity of IgE antibodies as developed following sensitization with crude Timothy pollen antigen.


Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid cells from an american child with Burkitt's Lymphoma. Tumor cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of an American child with Burkitt's lymphoma are described. The morphology of the cells was demonstrated better by use of the "millipore" technic and hematoxylin and eosin staining than by the Wright-stained smear.


The detection of hepatitis B antigen in hepatic parenchyma by the fluorescent antibody technic. Tissue sections from 42 specimens of liver were examined by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy for the presence of hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag). In all cases the serologic status of HB Ag was known. Fourteen of the specimens were also examined by electron microscopy. In four biopsies from three patients positive cytoplasmic fluorescence was detected using antisera prepared in animals and 20-nm. nuclear particles were found by electron microscopy. These patients were all seropositive for HB Ag, all had chronic aggressive hepatitis or active cirrhosis, and all were receiving immunosuppressive therapy at the time of examination. Nuclear fluorescent staining was demonstrated when one of these biopsies was re-examined using a human antiserum.


Epidemiologic characteristics of patients with prostatic neoplasms. A case-control study was conducted between 1957 and 1965 on 128 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 256 age-matched controls, 290 prostate cancer patients and 290 age-matched controls for the prostate cancer patients, all of whom had completed the Roswell Park Memorial Institute epidemiology questionnaire and were interviewed on admission to the Institute. Compared to the control groups a higher proportion of both case groups were Protestants and residents of smaller towns. The major finding in this case-control study was a significantly higher risk for prostate cancer in fertile males compared to both married and non-married, but infertile males. This finding was confirmed when fertility was used as a variable for the classification of study groups in an earlier prospective study reporting the follow-up of patients with BPH and non-neoplastic controls. In this study, patients with children were found to have a relative risk of 2.69 for prostate cancer compared to the married patients with no children. Fertility may be a manifestation of constitutional-hormonal factors that increase the risk of prostate cancer.


Hepatitis B surface antigen subtypes in Malaysia. One hundred and ninety hepatitis B surface antigen positive (HBsAG+) sera were subtyped, belonging to : blood donors, hepatitis patients, patients and staff in a hemodialysis unit, all from Kuala Lumpur; Malaysian aborigines from three jungle locations in Peninsular Malaysia; and East Malaysians from Sarawak, East Malaysia; Three subtypes adr, adw and ayw were present in Malaysia in the following frequencies: 44%, 29%, and 27%, respectively; In Kuala Lumpur 87% had subdeterminant d and 13 per cent y, whereas in the deep jungle aborigines of Perak and Pahang, the y subdeterminant was present in 87% and the d in 13%. A similar pattern of preponderance of y prevailed in Sarawak, East Malaysia. In Kuala Lumpur the two main ethnic groups, Malays and Chinese, differed in subtype distribution, in that adr predominated in the Malays (61%), while the adw predominated in the Chinese (51%); Subtype distribution was not related to age or sex of carriers of the antigen, or to whether they had hepatitis, or asymptomatic antigenemia.


The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians XI. Gene frequencies for 10 blood groups and the ABH-Le secretor traits in the Yanomama and their neighbors; the uniqueness of the tribe. In this paper we present the results of blood group typings for a total of 33 villages distributed among five South American Indian tribes--Yanomama (21 villages), Makiritare (eight villages), Macushi (two villages), Piaroa (one village), and Wapishana (one village). These new results for the Yanomama and Makiritare tribes have been combined with those previously reported to allow a better appreciation of the distribution of allelic frequencies in the tribes. The relationship of the Yanomama to other South American Indian tribes is investigated using data on six polymorphic loci (Rh, MNS, Fy, Jk, Di, Hp). By use of four genetic measures (two of genetic relationship and two of genetic diversity), we demonstrate that the Yanomama are genetically unique among a sample of 20 South American tribes. In addition, the Yanomama show somewhat less genetic diversity for the six loci analyzed than the average South American tribe. Taken together, these results indicate a rather long period of isolation for the population antecedent to the Yanomama--perhaps since the time of entry of man into the South American continent. The pattern of genetic relationships and genetic diversity for the 20 tribes is consistent with the hypothesis that evolution in South America proceeded by a process of fission-fusion leading to isolation of subpopulations with subsequent genetic differentiation as a consequence of population isolation. The uniqueness of the Yanomama appears to stem entirely from such a process, there being no evidence of any selective differential for the loci analyzed.


A simple R banding technic.

A simple R banding technic. A simplified R banding technic is described which provides excellent delineation of major regions, easy identification of all chromosomes, and an accurate comparison of homologue lengths. The technic is simple, requiring only an initial incubation in buffer at 85 degrees C followed by acridine orange staining. The best presentation of the R banded chromosomes was obtained by printing in black and white from color transparency film. Variations in the length of the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes are clearly and consistently defined. Satellites are not demarcated and appear as part of the short arm. Consistent banding was obtained, and the technic is suitable for use in routine clinical cytogenetic work.


Cytidine deaminase: a new genetic polymorphism demonstrated in human granulocytes. Cytidine deaminase in human white blood cells has three electrophoretic phenotypes representing the homozygous and heterozygous expression of two common alleles, CDA1 and CDA2, at an autosomal locus. To explain the multibanded pattern of the heterozygote, the enzyme is assumed to have a tetrameric structure.


Multiple mounting and staining on 2" x 2" glass slides. A technique is described for multiple mounting and staining of histopathologic material on 2'' times 2'' glass slides. Various applications as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this procedure are discussed.


Prenatal sex detection with endocervical smears: successful results utilizing Y-bodyfluoroscence. Highly equivocal results, regarding procedures for the prenatal detection of fetal sexls found in the endocervix, are reported in the literature dating from 1971.  The far-reaching genetic and obstetric implications of such procedures led us to investigate endocervical smears from 36 patients (taken during all three trimesters) and study the validity and practicality of this test.  Fetal sex was correctly predicted in 31 of 36cases and all 18 male predictions delivered males.  In addition, many previously reported and newly found sources of error were encountered and evaluated.  It is concludedthat there are indeed cells of fetal origin being shed into the endocervix and they canbe used as a reliable indicator of fetal sex in all three trimesters.


Association between oral contraceptive use and thromboembolism: a new approach to itsinvestigation based on plasma fibrinogen chromatography. Longitudunal and cross-dectional blood coagulation studies were made in patients receiving oral contraceptive therapy and in unmedicated women used as control subjects.  These studies have included use of a new procedure, plasma fibrinogen chromatgraphy, which, by assay for a high molecular weight fibrinogen complexes in plasma, detects or excludes the presence of small thrombi, even when these are of the clinically silent type.  New contraceptives users (n=154) received either Ovulen (100 pg of mestranol) or Demulen (50pg of ethinyl estradiol) and were followed serially for one year.  During the cross-sectional study (193 women and 1,350 samples), serial examination was preformed on those taking oral contraceptives for 3 months to 10 years.  Over-all, pathologic plasma fibrinogen chromatographic findings, indicative of thrombosis, were detected in 6 per cent of hte control examinations and in 27 per cent samples from oral contraceptive users.  These findings suggest that oral contraceptive users developed mainlyclinically silent thrombotic lesions, with four-to-fivefold greater frequency than the control subjects.  Consequently, it is inferred that they are at four-to fivefold greaterrisk of developing clinically overt disease, a risk factor estimate in line with that derived by epidemiologic study.


Segmental vascular patterns of the choriocapillaris. I investigated the vascular architecture of the peripheral choriocapillaris in the eyes at autopsy, utilizing the histochemical alkaline phosphatase reaction. There was a segmental distribution of the capillaries, with the feeding arterioles at the periphery and the draining venule in the center of capillary lobules. These findings support the clinical postulation that the choriocapillaris is segmentally arranged.


Occupational therapy in a myelomeningocele clinic. This article presents a definition of the child with a myelomeningocele, a description of a myelomeningocele clinic setting, an outline of the particular needs and concerns of various age groups of children with myelomeningocele, and a summary of occupational therapy's role in the clinic. This paper is an attempt to fill a gap in the literature on the occupational therapist's role in the treatment of the child with myelomeningocele.


Factors responsible for ADP-induced release reaction of human platelets. Extensive aggregation of human platelets can be induced by ADP without secondaryaggregation or release of granule contents.  This occurs with washed platelets in Tyrode solution containing 0.35% albumin, human fibrinogen, and apyrase, and in platelet-rich, heparin- or hirudin-plasma.  Conditions that caused release during ADP-inducedaggregation were-citrate as the anticoagulant in platelet-rich plasma; addition of citrate (11-15 mM) to a suspension of washed platelets, or to hirudin-plasma or heparin-plasma; suspension of platelets in a medium containing magnesium but no calcium;and the presence of trace amounts of thrombin or aggregated gamma globulin in the platelet suspensions.  Acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazone, or sulfinpyrazone inhibited secondary aggregation and release in all these circumstances.  Heparin or hirudin inhibited ADP-INDUCED SECONDARY AGGREGATION AND RELEASE PROMOTED BY TRACES OF THROMBIN.  Although fibrinogen is required for ADP-induced primary aggregation, it does not support secondary aggregation and release, provided that it has no clot-promoting activity.  The main agent responsible for ADP-induced secondary aggregation and release in human, citrated, platelet-rich plasma appears to be sodium citrate.  Suspending washed human platelets in a medium without calcium mimics the effect of citrate.


Psychogenic factors in kidney transplant rejection: a case study. The author examines the influence of psychic factors on kidney transplant rejection in a patient who suffered emotional trauma. As an adolescent, this man had reacted to the death of his father with an incomplete mourning response and had coped with the loss through identification and a search for surrogates. The death of a paternal surrogate immediately preceded the transplant rejection. The author emphasizes that the establishment of a causal relationship between a somatic event and a psychic antecedent is facilitated by demonstrating that a latent conflict has been evoked symbolically by an external event. Further research into such correlations could significantly enhance our understanding of disease processes.


The indirect hemagglutination test for malaria. Evaluation of antigens prepared from Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Soluble antigens were prepared from Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax and were evaluated in the indirect hemagglutination test. These antigens, attached to aldehyde-fixed type "O" erythrocytes, detected antibodies in more than 91% of infections with the homologous Plasmodium species. Detection rates in infections caused by the heterologous species ranged from 72% to 76%. Positive reactions occurred in less than 2% of sera from persons without malaria infection.


Specificity and sensitivity of skin test reactions to extracts of Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum II. Homologous 48-hour passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests with sera from infected guinea pigs. The specificity and sensitivity of adult and larval somatic antigens and perienteric fluid of Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum were investigated by using a modified passive cutaneous anaphylaxis procedure in guinea pigs. Pooled sera from animals infected with low doses (0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 egg/g) were most reactive with the homologous larval antigen preparation. However, the Toxocara antisera were highly reactive with this antigen only, whereas the Ascaris antisera reactions could not be interpreted as being clearly positive with any of the antigen preparations. Sera from hyperinfected animals were also reactive with the homologous larval antigen. In addition, Ascaris larval antigen was reactive with Toxocara antiserum. The reciprocal relationship, i.e., reactivity of Toxocara larval antigen with Ascaris antiserum, was no apparent. In no instance did adult antigens induce reactions that could be interpreted as specific or sensitive indicators of antibody.


Isolation of arboviruses (Kemerovo group, Sakhalin group) from Ixodes uriae collected at Macquarie Island, Southern ocean. Eighty-nine pools of ticks (Ixodes [Ceratixodes] uriae White) collected at Macquarie Island (54 degrees 30' S, 159 degrees E) in the Southern Ocean yielded 16 strains of 2 viruses, 1 a "new" member of the Kemerovo group and 1 a "new" member of the Sakhalin group. The names "Nugget" and "Taggert" are proposed for them. Antigenically-related viruses have therefore now been isolated from I. uriae in both subarctic and subantarctic regions.


Management of primary liver cell carcinoma. A review of 352 patients with primary liver cell carcinoma treated by the author is presented. The poor rate of resectability (7 per cent) has necessitated various forms of treatment over the years. These are described in detail. Based on this experience, the current form of treatment for nonresectable carcinoma is summarized. Although it is too early to assess this form of treatment, initial results appear to be promising. A second report in the near future is planned.


Substructure in rod photoreceptor membranes. Frog retinae, fixed only in buffered glutaraldehyde, were embedded for sectioning in glutaraldehyde polymerized with urea. In suitably thin sections globular substructures were seen in negative contrast after ionic staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, or after staining with neutralized phosphotungstic acid. Efforts to extract at least some of the lipid from sections before ionic staining enhanced the visualization of the "globules". Exposure to KMnO4 solution, used as an oxidative section stain, also outlined globular substructure in negative contrast, but with the additional feature that positively stained surface "leaflets" associated with the aqueous compartment were well defined. Staining sections with OSO4 vapor resulted in positively stained membranes, but without any evident substructure. However, when sections which previously had been exposed to OSO4 vapor were secondarily stained with uranyl acetate and/or lead citrate, positively stained globular substructures then were revealed. The globular substructures always were centered in the hydrophobic core region of the disc membranes, and symmetrically spanned the full thickness of this layer. The diameter of individual particles approximated 50-55 A. Reasons are presented for the supposition that the evident globules incorporate at least hydrophobic components of rhodopsin molecules. Findings are discussed in relation to various models of disc membrane organization that have been proposed in recent years.


Specialized contacts of astrocytes with astrocytes and with other cell types in the spinal cord of the cat. Adult and half grown healthy male and female cats were used in this study. The white and gray matter of dorsolateral region in the upper lumbar levels of the spinal cord were examined by electron microscopy after fixation by aldehyde perfusion and commonly used methods of embedding, sectioning and staining. The report is limited to description and illustration of specialized junctions of astrocytes. In addition to previously described astrocyte-astrocyte gap junctions, astrocytes are connected by gap junctions to oligodendroglia cells and to neurons. Astrocytes also are connected with each other and with neurons by juctions characterized by wide (250 A) gaps containing opaque gap material and by dense material adhering to the inner surfaces of the plasma membranes. The results suggest a morphological basis for adhesion and intercommunication between all adult derivatives of the embryonic neural tube.


Correspondence of silver nitrate staining patterns in decalcified bone withe the microradiographic image. A procedure for differential staining of decalcified bone with silver nitrate showed major histological features which appeared to correspond closely to microradiographic images. The extent to which this is actually the case was investigated directly by preparing microradiographs of ground sections of baboon and dog radii and then decalcifying and staining the same sections.  The many detailed similarities indicate that this staining procedure is a useful adjunct to microradiography. Thus, poorly mineralized osteons or layers of circumferential lamellae are darker stained by silver nitrate, and the variably mineralized layers of circumferential lamellae are closely duplicated by light and dark bands in the stained sections. These similarities imply that there is a relationship between the mineral density of bone and some condition of the organic matrix which is probably related to maturation changes in the collagen.


Haemophilus somnus complex: antigenicity and specificity of fractions of Haemophilus somnus. Five Haemophilus somnus type 8025 preparations (whole cell, sonicate, crude polysaccharide, purified polysaccharide, and protein) were produced for studies of their antigenicity in rabbits. Bacterial agglutination and passive hemagglutination tests were used to assess the level of antibody produced in rabbits inoculated with the different antigenic preparations. Cross-reactions were seen between the antiserums against the H sumnus 8025 antigens and a variety of related and unrelated bovine pathogens. The strongest cross-reaction occurred between antiserums against H somnus 8025 whole cell and crude polysaccharide antigens and Haemophilus agni and Actinobacillus lignieresii cell suspensions.


Antiarrhythmic effects of diazepam during coronary artery occlusion in dogs. The ventral interventricular branch of the left coronary artery was ligated in a 2-step operation in 10 dogs whose electrocardiograms and systemic arterial blood pressures were then monitored during the next 7 days. Monitoring was done in awake dogs given 1 mg of diazepam per kilogram of body weight (intravenously administered in 3 dogs and orally in 7). Because ventricualr ectopic activity was greatest during the interval of 10 to 48 hours after ligation, the antiarrhythmic activity of diazepam was recorded during this 38-hour interval. After administration of diazepam by either route, frequency of ventricular ectopic beats decreased from 98 to 80%. THIS REDUCTION BETAN IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION AND PERSISTED FOR ONLY 5 MINUTES; REDUCTION BEGAN APPROXIMATELY 1 HOUR AFTER THE ORAL ADMINISTRATION AND PERSISTED 4 TO 6 HOURS. Systemic arterial blood pressure decreased only after the intravenous administration. It is concluded that diazepam is effective in reducing the frequency of ventricular ectopic activity after occlusion of major branches of coronary arteries, that diazepam works independent of alterations in systemic arterial blood pressure, and that orally administered diazepam prolongs antiarrhythmic activity. Possibly, the adjuvants present in the parenteral form of diazepam reduce antiarrhythmic activity by being, themselves, arrhythmogenic.


Branched-chain amino acid substitutions in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic actinomycin. Actinomycins normally contain N-methyl-l-valine and either d-valine, d-alloisoleucine or both amino acids in the molecule. During antibiotic formation in a medium supplemented with one of the four isoleucine stereoisomers, Streptomyces parvulus and S. chrysomallus form complex actinomycin mixtures (C(1), C(2), C(3), E(1), and E(2)-like compounds). Although chromatographic techniques suggested that single homogeneous components had been isolated, subsequent studies indicated that such chromatographic fractions probably consisted of multiple isomers of actinomycin. Amino acid analyses revealed the presence of N-methylvaline and/or N-methylalloisoleucine and, in addition, d-isoleucine, d-valine, and d-alloisoleucine were frequently found in a given fraction.


[Bacterial cytostimulation by specific antibodies (author's transl)]. Antibodies bound to the surface of Escherichia coli cells stimulate the rate of growth of these bacteria in proportion to their quantity. This "cytostimulation" of the bacteria is confirmed by (1) the increase in optical density, (2) colony counts and (3) increase in the beta-galactosidase activity of a constitutive strain. This action can be amplified by overlaying the antibodies bound to the bacteria, with anti-antibodies. The cytostimulation is accompanied by an increase of the ratio in phosphatidylglycerol to diphosphatidyl-glycerol in the bacteria.


Tyrosinase activity in three types of the malignant melanoma: superficial spreading melanoma, lentigo maligna melanoma and nodular melanoma. Quantitative differences in the tyrosinase activity are found at the three types of malignant melanoma of Clark and Mihm by the combined 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-premelanin-reaction. Only a very small activity is present in the junction nevus. In the superficial spreading melanoma the tyrosinase activity is clear, but limited. The lentigo maligna melanoma shows an increased pigmentation. The topmost activity after incubation however is present in the nodular melanoma.


Naturally occurring anti-inflammatory factors in the synovial fluids of patients with rheumatic disease and their possible mode of action. Evidence has been shown that pathological synovial fluid contained a substance capable of stabilizing rat liver lysosomes which was partly inactivated by treatment with trypsin and by storage. Such synovial fluid also appeared to contain a substance which labilized lysosomes and which was more stable than the stabilizing substance. (2) The lysosomal stabilizing substance described above was nondialysable and migrated electrophoretically with the alpha and beta globulins to which class it has been tentatively ascribed. (3) Pathological synovial fluid contained proteases which were active at acid pH and at neutral pH. It also appeared to contain a substance capable of inhibiting these proteases. (4) Alpha2-Macroglobulin has been detected in pathogenic synovial fluid.


Eustachian tube lymphatics.

Eustachian tube lymphatics. Serous otitis media is the most common cause of hearing impairment. The role of lymphatic obstruction in the pathogeneis of serous otitis media is significant. A method for removeal of the human Eustachian tube specimen and two techniques for identification of Eustachian tube lymphatic capillaries are described. One involves the antemorten intratympanic installation of Berlin blue. The other utilizes electron microscopy. Lymphatic capillaries cannot be reliably differentiated from blood capillaries with the light microscope. With electron microscopy, lymphatic capillaries can be differentiated from blood capillaries by differences in the basement membrane. The lymphatic capillary has gaps in the basement membrane with large nuclei in the wall. A blood capillary has a continuous basement membrane and sometimes red blood cells be be identified in the lumen. Using these methods, Eustachian tube lymphatic capillaries in the human are described for the first time in this report.


Serum immunoglobulin levels and electrophoretic patterns of serum proteins in trypanosome-infected bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). Serum immunoglobulin levels and relative proportions of serum proteins were determined in bushbuck and zebu cattle inhabiting tsetse-infested areas of Uganda and animals living in tsetse-free areas. Serum IgM pand IgG levels were significantly increased in infected bushbuck and zebu cattle. Serum from captive bushbuck showed low levels of immunoglobulins. Serum protein concentrations in infected and non-infected cattle were similar but infected bushbuck had higher serum protein levels than uninfected animals.


Innervation of the cochlea of the guinea pig by use of the Golgi stain. Nerve fibers with distinctive branching patterns have been demonstrated in guinea pigs by use of the Golgi stain. The cochlear nerve fibers in the basal turn tend to supply a limited segment of the basilar membrane and have most endings on a single row of hair cells. The efferent olivocochlear nerve fibers ramify in a manner which varies from base to apex. Some efferents which terminate on outer hair cells also give branches which course in the inner spiral bundle. Other nerve fibers were studied in the spiral lamina which did not penetrate into the organ of Corti.


[General pharmacologic properties of silybine and silymarine in the rat]. Silybine is the main active substance of the polyhydroxyphenylchromanone derivatives extracted from the seeds of Silybum Marianum. In the normal albinos rat, this pure compound (from 2 mg/100 g) lowers directly the systemic blood pressure. It does not increase vascular permeability. It potentiates post-serotonine hypertension. Silybine antagonizes cutaneous oedemas and suppresses the fall of blood pressure induced by dextran polymers. It inhibits anaphylactic shock in rats sensitized by ovalbumine. Silybine seems to be a stabilizer of mastcells membranes, thus preventing histamine release.


Effect of morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, mescaline, trypan blue, vitamin A, sodium salicylate, and caffeine on the serum interferon level in response to viral infection. The ability of morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, mescaline, trypan blue, vitamin A, sodium salicylate and caffeine to alter the circulating serum level of interferon was investigated in mice. Sodium salicylate, and caffeine increased the serum level of interferon; however, the interferon increase produced by sodium salicylate was dose-dependent, i.e. low doses increased interferon titers, high doses decreased the titers. All other compounds decreased the circulating level of interferon. These results suggest that compounds of varied structure and biological activity, and possessing teratogenic potential, are capable of depressing the circulating level of interferon. Some of these "anti-interferon" compounds, i.e. morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, depressed interferon levels at all doses whereas sodium salicylate decreased the interferon level only at relatively high dose levels.


[The role of afferent barosensory neurons in respiratory and bronchomotor control]. Ventilatory and bronchomotor responses to baroreceptor afferent stimulation were studied in anaesthetized rabbits breathing spontaneously. The stimuli used were either the increase in carotid sinus pressure or the electrical stimulation of the cut central end of the aortic nerve. Respiratory effects of aortic barodenervation were also studied. Normoxic, normocapnic steady state was verified by repeated measurement of PO2, PCO2 and pH in arterial blood. Stimulation of both aortic and carotid baroreceptors provoked an early decrease of tidal volume and total pulmonary resistances without change in respiratory frequency. Aortic nerve stimulation induced an important and slowly adapting ventilatory and bronchomotor effect, whereas changes in carotid sinus pressure produced slight variation in respiratory parameters. Aortic nerve section resulted in an early and prolonged increase of total pulmonary resistances. Surgical or chemical (atropine) vagotomy did not change the bronchodilation observed under stimulation of the carotid sinus; however this effect was suppressed by intravenous injection of propranolol. This observation shows the importance of the sympathetic outflow in the genesis of bronchomotor responses following baroreceptor stimulation. In conclusion the baroreceptor stimulation provokes simultaneous decrease of both ventilation and total pulmonary resistances; aortic nerves seemed to exert permanent control on bronchomotor tone.


Susceptibility to persistence of Australia antigen. To test the hypothesis that liver function is different in populations with inherited susceptibility to persistent Australia antigen (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]), Sardinians living in Turin, Italy, were compared with their native Turinese neighbors. The study was controlled for age, sex, place of birth, and presence or absence of persistent HBsAg. Slight differences in liver function were found in the Sardinians compared with the Turinese. Their values were in the direction of abnormality. Sardinians also had considerably higher serum gamma-globulin levels than the Turinese. The levels of alpha2-globulin by electrophoresis correlated with the presence of HBsAg.


[Stimulation of the paravascular carotid receptors by bradykinin]. In the rat, intra-arterial injection of bradykinin produces either hypotension associated with polypnea or excitation with polypnea and a biphasic cardiovascular response. Intra-arterial injection of PGE, produces similar effects. Bradykinin and PGE sensitize each other. Indomethacine abolishes all vascular responses induced by bradykinin, but fails to reduce them when bradykinin is injected simultaneously with low doses of PGE. It is concluded that stimulation of paravascular nociceptive receptors is wholly responsible for the reactions by intracarotid injection of bradykinin.


Proceedings: The effects of hypothalamic and reflexogenic hypertension on renal and femoral circulation. In anaesthetized dogs, electrical stimulation of the median posterior hypothalamus provoked hypertension accompanied by a decrease of renal blood flow and an increase of femoral blood flow. Similar hypothalamic reactions occurred after bilateral cervical vagotomy or after atropine, 2 mg/kg i.v. During reflexogenic hypertension induced by bilateral carotid occlusion in bivagotomized dogs, the renal and femoral blood flows were not significantly modified. The decrease of the renal blood flow and the increase of the femoral blood flow, during hypothalamic stimulation were greatly reduced or reversed after R 28935 equals erythro-1-(1--e12-(1,4-benzodioxan-2-yl)-2-OH-Et]-4-piperidyl)-2-benzimidaxolinone, 80 mug/kg i.v., but not after clonidine, 5 mug/kg i.v.


Investigation on the acute toxic effect of pyrethrum on the blood glucose and of glucose administration on the acute pyrethrum toxicity in Meriones hurrianae Jerdon (Rodentia). The effect of different doses of pyrethrum on the blood glucose level and glucose tolerance in pytethrum-administered gerbils, were investigated. Pyrethrum produces hyperglycemia and lowers the glucose tolerance indicating an impairment in the uptake and utilization of glucose. The possible reasons for these effects are discussed.


The inotropic memory of amphibian myocardium. I.-Identification of two stimultaneous mechanisms and statement of a model. (1) The effects of previous contractions on the actual contractile strength is studied in strips of toad ventricle. The inotropic effect is quantified by superposing a conditioning contraction to a rhythm of definite frequency, its measure being the difference in strength between a rhythm contraction in the presence and in the absence of the conditioning one. (2) The inotropic effect is studied as a function of the interval between the actual and conditioning contractions. Depressed sections of the curve, associated to shortened action potentials, are detected and excluded. (3) The inotropic effect is always positive at low frequencies, but at higher frequencies and long intervals it becomes negative. (4)In high calcium concentration the inotropic effect is always negative and does not depend on frequency. Morever, the joint effect of two previous contractions is equal to the sum of the individual effects of each one. (5) The results are interpreted in terms of two independent elementary processes, one of which potentiates whereaas the other inhibits the strength of contraction. The former disappears in high calcium. Assuming some simple properties for these processes a mathematical expression has been achieved. This expression describes the inotropic effect of any sequence of contractions as a function of intervals involved.


Heart rate and myocardial substrate preference during normal and hypoxic perfusion of the heart in vivo. Selective utilization of carbohydrates and FFA by the heart was studied on the open-chest dog preparation. The heart was paced at frequencies from 120-240/min, and arterial and coronary venous blood samples were taken at these frequencies both during normal ventilation and hypoxia (arterial PO2 similar to 55 mmHg). The concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and FFA were determined, and substrate utilization was calculated from these values and coronary blood flow. It was found that increased heart rate, particularly during hypoxia, increased utilization of both glucose and FFA. However, the relative amount of the energy produced from glucose utilization was minimal during hypoxia and most glucose underwent glycolysis only. Thus, whereas in control conditions of the relation between carbohydrate and FFA was about 60% to 40% during hyposia and high frequency the relation was reversed and almost 90% of all energy produced was supplied by FFA.


Free amino acids in normal and varicose human saphenous veins. An increase in the activity of lysosomal enzymes in varicose veins has been suggested in the literature, as well as an alteration of collagen fibrils situated near muscle cells. In view of these results, we have compared the free amino acid contents of varicose veins with those of healthy veins removed few hours after death. The amino acid analyses of extracts have shown that the varicose vein appears to contain about 2.7 times more free amino acids than normal one, except in the case of phosphoethanolamine. Controls have shown that this discrepancy can be ascribed to a rapid liakage of the amino acids after death. The absence of hydroxyproline suggests that collagen does not seem liable to degradation in the varicose vein. On the other hand, the constant phosphoethanolamine content found can be attributed to a much higher concentration of this compound in the varicose vein or alternatively, to a postmortem process of degradation, compensating for the losses due to diffusion.


Inhibition of potassium uptake by low concentrations of norepinephrine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. (1) The inhibition of potassium uptake by low concentration of norepinephrine (3 X 10-8 M) and of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP, 10 minus5 M) was studied in cardiac Purkynĕ fibres. (2) The inhibitory action of DBcAMP on K uptake was abolished by the alpha blocker phentolamine. (3) Norepinephrine alone decreased K uptake and such inhibition was somewhat larger when DBcAMP was added. DBcAMP alone caused the usual decrease in K uptake but addition of norepinephrine abolished it. (4) The inhibition caused by norepinephrine reduced the increase in uptake caused by a high concentration (10 minus 3 M) of DBcAMP. (5) The inhibitory effect of norepinephrine was reversed in the presence of high concentration of magnesium (5.25 mM). (6) The inhibitory effect of norepinephrine was reversed by aminophylline and abolished by caffeine. (7) The inhibitory action of norepinephrine and BCcAMP was reversed or abolished, respectively, by imidazole. (8) It is concluded that the inhibition of potassium uptake by low concentration of DBcAMP is mediated by an alpha receptor mechanism and that possibly the "receptors" for this effect of norepinephrine and DBcAMP are located at different sites. Also it appears that DBcAMP may be acting at the membrane and that the action of methylxanthines and imidazole is not necessarily mediated only by a modification of phosphodiesterase activity.


Octanoate metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. II. Comparison with a long chain fatty acid. Liver of fed rats was perfused in vitro with 10 mmoles/litre lactic acid. Supplementary addition of octanoic acid (1.2 mmoles/litre) increased production of ketone bodies. By doubling the quantity of medium chain fatty acid, production of ketone bodies was doubled. Octanoic acid is as ketogenic aspalmitoleic acid if the two fatty acids are compared molecule by molecule. However, C8 : O is more ketogenic that C16: 1 when the comparison is effected on the basis of an identical number of acetyl groups. Octanoic acid increases glucose production by the liver. It was not possible to show the same phenomenon in the presence of palmitoleic acid. During oxidation of fatty acids the beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate and lactate/pyruvate ratios of the perfusion medium were increased.


Loss of agglutinating specificity in stock cultures of Rhizobium meliloti. Several strains of Rhizobium meliloti which have been subcultured for 23-33 years have changed from being markedly specific in their somatic agglutination reactions to become widely cross-reactive. On the other hand a fresh collection of the same species obtained from naturally nodulated, field-grown plants revealed the high degree of agglutinating specificity which had previously characterised the old cultures. Attempts to reselect a specific substrain from old cross-agglutinating cultures by six plant passages, or to detect change to cross reactivity by ten successive subcultures of recent isolates were unsuccessful. However, one strain, isolated in 1939, was recently found to contain both specific and cross-reactive substrains. Practically all the cultures, both old and recent, showed considerable mutability in colony characteristics but none of these was consistently correlated with cross agglutinability. Instability in 6.4% (w/v) NaCl was characteristic of the cross-agglutinating cultures. Cross reactivity was associated with a shared lipopolysaccharide antigen (LPS) which appeared to be obscured by an outer antigen in most strains still showing specific agglutinability. In the exceptional case of strain SU27, agglutination could be attributed to its specific LPS.


[Degradation of 14C, 3H, and 36Cl-labelled gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane by anaerobic soil microorganisms (author's transl)]. Up to 90% of the gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) applied to an anaerobic mixed bacterial flora enriched from an arable soil were degraded within 4-5 days. Degradation resulted in a rapid release of chloride and in formation of chlorine-free volatile metabolites. CO2 formation from the molecule was not detected. Investigations with 14C/3H- and 36Cl/3H double-labelled gamma-HCH indicated that the release of Cl and H did not occur in the ratio of 1:1. More Cl than H was split off. The volatile compounds contained more 14C than 3H. Gas chromatographic studies also showed the rapid decrease of gamma-HCH and the formation of several metabolities. gamma-Pentachlorocyclohexene was nto detected. Increasing O2-contents in the gas phase of cultures resulted in decreases of the compound's degradation. Release of chloride and of volatile metabolites were observed with O2 contents in the gas phase up to 5%. alpha-HCH was also, but more slowly as with gamma-HCH, degraded by the anaerobic mixed flora. Chloride was released and volatile, chlorine-free metabolites were found.


A behavioral intervention program for chronic public drunkenness offenders. A reinforcement contingency management system for ten chronic public drunkenness offenders was evaluated for short-term effects. Chronic inebriates were provided with required goods and services through skid row community agencies contingent on their sobriety. Intoxication resulted in a five-day suspension of all goods and services. Excessive drinking behavior was assessed by direct observations of intoxication and by randomly administered breath alcohol analyses. As a result of this intervention, subjects substantially decreased their number of public drunkenness arrests and their alcohol consumption, and increased their number of hours employed. No such changes were observed in a control group that received services on a noncontingent basis. Longer-term research studies of one to two years rather than a few months would be required before any widespread use of this approach would be warranted.


Quantitative serum levels of pregnancy associated alpha2-globulin in patients with benign and malignant tumours. Pregnancy associated alpha2-globulin estimations were made in the serum of 100 tumour-cases. This characteristically pregnancy protein could be found in 63 p.c. of the tumour cases. The number of positive sera was higher, than in normal controls. The serum level of pregnancy associated alpha 2-globulin was between 1 and 10 mg p.c. in 34 cases, between 11 and 20 mg p.c. in 19 cases and value above 20 mg p.c. could only be found in 10 patients. This alpha2-globulin positivity could be seen more frequently in female than in male patients. Role and significance of alpha2-globulin is discussed.


[Isolation and characterization of a high molecular weight placental protein (PPg)(author's transl)]. The isolation and characterization of a high molecular weight protein (PP6) from human placentae is described. The protein which apparently has some steroid-binding properties shows the mobility of an alpha1-globulin and has a molecular weight of around 1 X 10(6) daltons. The molecule is composed of several different subunits with molecular weights ranging from 200,000-35,000 daltons which are held together by non-covalent bonds. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that the placental protein PP6 is localized in the nuclei of the syncytiotrophoblast. But PP6 is not specific for the placenta; this protein is also found in extracts from other human tissues as well as in the erythrocytes. PP6 usually is not present in normal sera but in some cases it could be detected in concentrations ranging from 1-3 mg per 100 ml in sera from pregnant women and in sera from patients with malignant tumors.


[Cytofotometrically Determined DNA-pattern of premalignant cases of dysplasia of the cervix uteri. Contribution to the problem of morphologic definition and clinical sigificance of these lesions (author's transl)]. 24 cases of probably benign and precancerous epithelial lesions of the cervix uteri were analysed cytofotometrically. The specimens were stained after the method of Feulgen. Benign epithelial changes for instance metaplasia, regenerating epithelium, atrophic and parakeratotic epithelium, basal cell hyperplasia and cervix epithelium irritated by inflammation, had normal diploid DNA-pattern. On the contrary premalignant dysplasia of all stages show an aneuploid DNA-content in every case. The cases of dysplasia had no diploid mode, an atypical proliferation with polyploidisation of an atypical way, DNA-stemlines and a broad scattering of DNA-values. Carcinoma in situ had a similar DNA-content. These data confirm the hypothesis premalignant dyplasia is a reality between normal cervical epithelium and carcinoma in situ. For now only severe grades of dysplasia have been treated by operation (i. e. conisation, hystectomy) not the low grade cases of dysplasia. With regard to DNA-histograms of dysplasia of all grades this seems to be unjustified.


[Possible quantification of vascularization and of non-proliferating, hypoxic and nerotic proportions of lung cancer in man (author's transl)]. In hematoxylin-eosin stained quatorial sections of 14 human bronchial tumors, the relative proportions of different tissue elements were determined in two perpendicular planes, 500 and 200 mu wide, using the target principle. Data characterizing the level of necrotization of these tumors have revealed a poor supply of oxygen and nutritive substances to tumors in which large stroma areas were alternating with large fields of tumor parenchyma. As anticipated, necrotization increases with increasing size of the tumor. A network of narrow stroma strips in the tumor affords a more favourable supply of the cells. The proportions of necrotic, hypoxic and GO areas were calculated.